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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50341-2-8
NORME EUROPEENNE
EUROPAISCHE NORM October 2017

ICS 29.240.20

English Version

Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 1 kV - Part 2-8: National

Normative Aspects (NNA) for France (based on EN 50341-
1:2012)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2017-08-09.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Commiuce for Elcctrotcchnical Standardization

Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europaisches K omitce fiir Elcktrotechnische ormung

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Mamix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.

Ref. No. EN 50341-2-8:2017 E

EN 5034 1-2-8:2017 - 2/65 - France

Contents
European foreword .................................................................................................................................. 6
0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 General ................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Field of application ...............................................................................................................8
2 Normative references, definitions and symbols .............................................................................. 9
2.1 Normative references ...........................................................................................................9
2.2 Definitions ..........................................................................................................................10
2.3 Symbols .............................................................................................................................10
3 Basis of design .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Requirements of overhead lines ........................................................................................11
3.2.2 Reliability requirements ....................................................................................11
3.2.5 Strength coordination ....................................................................................... 11
3.2.6 Additional considerations .................................................................................11
3.3 Limit states .........................................................................................................................12
3.3.3 Serviceability limit states ..................................................................................12
3. 7 Partial factor method and design formula ..........................................................................12
3.7.2 Basic design formula ........................................................................................12
4 Actions 011 lines ............................................................................................................................. 13
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................13
4.3 W1ind loads .........................................................................................................................13
4 .3.1 Field of application and basic wind velocity ..................................................... 13
4.4 W1ind forces on overhead line components ........................................................................ 15
4.4.1 Wind forces on conductors ..............................................................................15
4.4.2 Wind forces on insulator sets ........................................................................... 15
4.4.3 Wind forces on lattice towers ........................................................................... 15
4.4.4 Wind forces on poles ........................................................................................16
4.5 Ice loads ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.5.1 General ............................................................................................................ 16
4.6 Combined wind and ice loads ............................................................................................19
4.6.1 Combined probabilities .................................................................................... 19
4.7 Temperature effects ...........................................................................................................20
4.8 Security loads .....................................................................................................................20
4 .8.1 General ............................................................................................................20
4.8.2 Torsional loads .................................................................................................20
4 .8.3 Longitudinal loads ............................................................................................21
4.9 Safety loads .......................................................................................................................21
4.9.1 Construction and maintenance loads ...............................................................21
4.9.2 Loads related to the weight of linesmen ..........................................................22
4.10 Forces due to short-circuit currents ...................................................................................22
France - 3/65 - EN 50341-2-8:2017

4.11 Other special forces ...........................................................................................................22

4.11.1 Avalanches, creeping snow .............................................................................22
4.11.2 Earthquakes .....................................................................................................22
4.12 Load cases .........................................................................................................................23
4.12.2 Standard load cases ........................................................................................23
4.13 Partial factors for actions ...................................................................................................25
5 Electrical requirements ................................................................................................................. 27
5.2 Currents .............................................................................................................................27
5.2.2 Short-circuit current. .........................................................................................27
5.5 Minimum air clearances to avoid flashover ........................................................................27
5.5.2 Application of the theoretical method in Annex E ............................................27
5.5.3 Empirical method based on European experience ..........................................27
5.6 Load cases for calculation of clearances ...........................................................................28
5.6.2 Maximum conductor temperature ....................................................................28
5.6.3 Wind loads for determination of electric clearances ........................................28
5.6.3.1 Wind load cases ............................................................................... 28
5.6.3.2 Nominal wind loads for determination of internal and external
clearances ....................................................................................................... 29
5.6.3.3 Extreme wind loads for determination of internal clearances .......... 29
5.6.4 Ice loads for determination of electric clearances ............................................29
5.6.5 Combined wind and ice loads ..........................................................................30
5.8 Internal clearances within the span and at the top of the support .....................................31
5.9 External clearances ...........................................................................................................33
5.9.1 General ............................................................................................................33
5.9.2 External clearances to ground in areas remote from buildings, roads, etc ...... 34
5.9.3 External clearances to residential and other buildings ....................................37
5.9.4 External clearances to crossing traffic routes ..................................................38
5.9.5 External clearances to adjacent traffic routes ..................................................44
5.9.6 External clearances to other power lines or overhead telecommunication
lines 45
5.9.7 External clearances to recreational areas (playgrounds, sports areas, etc.) ...49
5.10 Corona effect. .....................................................................................................................50
5.10.2 Audible noise ....................................................................................................50
5.10.2.3 Noise limits ..................................................................................... 50
5.10.3 Corona loss ......................................................................................................50
5.11 Electric and magnetic fields ...............................................................................................50
5.11.1 Electric and magnetic fields under a line .........................................................50
6 Earthing systems .......................................................................................................................... 51
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................51
6 .1.3 Earthing measures against lightning effects ....................................................51
6.4 Design calculation with regard to human safety ................................................................51
6.4.1 Permissible values for touch voltages..............................................................51
EN 50341-2-8:2017 - 4/65 - France

