Beryllium Edward S Grew Download
Beryllium Edward S Grew Download
https://ebookbell.com/product/beryllium-edward-s-grew-50924152
https://ebookbell.com/product/beryllium-reprint-2020-henry-h-hausner-
editor-51821718
https://ebookbell.com/product/beryllium-chemistry-and-processing-
kenneth-a-walsh-2091862
https://ebookbell.com/product/beryllium-mineralogy-petrology-and-
geochemistry-edward-s-grew-2405696
https://ebookbell.com/product/beryllium-environmental-analysis-and-
monitoring-michael-j-brisson-amy-a-ekechukwu-4335234
Beryllium Physicochemical Properties Applications And Safety Concerns
Pauleen Dyer
https://ebookbell.com/product/beryllium-physicochemical-properties-
applications-and-safety-concerns-pauleen-dyer-5218768
https://ebookbell.com/product/the-chemistry-and-literature-of-
beryllium-charles-lathrop-parsons-1115234
Assessing Recent Soil Erosion Rates Through The Use Of Beryllium7 Be7
1st Ed Lionel Mabit
https://ebookbell.com/product/assessing-recent-soil-erosion-rates-
through-the-use-of-beryllium7-be7-1st-ed-lionel-mabit-9964750
Assessing Recent Soil Erosion Rates Through The Use Of Beryllium7 Be7
Lionel Mabit William Blake
https://ebookbell.com/product/assessing-recent-soil-erosion-rates-
through-the-use-of-beryllium7-be7-lionel-mabit-william-blake-59266424
•VII PITFTO 1 J L Û
ffiffilLu] O C M 1 M Ï Ï I S T T
.UOIIÏ1® IM
BERYLLIUM:
MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY,
AND GEOCHEMISTRY
EDITOR: E d w a r d s . G r e w
M M E I M L O O T C A L S O C I E T Y ©il  M Ï Ï E M C Â
Waisflnflnngii® nn9
COPYRIGHT 2 0 0 2
MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF A M E R I C A
The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each chapter
in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the
article can be made for personal use or internal use or for the personal use
or internal use of specific clients, provided the original publication is
cited. The consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay
the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. for
copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S.
Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other types of copying
for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for
creating new collective works, or for resale. For permission to reprint
entire articles in these cases and the like, consult the Administrator of the
Mineralogical Society of America as to the royalty due to the Society.
REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY
AND GEOCHEMISTRY
(Formerly: REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY)
I S S N 1529-6466
Volume 50
Beryllium:
Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry
I S B N 0-93995062-6
THE M I N E R A L O G I C A L S O C I E T Y OF A M E R I C A
1 0 1 5 EIGHTEENTH STREET, N W , SUITE 6 0 1
WASHINGTON, D C 2 0 0 3 6 U . S A .
BERYLLIUM: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry
FOREWORD
The book has been several years in the making, under the experienced and careful
oversight of Ed Grew (University of Maine), who edited (with Larry Anovitz) a similar,
even larger volume in 1996: BORON: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry (RiMG
Vol. 33, reprinted with updates and corrections, 2002). There are 14 chapters in
BERYLLIUM, and an overview of their contents may be found in the Introduction
(Chapter 1). Addenda and corrections to BERYLLIUM (and other volumes in this series)
are posted at http://www.minsocam.org .
COVER
The cover illustrates the entry for beryllium in the Periodic Table. From upper left to
right, it gives the atomic number, valence state (the only one known in minerals),
chemical symbol, atomic weight and electronic configuration. Unlike boron, beryllium
has no diagnostic flame color, so I selected for the block a color of the Be mineral
euclase, BeAlSi04(0H). Beryllium minerals have found use as colorful gemstones, the
best known which are aquamarine (blue to green from Fe), emerald (green from Cr3+),
and alexandrite (red and green from Cr3+), others are chrysoberyl (green-yellow from
Fe3+), morganite (pink from Mn) and Euclase. See George Rossman's site:
http://minerals.gps.caltech.edu/FILES/Visible/index.html
The blue color in the cover is from a zoned euclase from Zimbabwe, which corresponds
to the absorption spectra below kindly provided by Rossman. This mineral is blue
because the Fe i+ /Fe 3+ intervalance band centered near 670 nm absorbs the red end of the
visible spectrum but allows the blue end to pass. Fe i + bands are seen near 850 and 1250
nm and a weak Fe3+ feature is near 440 nm. Sharp OH overtones appear near 1430 nm.
The three spectral curves in the figure are for linearly polarized light vibrating in the
directions in which the alpha, beta and gamma indices of refraction would be measured.
2.0
ß Hue last;
Zimbabwe
0.0
500 1000 1500 2000
Wavelength (nm)
Table of Contents
1 Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Beryllium:
An Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals
Edward S. Grew
INTRODUCTION 147
METHODS 149
Sample preparation 149
Isotopic analysis of l0 Be 156
INTERPRETING NUCLIDE DATA 159
Depth - production relationship 160
Model exposure ages 160
Model erosion rates 160
Erosion after exposure 161
Muons 161
Utilizing the 26AI/'°Be ratio 161
Nuclide production rates 162
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDIES 165
Dating landforms 165
Constraining the magnitude of bedrock erosion by glaciers,
including the Laurentide Ice Sheet, North America 172
Understanding the history of clasts exposed at and near Earth's surface 176
vi
Table of Contents
Estimating bedrock erosion rates 181
River incision into rock 189
LOOKING B A C K W A R D A N D FORWARD 195
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 196
REFERENCES 196
INTRODUCTION 207
BACKGROUND 208
l0
Be measurements 208
Atmospheric l 0 Be in marine sediments and glacial ice 209
In situ cosmogenic 10 Be 211
,0
BE A N D GEOMAGNETISM 215
Introduction 215
Magnetic modulation of the primary galactic cosmic ray flux 217
Relative Paleointensity Recording in Sediment 220
Paleointensity as a correlation tool 221
The asymmetric sawtooth 225
Milankovitch periodicities in geomagnetic paleointensity records 227
Summary 230
SUBDUCTION A N D MAGMATISM AT CONVERGENT MARGINS 230
Introduction 230
l0
Be on the subducting plate 230
l0
Be in volcanic arcs: A global summary 235
l0
Be and magmatic processes 239
Future directions 243
TECTONIC APPLICATIONS OF IN SITU , 0 BE 243
Introduction 243
Exposure chronology of tectonic events 245
Bedrock erosion, stream incision, terrace deformation, and orogen-scale denudation 250
Paleoaltimetry 254
Summary 256
CONCLUSIONS 256
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 257
REFERENCES 258
INTRODUCTION 271
ANALYSIS F O R ' B E 271
P R O D U C T I O N A N D DELIVERY OF 7 BE T O THE E A R T H ' S S U R F A C E 272
7
BE DISTRIBUTION IN V E G E T A T I O N A N D SOILS 276
7
BE IN F R E S H W A T E R S 277
' B E IN T H E M A R I N E E N V I R O N M E N T 279
APPLICATIONS OF 7BE 281
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 284
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 285
REFERENCES 285
vii
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 291
BERYLLIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE 291
BERYLLIUM IN PRECIPITATION 292
BERYLLIUM IN THROUGHFALL 294
BERYLLIUM IN FLORA AND FAUNA 294
BERYLLIUM IN SOIL 296
CHEMICAL WEATHERING 297
BERYLLIUM IN SOIL WATER AND GROUNDWATER 299
BERYLLIUM IN LAKES AND STREAMS 300
South America 301
Pearl River, China 301
SPECIATION OF BERYLLIUM IN WATER 305
PARTITION (DISTRIBUTION) COEFFICIENTS OF BERYLLIUM 306
BETWEEN WATER AND PARTICULATE MATTER 306
BERYLLIUM IN SEDIMENT 308
MASS BALANCE OF BERYLLIUM IN WATERSHEDS 310
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 312
REFERENCES 312
INTRODUCTION 319
INSTRUMENTATION 319
Primary ion beams 319
Secondary ions 320
ANALYSES FOR BERYLLIUM 321
The aluminum problem 321
Energy distribution of beryllium ions 322
Quantification of the beryllium signal 323
Negative secondary ions 327
LIMITS OF DETECTION 327
APPLICATIONS 329
Beryllium concentrations 329
Analyses of beryllium isotope ratios 329
Ion imaging of beryllium 330
CONCLUSIONS 330
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 331
REFERENCES 331
INTRODUCTION 333
CHEMICAL BONDING 333
STEREOCHEMISTRY OF Be(p4 POLYHEDRA IN MINERALS 333
Variation in <Be-(p> distances 334
Variation in Be-cp distances 334
General polyhedral distortion in Be-bearing minerals 334
viii
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 405
CLASSIFICATION OF GRANITIC PEGMATITES 406
SYSTEMATICS OF THE B E R Y L L I U M MINERALS 408
FROM GRANITIC PEGMATITES 408
Oxides 408
Hydroxides 409
Borates 409
Phosphates 410
Arsenates 414
Beryllium-bearing silicates 414
Silicates of beryllium 415
Beryllosilicates and berylloaluminosilicates 415
BERYLLIUM AS A SUBSTITUENT IN SILICATES 426
PARAGENETIC, PETROLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL RELATIONS 427
LTC versus NYF assemblages 427
Primary versus late minerals 428
Controls on mineral assemblages 428
CONCLUDING REMARKS 433
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 434
REFERENCES 434
ix
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 445
BERYLLIUM CONTENTS OF PEGMATITIC MELTS AT BERYL SATURATION 445
Experimental evidence 445
Comparison to bulk compositions of pegmatites 448
BERYLLIUM BUDGETS FOR MAGMAS AT THEIR ANATECTIC SOURCES 452
Beryllium contents of protoliths 452
Mineral/melt partition coefficients 452
THE BERYLLIUM CONTENT OF SILICIC IGNEOUS ROCKS 456
Obsidians and rhyolites 456
Granites 466
THE BERYLLIUM BUDGET FROM MIGMATITE TO PEGMATITE 476
Beryl saturation in pegmatites 480
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 481
REFERENCES 482
INTRODUCTION 487
BERYLLIUM CONTENTS OF NON-PELITIC METAMORPHIC ROCKS 488
BERYLLIUM CONTENTS OF SEMI-PELITIC, PELITIC
AND OTHER ALUMINOUS ROCKS 490
Unmetamorphosed rocks 490
Metamorphosed rocks 490
Relationship between whole-rock Be content and mineral assemblage 496
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED MINERALS WITH MAJOR BERYLLIUM 497
Aenigmatite group and related minerals 497
Be-bearing cordierite (Mg > Fe)-sekaninaite (Fe > Mg) 511
Euclase '. 514
Taaffeite group 515
BERYLLIUM CONTENTS OF SELECTED ROCK-FORMING MINERALS 519
General statement 519
Mica group 520
Feldspar group 528
Staurolite 528
Almandine 529
Orthopyroxene 529
Miscellaneous calcium silicates 529
Kyanite 530
Distribution of beryllium among common rock-forming minerals 530
The special case of boron 532
Crystallographic features favoring incorporation of Be in minerals 534
CONCLUSION 536
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 537
REFERENCES 537
x
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 551
SYNTHESIS AND STABILITY EXPERIMENTS 552
Experimental techniques 552
System B e 0 - H 2 0 555
System B e 0 - A l 2 0 3 (and related R 3 + 2 0 3 ) 555
System B e 0 - M g 0 - A l 2 0 3 556
System Be0-Si0 2 -H 2 0-(F) 557
System Be0-Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -H 2 0-(F) 558
System B e 0 - M g 0 - A l 2 0 3 - S i 0 2 - H 2 0 564
System N a 2 0 - B e 0 - M g 0 - A l 2 0 3 - S i 0 2 - H 2 0 564
System N a 2 0 - K 2 0 - B e 0 - A l 2 0 3 - S i 0 2 - H 2 0 - ( F ) 568
System L i 2 0 - K 2 0 - B e 0 - M g 0 - A l 2 0 3 - S i 0 2 - H 2 0 - F 569
System B e 0 - Z n 0 - S i 0 2 569
System B e 0 - M n 0 - F e 0 - Z n 0 - S i 0 2 - S 2 570
Systems BeF 2 —fluorides of alkalis and alkaline earths 570
OCCURRENCE IN METAMORPHIC ROCKS 570
Metamorphosed pegmatites, granites and silicic volcanoclastic rocks 570
Metamorphic emerald-chrysoberyl-phenakite deposits .573
Metamorphic-hydrothermal Be-mineralization 577
Summary and open questions 579
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 581
REFERENCES 581
INTRODUCTION 591
Economic sources of beryllium and beryllium minerals 594
TYPES OF DEPOSITS 595
BERYLLIUM MINERAL COMPOSTIONS 604
Beryl group—(•,Na,Cs,H 2 0)(Be,Li) 3 (Al,Sc,Fe + 3 ,Cr,Fe + 2 ,Mg) 2 [Si 6 0i8] 604
Helvite group—(Mn,Fe,Zn) 4 [BeSiO„] 3 S 609
Other minerals 611
BERYLLIUM MINERAL STABILITIES 611
Pressure-temperature-activity relationships 612
Solubility relationships 618
MAGMATIC BERYLLIUM ENRICHMENTS 619
Strongly peraluminous to metaluminous systems 620
Peralkaline-metalummous systems 621
HYDROTHERMAL OCCURRENCES ASSOCIATED WITH FELSIC MAGMATISM 623
Peraluminous magma-related systems 624
Metaluminous magma-related systems 631
Peralkaline magma-related systems 639
Igneous-related emerald deposits 643
NON-MAGMATIC OCCURRENCES 649
Fe-Mn(-Zn) oxide-rich occurrences 649
Basinal (and metamorphic?) brine-related emerald deposits 649
xi
Table of Contents
xii
1 Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Beryllium:
An Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals
Edward S. Grew
Department of Geological Sciences
5790 Bryand Center, University of Maine
Orono, Maine 04469
[email protected]
Because Be is so similar to Al, chemists were confused about the valency and atomic
weight of Be. Avdeyev, Brauner and Mendeleyev argued that the periodic law required
Be to be divalent (Mendeleyev 1897). Divalency was confirmed in 1884 when the vapor
density of beryllium chloride was found to correspond to the formula BeC^, a confir-
mation that Mendeleyev considered "as important in the history of the periodic law as the
discovery of scandium" (Mendeleyev 1897, v. 2, p. 485; Stock 1932; Everest 1973).
1529-6466/00/0048-0001 $05.00 D01:10.2138/rmg. 2202.50.01
2 Chapter 1: Grew
ECONOMICS OF BERYLLIUM
Beryllium is a strategic material because of its very low absorption cross-section
with respect to thermal neutrons, which, together with other special properties, makes Be
a good neutron moderator material (Everest 1973; Greenwood and Eamshaw 1997;
Emsley 2001). It is also the best reflector of neutrons, so that overall, it finds wide
application in nuclear reactors. Indeed, the neutron was discovered in 1932 when Be was
bombarded by alpha-particles. Beryllium is transparent to X-rays. For such a light metal,
Be is strong and refractory (Table 1), and resistant to corrosion because of an oxide film.
Beryllium metal finds extensive applications in alloys with copper, aluminum and other
metals, and BeO is an excellent refractory finding some use in ceramics.
Although the metal was first isolated in 1828, independently by Wohler (1828) and
Bussy (1828), commercially feasible processes took over 100 years to develop as demand
for beryllium, its alloys and its compounds increased. Isolating high-purity beryllium
metal and working it have both proved to be technologically difficult. Beginning in 1898
chemists have attempted to apply electrolysis of Be fluorides for commercial production
(e.g., Stock, 1932), but current production of Be metal depends largely on reduction of
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 3
This brief overview of Be economics would not be complete without mention of the
wide use of Be minerals as gemstones, notably emerald and aquamarine (varieties of
beryl) and alexandrite (chrysoberyl); taaffeite-group minerals, euclase, phenakite and
tugtupite are also fashioned into gemstones.
4 Chapter 1: Grew
TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM
Beryllium is highly toxic, and the hazard to humans is greatest in industrial settings;
toxicity of Be compounds has also discouraged experimental investigations. However,
officials were slow to realize this toxicity until it was shown in the late 1940s that lung
beryllium disease ("berylliosis") was caused by Zn-Be silicate (synthetic beryllian
willemite) used as an ingredient in phosphors (Skilleter 1990). A resurgence of beryllium
disease in the 1990s led to regulations arbitrarily cutting the occupational exposure limit
value from 2^g/m 3 set in the 1940s to 0.2^g/m 3 pending research to identify the real
threshold limit below which disease will not occur (Ratney 2001). Vesely et al. (Chapter
7) review the literature on the environmental chemistry of Be and the spread of this
anthropogenic contaminant, which can be toxic to aquatic plants and animals.
BERYLLIUM ABUNDANCE
Despite its low atomic number, Be is a rare element in meteorites and the stellar
atmospheres, although less so in interstellar space, a paradox realized as early as 1926,
and attributed to destruction of Be at high stellar temperatures (Goldschmidt 1954;
Shearer, Chapter 2; see below). Beryllium is also a rare element on earth, but just how
rare, required more effort. Goldschmidt and Peters (1932) reckoned that Be would be
enriched in the Earth's crust because they expected Be to be lithophile like Li, and that
given the similarity of Be to Al in chemical behavior, Be could have been readily
overlooked as Washington (1931) conjectured was the case in igneous rocks. This
situation stimulated Goldschmidt and Peters (1932) to conduct the first geochemical
survey of Be contents in terrestrial rocks and minerals, as well as in meteorites and
confirmed thereby the rarity of Be in meteorites and in all but a few rocks.
