English Phrase Japanese (Romaji) Japanese (Hiragana/Katakana/Kanji) Notes on Usage

I want water. Mizu ga hoshii desu. 水が欲しいです。 Direct and polite. Uses が particle for the desired noun.
I want food. Gohan ga hoshii desu. ご飯が欲しいです。 ご飯 (gohan) can mean cooked rice or a meal/food in general.
I want something to drink. Nomi-mono ga hoshii desu. 飲み物が欲しいです。 飲み物 (nomi-mono) literally means "a thing to drink." More natural than trying to say "I want to drink something."
I want something to eat. Tabe-mono ga hoshii desu. 食べ物が欲しいです。 食べ物 (tabe-mono) literally means "a thing to eat." More natural than trying to say "I want to eat something."
Do you want some water? O-mizu wa ikaga desu ka? お水はいかがですか？ This is a very common and polite way to offer water, meaning "How about some water?" or "Would you like some water?" Much more natural than a direct "Mizu ga hoshii desu ka?"
Do you want some treats? Oyatsu wa ikaga desu ka? おやつはいかがですか？ Same polite offering pattern as above, suitable for people.
Milo, do you want some water? Milo, mizu iru? ミロ、水いる？ Very casual, common for pets or close friends. いる (iru) means "to need" but implies "want" when offering casually.
Milo, do you want some treats? Milo, oyatsu hoshii? ミロ、おやつ欲しい？ Casual. When speaking to pets, the です (desu) and か (ka) particles are often dropped for a more direct, informal tone. 欲しい (hoshii) here is fine because "treats" is a noun.
Milo, what do you want? Milo, nani ga hoshii? ミロ、何が欲しい？ Casual. 何 (nani) means "what," が (ga) marks "what" as the subject of "want," and 欲しい (hoshii) is the adjective "want." Again, です (desu) and か (ka) are often omitted when speaking to pets.
What is this? Kore wa nan desu ka? これは何ですか？ これ (kore) = this, 何 (nan) = what, です (desu) = polite verb "to be," か (ka) = question marker.
That is (a) cat. Sore wa neko desu. それは猫です。 それ (sore) = that (near listener).
Who is that person? Ano hito wa dare desu ka? あの人は誰ですか？ あの人 (ano hito) = that person (far from both). 誰 (dare) = who.
What time is it? Nan ji desu ka? 何時ですか？ 何時 (nan ji) = what time.
It's 3 o'clock. San ji desu. 3時です。 Simple polite answer.
Where is the bathroom? Toire wa doko desu ka? トイレはどこですか？ トイレ (toire) = toilet (loanword), どこ (doko) = where. You can also use お手洗い (o-tearai) for "restroom."
It's over there. Asoko desu. あそこです。 あそこ (asoko) = over there (far from both). Other options: ここ (koko) = here, そこ (soko) = there (near listener).
Is that right? / Is that so? Sou desu ka? そうですか？ Extremely common. Can express curiosity, surprise, or just confirmation. Intonation matters.
Yes, that's right. Hai, sou desu. はい、そうです。 Simple agreement.
No, that's not right. Iie, chigaimasu. いいえ、違います。 違います (chigaimasu) means "that's wrong" or "it's different." More polite than "no."
I want to go home. Uchi ni kaeritai desu. 家に帰りたいです。 家 (uchi) means "home" or "my house." に (ni) marks the destination. 帰る (kaeru) is "to return/go home." Note that the o in kaerimasu is dropped for the stem kaeri before adding -tai. This is a common pattern for many verbs.
I want to sleep. Nemuritai desu. 眠りたいです。 眠る (nemuru) means "to sleep." The stem is nemuri (from nemurimasu).
I want to rest. Yasumitai desu. 休みたいです。 休む (yasumu) means "to rest" or "to take a break." The stem is yasumi (from yasumimasu).
I want to see (it). Mitai desu. 見たいです。 見る (miru) means "to see/look/watch." This is a Group 2 verb (ru-verb), so you remove る (ru) and add たい (tai). For example, if you're watching TV: Terebi o mitai desu. (I want to watch TV.)
I want to hear (it). Kikitai desu. 聞きたいです。 聞く (kiku) means "to hear/listen/ask." The stem is kiki (from kikimasu). If you want to listen to music: Ongaku o kikitai desu. (I want to listen to music.)
I want to read (it). Yomitai desu. 読みたいです。 読む (yomu) means "to read." The stem is yomi (from yomimasu). If you want to read a book: Hon o yomitai desu. (I want to read a book.)
I want to drink coffee. Koohii o nomitai desu. コーヒーを飲みたいです。 飲む (nomu) means "to drink." The stem is nomi (from nomimasu). コーヒー (koohii) is coffee (loanword). を (o) marks the direct object.
I want to eat sushi. Sushi o tabetai desu. 寿司を食べたいです。 食べる (taberu) means "to eat." This is a Group 2 verb (ru-verb), so you remove る (ru) and add たい (tai). 寿司 (sushi) is sushi. を (o) marks the direct object.
What do you want? Nani ga hoshii desu ka? 何が欲しいですか？
What do you need? Nani ga hitsuyō desu ka? 何が必要ですか？
What are you doing? Nani o shite imasu ka? 何をしていますか？
What do you want to do? Nani o shitai desu ka? 何をしたいですか？