6.4.2 Touch voltage limits at different locations ........................................................51

6.4.3 Basic design of earthing systems with regard to permissible touch voltages .. 51
7 Supports ........................................................................................................................................ 52
7.3 Lattice steel towers ............................................................................................................52
7.3.6 Ultimate limit states ..........................................................................................52
7.3.6.1 General ............................................................................................ 52
7.3.8 Resistance of connections ...............................................................................52
7.3.9 Design assisted by testing ...............................................................................52
7.4 Steel poles .........................................................................................................................52
7.4.6 Ultimate limit states (EN 1993-1-1 :2005 - Chapter 6) .....................................52
7.4.6.1 General ............................................................................................ 52
7.4.8 Resistance of connections ...............................................................................53
7.4.8.2 Bolts (other than holding-down bolts) .............................................. 53
7.4.8.3 Slip joint connections ....................................................................... 53
7.4.8.5 Welded connections ......................................................................... 53
7.4.8.6 Direct embedding into the concrete ................................................. 53
7.4.9 Design assisted by testing ...............................................................................53
7.5 Wood poles ........................................................................................................................53
7.5.8 Design assisted by testing ...............................................................................53
7.6 Concrete poles ...................................................................................................................53
7.6.6 Design assisted by testing ...............................................................................53
7.8 Other structures .................................................................................................................54
7.9 Corrosion protection and finishes ......................................................................................54
7.9.3 Metal spraying ..................................................................................................54
7.10 Maintenance facilities .........................................................................................................54
7.10.1 Climbing ...........................................................................................................54
7.10.3 Safety requirements .........................................................................................54
8 Foundations .................................................................................................................................. 55
8.2 Basis of geotechnical design (EN 1997-1 :2004 - Section 2) ............................................55
8.2.2 Geotechnical design by calculation ..................................................................55
8.2.3 Design by prescriptive measures .....................................................................56
8.2.4 Load tests and tests on experimental models .................................................56
8.3 Soil investigation and geotechnical data (EN 1997 1:2004 - Section 3) ...........................56
8.6 Interactions between support foundations and soil. ...........................................................56
9 Conductors and earth wires .......................................................................................................... 57
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................57
9.2 Aluminium-based conductors .............................................................................................57
9.2.3 Conductor service temperature and grease characteristics ............................ 57
9.2.4 Mechanical requirements .................................................................................57
9.3 Steel-based conductors .....................................................................................................57
9.3.3 Conductor service temperature and grease characteristics ............................ 57
9.3.4 Mechanical requirements .................................................................................58
France - 5/65 - EN 50341-2-8:2017

9.5 Conductors and earth wires containing optical fibre telecommunication circuits ..............58
9.5.3 Conductor service temperatures ......................................................................58
9.5.4 Mechanical requirements .................................................................................58
10 Insulators ...................................................................................................................................... 59
10.2 Standard electrical requirements .......................................................................................59
11 Hardware ...................................................................................................................................... 60
11 .9 Characteristics and dimensions of fittings .........................................................................60
12 Quality assurance, checks and taking-over .................................................................................. 61
Annex J (normative) Angles in lattice steel towers ............................................................................... 62
Annex K (normative) Steel poles .......................................................................................................... 63
Annex M (inforrmative) Geotechnical and structural design of foundations .......................................... 64
EN 5034 1-2-8:2017 - 6165 - France

European foreword

1 The French National Committee (NC) is identified by the following address:

AFNOR Normalisation
Departement Electrotechnologies
11 , rue Francis de Pressense
93571 La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex
Tel. : +33 (0)1 416280 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 49 17 90 00
www.afnor.org

2 The French NC has prepared the present EN 50341-2-8:2017 (Part 2-8), listing the French National
Normative, Aspects; it is solely responsible for it and has duly incorporated it into the procedures of
CENELEC and CLC/TC 11.

Note The French NC takes full responsibility for the satisfactory technical coordination of the present
Part 2-8 and EN 50341-1:2012. Any quality control/assurance checks necessary have been performed.
However, it should be noted that such quality control/assurance has been performed under the general
responsibility of the French NC pursuant to national laws and regulations.