Current estimates are that the Earth's upper crust averages 3 ppm Be, which
represents a 50-fold enrichment over the inferred content in primitive mantle, 60 ppb Be
(Taylor and McLennan 1985, 1995; Wedepohl 1995); for the crust as a whole, Be is the
47th most abundant element (Emsley 2001). Like boron, Be is a quintessential crustal
element.
ANALYZING BERYLLIUM
The analysis of the stable isotope 9 Be as a trace element in bulk samples has come a
long ways since Goldschmidt and Peters (1932) carried out their survey using a flame-
emission technique (Ryan, Chapter 3). The advent of plasma emission spectrometry
(either inductively coupled or direct current-generated) around 1980 pushed detection
limits down to the 0.1 ppm range. As a result, mantle and basaltic rocks could be
analyzed with precision and accuracy, which was not possible with flame photometry,
atomic absorption and fluorimetry, the methods available at that time. Major advances in
the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes 10Be and 7 Be has opened up many new
opportunities for geochemical studies of Be (reviewed in this volume by Bierman et al.,
Chapter 4; Morris et al., Chapter 5; and Kaste et al., Chapter 6).
Beryllium as a major constituent in minerals presents an even greater challenge to
the analyst than boron (Anovitz and Grew 1996). Its chemical behavior is similar to Al,
so separation of Be from Al "demands a somewhat complicated procedure" (Washington
1931). As a result, it has been overlooked in minerals, and not only early in the history of
mineralogy, e.g., chrysoberyl (Seybert 1824). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries
many Be minerals were introduced as new without evidence that Be was an essential
component, e.g., bavenite, milarite (Palache 1931) and barylite (Aminoff 1923). Even in
more recent characterizations Be was not often sought, e.g., roggianite; compare
Passaglia (1969a,b) and Galli (1980) with Passaglia and Vezzalini (1988). In contrast,
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 5
kolbeckite was originally reported to contain Be (Palache et al. 1944) and subsequently
was found not to have it (Hey et al. 1982).
Single-crystal structure refinement (SREF) is a powerful tool for measuring Be
independently of classical wet chemistry and microbeam technology (Hawthorne and
Grice 1990; Ottolini andOberti 2000).
Microbeam methods
Electron microprobe. Over the last ten years, several microbeam technologies have
been developed for in situ analysis of Be. The great advantage of in situ analysis is that
much less sample is needed and spatial variation in Be content can be assessed; petrology
was revolutionized in the 1960s when compositional zoning of elements with Z > 11 (Na)
in individual minerals could be mapped and quantified with the electron microprobe. For
lighter elements, particularly Be, such capability seemed out-of-reach, and relatively
recently Raudsepp (1995, p. 215) characterized the prospect of quantitative electron
microprobe analysis as "presently dim." Nonetheless, the outlook has been improving.
Meeker and Evensen (1999; also Evensen and Meeker 1997) assess the difficulties of Be
analysis with the electron microprobe. One is crystallographic orientation, which is not
normally a problem for heavier elements (Z > 10). Dyar et al. (2001) analyzed Be in
phenakite and hambergite and reported BeO contents within ±1-2 wt % of the ideal BeO
contents of 45.4-53.3 %, whereas Kleykamp (1999) reported successful analysis of Be in
the synthetic compound Li 2 Be 2 03. Current top-of-the-line microprobes (e.g., JEOL 8200,
Cameca SX 100) feature Be-analytical capability.
Ion microprobe. A widely used microbeam method for Be analysis is secondary ion-
mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with the ion microprobe (Ottolini and Oberti 2000; Hervig,
Chapter 8).
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Another promising technology is
laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), which is
finding increasing application in the earth sciences (e.g., Durrant 1999; Sylvester 2001).
However, relatively few investigators have applied it specifically to Be analyses, whether
in earth sciences (Bea et al. 1994; Zack 2000; Flem et al. 2002), or in other sciences
(Crain and Gallimore 1992). Beryllium can be measured as one of many elements in a
trace-element package using Ar as a carrier gas (e.g., Bea et al. 1994; see Grew, Chapter
12). However, by restricting menus to 6-12 elements, conditions can be optimized, i.e.,
the ICP-MS is tuned for maximum sensitivity for a certain mass range and, in the case of
Li, Be and B, sensitivity is markedly increased using He as carrier gas (Zack 2000).
Nuclear microprobe. Beryllium can also be analyzed with a nuclear microprobe
using particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectrometry (Volfinger and Robert
1994; Rio et al. 1995; Lahlafi 1997; Calligaro et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2000). Detection
limits depend on the nuclear reaction used and appear to be very sensitive to experimental
conditions. This limit is reported to be 700-1800 ppm Be in some studies and thus only
minerals containing substantial Be can be analyzed, e.g., emerald (Calligaro et al. 2000).
In others, the reported limit was only 20 ppm, so that Be at trace levels in Li mica could
be monitored (Volfinger and Robert 1994); Lahlafi (1997) obtained comparable (but not
specified) detection limits in a study of trace Be in synthetic micas.
MINERALOGY OF BERYLLIUM
Minerals containing essential beryllium
About 110 mineral species, i.e., naturally occurring, inorganic solid compounds,
have been reported to contain essential Be as of 2002. By essential, I mean that the
6 Chapter 1: Grew
mineral cannot form in the absence of Be. These minerals have been tabulated in
Appendices 1 and 2; names not yet approved by the International Mineralogical
Association (IMA) Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) are
given in quotation marks in both appendices: The 98 valid and potentially valid species
include 8 oxides and hydroxides, 4 borates, 25 phosphates and arsenates lacking silicate,
and 61 silicates.
Valid species. A total of 89 minerals are considered valid species (Appendix 1),
which includes species approved by the IMA CNMMN, beginning in 1959. Although
absent from some lists of Be minerals (e.g., Ross 1964; Beus 1966), hyalotekite is
included in my list because Be is reported in all analysis in which it was sought (cf. the
Y-dominant, Be-free analogue kapitsaite, Pautov et al. 2000; Sokolova et al. 2000).
Hawthorne and Huminicki (Chapter 9) review hyalotekite compositions and conclude
that two end-member compositions are needed to describe reported compositions even if
substitutions involving Y, Pb and K are ignored, and that one of these two end members
contains essential Be (also Hawthorne 2002).
Potentially valid species. Nine minerals are considered potentially valid species
(Appendix 1). Although not confirmed by IMA CNMMN, available data suggest that
they meet the criteria for being distinct species (Nickel and Grice 1998), i.e., in terms of
composition (e.g., several minerals in the gadolinite group, Y- and Sc-dominant milarite)
or crystal structure (triclinic Fe- and Mn-dominant analogues of roscherite).
Problematic species. The validity of 12 minerals is considered unproven (Appendix
2). These are incompletely studied minerals (e.g., "glucine"), minerals whose status as
distinct species requires confirmation (triclinic modification of leucophanite, Li-dominant
analogue of odintsovite), or minerals that are likely a variety of another species
("gelbertrandite"), as well as minerals of purely historical interest (e.g., "muromontite"). I
include these minerals in order to draw attention to the need for fiirther mineralogical
research, particularly in the gadolinite group, to which six of the problematic species
belong.
How the appendices were compiled:
Column 1 in Appendices 1 and 2 gives the name and relationships, e.g., the group to
which the mineral belongs (as defined in Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species,
Mandarino 1999) and any analogues, e.g. bazzite (Sc-dominant analogue of beryl and
stoppaniite), the crystal system and a generalized formula in which major substitutions
are indicated. In a few cases, a formula with specific coefficients is given instead; this
seems appropriate when only one complete analysis has been reported, e.g.,
minasgeraisite. Hawthorne and Huminicki (Chapter 9) give idealized end-member
formulae based on crystal structure refinements in their Appendix A.
Column 2 gives in broad terms the environments where the mineral occurs.
Column 3 gives the type locality in italics (if known) together with other localities. I
have added "and others" to indicate that the list is not complete. Locality information for
minerals found in the former Soviet Union is largely taken from Pekov (1994, 1998); the
original authors generally provided few specifics on localities. Areas unusually prolific in
numbers of Be mineral species are listed in Table 3.
Column 4 gives sources for the information provided in Appendix 1, including any
reviews of the mineral. The original description is listed first, whether consulted or not;
references not consulted are so indicated in the bibliography. In some cases, partial
descriptions of a given mineral were published before the mineral was introduced as a
distinct species. If a cited paper has been abstracted in American Mineralogist, e.g., in
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 7
Note: 'Number of species for which area is the type locality. 2Number of species from Appendix 1 confirmed
in the given area/possible species, including unconfirmed identifications. 3Chiavennite was discovered
simultaneously at Chiavenna and Tvedalen; the former is considered the type locality. 4Tugtupite was
discovered almost simultaneously at Ilimaussaq and Lovozero; the former is considered the type locality.
8 Chapter 1: Grew
that journal's section "New Mineral Names", then the volume number and page of the
abstract is given in square brackets following the citation. Chemical Abstracts is cited if
no abstract were published in American Mineralogist. If the original description were
incomplete or erroneous, papers reporting the correction are also cited. A common error
in original descriptions is overlooking the presence of Be in the mineral. Information has
also been obtained from the review papers listed in Table 3. Crystal structure refinements
are cited if the cited formula is based on them. Hawthorne and Huminicki (Chapter 9)
discuss all minerals for which the crystal structure has been refined and cite the papers
reporting the latest refinements. Cerny (Chapter 10) considers every mineral found (or
reported) in granitic pegmatites. Other chapters are cited if the mineral is considered in
detail.
Information on the Be minerals listed in Appendix 1 also can be found in recently
published compendia such as Dana's New Mineralogy (Gaines et al. 1997), Handbook of
Mineralogy (Anthony et al. 1995, 1997, 2000), Encyclopedia of Mineral Names
(Blackburn and Dennen 1997), Strunz Mineralogical Tables (Strunz and Nickel 2001),
and the International Encyclopedia of Minerals (Mandarino, Editor-in-Chief, in
preparation). Chemical analyses of each mineral are given in the Handbook of
Mineralogy. Detailed descriptions, with hard-to-obtain information on minerals found in
the former Soviet Union, are given in the Russian-language Mineraly handbooks
(volumes 3 and 4, three issues each, 1972-1996, Chukhrov et al., 1972, 1981a,b; 1992a,b;
Bokiy et al., 1996). These compendia (except the International Encyclopedia of
Minerals, which was not available at the time) have been invaluable in assembling the
information in Appendix 1. Older compendia providing useful information on Be
minerals are Dana's System of Mineralogy, 6th (Dana 1892) and 7th editions (Palache et
al. 1944, 1951); Beus (1966), Vlasov (1966), Ginzburg (1976), Burt (1982) and Clark
(1993); Beus and Vlasov provide coverage in English of papers published in Russian and
Chinese. Zeolite minerals, including tvedalite, a possible zeolite, are briefly described in
the report of the subcommittee on zeolites (e.g., Coombs et al. 1997). Country-wide
overviews of Be mineral occurrences (see also Appendices 1 and 2) include Pekov (1994,
1998) for the former USSR (14 new species, 46 overall), Kristiansen (1999a,b) and
Nijland et al. (1998) for Norway (9 new species, 31 overall), Atencio (2000a,b) for Brazil
(6 new species; 18 overall, all but one in Minas Gerais), and Hiigi et al. (1968) and Hiigi
and Rowe (1970) for Switzerland (2 new species, 11 overall). Information on type
minerals is also provided for Norway (Raade 1996) and Australia (Sutherland et al.
2000).
reported in good faith. However, there are a few cases where the reported information
could be fraudulent or misleading, and these are not included in the list, but are
mentioned here instead. Behoite has also been reported from Clear Creek, Burnet Co.,
Texas (Crook 1977), but given Crook's record of falsification with regard to other
minerals (Peacor et al. 1982), this report of behoite should be viewed with caution.
Kingsbury (1961, 1964) reported a detailed study of danalite and helvite and an
occurrence of rhodizite from Meldon dyke, Okehampton, Devon, UK, respectively. By
rights, both papers should be cited in Appendix 1. However, the findings by Ryback et al.
(1998, 2001) that Kingsbury falsified localities of other minerals he reported casts serious
doubts on the value of Kingsbury's (1961, 1964) studies of Be minerals.
Aminoffite. The original analysis (Hurlbut 1937) and crystal structure refinement
(Coda et al. 1967; Hawthorne and Huminicki, Chapter 9) disagree on the Be/Si ratio and
presence of Al. The mineral reported from Tuva, Russia by Kapustin (1973a,b) does not
appear to be aminoffite: (1) the chemical analyses do not agree with those reported by
Hurlbut (1937) or by Coda et al. (1967); (2) powder X-ray data differ from those on the
type material (Mandarino 1964).
Bavenite. This mineral varies considerably in composition and most available
analyses show excess Be relative to the idealized formula given in most references,
Ca4Be2Al2Si9026(OH)2. Beryllium varies inversely with Al according to the formula
Ca4(Be0H)2+xAl2-xSi9026-x, where 0 < x < 1,
or Ca 4 Be 2 Al2Si9026(0H)2 - Ca 4 Be 3 AlSi9026(0H)3
(Switzer and Reichen 1960; Berry 1963; Beus 1966; Cannillo et al. 1966; Petersen et al.
1995). The status of H is less clear; available chemical data show little evidence for an
increase of H with Be. Petersen et al. (1995) reported a broad absorption band in their
infrared spectrum that they attribute to molecular H2O, whereas Komarova et al. (1967)
found no such absorption features. Mark Cooper and Frank Hawthorne are currently
carrying out a systematic study of bavenite crystal chemistry.
Bertrandite and "gelbertrandite" (cf. sphaerobertrandite). "Gelbertrandite" appears
to be a colloidal or cryptocrystalline bertrandite containing variable amounts of molecular
water that is lost easily on heating, and is thus not a valid species (Semenov, 1957; Pekov
1994, 2000). The variety of bertrandite in the Be-bearing tuff at Spor Mountain, Utah has
chemical and physical properties intermediate between Lovozero "gelbertrandite"
(Semenov 1957) and bertrandite proper (Montoya et al. 1962).
Beryllite. Beryllite is recognized as a distinct species yet shows certain similarities to
sphaerobertrandite and bertrandite. For example, beryllite Be/Si ratio of 2.8 to 3.1 is
variable from specimen to specimen and is close to sphaerobertrandite Be/Si, now shown
to be 3.0. A bigger compositional difference is the presence of substantial H2CT in
beryllite analyses. Although most low angle reflections in the powder X-ray diffraction
patterns for beryllite and bertrandite are different, higher angle reflections (d < 2.2 A) are
remarkably similar.
Bevyllonite. Nysten and Gustafsson (1993) and Charoy (1999) reported small Na
deficits in electron microprobe analyses of beryllonite; Charoy (1999) also reported
substantial F (0.64-1.19 wt %). Formulae calculated from Charoy's (1999, Table 2)
analyses are Na0.93Be0.99P1.00O3.92F0.08 and Na0.92BeP1.01O3.96F0.04 (assuming ideal Be
content in second formula); these suggest that F (+ OH?) incorporation and Na deficit
could be related through (F,OH)DO.iNa_i.
Bityite. The Mica Subcommittee of the IMA CNMMN (e.g., Rieder et al. 1999)
defined bityite, end-member composition CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2)Oio(OH)2, as a trioctahedral
10 C h a p t e r 1: G r e w
[61
brittle mica with Li > • . However, this definition overlooks both the variable Be
content of bityite and solid solution between margarite and ephesite, ideally
NaLiAl2(Al 2 Si2)Oio(OH)2. A definition citing Be as well as Li contents might have been
preferable, e.g., that a Ca-rich mica with Be > 0.5 apfu as well as [61Li > • would
qualify as bityite (Lahti and Saikkonen 1985). Grew (Chapter 12) considers bityite-
margarite solid solution in more detail.
Faheyite. This phosphate is one of the few Be minerals for which a crystal structure
has not been reported (Hawthorne and Huminicki, Chapter 9). The idealized formula
originally given for the mineral, (Mn 2+ ,Mg,Na)Fe 3+ 2Be2(PC>4)4 - 6H20, is not balanced, so
most compendia simplify it to (Mn 2+ ,Mg)Fe 3+ 2Be2(P0 4 ) 4 -6H20 (e.g., Mandarino 1999).
However, this simplification ignores the substantial Na reported in the original analysis,
0.93 wt % N a 2 0 , corresponding to 0.20 Na per formula unit in a formula (Appendix 1)
calculated from the original analysis corrected for insoluble quartz and muscovite
(Lindberg and Murata 1953). Several tenths wt % Ca are also reported in a semi-
quantitative spectrogram. These findings suggest the possibility of a partially occupied
(Na,Ca) site distinct from an M site occupied by divalent cations, but impurities could
also be contributing to the difficulty of deducing a proper formula.
Gadolinite group. The mineral gadolinite-(Y) was first described by Geyer (Geijer)
inl788 as "schwarzer Zeolith" (black zeolite) in material collected by C.A. Arrhenius and
analyzed by Johan Gadolin in 1794 as "ytterbite", but Klaproth (1802) was the first to
apply the name "gadolinite" (Dana 1892). Klaproth (1802) named the mineral in honor of
Gadolin for his discovery of "yttria" (Y oxide mixed with Er, Tb and other REE oxides)
in it (Weeks and Leicester 1968). Because gadolinite was the original source of the Y and
related rare earths, Flink (1917c) opined that maybe it played a larger role in the history
of inorganic chemistry than any other mineral.
