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Front cover
Diagnostic procedures
Paul Rogers
Peter Hilger
ibm.com/redbooks
International Technical Support Organization
July 2012
SG24-6988-01
Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on
page ix.
This edition applies to version 1 release 13 modification 0 of IBM z/OS (product number 5694-A01) and to all
subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2007, 2012. All rights reserved.
Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule
Contract with IBM Corp.
Contents
Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
The team who wrote this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Now you can become a published author, too! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Comments welcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Stay connected to IBM Redbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Contents v
A.3 Commands to analyze dumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
A.4 The RTCT control block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
A.5 The IP ST REGS command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
A.6 Browsing storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
A.7 IPCS VERBX LOGDATA subcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
A.8 IPCS SYSTRACE subcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
A.9 IPCS VERBX MTRACE subcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
A.10 IP SUMMARY FORMAT subcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
A.11 The IP ANALYZE RESOURCE subcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
A.12 Diagnosing excessive processor time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
A.13 A standalone dump example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
A.14 LIST TITLE and LIST SLIPTRAP - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
A.15 IP ST WORKSHEET - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
A.16 Using the RTCT control block - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
A.17 Information from IP ST REGS - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
A.18 IP SYSTRACE - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
A.19 IP VERBX MTRACE - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
A.20 SUMMARY FORMAT - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
A.21 ANALYZE RESOURCE - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
A.22 Diagnosing excessive processor time - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
A.23 A standalone dump example - Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
A.24 Diagnosing loops and hangs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Contents vii
viii ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volume 8
Notices
This information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A.
IBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult
your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any
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PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR
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COPYRIGHT LICENSE:
This information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming
techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in
any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application
programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample
programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore,
cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs.
The following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States,
other countries, or both:
CICS® Optim™ RMF™
DB2® OS/390® System z®
IBM® RACF® VisualAge®
IMS™ Rational® VTAM®
Language Environment® Redbooks® WebSphere®
MQSeries® Redbooks (logo) ® z/Architecture®
MVS™ Resource Measurement Facility™ z/OS®
Java, and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its
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SpeedStep, Itanium, and Pentium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its
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Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.
The ABCs of IBM® z/OS® System Programming is a 13-volume collection that provides an
introduction to the z/OS operating system and the hardware architecture. Whether you are a
beginner or an experienced system programmer, the ABCs collection provides the
information you need to start your research into z/OS and related subjects. If you would like to
become more familiar with z/OS in your current environment, or if you are evaluating
platforms to consolidate your e-business applications, the ABCs collection serves as a
powerful technical tool.
Volume 1: Introduction to z/OS and storage concepts, TSO/E, ISPF, JCL, SDSF, and z/OS
delivery and installation
Volume 2: z/OS implementation and daily maintenance, defining subsystems, JES2 and
JES3, LPA, LNKLST, authorized libraries, SMP/E, Language Environment®
Volume 3: Introduction to DFSMS, data set basics storage management hardware and
software, catalogs, and DFSMStvs
Volume 5: Base and Parallel Sysplex® , System Logger, Resource Recovery Services (RRS),
global resource serialization (GRS), z/OS system operations, automatic restart management
(ARM), Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex™ (GDPS® )
Volume 6: Introduction to security, RACF, Digital certificates and PKI, Kerberos, cryptography
and z990 integrated cryptography, zSeries® firewall technologies, LDAP, and Enterprise
identity mapping (EIM)
Volume 11: Capacity planning, performance management, WLM, RMF™ , and SMF
Peter Hilger is an IT Specialist at the ITS Technical Support Center, Mainz, Germany,
working with defect-related support for customers.
David Carey, a Senior IT Advisory Specialist with the IBM Support Center in Sydney,
Australia, where he provides defect and non-defect support for IBM CICS®, CICSPlex/SM,
the IBM WebSphere® MQ family of products, and IBM z/OS. David has been working in the
IT industry for 25 years and has written extensively about diagnostic processes for the ITSO.