3 Part 2-8 is normative in France and informative for other countries.

4 Part 2-8 shall be read in conjunction with EN 5034 1-1 :2012 (Part 1). All Clause numbers used in
the present Part 2-8 correspond to the numbering in Part 1. Specific subclauses with the prefix "FR"
shall be read as amendments to the associated text in Part 1. All requests for clarification relating
to the application of Part 2-8 in relation to Part 1 shall be sent to the French NC which, in conjunction
with CLCfTC 11 , will clarify the requirements.

When no reference is made to a specific subclause in Part 2-8, Part 1 applies.

5 For the "boxed values" defined in Part 1, any amended values defined in Part 2-8 shall be applied
in France. None of the boxed values present in Part 1 or Part 2-8 shall be amended in such a way
as to increase the risk in a Project Specification.

6 The regulations and standards specifically used in the present Part 2-8 and relating to overhead
electrical lines exceeding AC 1 kV are listed in subclauses 2.1/FR.1 to 2.1/FR.6.

NOTE All national standards referred to in the present Part 2-8 will be replaced by the related European
Standards as they become available and are declared applicable by the French NC and therefore reported to
the secretariat of CLC/TC 11 .
France - 7/65 - EN 50341-2-8:2017

0 Introduction
Part 1 applies without change.
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most deceptive. G——, you will remember, was killed at Hendon
through not flattening out soon enough.
We next had some dinner, but mine was spoilt through a message
from the Commander, which contained instructions for me to drop
bombs on an airship shed at Gontrode, near Ghent. The moon rose
soon after midnight and at 1.30 a.m. I started off. Things in general
have a most depressing aspect at that hour of the morning. I went
out to sea via Zeebrugge, and then cut inland. When I arrived at the
place, there was a thick ground mist and dawn was just breaking. I
could not see the sheds at all, but two searchlights were going hard.
I half circled round, when lo! and behold! I sighted the Zeppelin
coming home over Zeebrugge. I turned off due east to avoid being
seen, intending to wait until he came down and then to catch him
sitting. But my luck was out. One of the searchlights picked me up,
and anti-aircraft guns immediately opened fire on me.

A ZEPPELIN AIRSHIP BEING USED FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL AT THE

JOHANNISTHAL AERODROME, NEAR BERLIN
 A ZEPPELIN IN THE DOUBLE SHED AT JOHANNISTHAL, WITH THE
SMALLER PARSEVAL SHED NEXT DOOR

A TAUBE-TYPE GERMAN MONOPLANE

Then a curious thing happened. The Zeppelin sighted me (I think

the searchlights were signalling) and immediately came for me. This
was the tables turned on me with a vengeance, and the very last
thing I ever dreamt of. It was a regular nightmare. I was only 6000
feet up, and the Zepp, which was very fast, must have been ten.
Without being able to get above it, I was, of course, helpless and
entirely at the mercy of his maxim guns. I don't think I have been so
disconcerted for a long time. We had "some" race! He tried to cut
me off from Holland, but I got across his bows. He was a huge big
thing, most imposing, and turned rapidly with the greatest of ease. I
hung around north of Ghent, climbing hard, and reached 8,500 feet,
but the Zepp wasn't having any. He wasn't coming down while I was
there, and I, on the other hand, couldn't get up to him, as he had
risen to some fabulous height, so after a bit I pushed off home
feeling very discontented at such an unsatisfactory ending. What
else could I do? I wasn't going back on the chance of spotting the
sheds, with anti-aircraft guns waiting for me below and a Zepp ready
to pounce on me from above.
I disposed of my bombs in the sea before landing, and got back
after three hours in the air—eventually got to bed at something after
6 a.m. Have been in to see the Commander to-day, and he was kind
enough to tell me I had done all that was possible. He also gave me
a little job, which necessitates my getting away soon after midnight
to-night. Pray the Lord my engine holds out!
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

P.S.—I hear the Zepp dropped bombs at ——. I must have

followed him half-way across.

XXXI.
To his Mother.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B. Squadron, B.E.F.
2nd June, 1915.

Dear Mum,
Just a line to let you know how I fared last night. I left the
aerodrome in the moonlight at one in the morning and I did not at
all relish it. I went out to sea past Zeebrugge and cut in over
Northern Belgium. Could see the lights of Flushing quite plainly, but
it was quite hopeless to find my destination, owing to a thick ground
mist, so I returned, dropping my bombs on Blankenberghe on the
way. I was only away 1¾ hours, and it was just getting light as I got
back. I landed with the help of flares and got to bed by 4 a.m.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