The gadolinite group (Table 4) includes the valid Be silicates gadolinite-(Y),
gadolinite-(Ce), hingganite-(Y), hingganite-(Yb) and minasgeraisite-(Y), as well as the
borosilicates calcybeborosilite-(Y), datolite, and homilite (Mandarino 1999; DeMartin et
al. 2001; Hawthorne and Huminicki, Chapter 9); the status of bakerite is under study. In
addition, there are several minerals that have not been approved by the IMA C N M M N as
valid species (Appendices 1, 2), namely, "calcio-gadolinite", calcium-rich gadolinite
(Oftedahl 1972 reported Ca replaces Fe and not rare earths and Y as in calcio-gadolinite),
Engstrom's "erdmannite" (Dana 1892; Ito and Hafner 1974; Raade 1996), "gadolinite-
(Nd)" (Kartashov and Lapina 1994); "hingganite-(Ce)", "hingganite-(Nd)" (Kartashov
and Lapina 1994), and the unnamed minerals reported by Miyawaki et al. (1987), Chao et
al. (1990); Delia Ventura et al. (1990), Wight and Chao (1995), and Jambor et al. (1998).
Several of these minerals are potentially valid species. R. Miyawaki (pers. comm.) is
preparing proposals to IMA C N M M N for Ce- and Nd-dominant analogues of hingganite-
(Y) and hingganite-(Yb), which may be "hingganite-(Ce)" and "hingganite-(Nd)"
according to the Levinson modifier, and the Ca-rich hingganite-like mineral with solid
solution towards YCaFe3+o.33Be2Si2C>8(OH)2 that was described by Miyawaki et al.
(1987). The Ca-rich hingganite-like mineral is compositionally calcian, ferroan
hingganite-(Y) because (Y, REE) > Ca and • > Fe, but has lower symmetry than
hingganite-(Y), i.e., P2\ vs. P2i/a, and thus could be a distinct species. Several of the
other unnamed minerals are similarly intermediate in composition between valid or
potentially valid species for which a distinct end-member formula can be written (bold
font in Table 4); space groups of these other intermediate phases have not been reported.
The end member compositions are related by both homovalent substitutions on one
site, most importantly, CeY.i (and other rare earths) and CaFe.i, and coupled heterovalent
substitutions involving different sites, most importantly, CaB(YBe).i, CaFe 3+ (YFe 2+ ).i,
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 11
and • ( 0 H ) 2 F e . i 0 . 2 (Burt 1989; Miyawaki and Nakai 1996; Pezzotta et al. 1999).
DeMartin et al. (2001) noted that no convincing evidence has been reported for the
Calcybeborosilite-(Y) Y2DB2(Si20g)02
"Calciogadolinite-(Y)" CaYFe3+Be2(Si20g)02
(Ito 1967; Povarennykh 1972)
Gadolinite-(Ce) Ce 2 Fe 2 + Be 2 (Si 2 0 g )0 2
no one has conclusively demonstrated that the type material is F dominant. There were
several attempts to determine F and OH in herderite from Ehrenfriedersdorf in the late
19th century, but the results were contradictory and resulted in considerable controversy,
no doubt due to the difficulty of analyzing for F by the methods then in use (Weisbach
1884; Genth 1884; Winkler 1885; Leavens et al. 1978; Dunn et al. 1979; King and Foord
1994; Jahn 1998). Leavens et al. (1978) analyzed 41 samples by electron microprobe and
found all to be OH dominant, assuming ideal F+OH content, but material from the type
locality, Ehrenfriedersdorf, was not available for this survey. No chemical data are
available for the herderite reported from Italy and Pitkaranta (see below), and Dunn and
Wight (1976) analyzed the Brazilian gem only for F. In summary, a complete chemical
analysis of herderite has not yet been published.
Haidinger (1828a,b) also provided no information on the paragenesis for the type
herderite, which was part of A.G. Werner's collection, now housed in the museum of the
Bergakademie Freiberg (Massanek et al. 1999). The holotype specimen was recently
found anew after having been lost. This and other specimens from the Sauberg district
near Ehrenfriedersdorf show herderite with apatite, "gilbertite" (mixture of muscovite
with kaolinite), quartz, cassiterite, wolframite and fluorite in vugs (Jahn 1998; Massanek
et al. 1999; Massanek, pers. comm.), purportedly from veins cutting mica schist (Franke
1934; Schneiderhohn 1941, p. 131). The provenance of the herderite gemstone studied by
Dunn and Wight (1976) is unknown except that it is from Brazil. There are also reports of
herderite from Baveno and Cuasso al Monte, Italy (respectively, Guelfi and Orlandi
1987; Gramaccioli and Gentile 1991), but these reports need confirmation (F. Pezzotta,
pers. comm.). Herderite is on the list of Be minerals for Mokrusha, Murzinka Region,
Ural Mountains and for Pitkaranta, Karelia, Russia (Fersman 1940; Nefedov 1967;
NikoTskaya and Larin 1972; Pekov 1994), but in neither case is the identification as
herderite backed by F analysis. Compared to hydroxylherderite, herderite remains a
poorly characterized mineral, particularly in regard to the physico-chemical conditions
that are conducive to incorporation of F in excess of OH.
Although Miller (1996) indicated that leifite is a potential ore of Be in the Strange
Lake granitic pegmatite (Quebec-Labrador, Canada), he did not describe any unaltered
leifite, but only pseudomorphs containing a Ca-Y silicate (gerenite, Jambor et al. 1998)
replacing leifite. However, John Jambor (pers. comm.) has confirmed the presence of
unaltered leifite in the Strange Lake intrusive.
Leucophanite and meliphanite. These minerals are compositionally distinct and Al
is an essential constituent of meliphanite: the ideal formulae are Ca4Na4Be4Si8024F4 and
Ca 4 (Na,Ca) 4 Be 4 AlSi7024(F,0)4, respectively (Grice and Hawthorne 2002). Analytical
data available in the literature (Appendix 1; also Dana 1892; Portnov 1964; Chao 1967;
Shatskaya and Zhdanov 1969; Khomyakov 1972; Ganzeyeva et al. 1973; Zubkov and
Galadzheva 1974; Novikova 1976e) show that substitution of Na by Ca is overall more
extensive in meliphanite than in leucophanite and there is little overlap between the two
minerals in terms of Na, Ca, Al and Si; a few leucophanite samples have compositions
14 Chapter 1: Grew
Lovdarite. Petersen et al. (2002a) reported that the formula for lovdarite from
Ilimaussaq, Greenland deviated in stoichiometry from that deduced by Merlino (1990)
material from Lovozero and given in Appendix 1; i.e., Ilimaussaq lovdarite is variably
deficient in K and Na, somewhat deficient in Be, but has a small excess of Si.
Magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S. Kozhevnikov et al. (1975) gave their locality only as
"eastern Siberia", and Pekov (1994) gave no information on this occurrence. N.N. Pertsev
(pers. comm.) informed me that the locality is Sakliir-Shulutynskiy pluton, eastern Sayan,
Russia.
"Makarochkinite". Although Grauch et al. (1994) suggested that "makarochkinite"
was the same as hogtuvaite, Hawthorne and Huminicki (Chapter 9) note that dominance
of Ti at one site in "makarochkinite" would make it a distinct species because Ti is not
dominant at any site in hogtuvaite (see also Hawthorne 2002), i.e., an end member for
"makarochkinite" could be Ca2(Fe2+5Ti)02[Si5Be0i8] and that for hogtuvaite could be
Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+2)02[Si5Be0i8]. However, presently available samples of "makarochkinite"
do not contain sufficient Ti to justify recognizing "makarochkinite" as a distinct species
on this basis.
Meliphanite. This mineral was originally described under the name "melinophane"
(Scheerer 1852), a spelling that was often used in the Russian-language literature until
recently and occasionally used elsewhere. Scheerer (1852) named this mineral for both its
yellow color and similarity to leucophane, but he did not specify whether he based his
name on the Greek root i^sXi (meli - honey) or ixqXivoi; (melinos - quince yellow) for
the yellow color. Dana (1867, p. 405) criticized the name "melinophane" as "wrong and
bad" presuming Scheerer confused "meli" with roots based on i^s/Uv- (melin-), and thus
proposed revising Scheerer's name to meliphane, the presently accepted form (with the
suffix "ite" added). However, could Dana (1867) have neglected the possibility that
Scheerer meant quince-yellow instead, as Raade (1996) presumed? Scheerer studied
material from near Stavern, which is east of Langesundstjord, but did not further specify
the type locality. One possibility is Batbukta on the island Stokkoya between Langesund
and Helgeroa, where Brogger and Reusch collected meliphanite in 1873 (Larsen 2000;
see also Andersen et al. 1996). Presently meliphanite is regarded as the most abundant Be
mineral in the alkaline pegmatites of the Langesundstjord-Tvedalen area (Andersen
et al. 1996).
"Muromontite" and "berylliumorthite". The minerals analyzed in the cited papers are
metamict and often partially decomposed, so interpretation of the analytical
data is difficult. Dana (1892, p. 526) wrote that "muromontite" is "apparently related to
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 15
allanite", but Kerndt (1848), who originally described "muromontite", did not suggest this.
He compared "muromontite" with allanite and gadolinite; "muromontite" has a
morphology like that of allanite, but it was also found in grains lacking crystal faces.
Kerndt noted that these three minerals did differ mainly in composition, and that they also
differ in physical properties, but he realized that better euhedral crystals and more reliable
chemical data would be needed to confirm whether the three were distinct species. The
composition of "muromontite" has some features of allanite, most notably SiC>2 content,
but the dominance of Y over Ce, presence of Be and low Ca is suggestive of gadolinite-
(Y), i.e., Kerndt's (1848) analysis gave Si0 2 31.09, A1 2 0 3 2.23, Y 2 0 3 37.14 (includes all Y
earths), Ce 2 0 3 5.54, La 2 0 3 3.54, FeO 11.23, MnO 0.91, MgO 0.42, BeO 5.52, CaO 0.71
N a 2 0 0.65, K 2 0 0.17, H 2 0 and loss on ignition 0.85, Sum 100 wt %, although the BeO
content is little more than half that expected in gadolinite. Beryllium was subsequently
reported in allanite from other localities, e.g., Forbes and Dahll (1855) reported 3.71 wt %
BeO in an allanite from southern Norway. However, the composition of this mineral
deviates from that expected in allanite by its high H 2 0 and total Fe (as FeO) contents,
respectively 12.24 and 22.98 wt %. Quensel and Alvfeldt (1945) described their
"berylliumorthite", i.e., beryllium allanite, with 3.83 wt % BeO from Skuleboda, Sweden
as "decomposed muromontite". Although crystallographic measurements gave angles
consistent with those for allanite, its composition deviates markedly from that of allanite
(Hasegawa 1960), most notably the deficiency in Si0 2 (23.96 wt %), excessive H 2 0 + (7.98
wt %) and presence of substantial C 0 2 (8.84 wt %). Iimori's (1939) analysis of allanite
lacking crystal faces and containing 2.49 wt % BeO from Iisaka, Japan gives
Odintsovite. Petersen et al. (2001) cited low analytical totals and low Na contents
as suggestive that the mineral from Ilimaussaq is the Li-dominant analogue (Appendix 2),
K 2 (Na,Ca) 4 (Li,Na)Ca 2 (Ti,Fe 3+ ,Nb) 2 0 2 [Be 4 Sii 2 0 36 ], of the type odintsovite, but Li was
not analyzed in the Ilimaussaq mineral.
Phenakite. The lion's share of phenakite localities are in granite pegmatites, and the
reader is referred to Cerny (Chapter 10) for a general discussion of these and to Gaines et
al. (1997) and Anthony et al. (1995) for listings of the best known localities, though
neither compendium gives the background literature on the localities. The localities and
references given in Appendix 1 emphasize occurrences other than granitic pegmatites.
Roscherite, greifensteinite and zanazziite. "What exactly is roscherite?" (J. Jambor,
1991, Am Mineral 76, p. 1732). The question has yet to be answered (Hawthorne and
Huminicki, Chapter 9). The confusion began early: Be was overlooked in the type
roscherite (Lindberg 1958), which was reported to contain only Al (Slavik 1914), and the
"roscherite" studied crystallographically by Fanfani et al. (1975) was later shown to be
zanazziite (Leavens et al. 1990). On the basis of the dominant cation in the M l site as
defined by Leavens et al. (1990; Mg,Fe 2+ site of Fanfani et al. 1975), monoclinic
16 C h a p t e r 1: G r e w
Bertrandite * Sphaerobertrandite * *
Ideal formula Be4Si207(0H)2 Be3Si04(0H)2
Symmetry - space group Orthorhombic - Cmc2i Monoclinic -P2\!c
a (A) 8.716(3) 5.081(3)
6(A) 15.255(3) 4.639(1)
ß(°) 90 106.09(5)
F(Ä3) 607.0 t 400.0
Source of data: *Giuseppetti et al. (1992). **A.O. Larsen & I.V. Pekov (pers. comm.); Pekov et al. (in
press). '( el volume calculated from the individual dimensions; Giuseppetti et al. (1992) gave 592.22 A3
Tvedalite. The crystal structure has not been solved (Hawthorne and Huminicki,
Chapter 9). S. Merlino (pers. comm., 1992, to Strunz and Nickel 2001, and 2002 to me)
developed a possible model for the structure based on the structural features of
chiavennite whereby tvedalite had monoclinic symmetry (space group C2im) and a
formula Ca2Mn2Be 3 Si60i6(0H)6 - 2H20. However, Merlino was not able to confirm this
model with diffraction data: single crystal diffraction data are unavailable and powder
diffraction data did not sufficiently support the model.
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 17
Uralolite. Reports of this phosphate from Taquaral and Galileia, Minas Gerais,
Brazil were mentioned by Gaines et al. (1997), King and Foord (1994) and Anthony et al.
(2000), but no details or citations were given. Specimens of uralolite on beryllonite from
Linopolis (~30 km north of Galileia) have been available commercially.
Vayrynenite. Electron microprobe analyses of vayrynenite (Ni and Yang 1992; Nysten
and Gustafsson 1993; Roda et al. 1996; Huminicki and Hawthorne 2000), plus wet-
chemical analysis of gem-quality material (Meixner and Paar 1976), gave much lower Ca,
Na, K, and Al contents (except Al in one case) than the relatively high CaO (0.53-1.82 wt
%), N a 2 0 (0.20-1.42 wt %), K 2 0 (0.03-1.18 wt %) and AI2O3 (0.40-2.78
wt %) contents reported in other wet chemical analyses (Volborth 1954b,c; Volborth and
Stadner 1954; Mrose and von Rnorring 1959; Gordiyenko et al. 1973). Impurities such as
beryllonite, herderite, hurlbutite, apatite or muscovite, which are associated with
vayrynenite, could be responsible for these high values. Constituents reported in significant
amounts in electron microprobe analyses include F, i.e., 0.86 wt % F, equivalent to 0.08 F
per formula unit, in gem-quality material from Pakistan (Huminicki and Hawthorne 2000),
and Al, i.e., 0.90 wt % AI2O3, equivalent to 0.03 Al per formula unit, in a sample from
Spain (Roda et al. 1996). The latter could be substituting for Be (Gordiyenko et al. 1973).
Welshite. Grew et al. (2001) published two empirical formulae based on new data,
one of which is given in Appendix 1, the other is Ca 2 Mg3. 8 Mn o..iFe 2+ o.iFe 3+ o. 8 Sb 5+ i. 2 02-
[Si2.8Bei.8Fe3+o.65Alo.5Aso.250i8]. Hawthorne and Huminicki (Chapter 9) discuss possible
welshite end members and concludes that a mixture of Ca 2 Mg 4 Sb202[Si3Be30i8] and
Ca 2 Mg 5 Sb02[Si3Al30i8] best describes the empirical formula in Appendix 1 if certain
simplifications are assumed.
Minerals containing non-essential beryllium
Beryllium contents in the great majority of minerals, including important rock-
forming minerals, are mostly 10 ppm or less and rarely exceed 100 ppm Be (e.g., London
and Evensen, Chapter 11; Grew, Chapter 12), even in Be-rich environments. Beryllium is
thus an incompatible element in most geologic systems (Ryan, Chapter 3). However,
several minerals have been reported to incorporate Be in substantial amounts (i.e.,
>0.1 wt % BeO or 350 ppm Be) or form series with isostructural Be minerals, although
Be is not essential for their formation (e.g., Beus, 1956, 1966; this paper, Table 6).
Wet chemical analyses. Assessing the validity of the Be determinations is not easy.
Older studies reporting significant Be by wet chemical analysis of bulk samples are
suspect given the overall difficulty of Be analyses and its confusion with Al, and given
the probability of impurities, particularly in secondary or metamict minerals. An example
where impurities have contaminated analyzed material is the supposedly beryllian
secondary mineral tengerite, Y2(C03)3-2-3H 2 0. Beryllium reported by Hidden (1905) and
Iimori (1938) was attributed to admixed Be minerals by Miyawaki et al. (1993). The
situation with "foresite" is not clear: 0.71 wt % BeO was reported in two of the four
analyses cited by Dana (1892, p. 585). "Foresite" was later shown to be a mixture of
stilbite and cookeite (Cocco and Garavelli 1958), but this finding leaves the source of Be
unexplained; it could be either contamination or confusion with Al.