Find out more about the residency program, browse the residency index, and apply online at:
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Preface xiii
xiv ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volume 8
1
There should be a staff of people who diagnose software problems that occur while running
the operating system. These people are usually system programmers for the installation.
If an installation does not wish to debug the problem or does not have the source code
involved in the problem, use a diagnostic procedure to collect the problem data needed for
reporting the problem to IBM. IBM will debug the problem and provide a fix.
If an installation wishes to debug the problem and has the source code, use a diagnostic
procedure to collect problem data. The installation's diagnostician can use this data to debug
the problem. If the problem is in IBM code, the diagnostician should report the problem to
IBM.
Hard or Software
Error?
Problem identification is often not a straightforward process, but an investigative exercise that
requires a structured method that will enable the correct initial assessment to be made. This
initial phase is important because decisions you make now relating to diagnostic data
collection will influence the speed of the resolution.
In an ideal world, the programs you write would run perfectly, and never encounter an error,
either software or hardware. In the real world, programs do encounter errors that can result in
the premature end of the program's processing. These errors could be caused by something
your program does, or they could be beyond your program's control.
Software errors
IBM MVS™ allows you to provide something called recovery for your programs; that means
you can anticipate and possibly recover from software errors that could prematurely end a
program. To recover from these errors, you must have one or more user-written routines
called recovery routines. The general idea is that, when something goes wrong, you have a
recovery routine standing by to take over, fix the problem, and return control to your program
so that processing can complete normally; if the problem cannot be fixed, the recovery routine
Hard errors
If, in a multiprocessing system, a failure occurs in one central processor, the system invokes
alternate central processor recovery (ACR) on another central processor. The system records
the error as a hard failure that does not cause the processor to end.
AP
?
PC IMS
RACF TCPIP
RMF
DB2
z/OS
z/OS ?
iplinfo
CICS ?
This information is vital to ensure that during problem analysis, we know exactly what system
and product level we are dealing with and what maintenance has been applied to the product
or module that is failing.
The sources of this information vary from the most obvious source, the system and job logs,
to far more detailed interrogation using SMP/E and dump interrogation via IPCS.
Note: Do not overlook the most obvious source of release information that is often
recorded in the console or job log messages generated during startup of the operating sys-
tem or product.
IPLINFO command
Very useful is the DISPLAY IPLINFO console command. It will show the following:
RESPONSE=SC64
IEE254I 10.35.52 IPLINFO DISPLAY 953
SYSTEM IPLED AT 12.40.30 ON 11/02/2011
RELEASE z/OS 01.13.00 LICENSE = z/OS
USED LOADS8 IN SYS0.IPLPARM ON 0C730
ARCHLVL = 2 MTLSHARE = N
IEASYM LIST = XX
IEASYS LIST = (R3,64) (OP)
IODF DEVICE: ORIGINAL(0C730) CURRENT(0C730)
IPL DEVICE: ORIGINAL(09302) CURRENT(09302) VOLUME(Z1DRB1)
This indicates that the GO step ended with ABEND0C4 PIC 4 A program interruption
occurred. Protection exception.
Figure 1-6 displays the IBM IMS™ release information that is written to the IMS CTL joblog.
System HANG
ABEND0C4
WAIT064
I/O Errors
ERROR
If the system waits, hangs, or enters a loop, the operator requests a stand-alone dump. If the
loop is interruptible you can take a console dump using the dump command.
Stand-alone dumps
The stand-alone dump program produces a high-speed, unformatted dump of main storage
and parts of paged-out virtual storage on a tape device or a direct access storage device
(DASD). The stand-alone dump program, which you create, must reside on a storage device
that can be used to IPL.
Produce a stand-alone dump when the failure symptom is a wait state with a wait state code,
a wait state with no processing, an instruction loop, or slow processing.
Note: For additional information, see Appendix A-32, “Flowchart for loops and hangs” on
page 335.