One example of possible confusion with Al (or another constituent) is the humite-
group in which substantial BeO was reported in two studies (Jannasch and Locke 1894;
Zambonini 1919). Neither of the analyzed Be-bearing humite-group mineral is from a
Be-enriched environment. Although both Jannasch and Locke (1894) and Zambonini
(1919) checked specifically that Be was present and Al absent or nearly so, these reports
need confirmation. It should be noted that Ross (1964) suggested the possibility of Be
incorporation in olivine- and humite-group minerals. Given that the presence of
significant B in olivine and several humite-group minerals has been well documented
H
•S«
o
m
m
13
o,
p.
18
Mineral Formula Substitution Maximum Be References
(AND RELATED (including Be BY WHICH Be is FOR SUBSTITUTIONS
BERYLLIUM WHERE KNOWN) INCORPORATED Formula Wt% AND MAXIMUM
MINERAL) units oxide CONTENTS
Ö-
î-1
Allanite-(Ce), Not known 5.52 Cf. "Muromontite"
I I
o
o
U O
I F EC
allanite-(Y)
O ÙQ
'L
m
U T: O
O
Zi
Analcime Not known 0.33 Semenov (1972)
<
m
m
O
Boralsilite Not known 0.126* 0.27* Grew et al. (1998a);
Grew (Ch 12)*
9
y,
pq
pq
'OF
Calcybeborosilite- 0.62- 3.72- Semenov et al. (1963);
fe
U hH
(Y) 0.87 5.09 Pekov et al. (2000)
>H —
(D
Chevkinite-(Ce) Not known 2.15 Price (1888)
'öS
s íj
U
• a is-íT W
Ciprianiite Similar to substitution for 0.82 1.95 Oberti et al. (2002); Della
k,
Si
(isostructural with hellandite? Ventura et al. (2002)
u.xo
^ • X
hellandite)
C h a p t e r 1: G r e w
o ^
M fe- W H ^ O
S
>3 ¿i X
- S m
o o O
Clinohumite Not known 1.30 Zambonini (1919)
<-> £ W H Í Í S A oo
w . H fe^ fe
m fe fe
Î
z
Z
"
•-
•<
pq
¡4
i?
ci
Cordi erite (sodian 0.437 1.77 Cerny & Povondra
1
o
^
Ö
orthorhombic) (1966), Povondra &
<D
0.65
fer O
^S - 4
5 VI
Z
cq i
Langer (1971);
? ¡r
-Ç X
Grew (Ch 12)"
O
«J
m
eq
Cordi erite/indialite- 4.40" Hölscher & Schreyer
<D
ffi 1
O
X
S ¿
-3 <
JS m
«
O ^
.^ m
S¡
BeMg-cordierite (theoreti (1989)
s OJr
^oo ffl
(synth. hexagonal) cally)
•
A
S?
5-
CI
Cordi erite/indialite- 3.00 Evensen & London
I S
JTP
9,
•J- ~
m
¿ K O
^
o
o "s
orthorhombic and Evensen (Ch 11)
11
z ™ m« a
Z
hexagonal)
Î C j V I^
s. * -S1+rt
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 19
CN
O
o
CN 3 c ^
2
<D o
oC
LT ^ s sr ff u
(o D« O _
oo ^ ^
I % H- =¡3 5
ä
§ " « 1 3 oo <-3 -Q
y
> ^ « « « u s B •o • «
ja So
s* «S >
ä3 8ö^ C
13
's- is is
(D (D S ^r <D
-- os o
OQEÌK O O Pi C- ÖÖ
Q O
m
y
eq
A r-i
EC j O H J o EC
eq C
w eq
o w & ^ S- o
EC
«•
w ec w
tó • ec < o < o Si
oo
o v Xo 00
Ph EG • «
b H ii ii -a
+ •oS i j ; a
w c> c> s <
EC «
w m swt P«h m u ra z; ^ EC O
O ci < m tó —
ci" <C m Ph
in • O
• S2. Urt '—
u
U y '
J
c
>1
e l-S
o c c
0
o
20 Chapter 1: Grew
^ oo
n oo<N
oN
OO s m fl
iS h [i
&
c P u ON - -
2 c 5o K
<3 % k
6 S B 2 s
2 <3u 3 O
£ £ •2o
cS ^o ON
^ to-H > <D
to o° U
^ r^ ^SObP o¡-h ¡-i
ifi S o
o a x> S 11 a £ O i to
J2 >W
>O a D
03 o > ffi O o
Pi Ui c-
o o O fe
°T) £O
<
<D
-Q ¡£L
&
« t
O to
-Q
& 03
<D
m
•<o
D JS"
C/5
a a a §
•o m,
< 1
Zi
o AO
OK
m o-Q.
, m ph Ch
^ nB ga
n
Wo
Ph M ^n
^ m
u o (3 < m Z j B
60
m
ci < O
z; u u
I
O —
u s
00
^ 5 a a
NO^ 43
3 .2
•3 « i)
H
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 21
Notes for Table 6: Italics indicate values obtained on synthetic materials. M a x i m u m Be contents
are revised from original reports. ''In addition to the references cited in Chapter 12, Visser et al.
(1994) reported Be data on cordierite. Maxima are for the corresponding beryllium mineral.
'Schiller (1895) reported the humite to be monoclinic, and thus the analyzed mineral is either
clinohumite or chondrodite although the stoichiometry corresponds to humite. Formulae from
Mandarino (1999). i Based on crystal structure refinement and does not correspond exactly to the
laser probe analysis. § Based on semiquantitative laser probe analysis. Calculated from the formula.
commercial source of Be. Palache and Bauer (1930) reported 9.20 wt % BeO in
vesuvianite from Franklin, New Jersey and speculated that Be could be generally present
in vesuvianite but overlooked because of its being determined as Al. Washington (1931)
went further in suggesting that Be-bearing vesuvianite (or another mineral) could explain
the high Al contents of some igneous rocks because Be was analyzed as Al. Re-analysis
(spectrographic) of the Palache and Bauer (1930) material gave only 0.17 wt % BeO,
leading Hurlbut (1955) to conclude that the original analysis was in error. Hurlbut (1955)
also reported wet-chemical and spectrographic analyses of 1.56-3.95 and 1.1 wt %,
respectively, on another portion of the Palache and Bauer (1930) Franklin sample and
cited several hundred unpublished analyses using a portable laboratory of vesuvianite
from the western U.S. yielding BeO contents up to 1.5 wt %. Other investigators (Meen
1939; Glass et al. 1944; Eskola 1951; Kuchukova 1955; Beus 1957; Kapustin 1973b;
Shpanov et al. 1976) have reported relatively high Be contents ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 wt
% BeO. Beus (1957) noted the close association of Be with OH and F in Hurlbut's (1955)
analyses of Franklin vesuvianite and in an analysis of a sample from Kazakhstan and
suggested that Be substitutes for Si with charge balanced by (F,OH) substitution for O,
i.e., Si + 2 0 = Be + 2(F,OH).
Huminicki, Chapter 9; London and Evensen, Chapter 11; Grew, Chapter 12). On the
basis of a semiqualitative "laser probe" analysis and deficiency in Si + A1 in the formula,
Ronsbo et al. (1990) calculated that significant Be was present in the Na titanosilicate
vinogradovite from the Ilimaussaq complex, and this calculation was confirmed in a
single crystal refinement (Kalsbeek and Ronsbo 1992). Vlasov et al. (1966) reported 0.08
wt % Be in vinogradovite from Lovozero. Beryllium is inferred to substitute for Si and A1
occupying the Si(2) site in vinogradovite with charge balance achieved by the
substitution NbBe(TiAl).i (Table 6).
Hellandite group. The hellandite group differs from cordierite, sapphirine and other
Be-bearing minerals in that Be does not substitute for B or Si, the only tetrahedral cations
in this structure. Instead Be occupies a largely vacant site displacing H, its only occupant
in Be- and Li-free hellandite (Oberti et al. 1999, 2002; Ottolini and Oberti 2000; Delia
Ventura et al. 2002; Hawthorne and Huminicki, Chapter 9).
Calcybeborosilite-(Y). This gadolinite-group mineral from a peralkaline pegmatite at
Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan (Semenov et al. 1963; Poavarennykh 1972; Rastsvetaeva et al.
1996; Pekov et al. 2000) is a valid species through "grandfathering" (Am. Mineral.
86:1537; J. Jambor, pers. comm.). However, Be is not an essential constituent, and
thus it is not included in Appendix 1, but in Table 6. Its composition, e.g.,
Cao.96(Yo.74Ceo.ioREEo.i8)s-i.o2Uo.o4Tho.oiFe o.28Mno.o5Beo.62Bi.i8[Si208](OHi.350o.52Fo.i3),
ideally (Y,Ca)2(D,Fe)(B,Be) 2 (Si208)(0H,0)2, meets the criteria for a valid species, i.e.,
(Y,REE) > Ca distinguishes it from datolite and B > Be distinguishes it from gadolinite-
(Y) and hingganite-(Y). The theoretical end-member is Y 2 DB2(Si208)02.
Datolite (?). The composition of unnamed mineral B, e.g.,
Cai.07(Yo.34Ceo.24Ndo.22REEo.l5)s-0.95Tho.llFe2+o.48Beo.54Bl.24Si2.2208(OH)2,
from a sanidinitic ejectum in pyroclastic rocks at Lake Vico, Latium, Italy (Delia Ventura
et al. 1990; Delia Ventura, pers. comm., 1999) has Ca > (Y,REE), and thus appears to be
beryllian, REE-rich datolite (Table 6), i.e., Be is not an essential constituent.
BERYLLIUM STUDIES
Beryllium in extraterrestrial systems. Why is beryllium so rare?
Beryllium has been a rare element since the very beginning of time: the calculated
primordial Be abundance is negligibly small and the standard model of Big-Bang
nucleosynthesis is "hopelessly ineffective in generating 6 Li, 9 Be, 10B and U B " (Vangioni-
Flam et al. 2000). These three light elements are "fragile" as a result of "selection
principle at the nuclear level" (Vangioni-Flam et al. 2000), and are destroyed in stellar
interiors. Beryllium and boron "are thought to be secondary elements formed from
supernovae by spallation reactions between cosmic rays, alpha particles, and protons and
heavier nuclei such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in the interstellar medium" ("Editors'
Choice", Science, v. 290, p. 1263, 2000, in reference to Primas et al. 2000a; also
Cameron 1995). However, data on Be abundances obtained with the Hubble Space
Telescope (Pagel 1991), Very Large Telescope in Chile ("Editor's Choice", op. cit.) and
other new instrumentation show that Be is present in unexpected amounts in primitive
metal-poor stars in the halo of our Galaxy; suggesting primary Be nucleosynthesis in the
early galaxy, the so-called halo phase (e.g., Fields et al. 2000; Vangioni-Flam and Cassé
2001). "Editors' Choice" (op. cit.) even suggested the possibility of "primordial
beryllium," i.e., revision of the standard model of Big Bang nucleosynthesis allowing for
some synthesis of Be within a few minutes after the Big Bang (also Greenwood and
Earnshaw 1997). Despite attempts to reconcile data obtained from increasingly
sophisticated and sensitive instrumentation with theory on light element (LiBeB)
24 Chapter 1: Grew
abundances in the cosmos, investigators disagree, questions remain unresolved, and more
data are called for (e.g., Thorburn and Hobbs 1996; Ramaty et al. 1998; Vangioni-Flam et
al. 1999, 2000; Parizot and Drury 1999; Fields et al. 2000; Primas et al. 2000a,b; King
2002).
Shearer (Chapter 2) reviews the behavior of Be in our corner of the cosmos, the
Solar System, with an emphasis on meteorites, the Moon and Mars, and the implications
of this behavior for the evolution of the solar system.
Beryllium in terrestrial systems
Beryllium is a lithophile element concentrated in the residual phases of magmatic
systems (e.g., Goldschmidt and Peters 1932; Goldschmidt 1958). Be contents of MORBs,
arc basalts and ultramafic rocks are mostly <1 ppm (e.g., most recently, Santos et al.
2002; see Ryan, Chapter 3). Residual phases include acidic plutonic and volcanic rocks,
whose geochemistry and evolution are covered, respectively, by London and Evensen
(Chapter 11) and by Barton and Young (Chapter 14), while granitic pegmatites, which
are well-known for their remarkable, if localized, Be enrichments and a wide variety of
Be mineral assemblages, are reviewed by C e r n y (Chapter 10).
Alkaline rocks tend to be more enriched in Be than acid rocks (e.g., some evolved
alkaline volcanic systems, Ryan, Chapter 3), and some Be deposits are associated with
alkaline rocks (Barton and Young, Chapter 14). As regards alkaline plutonic systems,
Goldschmidt (1958) noted that nepheline syenites contain more Be than other igneous
rocks. Nonetheless, average Be contents of a given complex can vary considerably, e.g.,
in Russia, from 2 ppm in the BotogoF massif, eastern Sayan region to 12 ppm in the
Lovozero complex, Kola Peninsula (Beus 1966, Table 118), and from one rock type to
another in a given complex, e.g., from 4 to 24 ppm Be in the Lovozero complex (Beus
1966, Table 117; Vlasov et al. 1966; Hormann 1978). Extreme enrichments are
encountered locally, most notably in the Ilimaussaq complex, South Greenland, where
peralkaline nepheline syenites (naujaite and lujavrite) range 7-44 ppm Be (Engell et al.
1971); Markl (2001a) reported 330-1970 ppm Be on 4 lujavrite samples. Regrettably
alkaline plutonic rocks are not reviewed in this volume as acid rocks are, an unfortunate
omission.
CONCLUSION
As was the case with the boron volume, the present volume can be considered a
progress report on the current state of research on Be and on applications of Be in the
26 Chapter 1: Grew
earth, planetary and cosmic sciences. It is intended also to be a guide and stimulus to
further research on Be in these sciences. With this objective in mind I summarize
directions for future research noted by contributors to the volume:
Planetary science. Shearer (Chapter 2) notes that early solar system processes,
volatile elements in the lunar and martian mantles and surficial geochemical processes on
Mars are three of many areas where more Be data could be beneficial.
Geochemistry. Ryan (Chapter 3) notes the absence of reliable data on the Be content
of the mantle-derived rocks, so mantle Be content must estimated indirectly. This is not
merely a question of sample availability; the main difficulty is analytical: mantle Be
contents are too low to analyze by currently available technology. Surprisingly, the
published data available for sedimentary rocks is relatively limited and old compared to
data available on their metamorphic equivalents. This complicates assessing variations in
Be content with metamorphic grade.
Cosmoeenic isotopes. Bierman et al. (Chapter 4) notes that the accuracy of
measuring °Be far outstrips the accuracy of interpreting the measurements, i.e., the
science has not kept up with technology. Moreover, measurements using 10Be and 26Al, a
complementary cosmogenic nuclide, provide evidence for erosion rates faster than those
suggested by stratigraphic and geomorphic observations, a discrepancy than needs
resolution if evolution of the Earth's surface is to be properly understood. Pairing of
dating using 10Be and the currently developing (U-Th)/He method has potential for
proving insight into late Cenozoic tectonic evolution (Morris et al., Chapter 5).
Application of the shorter-lived isotope 7 Be to various environmental studies is also
relatively new, and understanding its distribution and residence times in various
terrestrial ecosystems is far from complete (Kaste et al., Chapter 6).
Beryllium on Earth's surface. Vesely et al. (Chapter 7) note the limited information
on Be distribution and mobility in soils and on diagenetic processes affecting Be in
sediments, two critical links in the Be cycle on the Earth's surface. There is little data on
Be concentrations in lake water.
Mineralogy. Although beryl is the most abundant Be mineral and by far the most
studied (see Cerny, Chapter 10, London and Evensen, Chapter 11, Franz and Morteani,
Chapter 13), it is also the most complex chemically, a situation belied by the
conventional rendering of its formula as BesA^SieOis. Beryl incorporates significant
variable amounts of Na, Cs, and H2O in large channels (e.g., most recently, Pankrath and
Langer 2002), as well as Li for Be and Mg, Fe and Sc for Al, so modeling its stability
relations is a daunting task. Thus, many questions concerning beryl stability remain
unanswered. This stability has practical as well as academic implications, most
importantly in understanding the origin of emerald (Franz and Morteani, Chapter 13;
Barton and Young, Chapter 14).
While compiling the list of Be minerals, I encountered problem areas in the
characterization of less common Be minerals. Several of these are currently being
addressed, e.g., bavenite and aminoffite, but others, e.g., beryllite and "glucine," are also
in need of more thorough characterization. A framework for defining new species in the
gadolinite group is much to be desired before more individual species are proposed to the
IMA CNMMN. The vector representation constructed by Burt (1989) could provide such
a framework; Miyawaki and Nakai (1996) used a somewhat different representation.
DeMartin et al. (2001) urged crystallographic study of minasgeraisite-(Y) because the
presence of significant Ca on the site normally occupied by Fe2+ "would require a
considerable structural re-arrangement" in their opinion.
The incorporation of variable amounts of Be in minerals in which Be is either
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 27
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the following individuals who provided references that were not available
from Interlibrary Loan or valuable information: Daniel Antencio, Peter Buseck, Herman
Cho, Giancarlo Delia Ventura, Pete Dunn, Gerhard Franz, Laurence Garvie, Joel Grice,
Detlef Günther, Ulf Hälenius, George Harlow, Elsa Horväth, Läszlö Horväth, John
Jambor, Vandall King, Roy Kristiansen, Alf Olav Larsen, Henry Longerich, Andreas
Massanek, Olaf Medenbach, Stefano Merlino, Ritsuro Miyawaki, Per Nysten, Nikolay
Pertsev, Federico Pezzotta, and Stanislav Vräna. George Rossman kindly provided the
optical absorption spectrum for euclase and background information on it, and helped to
determine the corresponding color for use on the cover of the volume. Roy Kristiansen
very generously loaned me several critical publications from his personal library and
made every effort to keep me abreast of the vast literature on Be minerals; he also
supplied the image reproduced in Figure 1. Irina I. Kupryanova provided information on
the names of specific localities for Be minerals in Russia. Nikita Chukanov and Igor
Pekov kindly provided information on greifensteinite and sphaerobertrandite,
respectively, in advance of publication. Staff of the Interlibrary Loan Department of
Fogler Library, University of Maine, is thanked for their willingness to search for both
obscure and old articles in a variety of languages and scripts, and their patience with my
continual requests. Richard Bideaux, Carl Francis, Roy Kristiansen, Joseph Mandarino
and Igor Pekov are thanked for their thoughtful and thorough comments on this
introductory chapter. Financial support was provided by the U.S. National Science
28 Chapter 1: Grew
REFERENCES
Academy of Geological Science and Academia Sinica, Section of Crystal Structure Analysis (1973) The
crystal structure of hsianghualite. Acta Geol Sinica 1973(2):226-242 (in Chinese with an English
summary) [Chem Abstracts 80:88177y]
Agakhanov AA, Pautov LA, Belakovskiy DI, Sokolova E, Hawthorne FC (2002) Telyushenkoite, Cs Nag
[Be 2 Al3Si 15 0 39F2], a new mineral. Zapiski Vseross Mineral Obshch (in press) (in Russian) [not
consulted]
Albertini C (1983) Baveno, Italy. Mineral Ree 14(3): 157-168
Allen FM (1985) Structural and Chemical Variations in Vesuvianite. PhD dissertation, Harvard Univ,
Cambridge, Mass
Aminoff G (1923) An association of barylite and hedyphane from Längban. Geol Foren Förhandl 45:124-
143 (in Swedish, not consulted) [Chem Abstracts 17:2254]
Aminoff G (1924) Über ein neues Mineral von Längban. Z Kristallogr 60:262-274 [Chem Abstracts 20:30]
Aminoff G (1925) Über Berylliumoxyd als Mineral und dessen Kristallstruktur. Z Kristallogr 62:113-122
Aminoff G (1926) Zur Kristallographie des Trimerits. Geol Foren Stockholm Förhandl 48(1): 19-43 [Am
Mineral 12:381]
Aminoff G (1933) On the structure and chemical composition of swedenborgite. Kungliga Svenska
Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3rd Ser, 11:3-13 [Chem Abstracts 29:4702]
Andersen S, Sorensen I (1967) On beryllite and bertrandite from the Ilimaussaq alkaline intrusion, South
Greenland. Contribution to the mineralogy of Ilimaussaq, No. 5. Meddel Grönland 181(4): 11-27.
Andersen F, Berge SA, Burvald I (1996) Die Mineralien des Langesundsfjords und des umgebenden
Larvikit-Gebietes, Oslo-Region, Norwegen. Mineralien-Welt 7(4):21-100
Anderson BW, Payne CJ, Claringbull GF, Hey MH (1951) Taaffeite, a new beryllium mineral, found as a
cut gemstone. Mineral Mag 29:765-772 [Am Mineral 37:300-301]
Anonymous (1930) Discovering the sweet element "A classic of science". Science News Letter 18:346-
347 [A translation of the essential parts of Vauquelin 1798]
Anovitz LM, Grew ES (1996) Mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry of boron: An introduction. Rev
Mineral 33:1-40
Anthony JW, Bideaux RA, Bladh KW, Nichols, MC (1995) Handbook of Mineralogy, vol. 2, Silica,
Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona
Anthony JW, Bideaux RA, Bladh KW, Nichols, MC (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, vol. 3, Halides,
Hydoxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona
Anthony JW, Bideaux RA, Bladh KW, Nichols, MC (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy, vol. 4, Arsenates,
Phosphates, Vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona
Apollonov VN (1968) Euclase from Central Asia. Trudy Mineral Muz Akad Nauk SSSR 18:168-171 (in
Russian)
Argamakov IG, Gordienko VV, Kotrly M, Zukova IA (1995) Die Pegmatit-"Schmuckdose" im Lovozero-
Massiv, Halbinsel Kola, Rußland. Mineralien-Welt 6(l):37-43
Armbruster T (2002) Revised nomenclature of högbomite, nigerite, and taaffeite minerals. Eur J Mineral
14:389-395
Armbruster T, Libowitzky E, Diamond L, Auernhammer M, Bauerhansl P, Hoffmann C, Irran E, Kurka, A,
Rosenstingl H (1995) Crystal chemistry and optics of bazzite from Furkabasistunnel (Switzerland).
Mineral Petrol 52:113-126
Artini E (1901) A new mineral species found in the granite of Baveno. Atti Reale Accad Lincei Rendiconti
Classe Sei Fis Matemat Nat 10:139-145 (in Italian)
Artini E (1915) Two minerals from Baveno containing rare earths: weibyeite and bazzite. Atti Reale Accad
Lincei Rendiconti Classe Sei Fis Matemat Nat 24:313-319 (in Italian) [Chem Abstracts 9:2365-2366]
Atencio D (2000a) Minerals for which Brazil is the type locality. Rocks and Minerals 75:44-46
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 29
Atencio D (2000b) Type Mineralogy of Brazil (Preliminary Edition). Universidade de Säo Paulo, Institute
de Geociências and Museu de Geociências
Aurisicchio C, Fioravanti G, Grubessi O, Zanazzi PF (1988) Reappraisal of the crystal chemistry of beryl.
Am Mineral 73:826-837
Baba S, Grew ES, Shearer CK, Sheraton JW (2000) Surinamite: A high-temperature metamorphic beryllo-
silicate from Lewisian sapphirine-b earing kyanite-orthopyroxene-quartz-potassium feldspar gneiss at
South Harris, N.W. Scotland. Am Mineral 85:1474-1484
Barbier J, Grew ES, Moore PB, Su S-C (1999) Khmaralite, a new beryllium-bearing mineral related to
sapphirine: A superstructure resulting from partial ordering of Be, Al and Si on tetrahedral sites. Am
Mineral 84:1650-1660
Barbier J, Grew ES, Yates MG, Shearer CK (2001) Beryllium minerals related to aenigmatite. Geol Assoc
Canada-Mineral Assoc Canada, Joint Ann Meet Abstr 26:7
Barbier J, Grew ES, Hâlenius E, Hâlenius U, Yates MG (2002) The role of Fe and cation order in the
crystal chemistry of surinamite, (Mg,Fe 2+ )3(Al,Fe 3+ )30[AlBeSi 3 0 15 ]: A crystal structure, Mössbauer
spectroscopic, and optical spectroscopic study. Am Mineral 87:501-513
Bayliss P (2000) Glossary of Obsolete Mineral Names. The Mineralogical Record, Tucson, Arizona
Bea F, Pereira MD, Stroh A (1994) Mineral/leucosome trace-element partitioning in a peraluminous
migmatite (a laser ablation-ICP-MS study). Chem Geol 117:291-312
Bedr-Chan S (1925) Analyse des Alvits. Z Anorg Allgem Chem 144:304-306
Behier J (1960) Contribution à la minéralogie de Madagascar. Ann Géol Madagascar 29:1-78
Bel'kov IV, Denisov AP (1968) Melinophane from the Sakharyok alkaline massif. Materialy po
Mineralogii Kol'skogo Poluostrova 6:221-224 (in Russian)
Berry LG (1963) The composition of bavenite. Am Mineral 48:1166-1168
Bertrand E (1880) Nouveau minéral des environs de Nantes. Bull Soc Minéral France 3:96-97
Bertrand E (1883) Nouveau minéral des environs de Nantes. Bull Soc Minéral France 6:248-252
Beus AA (1956) Characteristics of the isomorphous entry of beryllium into crystalline mineral structures.
Geochemistry 1956(l):62-77
Beus AA (1957) Beryllian vesuvianite. Trudy Mineral Muz Akad Nauk SSSR 8:25-28 (in Russian)
Beus AA (1966) Geochemistry of Beryllium and Genetic Types of Beryllium Deposits. Freeman, San
Francisco
Bhaskara Rao A. Silva JC (1968) Phosphate minerals of Brazilian pegmatites—A mineralogical review.
Report 22nd Sess Intl Geol Congress 1964 Delhi, India:157-192
Birch WD, Pring A, Foord EE (1995) Selwynite, NaK(Be,Al)Zr 2 (P0 4 ) 4 -2H 2 0, a new gainesite-like mineral
from Wycheproof, Victoria, Australia. Can Mineral 33:55-58 [Am Mineral 80:1075]
Blackburn WH, Dennen WH (1997) Encyclopedia of Mineral Names. Can Mineral Spec Pub 1
Blomstrand CW (1876) Contribution to the knowledge of minerals of the Lângban mines. B) Barylite, a
new mineral from Lângban. Geol Foren Förhandl 3:128-133 (in Swedish, not consulted)
Boggild OB (1915) Leifite, a new mineral from Narsarsuk. Meddel Grönland 51: 427-433 (in
Danish)[Chemical Abstracts 11:2651-2652]
Böggild OB (1920) Leifit, ein neues Mineral von Narsarsuk, Grönland. Z Kristallogr Mineral 55:425-429
[Böggild is the German spelling of Böggild]
Bokiy GB, Mozgova NN, Sokolova MN, eds (1996) Minerals: Handbook. Vol IV, part 3: Silicates.
Additions to vol 3 and 4. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Bondi M, Griffin WL, Mattioli V, Mottana A (1983) Chiavennite, CaMnBe 2 Si 5 0 1 3 (0H) 2 -2H 2 0, a new
mineral from Chiavenna (Italy). Am Mineral 68:623-627
Brogger WC (1887) On "eudidymite", a new Norwegian mineral. Preliminary report. Nyt Magazin for
Naturvidenskaberne 31:196-199 (in Norwegian) [Often given as 1890, although "printed" in 1887, cf.
Raade 1996]
Brogger WC (1890) Die Mineralien der Syenitpegmatitgänge der südnorwegischen Augit- und
Nephelinsyenite. Z Kristallogr Mineral 16 [p 65-67 for hambergite; not consulted, see Raade 1996]
Brugger J, Gieré R (1999) As, Sb, Be and Ce enrichment in minerals from a metamorphosed Fe-Mn
deposit, Val Ferrera, eastern Swiss Alps. Can Mineral 37:37-52
Bryce DL, Wasylishen RE (1999) Beryllium-9 NMR study of solid bis(2,4-pentanedionato-ö,ö')t>eryllium
and theoretical studies of 9 Be electric field gradient and chemical shielding tensors. First evidence for
anisotropic beryllium shielding. J Phys Chem A 103:7364-7372
Brydson R, Vvedensky DD, Engel W, Sauer H, Williams BG, Zeitler E, Thomas JM (1988a) Chemical
information from electron-energy-loss near-edge structure. Core hole effects in the beryllium and
boron K-edges in rhodizite. J Phys Chem 92:962-966
Brydson R, Williams BG, Engel W, Lindner T, Muhler M, Schlögl R, Zeitler E, Thomas JM (1988b)
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and the crystal chemistry of rhodizite. Part 2. - Near-edge structure.
J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1, 84:631-646
30 Chapter 1: Grew
Brydson R, Sauer H, Engel W, Thomas JM, Zeitler E (1989) Co-ordination fingerprints in electron loss
near-edge structures: Determination of the local site symmetry of aluminium and beryllium in ultrafine
minerals. J Chem Soc Chem Comm 15:1010-1012
Bukin G V (1967) Conditions of crystallization of phenakite-bertrandite-quartz association (experimental
data). Doklady Akad Nauk S S S R 176:664-667 (in Russian)
Bukin GV (1969): Synthesis of epididymite under hydrothermal conditions. Trudy Mineral Muz Akad.
Nauk S S S R 19:131-133 (in Russian)
Bulnaev K B (1996) Origin of the fluorite-bertrandite-phenakite deposits. Geology of Ore Deposits
38(2): 128-136
Burke EAJ, Lustenhouwer W J (1981) Pehrmanite, a new beryllium mineral from Rosendal pegmatite,
Kemiô Island, southwestern Finland. Can Mineral 19:311-314 [Am Mineral 67:859]
Burns PC, Novák M, Hawthorne FC (1995) Fluorine-hydroxyl variation in hambergite: A crystal-structure
study. Can Mineral 33:1205-1213
Burt DM (1975) Beryllium mineral stabilities in the model system C a 0 - B e 0 - S i 0 2 - P 2 0 5 - F 2 0 . 1 and the
breakdown of beryl. Econ Geol 70:1279-1292.
Burt DM (1978) Multisystems analysis of beryllium mineral stabilities: the system Be0-Al203-Si02-H20.
Am Mineral 63:664-676
Burt DM (1980) The stability of danalite, Fe 4 Be 3 (Si0 4 ) 3 S. Am Mineral 65:355-360
Burt DM (1982) Minerals of beryllium. In Cerny P (ed) Granitic Pegmatites in Science and Industry,
Mineral Assoc Can Short Course Handbook 8, p 135-148
Burt DM (1988) Stability of genthelvite, Z n ^ B e S i O ^ S : An exercise in chalcophilicity using exchange
operators. Am Mineral 73:1384-1394
Burt DM (1989) Compositional and phase relations among rare-earth element minerals. Rev Mineral
21:259-307
Burt DM (1994) Vector representation of some mineral compositions in the aenigmatite group, with special
reference to hogtuvaite. Can Mineral 32:449-457 [Am Mineral 80:405]
Bussy A - B ( 1828) Reported at the Séance du 16 août 1828 in the Section de Pharmacie. J Chimie Médicale
Pharmacie Toxicologie 4:455-456
Calligaro T, Dran J-C, Poirot J-P, Querré G, Salomon J, Zwaan JC (2000) PIXE/PIGE characterization o f
emeralds using an external micro-beam. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Research B 161 -163:769-774
Cameron A G W (1995) Accounting for light-element abundances. Nature 373:286
Campbell TJ, Roberts W L (1986) Phosphate minerals from the Tip Top Mine, Black Hills, South Dakota.
Mineral Rec 17:237-254
Cannillo E, Coda A, Fagnani G (1966) The crystal structure of bavenite. Acta Crystallogr 20:301-309
Cannillo E, Giuseppetti G, Tadini C (1969) The crystal structure of asbecasite. Atti Accad Nazionale Lincei
Rendiconti Classe Sci Fis Matemat Nat 46:457-467 [Am Mineral 55:1818]
Cannillo E, Giuseppetti G, Mazzi F, Tazzoli V (1992) The crystal structure of a rare earth bearing
leucophanite: (Ca,RE)CaNa 2 Be2SÍ40 1 2 (F,0)2. Z Kristallogr 202:71-79
Cassedanne JP (1989) The Ouro Preto topaz mines. Mineral Rec 20(3):221-233
Cassedanne JP, Alves JN (1994) The Jaguaraçu Pegmatite, Minas Gérais, Brazil. Mineral Rec 25:165-170
Cassedanne JP, Baptista A (1999) The Sapucaia Pegmatite, Minas Gérais, Brazil. Mineral Rec 30:347-360,
365-366
Cassedanne JP, Cassedanne JO (1987) La moraesite de la mine de tourmaline de Humaita, Minas Gérais,
Brésil. Can Mineral 25:419-424
Cerny P, Hawthorne FC, Jarosevich E (1980) Crystal chemistry of milarite. Can Mineral 18:41-57
Cerny P, Hawthorne FC, Jambor JL, Grice JD (1991) Yttrian milarite. Can Mineral 29:533-541.