Abends
The term that is used most often here in relation to system or application problems is “abend”,
which stands for abnormal end. Later we will discuss the different types of abends and also
some other key factors that can affect system and application performance. We will also
discuss some of the tools that can assist with determining what is occurring at a given point in
time of the system. The following shows the different problem areas:
Application program abends
System program abends
I/O errors
System wait states
System, subsystem, and application hangs
System, subsystem, and application loops
EREP
SYS1,LOGREC
OPERLOG
Sysplex-wide
Messages
SYSLOG
System Messages
Use the records in the logrec data set or the logrec log stream as additional information when
a dump is produced. The information in the records will point you in the right direction while
supplying you with symptom data about the failure.
You clear the logrec data set when it is full or nearly full. To initialize or reinitialize it, use the
service aid program IFCDIP00. To clear a full logrec data set, use EREP. IFCDIP00 creates a
header record and a time stamp record for the logrec data set.
Note: The logrec data set is an unmovable data set. If you attempt to move it after IPL
using a program, such as a defragmentation program, your system will experience difficulty
both reading from and writing to the data set.
Err
SYS1.DUMP00 or D
ata
ta
Da
e
rac
T
SYS1.TRACE
System dumps
A system generates a system dump when a severe error occurs if the dump is not
suppressed by dump analysis and elimination (DAE). System dumps can also be
user-initiated. A system dump creates a picture of an address space memory at the time of an
error or after entering the dump command. A stand-alone dump creates a picture of all
activities in the system. The following dumps can be initiated or requested by definition:
Abend dumps
SNAP dumps
Stand-alone dumps
SVC dumps
Dumps triggered by an SLIP (serviceability level indication processing)
Traces
Another useful source of diagnostic data is the trace. Tracing collects information that
identifies ongoing events that occur over a period of time during system initialization and
operation. Some traces are running all the time so that trace data will be available in the event
of a failure. Other traces must be explicitly started to trace a defined event.
Component trace (CTRACE)
Master trace (MTRACE)
There are more traces that can be activated related to different components, such as VIT IBM
VTAM® internal trace. Normally the traces are written into a storage buffer, but if you would
like to trace a longer time period you may use Generalized Trace Facility (GTF). GTF collects
the trace data and stores it on a DASD volume.
Dumps
ABEND dump - SNAP dump - Stand-Alone dump -
SVC dump
Traces
Component trace - GFS trace - GTF trace - Master
trace - System trace
Service aids
AMBLIST - Common storage tracking - DAE - IPCS -
Logrec data set - SLIP traps - SPZAP
SPZAP
SADMP
SDUMP
System trace
SLIP
IPCS
Figure 1-11 Diagnostic tools and service aids enhanced in z/OS V1R13
For z/OS V1R7, the following enhancements have been made to the tools and service aids:
SPZAP SPZAP is a service aid program that operates in problem state. It allows
you to dynamically update and maintain programs and data sets. SPZAP
can be used to apply fixes to modules or programs that need to be at
current levels of the operating system.
SPZAP has been enhanced to support DSNTYPE=LARGE data sets.
DSNTYPE=LARGE data sets are like conventional sequential data sets
except for the fact that they may span more than 64K tracks per volume.
SADMP You need to make several decisions when planning for a stand-alone
dump. You implement most of these decisions when you create the
stand-alone dump program, either when you code the AMDSADMP
macro, when you assemble the macro, or when you use the SADMP
option on the IPCS Dialog.
SADMP is the most fundamental diagnostic tool. The focus in z/OS V1R7
is to get SADMPs captured quickly and effectively when they are needed.
Installations that are enlarging the sizes of their LPARs should consider
the effect on SADMP production and analysis in their planning.
SYS1.TRACE
IPCS
SYS1.DUMP
SVC dumps, stand-alone dumps, and some traces are unformatted and need to be formatted
before any analysis can begin. IPCS provides the tools to format dumps and traces in both an
online and batch environment. It provides you with commands that will let you interrogate
specific components of the operating system, and enables you to review storage locations
associated with an individual task or control block. IPCS allows you to quickly review and
isolate key information that will assist with your problem determination process.