Cerny P, Povondra P (1966) Beryllian cordierite from Vezná: (Na,K) + B e —• Al. N Jahrb Mineral Monatsh
1966(2):36-44
Chadwick B , Friend CRL, George MC, Perkins W T (1993) A new occurrence of musgravite, a rare
beryllium oxide, in Caledonides of North-East Greenland. Mineral Mag 57:121-129
Chang H-C ( 1969) Structural analysis of liberite. Intl Geol Review 11:778-786
Chao C-L (1964) Liberite (LÍ2BeSi04), a new lithium-beryllium silicate mineral from the Nanling Ranges,
South China. Acta Geol Sinica 44(3):334-342 (in Chinese with English abstract)[Am Mineral 50: 519]
Chao G Y (1967) Leucophanite, elpidite, and narsarsukite from the Desourdy quarry, Mont St. Hilaire,
Quebec. Can Mineral 9:286-287
Chao GY, Conlon RP, Van Velthuizen J (1990) Mont Saint-Hilaire unknowns. Mineral Rec 21:363-368
Charoy B (1999) Beryllium speciation in evolved granitic magmas: phosphates versus silicates. Eur J
Mineral 11:135-148
Chatterjee M, Ganguli D (1975) Phase relationships in the system B e 0 - Z n 0 - S i 0 2 . N Jahrb Mineral
Monatsh 1975:518-526
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 31
Chistyakova M B , Moleva V A , Razmanova, ZP (1966) The first find of bazzite in the U S S R . Doklady Akad
Nauk S S S R 169:1421-1424 (in Russian) [Am Mineral 52:563-564],
Christy AG, Grew ES, Mayo SC, Yates MG, Belakovskiy DI (1998) Hyalotekite,
(Ba,Pb,K)4(Ca,Y) 2 Si s (B,Be) 2 (Si,B) 2 0 2 s F, a tectosilicate related to scapolite: new structure refinement,
phase transitions and a short-range ordered 3b superstructure. Mineral Mag 62:77-92
Christy AG, Tabira Y , Hölscher A, Grew ES, Schreyer W (2002) Synthesis of beryllian sapphirine in the
system M g 0 - B e 0 - A l 2 0 3 - S i 0 2 - H 2 0 and comparison with naturally occurring beryllian sapphirine and
khmaralite. Part 1 : Experiments, T E M and X R D . Am Mineral 87:1104-1112
Chukanov NV, Möckel S, Rastsvetayeva RK, Zadov AE (in press) Greifensteinite
C a 2 B e 4 ( F e 2 + , M n ) 5 ( P 0 4 ) 6 ( 0 H ) 4 ' 6 H 2 0 — a new mineral from Greifenstein, Saxony. Zapiski Vseross
Mineral Obshch (in Russian)
Chukhrov F V (1960) Mineralogy and zoning in the Eastern Kounrad. Trudy Inst Geol Rudnykh
Mestorozhdeniy Petrogr Mineral Geokhim 50:5-237 (in Russian) [not consulted; see Chem Abstracts
55:15240d]
Chukhrov FV, Bonshtedt-Kupletskaya EM, Smol'yaninova NN, eds (1972) Minerals, Handbook, vol III,
issue 1 : Silicates with Single and Doubled Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedra. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Chukhrov FV, Smol'yaninova NN, eds (1981a) Minerals, Handbook, vol III, issue 2: Silicates with Linear
Three-Membered Groups, Rings and Chains of Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedra. Nauka, Moscow (in
Russian)
Chukhrov FV, Smoryaninova NN, eds (1981b) Minerals, Handbook, vol III, issue 3: Silicates with ribbons
of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Chukhrov F V , Smoryaninova NN, eds (1992a) Minerals, Handbook, vol IV, issue 1: Silicates with a
Structure Transitional from Chain to Layered. Layered silicates. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Chukhrov FV, Smol'yaninova NN, eds (1992b) Minerals, Handbook, vol IV, issue 2: Layered silicates.
Layered Silicates with Complex Tetrahedral Radicals. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Clark A M (1993) Hey's Mineral Index: Mineral Species, Varieties and Synonyms, 3rd edn. Chapman and
Hall, London.
Clark AM, Fejer EE, Couper AG, von Knorring O, Turner RW, Barstow R W (1983) Iron-rich roscherite
from Gunnislake, Cornwall. Mineral Mag 47:81-83
Cocco G, Garavelli C (1958) Re-examination of some zeolites from Elba. Atti Soc Toscana Sei Nat Mem
Ser A 65:262-283 (in Italian) [Am Mineral 45:1135-1136]
Coda A, Rossi G, Ungaretti L (1967) The crystal structure of aminoffite. Atti Accad Nazionale Lincei
Rendiconti Classe Sei Fis Matemat Nat 43(3-4):225-232
Coda A, Ungaretti L, Delia Giusta A (1974) The crystal structure of leifite,
Na^SijsAlzCBeOH^OssJ.l'SHzO. Acta CrystallogrB30:396-401
Cooke JP Jr (1866) On danalite, a new mineral species from the granite of Rockport, Mass. Am J Sei
92:73-79
Coombs DS et al. (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the subcommittee on
zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral
Names. Can Mineral 35:1571-1606
Correia Neves JM; Dutra CV; Karfunkel J; Karfunkel B ; Schmidt JC; Quemeneur JG; Pedrosa Soares AC
(1980) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Ênio pegmatite, (Galiléia-Minas Gérais). An Acad Brasil
Ciênc 52 (3):603-616 (in Portuguese with English summary)
Crain J S , Gallimore D L (1992) Determination of trace impurities in uranium oxides by laser ablation
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal Atomic Spectrometry 7:605-610
Crook W W III (1977) The Clear Creek pegmatite: A rare earth pegmatite in Burnet County, Texas. Mineral
Ree 8(2):88-90
Damour A (1883) Note et analyse sur le nouveau minéral des environs de Nantes. Bull Soc Minéral France
6:252-254
Dana JD (1867) Chemical formulas of the feldspars, and of some other silicates. Am J Sei 94:398-409
Dana ES (1888) Preliminary notice of beryllonite, a new mineral. Am J Sei 136:290-291
Dana ES (1892) The System of Mineralogy, Sixth Edn. Wiley, New York
Dana ES, Wells HL (1889) Description of the new mineral, beryllonite. Am J Sei 137:23-32
Dano M (1966) The crystal structure of tugtupite—a new mineral, Na 8 Al2Be 2 Si 8 024(Cl,S)2. Acta
Crystallogr 20:812-816
Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (1986) Rock-Forming Minerals, vol. I B , Disilicates and Ring Silicates,
2 od edn. Longman, London
de Fourestier J ( 1999) Glossary of mineral synonyms. Can Mineral Spec Pub 2
Delamétherie JC (1792) De l'euclase. J Phys 41:155-156 [without proper credit to R J Haüy (Dana 1892,
P xlii)]
32 Chapter 1: Grew
Della Ventura G, Parodi GC, Mottana A (1990) New rare earth minerals in the sandinitic ejecta within
pyroclastic rocks of the Roman Potassio Province. Atti Accad Nazionale Lincei Rendiconti Classe Sci
Fis Matemat Nat Ser 9,1:159-163
Della Ventura G, Maras A, Mottana A, Parodi GC, Sacerdoti M, Stoppani FS (1991) Antimonian
asbecasite in a syenitic ejectum within the Vico pyroclastic rocks (Roman potassio province). Atti
Accad Nazionale Lincei Rendiconti Classe Sci Fis Matemat Nat Ser 9, 2:371-378
Della Ventura G, Rossi P, Parodi GC, Mottana A, Raudsepp M, Prencipe M (2000) Stoppaniite,
(Fe,Al,Mg) 4 (Be 6 Si 12 0 36)*(H20)2(Na,D), a new mineral of the beryl group from Latium (Italy). Eur J
Mineral 12:121-127
Delia Ventura G, Bonazzi P, Oberti R, Ottolini L (2002) Ciprianiite and mottanaite-(Ce), two new minerals
of the hellandite group from Latium (Italy). Am Mineral 87:739-744
DeMark RS (1984) Minerals of Point of Rocks, New Mexico. Mineral Ree 15(3): 149-156
DeMark RS (1989) Micromounting in New Mexico. Mineral Ree 20(l):57-64
Demartin F, Gramaccioli CM, Pilati T (1992) A first occurrence of euclase in the Swiss Alps: Discovery
and refinement of the crystal structure. Schweiz Mineral Petrogr Mitt 72:159-165
Demartin F, Pilati T, Diella V, Gentile P, Gramaccioli CM (1993) A crystal-chemical investigation of
Alpine gadolinite. Can Mineral 30:127-136
Demartin F, Gramaccioli CM, Pilati T (2000) Structure refinement of bazzite from pegmatitic and
miarolitic occurrences. Can Mineral 38:1419-1424
Demartin F, Minaglia A, Gramaccioli CM (2001) Characterization of gadolinite-group minerals using
crystallographic data only: the case of hingganite-(Y) from Cuasso al Monte, Italy. Can Mineral
39:1105-1114
de Parseval P, Fontan F, Aigouy T (1997) Composition chimique des minéraux de terres rares de Trimouns
(Ariège, France). C R Acad Sei Paris Sèrie II a, 324:625-630
de Roever EWF, Kieft C, Murray E, Klein E, Drucker WH (1976) Surinamite, a new Mg-Al silicate from
the Bakhuis Mountains, western Surinam. I. Description, occurrence, and conditions of formation. Am
Mineral 61:193-197
de Roever EWF, Lattard D, Schreyer W (1981) Surinamite: A beryllium-bearing mineral. Contrib Mineral
Petrol 76:472-473 [Am Mineral 67:418]
Devouard B, Raith M, Rakotondrazafy R, El-Ghozzi M, Nicollet C (2002) Occurrence of musgravite in
anorthite-corundum-spinel-sapphirine rocks ("sakenites") from South Madagascar: Evidence for a
high-grade metasomatic event. 18th Gen Meeting Intl Mineral Assoc, Mineralogy for the New
Millennium, Programme with Abstracts, p 207
Ding X, Bai G, Yuan Z, Sun L (1981) Yttroceberysite, a new Ce-Be-rich silicate. Geol Rev China 27:459-
466 (in Chinese with English summary)[Am Mineral 73:442,935]
Ding X, Bai G, Yuan Z, Liu J (1984) Hingganite [(Y,Ce)BeSi0 5 (OH)](sic): New Data. Acta Petrol Mineral
Anal 3(l):46-48 (in Chinese with English summary)[Chem Abstracts 101:233307z]
Ding X, Bai G, Yuan Z (1985) Mineralogical characteristics of some rare-metal alkaline granites in the
Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region [China]. Zhonggue Dizhi Kexueyuan Kuangchan Dizhi
Yanjiuso Sokan 14:71-88 (in Chinese)[not consulted; from Chem Abstracts 105:9441p]
Dunn PJ (1976) Genthelvite and the helvine group. Mineral Mag 40:627-636
Dunn PJ (1995) Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey: the World's Most Magnificent Mineral Deposits.
The Franklin-Ogdensburg Mineralogical Society, Franklin, New Jersey
Dunn PJ, Gaines RV (1978) Uralolite from the Dunton Gem Mine, Newry, Maine: A second occurrence.
Mineral Ree 9:99-100
Dunn PJ, Wight W (1976) Green gemherderite from Brazil. J Gemmology 15(l):27-28
Dunn PJ, Wolfe CW, Leavens PB, Wilson WE (1979) Hydroxyl-herderite from Brazil and a guide to
species nomenclature for the herderite/hydroxyl-herderite series. Mineral Ree 10(1):5-11
Dunn PJ, Peacor DR, Simmons WB, Gaines RV (1984) Sverigeite, a new tin beryllium silicate from
Längban, Värmland, Sweden. Geol Foren Stockholm Förhandl 106:175-177 [Am Mineral 70:1332]
Dunn PJ, Peacor DR, Grice JD, Wicks FJ, Chi PH (1990) Wawayandaite, a new calcium manganese
beryllium boron silicate from Franklin, New Jersey. Am Mineral 75:405-408
Durrant SF (1999) Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: achievements, problems,
prospects. J Anal Atomic Spectrometry 14:1385-1403
Dyar MD, Wiedenbeck M, Robertson D, Cross LR, Delaney JS, Ferguson K, Francis CA, Grew ES,
Guidotti CV, Hervig RL, Hughes JM, Husler J, Leeman W, McGuire AV, Rhede D, Rothe H, Paul RL,
Richards I, Yates M (2001) Reference minerals for the microanalysis of light elements. Geostandards
Newsletter 25:441-463
Dzhurayev ZT, Zolotarev AA, Pekov IV, Frolova LV (1998) Hambergite from pegmatite veins of the
eastern Pamirs. Zapiski Vseross Mineral Obshch 127(4): 132-139 (in Russian)
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 33
Ehlmann AJ, Mitchell RS (1970) Behoite, beta-Be(OH) 2 , from the Rode Ranch pegmatite, Llano County,
Texas. Am Mineral 55:1-9
Ellingsen HV, Haugen A, Raade G, Eldjarn K, Berg H-J (1995) Rare minerals in an amazonite pegmatite at
Tennvatn in Nordland. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrifter 9:35-37 (in Norwegian)
Emsley J (2001) Nature's building blocks. An A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Engel W, Sauer H, Zeitler E, Brydson R, Williams BG, Thomas JM (1988) Electron energy-loss
spectroscopy and the crystal chemistry of rhodizite. Part 1. Instrumentation and chemical analysis.
J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1, 84:617-629
Engell J, Hansen J, Jensen M, Kunzendorf H, Lovborg L (1971) Beryllium mineralization in the Ilimaussaq
intrusion, South Greenland, with description of a field beryllometer and chemical methods. Grönlands
Geol Undersogelse Rapport 33:1-40
Engvoldsen T, Berge SA, Andersen F, Burvald I (1991) Pegmatite minerals from the Larvik ring complex.
Stein (Nordic Magazine for Popular Geology) 18(1): 15-71 (in Norwegian)
Erdmann A ( 1840) Investigation of leucophane, a new mineral from the Brevig area in Norway. Kongl
Svensk Vetenskaps-Akad Handl: 191-200 [In Swedish. Not consulted, see Raade, 1996]
EskolaP (1951) Around Pitkäranta. Ann Acad Scient Fennicas Series A3 Geol-Geograph 27:1-90
Evensen JM, London D (2002) Experimental silicate mineral/melt partition coefficients for beryllium and
the crustal Be cycle from migmatite to pegmatite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:2239-2265
Evensen JM, London D (in press) Complete cordierite-beryl solid solutions in granitic systems: phase
relations and complex crystal chemistry. Am Mineral
Evensen JM, Meeker GP (1997) Feasibility of Be analysis for geological materials using EPMA.
Microscopy Soc Am Proceedings Microscopy and Microanalysis 1997 3(2):893-894 (abstract)
Evensen JM, London D, Hughes JM, Rakovan JF, Hervig RL, Kaszuba JP (2002) Crystal chemistry,
crystallography, and pedogenesis of the beryllium micas. 18th Gen Meeting Intl Mineral Assoc,
Mineralogy for the New Millennium, Programme with Abstracts, p 207
Everest DA (1973) 9. Beryllium. In Bailar JC, Emeléus HJ, Nyholm R, Trotman-Dickenson AF (eds)
Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 1. Pergamon, Oxford, New York, p 531 -590
Falster AU (1994) The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Animikie Red Ace Pegmatite, Florence
County, Wisconsin. Master's thesis, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana [not
consulted; abstract available from GeoRef 98-08873]
Falster AU, Simmons WB (1989) Rhodizite formation in a Cs-Rb-B-Mn enriched pegmatite in Wisconsin.
Geol Soc Am Abstr Progr 21(6):A119
Falster AU, Simmons WB, Webber KL (1996) The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Animikie Red Ace
Pegmatite, Florence County, Wisconsin. Recent Research Developments in Mineralogy 1:7-67
Fanfani L, Nunzi A, Zanazzi PF, Zanzari AR (1975) The crystal structure of roscherite. Tschermaks
Mineral Petrograph Mitt 22:266-277
Fanfani L, Zanazzi PF, Zanzari AR (1977) The crystal structure of a triclinic roscherite. Tschermaks
Mineral Petrograph Mitt 24:169-178 [Am. Mineral 63:427]
Ferraris G, Prencipe M, Rossi P (1998) Stoppaniite, a new member of the beryl group: crystal structure and
crystal-chemical implications. Eur J Mineral 10:491-496
Fersman AE (1940) Pegmatites; vol. I, Granitic Pegmatites, Third Edn. Akad Nauk SSSR (in Russian)
Fields BD, Olive KA, Vangioni-Flam E, Cassé M (2000) Testing spallation processes with beryllium and
boron. Astron J 540:930-945
Fleischer M, Switzer G (1953) The bavenite problem. Am Mineral 38:988-993
Flem B, Larsen RB, Grimstvedt A, Mansfeld J (2002) In situ analysis of trace elements in quartz by using
laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Chem Geol 182:237-247
Flink G (1886) Mineralogical Notices. I. (1-16.). 14. Harstigite from Pajsberg. Bihang Kongl Svenska
Vetensk-Akad Handl 12, Afd 2, No 2:59-63, Table II (in Swedish)
Flink G (1890) Ueber Pinakiolith und Trimerit, zwei neue Mineralien aus den Mangangruben Schwedens.
Z Kristallogr 18:361-376
Flink G (1893) On some minerals from Greenland. Geol Foren Stockholm Förhandl 15:195-208, 467-470
[in Swedish]
Flink G (1917a) Contribution to Swedish mineralogy. 104. Trimerite from Jakobsberg. Arkiv Kemi
Mineral Geol 6:46-48 (in Swedish)
Flink G (1917b) Contribution to Swedish mineralogy. 105. Harstigite from Harstigsgrufvan. Arkiv Kemi
Mineral Geol 6:49-51 (in Swedish)
Flink G (1917c) Contribution to Swedish mineralogy. 116. Gadolinite. Arkiv Kemi Mineral Geol 6:82-83
(in Swedish)
Fontan F, Fransolet A-M (1982) Le béryl bleu riche en Mg, Fe et Na de la mine de Lassur, Ariège, France.
Bull Minéral 105:615-620
34 Chapter 1: Grew
Foord EE, Gaines RV, Crock JG, Simmons W B Jr, Barbosa CP (1986) Minasgeraisite, a new member of
the gadolinite group from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Am Mineral 71:603-607
Foord EE, Brownfield ME, Lichte FE, Davis AM, Sutley S J (1994) Mccrillisite, NaCs(Be,Li)Zr 2 (P0 4 ) 4 'l-
2H2O, a new mineral species from Mount Mica, Oxford County, Maine, and new data for gainesite.
Can Mineral 32:839-842 [Am Mineral 80:1074]
Forbes D, Dahll T (1855) Mineralogical observations around Arendal and Kragerö. Nyt Magazin for
Naturvidenskaberne 8(3):213-229 (in Norwegian)
Franke E (1934) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zinn-Wolframerzlagerstätte im Sauberg bei Ehrenfriedersdorf.
Z prakt Geol 42(3):33-48
Franz G, Morteani G (1984) The formation of chrysoberyl in metamorphosed pegmatites. J Petrol 25:27-52
Franz G, Grundmann G, Ackermand D (1986) Rock forming beryl from a regional metamorphic terrain
(Tauern Window, Austria): Parageneses and crystal chemistry. Tschermaks Mineral Petrogr Mitt
35:167-192
Frondel C, Baum JL (1974) Structure and mineralogy of the Franklin zinc-iron-manganese deposit, New
Jersey. Econ Geol 69:157-180
Frondel C, Ito J (1965) Composition of rhodizite. Tschermaks Mineral Petrogr Mitt 10:409-412
Gadomski M, Wiewiora A, Szpila K (1971) Bavenite from Strzegom (Lower Silesia). Archiwum Mineral
29(l-2):5-28 (in Polish with abridged English version)
Gaines R V (1976) Beryl—A review. Mineral Ree 7:211-223
Gaines RV, Skinner HCW, Foord EE, Mason B , Rozenzweig A (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy: the
System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, 8th edn. Wiley, NewYork
Gallagher MJ, Hawkes J R (1966) Beryllium minerals from Rhodesia and Uganda. Bull Geol Surv Great
Britain 25:59-75
Galli E (1980) The crystal structure of roggianite, a zeolite-like silicate. Proc 5 th Intl Conf on Zeolites,
p 205-213 [not consulted. Am Mineral 68:852]
Ganzeyeva LV, Bedrzhitskaya KV, Shumkova NG (1973) Leucophane from alkaline metasomatites of the
Russian Platform. In Mineralogicheskiye Issledovaniya 3. IMGRE, Moscow, p 25-28 (in Russian)
Gard JA (1969) An electron microscope and diffraction study of roggianite. Clay Minerals 8:112-113 [Am
Mineral 55:322-323]
Garvie LAJ, Buseck P R (1996) Parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy o f boron in minerals. Rev
Mineral 33:821-843
Garvie LAJ, Buseck P R (1999) Bonding in silicates: Investigation of the Si L2,3 edge by parallel electron
energy-loss spectroscopy. Am Mineral 84:946-964
Garvie LAJ, Buseck PR, Rez P (1997) Characterization of beryllium-boron-bearing materials by parallel
electron energy-loss spectroscopy (PEELS). J Solid State Chem 133:347-355.
Gelsdorf G, Müller-Hesse H, Schwiete H-E (1958) Einlagerungsversuche an synthetischem Mullit und
Substitutionsversuche mit Galliumoxyd und Germaniumdioxyd Teil II. Archiv Eisenhüttenwesen
29:513-519
Genth F A (1884) On herderite. Proc Am Phil Soc 21:694-699
Genth FA (1892) Contributions to mineralogy, No. 54; with crystallographic notes by S.L. Penfield. 6.
Danalite. Am J Sei 144:385-386
Gerasimovsky VI (1939) Chkalovite. C R Acad Sei U R S S 22:259-263 [Am Mineral 25:380]
Ginzburg AI (1957) Bityite-lithium-beryllium margarite. Trudy Mineral Muz Akad Nauk S S S R 8:128-131
Ginzburg AI, ed (1975) The genetic types o f hydrothermal beryllium deposits. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian)
Ginzburg AI, ed (1976) The mineralogy of hydrothermal beryllium deposits. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian)
Ginzburg AI, Shatskaya V T (1966) Hypergene phosphates of beryllium and conditions of their formation.
In Geologiya Mestorozhdeniy Redkikh Elementov 30. Nedra, Moscow, p 101-117 (in Russian)
Ginzburg AI, Novikova MI, Gal'chenko VI (1979) Eudidymite in fluorite-bertrandite-phenakite deposits.
Doklady Acad Sei U S S R Earth Sei Sections, 246:151-154
Giuseppetti G, Mazzi F, Tadini C, Larsen AO, Äsheim A, Raade G (1990) Berborite polytypes. N Jahrb
Miner Abh 162:101-116 [Am Mineral 76:1734]
Giuseppetti G, Mazzi F, Tadini C, Galli E (1991) The revised crystal structure of roggianite:
Ca 2 [Be(0H) 2 Al 2 Si 4 0 1 3 ] <2.5H 2 0. N Jahrb Miner Monatsh 1991(7):307-314 [Am Mineral 77:452]
Giuseppetti G, Tadini C, Mattioli V (1992) Bertrandite: B e 4 S i 2 0 7 ( 0 H ) 2 , from Val Vigezzo (NO) Italy: the
X-ray structural refinement. N Jahrb Miner Monatsh 1992(1): 13-19
Glass JJ, Jahns RH, Stevens R E (1944) Helvite and danalite from New Mexico and the helvite group. Am
Mineral 29:163-191
Goldschmidt V M (1958) Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, Orford, U K
Goldschmidt VM, Peters C (1932) Zur Geochemie des Berylliums. Nachrichten Akad Wissenschaften
Göttingen, II. Math-Phys Klasse, p 360-376
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 35
Gordiyenko VV, Fedchenko VF, Zorina ML, Novikova YuN, Chernysheva VF (1973) First find of
väyrynenite—MnBe[P0 4 ](0H)—in the USSR. Zapiski Vsesoyuz Mineral Obshch 102:432-435 (in
Russian)
Graeser S (1966) Asbecasit und Cafarsit, zwei neue Mineralien aus dem Binnatal (Kt. Wallis) Schweiz
mineral petrogrMitt 46:367-375 [Am. Mineral. 52:1583-1584]
Graeser S (1995) Bergslagit aus den Schweizer Alpen. Aufschluss 46:15-22
Graeser S, Albertini C (1995) Arsenmineralien und ihre Begleiter aus Gneisklüften der Monte-Leone-
Decke (II) Wannigletscher und Conca Cervandone. Lapis 20(7/8):41-64
Gramaccioli CM, Demartin F (2001) Gadolinit aus den Alpen. Lapis 26(3):24-31,50
Gramaccioli CM, Gentile P (1991) Description of the minerals of Lombardia. In Natura in Lombardia, i
Minerali. Regione Lombardia, Giunta Regionale Ecologia, p 59-177 (in Italian) [not consulted]
Gramaccioli CM, Diella V, Demartin F, Orlandi P, Campostrini I (2000) Cesian bazzite and thortveitite
from Cuasso al Monte, Varese, Italy: A comparison with the material from Baveno, and inferred
origin. Can Mineral 38:1409-1418
Grauch RI, Lindahl I, Evans HT Jr, Burt DM, Fitzpatrick JJ, Foord EE, Graff P-R, Hysingjord J (1994)
Hogtuvaite, a new beryllian member of the aenigmatite group from Norway, with new X-ray data on
aenigmatite. Can Mineral 32:439-448 [Am Mineral 80:405]
Graziani G, Guidi G (1980) Euclase from Santa do Encoberto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Am Mineral 65:
183-187
Greensfelder L (2002) Subtleties of sand reveal how mountains crumble. Science 295:256-258
Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1997) Chemistry of the Elements, 2od edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,
Woburn
Grew ES (1981) Surinamite, taaffeite, and beryllian sapphirine from pegmatites in granulite-facies rocks in
Casey Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica: Am Mineral 66:1022-1033
Grew ES (1996) Borosilicates (exclusive of tourmaline) and boron in rock-forming minerals in
metamorphic environments. Rev Mineral 33:387-502
Grew ES (1998) Boron and beryllium minerals in granulite-facies pegmatites and implications of beryllium
pegmatites for the origin and evolution of the Archean Napier Complex of East Antarctica. Mem Nat
Inst Polar Res Spec Issue 53:74-92
Grew ES, Belakovskiy DI, Fleet ME, Yates MG, McGee JJ, Marquez N (1993) Reedmergnerite and
associated minerals from peralkaline pegmatite, Dara-i-Pioz, southern Tien Shan, Tajikistan. Eur J
Mineral 5: 971-984
Grew ES, Yates MG, Belakovskiy DI, Rouse RC, Su S-C, Marquez N (1994) Hyalotekite from
reedmergnerite-bearing peralkaline pegmatite, Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan and from Mn skarn, Längban,
Värmland, Sweden: a n e w look at an old mineral. Mineral Mag 58:285-297
Grew ES, McGee JJ, Yates MG, Peacor DR, Rouse RC Huijsmans JPP, Shearer CK, Wiedenbeck M, Thost
DE, and Su S-C (1998a) Boralsilite (Ali 6 B 6 Si 2 037): A new mineral related to sillimanite from
pegmatites in granulite-facies rocks. Am Mineral 83:63 8-651
Grew ES, Pertsev NN, Vräna S, Yates MG, Shearer CK, Wiedenbeck M (1998b) Kornerupine parageneses
in whiteschists and other magnesian rocks: is kornerupine + talc a high-pressure assemblage equivalent
to tourmaline + orthoamphibole? Contrib Mineral Petrol 131:22-38
Grew ES, Yates MG, Huijsmans JPP, McGee JJ, Shearer CK, Wiedenbeck M, Rouse RC (1998c)
Werdingite, a borosilicate new to granitic pegmatites. Can Mineral 36:399-414
Grew ES, Yates MG, Barbier J, Shearer CK, Sheraton JW, Shiraishi K, Motoyoshi Y (2000) Granulite-
facies beryllium pegmatites in the Napier Complex in Khmara and Amundsen Bays, western Enderby
Land, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience 13:1-40
Grew ES, Hälenius U, Kritikos M, Shearer CK (2001) New data on welshite, e.g.
Ca 2 Mg 3 . 8 Mn o.öFe o. 065AI07AS0 n 0 l g ] , an aenigmatite-group mineral. Mineral
Mag 65:665-674
Grice JD, Hawthorne FC (2002) New data on meliphanite, Ca 4 (Na,Ca)4Be 4 AlSi 7 0 2 4(F,0)4. Can Mineral
40:971-980
Grice JD, Robinson GW (1984) Jeffreyite, (Ca,Na) 2 (Be,Al)Si 2 (0,0H) 7 , a new mineral species and its
relation to the melilite group. Can Mineral 22:443-446 [Am Mineral 70:872]
Grice JD, Peacor DR, Robinson GW, Van Velthuizen J, Roberts WL, Campbell TJ, Dram PJ (1985)
Tiptopite ([ j.K.Xa.C a.D )lkv,(I'( ) |)i,(( )[I) |. a new mineral species from the Black Hills, South Dakota.
Can Mineral 23:43-46 [Am Mineral 71:230]
Griffith RF (1955) Historical note on sources and uses of beryllium. In White DW Jr, Burke JE (eds) The
Metal Beryllium. The American Society for Metals, Cleveland, p 5-13
Grigor'yev NA (1963) Glucine—a new beryllium mineral. Zap Vsesoyuz Mineral Obshch 92: 691-696 (in
Russian) [Am Mineral 49:1152]
36 Chapter 1: Grew
Grigor'yev N A (1964) Uralolite—a n e w mineral. Zapiski Vsesoyuz Mineral Obshch 93:156-162 (in
Russian) [Am Mineral 49:1776]
Grigor'yev N A (1967) Co-deposition of beryllium with manganese during formation of rhodochrosite
under hypergene conditions. Doklady A k a d N a u k SSSR 173:1411-1413 (in Russian)
Groat L A (1988) The Crystal Chemistry of Vesuvianite. PhD dissertation, U n i v Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba
Groat LA, Hawthorne FC, Ercit T S (1992) The chemistry of vesuvianite. Can Mineral 30:19-48
Groat LA, Hawthorne FC, Ercit TS (1994) The incorporation of boron into the vesuvianite structure. Can
Mineral 32:505-523
Groat LA, Hawthorne FC, Ercit TS, Grice JD (1998) Wiluite, Ca 1 9 (Al,Mg,Fe,Ti) 1 3 (B,Al,D) 5 Si l s 0 6 S
(O,OH)i0, a n e w mineral species isostructural with vesuvianite, f r o m the Sakha Republic, Russian
Federation. Can Mineral 3 6:13 01 -13 04
Guelfi F, Orlandi P (1987) Brief report f r o m several Italian mineral localities. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana
10:59-61 [not consulted]
Gurvich SI (1965) Discovery of beryllium-bearing willemite in the U S S R . Doklady A c a d Sei U S S R Earth
Sei Sections 153:136-138
Haapala I, Ojanperä P (1972) Genthelvite-bearing greisens in southern Finland. Geol Surv Finland Bull
259:1-22
Habel M (2000) N e u f u n d e aus d e m östlichen Bayerischen W a l d (IV). Mineralien-Welt 11(3):33-38
Hahn T, Eysel W (1970) Solid solubility in the system Z n 2 S i 0 4 - Z n 2 G e 0 4 - B e 2 S i 0 4 - B e 2 G e 0 4 . N Jahrb
Mineral Monatsh 1970:263-276
Haidinger W (1828a) O n herderite, a new mineral species. Philosophical Magazine and Annals Philosophy
(London) N e w Series 4:1-3
Haidinger W (1828b) Ueber den Herderit, eine neue Mineralspecies. Pogg A n n Phys C h e m 13:502-505
[German version of Haidinger 1828a]
Han S, Schmitt K D , Shihabi DS, Chang C D (1993) Isomorphous substitution of Be 2 + into Z S M - 5 zeolite
with a m m o n i u m tetrafluorberyllate. J C h e m Soc C h e m C o m m 1993:1287-1288
Hansen S, Fälth L, Johnsen O (1984a) Bergslagite, a mineral with tetrahedral berylloarsenate sheet anions.
Z Kristallogr 166:73-80 [Am Mineral 70:436]
Hansen S, Fälth L, Petersen OV, Johnsen O (1984b) Bergslagite, a new mineral species f r o m Längban,
Sweden. N Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 1984(6):257-262 [Am Mineral 70:436]
Harrison W T A , N e n o f f TM, Gier TE, Stucky GD (1993) Tetrahedral-atom 3-ring groupings in
1-dimensional inorganic chains: B e 2 A s 0 4 0 H - 4 H 2 0 and N a 2 Z n P 0 4 0 H - 7 H 2 0 . Inorg C h e m 32:
2437-2441
H a s e g a w a S (1957) Chemical studies of allanites and their associated minerals f r o m the pegmatites in the
northern part of the A b u k u m a Massif. Sei Reports T o h o k u U n i v 3 rd Ser (Mineral Petrol Econ Geol)
5:345-371
H a s e g a w a S (1958) Chemical studies of allanites f r o m the new localities in F u k u s h i m a and K a g a w a
Prefectures. Sei Reports Tohoku U n i v 3 rd Ser (Mineral Petrol Econ Geol) 6:39-56
H a s e g a w a S (1960) Chemical composition of allanite. Sei Reports Tohoku U n i v 3 rd Ser (Mineral Petrol
Econ Geol) 6:331-387
Hassan I, Grundy HD (1991) The crystal structure and thermal expansion of tugtupite,
Na s [Al 2 Be 2 Si s 0 2 4 ]Cl 2 . Can Mineral 29:385-390
Haüy RJ (1799) 10. Euclase (N.N.), c'est-ä-dire,/acz/e ä briser. J Mines 5:258
Hawthorne F C (2002) The use of end-member charge-arrangements in defining n e w mineral species and
heterovalent substitutions in complex minerals. Can Mineral 40:699-710
Hawthorne FC, Grice JD (1987) T h e crystal structure of ehrleite, a tetrahedral sheet structure. Can Mineral
25:767-774 [Am Mineral 74:504-505]
Hawthorne FC, Grice JD (1990) Crystal structure analysis as a chemical analytical method: application to
light elements. Can Mineral 28:693-702
Hawthorne FC, Kimata M, Cerny P, Ball N, Rossman GR, Grice JD (1991) T h e crystal chemistiy of the
milarite-group minerals. A m Mineral 76:1836-1856
Hawthorne FC, Cooper M A , Taylor M C (1998) Refinement of the crystal structure of tadzhikite. Can
Mineral 36:817-822
Heinrich E W . Deane R W (1962) A n occurrence of barylite near Seal Lake, Labrador. A m Mineral 47:
758-763
Henderson W A , W e b e r C H Mr, Weber C H M r s (1967) Roscherite f r o m North Groton, N. H. Rocks and
Minerals 42:763
Henriques Ä (1964) Geology and ores of the Ä m m e b e r g District (Zinkgruvan), Sweden. Arkiv Mineral
Geol 4(1): 1-246
Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals 37
Hesse K-F, Stümpel G (1986) Crystal structure of harstigite, MnCa6Be4[Si0 4 ] 2 [Si 2 07] 2 (0H) 2 . Z Kristallogr
177:143-148
Hey MH, Milton C, Dwornik EJ (1982) Eggonite (kolbeckite, steirettite), ScP0 4 -2H 2 0. Mineral Mag
46:493-497
Hidden WE (1905) Some results of late minerals research in Llano County, Texas. Am J Sei 89:425-433
Hochleitner R, Weiß S, Horväth L (2000) Steckbrief Leifit Lapis 25(7/8):9-l 1,86
Hofer F, Kothleitner G (1993) Quantitative microanalysis using electron energy-loss spectrometry. I. Li
and Be in oxides. Microscopy Microanal Microstruct 4:539-560
Hofmeister AM, Hoering TC, Virgo D (1987) Vibrational spectroscopy of beryllium aluminosilicates: heat
capacity calculations from band assignments. Phys Chem Minerals 14:205-224
Hölscher, A (1987) Experimentelle Untersuchungen im System Mg0-Be0-Al 2 03-Si02-H 2 0: MgAl-
Surinamit und Be-Einbau in Cordierit und Sapphirin. Unpubl PhD dissertation, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, Germany
Hölscher A, Schreyer W (1989) A new synthetic hexagonal BeMg-cordierite, Mg 2 [Al 2 BeSi 6 0i 8 ], and its
relationship to Mg-cordierite. Eur J Mineral 1:21-37
Holser WT (1953) Beryllium minerals in the Victorio Mountains, Luna County, New Mexico. Am Mineral
38:599-611
Holtstam D, Langhof J, eds (1999) Lângban. The mines, their minerals, geology and explorers. Swedish
Museum of Natural History, Raster Förlag, Stockholm
Holtstam D, Wingren N (1991) Zincian helvite, a pegmatite mineral from Stora Vika, Nynäshamn, Sweden.