Some dumps such as CEEDUMP are in a readable format. To debug these dumps you have
to browse them.
Fault Analyzer
Fault Analyzer is a tool that helps you determine the cause of an application abend. It is a
very helpful tool for those having no deep IPCS experience. If you, for example, have to
debug a CICS dump, you cannot use base IPCS. For CICS dumps you need to use special
CICS-related IPCS commands such as IP VERBX DFHPD660 'KE'. The command is related
to the CICS version you were running getting a dump.
The purpose of Fault Analyzer is to determine why an application abends. After analyzing
information about the application and its environment, Fault Analyzer generates an analysis
report. The report describes the problem in terms of application code, which means that
application developers and system programmers are not forced to interpret a low-level system
dump or system-level error messages. As a result, the reason for the abend is made known
sooner and with less effort.
Fault Analyzer is not in the base pac order. It delivers information about an application when it
has abended, to help you assess:
What happened, and why
What program
What line of source code
What source variables were involved
Side files and compiler listings can be mapped for these IBM compilers
COBOL
PL/I
Assembler
C/C++
EXEC PGM=AMBLIST
HILG.JOB.CNTL
SMP/E
SMP.GLOBAL.CSI
SMP/E is a tool designed for managing the installation of software products on your z/OS
system and to track the modifications you make to those products. Usually, it is the system
programmer’s responsibility to ensure that all software products and their modifications are
properly installed on the system. Using SMP/E you can check which maintenance has been
installed for different components.
Dump information does not always provide the module name. Instead, it provides the Load
Module Name (LMOD). LMOD is a group of modules linked together. To find the module
name you are interested in, you need to run the JCL for PGM=AMBLIST. The output can list
either the modules or modules and the source. This selection depends on what you are
looking for.
PGM=AMBLIST
The AMBLIST service aid prints formatted listings of modules to aid in problem diagnosis.
Use it to list the CSECTs in the load module. Use the offset into the load module to identify
the CSECT containing the failing instruction. Then subtract the starting address of the
CSECT from the instruction address to obtain the offset into the CSECT.
Figure 1-15 Using SMP/E and dumps for release and product information
Using SMP/E
In z/OS, SMP/E can be used to verify product and PTF levels. SMP/E is used to manage and
maintain information related to system and product installation and maintenance. With SMP/E
you can interrogate what has been installed into the product libraries, but this does not
necessarily reflect what has been migrated to a production environment. So take care when
assuming that the maintenance that is supposed to have fixed a problem, has actually been
moved into the production data sets.
SMP/E does not manage the migration of upgrades. Figure 1-16 on page 24 shows the result
of an SMP/E CSI GZONE query. This displays the Function Modification Identifiers (FMIDs),
or, more specifically, product components that have been received into the global zone data
sets. This is the first installation level. The next is to APPLY the product or maintenance into
the TARGET libraries, then finally ACCEPT the product or maintenance into the DLIBs, or
distribution libraries.
CROSS-ZONE QUERY
The SMP/E CROSS-ZONE QUERY panel lets you interrogate the maintenance level of a
specific module or load module. Figure 1-17 shows an example of a cross-zone query
request against the DFHSMGF module. This shows us that in the target library this module
has an RMID level of UQ68396, which means that a PTF (UQ68396) has been applied to this
module.
Note: What is reflected in the SMP/E environment does not necessarily reflect what is run-
ning in your problem system environment. It shows what maintenance has been received,
applied, and accepted, but does not show what libraries or data sets have been migrated to
higher-level systems.
CBF CVT
CVT: 00FDCA48
-0028 PRODN.... SP7.1.3 PRODI.... HBB7780 VERID.... MDL...... 2094
This is the first line of the formatted CVT control block and tells us that we are running z/OS
V7R1, as indicated by the PRODN value, SP7.1.3, and the FMID for this release of z/OS is
HBB7780, as indicated in the PRODI field. The MDL field indicates that this version of z/OS is
running on a 2094 processor.