Geol Foren Stockholm Förhandl 113(2-3): 183-184
Hörmann PK (1978) Beryllium. In Wedepohl KH (ed) Handbook of Geochemistry II/1. Springer, Berlin,
p 4-B-1 to 4-0-1, 1-6
Horväth L, Gault RA (1990) The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. Mineral Ree 21(4):284-359
Horväth L, Pfenninger-Horväth E (2000a) The minerals of Mont Saint-Hilaire (Québec, Canada) Rivista
Mineral Italiana 3:140-202 (In Italian with condensed version in English)
Horväth L, Pfenninger-Horväth E (2000b) Die Mineralien des Mont Saint-Hilaire. Lapis 25(7/8):23-61
Huang Y, Du S, Wang K, Chao C, Yu C (1958) Hsiang-hua-shih, a new beryllium mineral. Ti-chih-yueh-
kan 7:35 (in Chinese) [not consulted; cf. "syanchualite", Beus 1966, p. 69-71; Am Mineral 44:1327-
1328, 46:244; Chemical Abstracts 53:18766e]
Huang Y, Du S, Zhou X (1988) Hsianghualing rocks, mineral deposits and minerals. Beijing Sei Techn
Publ Bur, Beijing (in Chinese with English summary)
Hudson DR, Wilson AF, Threadgold IM (1967) A new polytype of taaffeite—a rare beryllium mineral
from the granulites of central Australia. Mineral Mag 36:305-310
Hügi T, Röwe D (1970) Berylliummineralien und Berylliumgehalte granitischer Gesteine der Alpen.
Schweiz Mineral Petrograph Mitt 50:445-480
Hügi T, Saheurs J-P, Spycher E (1968) Distribution of Be in granitic rocks of the Swiss Alps. In Ahrens
LH (ed) Origin and Distribution of the Elements. Pergamon, Oxford, p 749-760
Huminicki DC, Hawthorne FC (2000) Refinement of the crystal structure of väyrynenite. Can Mineral
38:1425-1432
Huminicki DC, Hawthorne FC (2001) Refinement of the crystal structure of swedenborgite. Can Mineral
39:153-158
Hurlbut CS Jr (1937) Aminoffite, a new mineral from Lângban. Geol Foren Förhandl 59: 290-292 [Am
Mineral 23:293]
Hurlbut CS Jr (1955) Beryllian idocrase from Franklin, New Jersey. Am Mineral 40:118-120
Hyslop EK, Gillanders RJ, Hill PG, Fakes RD (1999) Rare-earth-bearing minerals fergusonite and
gadolinite from the Arran granite. Scot J Geol 35(l):65-69
Iimori T (1938) Tengerite found in Iisaki, and its chemical composition. Scientific Papers Inst Phys Chem
Research (Tokyo) 34:832-841
Iimori T (1939) A beryllium-bearing variety of allanite. Scientific Papers Inst Phys Chem Research
(Tokyo) 36:53-55
Ito J (1967) Synthesis of calciogadolinite. Am Mineral 52:1523-1527
Ito J, Hafner SS (1974) Synthesis and study of gadolinites. Am Mineral 59:700-708
Jahn S (1998) Der Herderit von Ehrenfriedersdorf—ein sächsischer Zankapfel. Mineralien Welt 9(3):
24-28, 64
Jambor JL, Roberts AC, Grice JD, Birkett TC, Groat LA, Zajac S (1998) Gerenite-(Y),
(Ca,Na) 2 (Y,.RE£) 3 Si 6 01 8 *2H 2 0, a new mineral species, and an associated Y-bearing gadolinite-group
mineral, from the Strange Lake peralkaline complex, Quebec-Labrador. Can Mineral 36:793-800
JannaschP, Locke J (1894) Über einen fluorfreien Humit. Z Anorgan Chem 7:92-95
Jensen A, Petersen OV (1982) Tugtupite: A gemstone from Greenland. Gems Gemol 18:90-94
38 Chapter 1: Grew
Jermolenko V (2002) Kara-Oba: Mineralogische Perle der Betpak-Ebene bei Dzhambul, Kasachstan. Lapis
27(4): 13-34, 50
Juve G, Bergstöl S (1990) Caesian bazzite in granite pegmatite in Tor dal, Telemark, Norway. Mineral
Petrol 43:131-136
Kaisbeek N, Ronsbo JG (1992) Refinement of the vinogradovite structure, positioning of Be and excess
Na. Z Kristallogr 200:237-245
Kampf AR (1991) Taaffeite crystals. Mineral Ree 22:343-347
Kampf AR (1992) Beryllophosphate chains in the structures of fransoletite, parafransoletite, and ehrleite
and some general comments on beryllophosphate linkages. Am Mineral 77:848-856
Kampf AR, Dunn PJ, Foord EE (1992) Parafransoletite, a new dimorph of fransoletite from the Tip Top
Pegmatite, Custer, South Dakota. Am Mineral 77:843-847
Kapustin YuL (1973a) First find of aminoffite in the USSR and relationships of minerals in the
leucophanite-aminoffite group. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR Earth Sei Sect 209:100-103
Kapustin YuL (1973b) Accessory beryllium mineralization in alkalic rocks of Tuva. In Borodin LS (ed)
New Data on the Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Alkalic Rocks. Nauka, Moscow, p 66-90
(in Russian)[Chemical Abstracts 80:50458c]
Kartashov PM, Lapina MI (1994) New varieties of hingganite-gadolinite group minerals from alkaline-
granit (sic) pegmatites of western Mongolia. Intl Mineral Assoc 16th Gen Meeting Abstracts: 195-196
Kartashov PM, Voloshin AV, Pakhomovskiy YaA (1993) Zoned crystalline gadolinite from the alkaline
granitic pegmatites of Haldzan-Buragtag (Mongolian Altai). Zapiski Vseross Mineral Obshch
122(3):65-79 (in Russian)
Kenngott A (1870) Mittheilungen an Professor G. Leonhard. N Jahrb Mineral Geol Paläontol 1870:80-81
[Original description of milarite]
Kerndt T (1848) Chemische Untersuchung des Muromontits, eines neuen Cerminerals aus der Gegend von
Mauersberg bei Marienberg im sächsischen Erzgebirge. J Prakt Chem 43:228-241
Khomyakov AP (1972) Loparite and rinkite from the Burpala alkaline massif (northern Baikal Region). In
Mineralogicheskiye Issledovaniya 2. IMGRE, Moscow, p 25-30 (in Russian)
Khomyakov AP (1995) Mineralogy of Hyperagpaitic Alkaline Rocks. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Khomyakov AP, Stepanov VI (1979) The first find of chkalovite in Khibiny and its paragenesis. Doklady
Akad Nauk SSSR 248:727-730 (in Russian)
Khomyakov AP, Semenov Yel, Bykova AV, Voronkov AA, Smol'yaninova NN (1975) New data on
lovdarite. Doklady Akad Nauk Earth Sei Sections 221:154-157
Khomyakov AP, Bykova AV, Kaptsov VV (1979) New data on Lovozero leifite. In Semenov Yel (ed)
New Data on the Mineralogy of Deposits in Alkaline Formations. Institut Mineralogii, Geokhimii i
Kristallokhimii Redkikh Elementov, Moscow, p 12-15 (in Russian)
Khvostova VA (1962) Mineralogy of Orthite [allanite]. Trudy Inst Mineral Geokhim Kristallokhim
Redkikh Elementov Akad Nauk SSSR 11:1-119 (in Russian)
Kim YS, Choi HW, Kim DK, Woo HJ, Kim NB, Park KS (2000) Analysis of light elements by PIGE. Anal
Sei Technol 13(1):12-21 (in Korean)[not consulted; Chem Abstracts 133:98757]
Kimura K (1960) Chemical investigations of minerals containing rare elements from the Far East. No. 56.
Allanite from Daibosatsu Pass, Yamanashi Prefecture. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi (J Chem Soc Japan,
Pure Chem Sect) 81:1238-1239 (in Japanese) [Chem Abstracts 55:7173f]
King JR (2002) The evolution of galactic beryllium and boron traced by magnesium and calcium. Pub
Astron Soc Pacific 114:25-28
King VT, Foord EE (1994) Mineralogy of Maine. Volume 1: Descriptive Mineralogy. Maine Geol Surv,
Augusta, Maine
King VT, Foord EE (2000) Mineralogy of Maine—addenda to Volume 1. In King VT (ed) Mineralogy of
Maine. Volume 2: Mining History, Gems, and Geology. Maine Geol Surv, Augusta, p 427-512
Kingsbury AWG (1961) Beryllium minerals in Cornwall and Devon: helvine, genthelvite, and danalite.
Mineral Mag 32:921-940
Kingsbury AWG (1964) Some minerals of special interest in south-west England. In Hosking KFG,
Shrimpton GJ (eds) Present Views of Some Aspects of the Geology of Cornwall and Devon. Royal
Geological Society of Cornwall, Penzance, p 247-266
Klaproth MH (1802) Chemische Untersuchung des Gadolinits. In Klaproths Beiträge zur Chemische
Kenntniss der Mineralkörper 3. HA Rottman, Berlin, p 52-79
Klaska KH, Jarchow O (1977) Die Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur von Trimerit C a M r ^ B e S i O . ^ und das
Trimeritgesetz der Verzwillingung. Z Kristallogr 145:46-65
Klement'yeva LV (1969) A find of bromellite in the USSR. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR Earth Sei Sections
188:152-154
Kleykamp H (1999) Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of beryllium using a multilayer diffracting device.
J Anal Atom Spectrom 14:377-380
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
Some interesting notices of Scottish querns have been given by Sir Arthur
Mitchell. [1061]
The upper stone, ornamented with raised lines, shown in Fig. 180, from a cut
kindly lent me by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, was found in trenching a
moss in the parish of Balmaclellan, New Galloway, with some curious bronze
objects of “late-Celtic” workmanship. [1062]
An upper stone (18 inches), ornamented in a nearly similar way, was found near
Stranraer, [1063] Wigtownshire, and another, with a tribrach instead of a cross, at
Roy Bridge, [1064] Inverness-shire. {260}
Some ornamentally carved upper stones of querns, one of them with spiral and
leaf-shaped patterns upon it, much like those on the bronze ornaments of the
“late-Celtic” Period, have been discovered in Anglesea. [1065]
Fig. 180.—Balmaclellan.
There can be little doubt of this red pigment having been in use
for what was considered a personal decoration by the early
occupants of Britain. But this use of red paint dates back to a far
earlier period, for pieces of hæmatite with the surface scraped,
apparently by means of flint-flakes, have been found in the French
and Belgian caves of the Reindeer Period, so that this red pigment
appears to have been in all ages a favourite with savage man. The
practice of interring war-paint with the dead is still observed among
the North American Indians. [1095]
“The paints that warriors love to use
Place here within his hand,
That he may shine with ruddy hues
Amidst the spirit land.”
Some few of the grinding-stones found in this country resemble those of
polygonal form found in Denmark, [1096] in so far as they are symmetrically
shaped and have been used on all their faces. One 13 1 ⁄ 2 inches long, found on
Lamberton Moor, [1097] Berwickshire, is shown in Fig. 180A ., kindly lent by the
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
In the Christy Collection is such a sharpening-stone, nearly square in section,
about 9 1 ⁄ 4 inches long, and of the form shown in Fig. 181. Both the faces and
sides are worn slightly concave, as if from grinding convex surfaces such as the
edges of celts, though it is impossible to say with any degree of certainty that this
was really the purpose to which it was applied. It is said to have been found near
Barcoot, in the parish of Dorchester, Oxon, in 1835, not far from a spot where a
{265} stone celt had been found a few years previously. In the same collection is
a Danish whetstone of precisely the same character, but rather broader at one end
than at the other.
In Fig. 182 is shown, full size, a very curious object formed of compact mica-
schist, which has the appearance of having served as a whetstone or hone. It has
been ground over its whole surface. The flatter face is towards the middle
somewhat hollowed—rather more so than is shown in the section—and shows
some oblique scratches upon it as if from rubbing a rather rough object upon it. It
was found in 1870 by Canon Greenwell, with other relics accompanying an
unburnt body in a barrow at Rudstone, near Bridlington. [1099] About midway
between the head and the knees was a series of articles in this descending order.
On the top was this whetstone—if such it be—resting on a carved jet ring, like Fig.
372, which lay on the boss of a large jet button. Below this was another jet
button, like Fig. 371, face downwards. Close by lay a half-nodule of pyrites and a
round-ended flint flake, which will be subsequently noticed. Nearer the face was a
dagger-knife of bronze, with three rivets through it, and two more for fastening
together the two plates of ox-horn of which the hilt had been composed. The
whetstone may have been that used for sharpening this instrument.
An instrument of slate of nearly the same {266} form was found in a cairn at
Penbeacon, [1100] Dartmoor, and was regarded by Mr. Spence Bate as a tool used
in fashioning clay vessels. Dr. Thurnam [1101] has suggested that if covered with
leather these stones may have served as bracers or arm-guards for archers.
Two pieces of a dark-coloured slaty kind of stone, of nearly the same form and
size as the Yorkshire specimen, and lying parallel with each other, were found by
Sir R. Colt Hoare [1102] at the feet of a skeleton, together with a little rude
drinking-cup, in a barrow near Winterbourn Stoke. A stud and ring of jet, probably
of the same character as those from Rudstone, and a piece of flint rudely chipped,
as if intended for a dagger or spear, were also found. No bronze objects were
discovered, but the cist appears to have been imperfectly examined.
I have already mentioned [1103] that in grinding and
polishing the concave faces of different forms of
perforated stone axes, it is probable that stone rubbers
were used in conjunction with sand. Even the smaller
Fig. 183.— flat and rounded faces may have been wrought by
Fimber. similar means. That rubbers of some kind must have
1
⁄2 been used, is, I think, evident from the character of the
surfaces, especially of those which are hollowed; and
the most readily available material for the formation of
such rubbers, was doubtless stone. There is therefore an à priori
probability of such stone grinding-tools having been in use; and if
we find specimens which present the conditions which such tools
would exhibit, we are almost justified in assuming them to have
served such purposes. Now in the collection of Messrs. Mortimer, of
Driffield, Yorkshire, are several pieces of flint and portions of pebbles
of schist, flint, and quartz found in that neighbourhood, which are
ground at one end into a more or less rounded form, and exhibit
striæ running along, and not across, the rounded surface. They
have, in fact, all the appearance of having been used with coarse
sand for grinding a concavity in another stone, such, for instance, as
the concave face of the stone axe shown in Fig. 125. I am indebted
to their kindness for the specimen shown in Fig. 183, which consists
of a short piece of a conical nodule of flint, the large end of which
has been used for grinding in ancient times, the striated face being
now considerably weathered. In the Greenwell Collection is a rubber
of the same kind from Weaverthorpe on the Yorkshire Wolds. Mr. H.
S. Harland [1104] has found other specimens in Yorkshire, of which he
has kindly given me several. Polishers [1105] are also found in
Scotland. A polisher of somewhat similar character, but made of
serpentine, was found in the {267} Lago di Varese, near Como,
where a number of stone implements were also discovered.
At a later period larger rubbers of the same kind were used to
smooth the flutings of Doric columns. I have seen some among the
ruins of the temples at Selinunto, in Sicily.
Some long narrow rubbers, apparently intended for grinding out
the shaft-holes of perforated axes, have been found in the Swiss
Lake-dwellings; and I have a slightly conical stone, about an inch in
diameter, from Mainz, which may have been used for the same
purpose.
In the barrow at Cowlam, already mentioned, besides the grinding-stones of
grit, there was a piece of flint roughly chipped into a cubical form, and having one
face partly ground smooth. It may have been used for polishing the surfaces of
other stone implements, or possibly merely as a muller. It is shown in Fig. 184.
The striæ run diagonally of the square face.
In the collection formed by Canon Greenwell, is also a sandstone pebble, 2 1 ⁄ 2
inches in diameter, which has been “picked” into shape, and has one face smooth
as if used for grinding. It was found in a barrow on Ganton Wold, East Riding. A
roughly conical piece of oolitic sandstone, 2 1 ⁄ 2 inches high, in places “picked” on
the surface, and with the base apparently used for grinding, was found with a
contracted body and some flint flakes, in another barrow on Ganton Wold. [1106]
Fig. 184.—Cowlam. 1⁄2 Fig. 185.—Amesbury. 1⁄2
ebookbell.com