In CICS, if we format the dump using IPCS VERBX DFHPD650 ‘CSA=2’ we can review the
data at offset x’9F’ which displays the CICS release level; for example, 65 or 66. The
DFHPDxxx option is related to the CICS level.
CSA=2
ASID(hex): JOBNAME:
0052 EHPCIC3
*****************************************
CSA 0004F200 Common System Area
We can also interrogate the maintenance that has been applied to modules using IPCS as
follows:
In CICS, for example, issue the IPCS command IPCS VERBX DFHPD650 ‘LD=1’ and locate
the PROGRAM STORAGE MAP. Figure 1-20 shows an example of an IPCS format of the
CICS Loader domain.
SDSF
RMF
SDSF provides a powerful and secure way to monitor, manage and control your z/OS sysplex.
Its easy-to-use interface lets you control the following:
Jobs and output
Devices, such as printers, readers, lines, and spool offloaders
System resources, such as WLM scheduling environments, the members of your JES2
MAS, and JES2 job classes
System log and action messages
As a system programmer the important part of your job is to keep your system running and
avoid application slowdowns or outages. If an error or problem occurs you should be able to
collect all necessary information and documentation to fix it or to ask for assistance providing
the collected documentation. If you need IBM support you should provide also a severity
indication depending on the system impact. You should be able to find a search argument
according to the error information to check for known problems or calling IBM support center.
Messages
Note: Review the z/OS MVS System Messages, SA22-763x and z/OS MVS Systems
Codes, SA22-7626 manuals.
Can the failure be reproduced, and if so what steps are being performed?
Has the failing process generated a dump?
All of these questions will enable you to develop an appropriate plan of action to aid with the
resolution. You can never be criticized for providing too much diagnostic data, but too little
information only delays the solving of the problem.
Before you can begin to diagnose a system problem, however, you have to know what kind of
problem you have. To identify a system problem, look at the following:
System processing witnessed by the operator.
The dump, in which the system records information about the system problem. It is
important to remember that the error triggering a dump might be a symptom itself, and the
information needed to diagnose the root cause might not be captured in that dump.
Depending on what type of dump the system or the operator takes, you can determine the
type of system problem you need to diagnose and whether you will need to collect
additional data.
The logrec data set, which contains a history of the errors encountered by the system.
The console log.
Operlog
Hangs
WAITs
System down
ABEND
I/O Error
Subsystem failures will often generate their own diagnostic data, and the recovery process is
often fairly straightforward. These systems will generally perform cleanup processes during
recovery and thereby restore system availability. If the subsystem fails during recovery, then
immediate problem analysis and resolution will be required.
System down
The worst-case scenario is that your complete z/OS system is down. Swift system recovery is
required, but a decision must be made to determine whether the currently preserved main
storage should be dumped via a stand-alone dump routine prior to the recovery Initial
Program Load (IPL). The IPL process clears main storage; therefore, any failure information
will be lost. The stand-alone dump process will take some time but could be extremely
valuable should the problem reoccur.
Severity 1 (SEV 1)
Severity 2 (SEV 2)
Severity 3 (SEV 3)
Severity 4 (SEV 4)
Figure 2-3 Reporting the severity of a problem to the IBM Support Center
Severity 1 (SEV 1)
Production system down, critical business impact, unable to use the product in a production
environment, no workaround is available.
Severity 2 (SEV 2)
Serious problem that has a significant business impact; use of the product is severely limited,
but no production system is continuously down. SEV-2 problems include situations where
customers are forced to restart processes frequently, and performance problems that cause
significant degradation of service but do not render the product totally unusable. In general, a
very serious problem for which there is an unattractive but functional workaround would be
SEV-2, not SEV-1.
Severity 3 (SEV 3)
Problems that cause some business impact but that can be reasonably circumvented;
situations where there is a problem but the product is still usable. For example, short-lived
problems or problems with components that have failed and then recovered and are back in
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ANZEIGER
FÜR KUNDE DER DEUTSCHEN VORZEIT.
Neue Folge. Dreizehnter Jahrgang.
1866. Nº 6. Juni.
Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen.
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