XXXII.
To his Father.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B. Squadron, B.E.F.
5th June, 1915.

Dear Dad,
Very little news to tell you, but thought you might like a line
or so. I saw in the papers that poor old Barnes[12] has been killed
and Travers [H. C. Travers, Flt. Sub-Lieut., R.N.] slightly injured. You
remember meeting them both at Hendon. Their names appeared in
the casualty lists, so I presume it was not an ordinary smash. Have
heard no particulars, but I should fancy they both went up at night
after the Zepps, and either had an engine failure or misjudged
landing. That's another old Hendonite gone, though he wasn't one of
the original ones, and don't think he is in the big photo group.
We lost a seaplane pilot out here the other day. He was brought
down off Ostend. Also an awfully nice Belgian I know was taken
prisoner two days ago.
Have returned my Avro to headquarters and am now flying my
B.E. again. I only hold the controls just on getting off and on
landing. I don't like them [the B.E. machines] in bad weather. They
are too automatic. I have been getting some fine views lately of the
lines. It's most interesting up this way.
Babington went home some days ago and Sippe is now in charge
here. He has been unwell the last three days, so I am left in
command of the station—four officers under me, over 30 men,
machines, and seven or eight motors of various descriptions.
Have hopes of being given a Nieuport in a day or so. They are fast
scouts, supposed to do over 90 miles per hour, and should get a
Zepp with one with any luck. Don't know when I am rejoining
Babington.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

XXXIII.
To his Mother.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B. Squadron, B.E.F.
5th June, 1915.

Dearest Mum,
I think you cannot have been getting all my letters, as I have
never let 10 days go by without a line or so. You are so insistent on
numerous letters that you must really excuse the margin or I shall
reduce to postcards. Yes, I got the five pounds all right and am
urgently wanting the other. You don't seem to fully realize yet that I
have left Dunkirk, and that there is not, and never has been, such a
thing as a bank within miles of the place. The camera and papers
turned up yesterday, for which many thanks. Do send Flight and the
Aeroplane. I have not seen them for weeks. Am just about fed up
with this place. We are being turned out and having tents up at the
aerodrome.
Big haul last night. Warneford [R. A. J. Warneford, V.C., Flt. Sub-
Lieut., R.N.] caught a Zepp at 6,000 feet and did it in, and another
was caught in its shed by Wilson and Mills [J. S. Wilson, D.S.C.; F.
Mills, D.S.C., both Flight Comdrs., R.N.].
 There was also a huge fire at the hospital here last night. All the
wounded men were got out, and the sands were strewn with them
in beds, etc.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.
 XXXIV.
To his Father.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B. Squadron, B.E.F.
8th June, 1915.

Dear Dad,
We are now in tents. Great news about Warneford, isn't it? He
certainly deserves the V.C. Am going to fly a Nieuport to-morrow.

12th June, 1915.

Things have been going on much as usual the last few days, but
to-morrow I am going down south somewhere (I don't yet know
where) to do some spotting for the army. Expect to be away about
ten days or perhaps two weeks. Address all letters as usual. It will
probably be some time before I receive them. I quite expect I shall
run across a number of people I know. It should be an interesting
visit, plenty of shell fire though, no doubt.
I flew a Nieuport the other day and hope later to get one of my
own. Have not yet heard from Babington. Fear our chances of
getting away with him are very slender.
Gramophone going strong.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.
 LIEUT. ROSHER FLYING A BRISTOL "BULLET"

A FIRE CAUSED BY LONG-RANGE BOMBARDMENT

Photographed from an aeroplane
 FLIGHT-SUB-LIEUT. WARNEFORD, V.C., AND HIS MORANE
"PARASOL"

XXXV.
To his Mother.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B. Squadron, B.E.F.
19th June, 1915.

Dearest Mum,
It's ages since I wrote, but it can't be helped, as I have been
so awfully busy. For the last week I have been in the neighbourhood
of La Bassée, and of course by now you have seen in the papers all
about the heavy fighting there. The bombardment was terrific, quite
impossible to describe. One day, in the afternoon, I saw it all from
above. The small section of trenches they were shelling was simply a
mass of smoke and dust, a perfect hell. In the evening of the same
day I went out in a car to a point of vantage about three miles
behind the line. It was a wonderful sight. Though not near enough
to see the infantry advancing, we had, all the same, a fine view.
Whenever there was a slight lull in the firing, we heard the maxims
and rifles hard at it.
There is no mistaking the battle line in this part of the world—a
long, narrow winding blighted patch of land, extending roughly N.
and S. as far as the eye can see. In the middle of it two rows of
trenches, in places only 50 yards apart, stand out very
conspicuously. These are our first line and that of the Huns. Behind
each are the second and third lines, with little zigzag communicating
trenches between. It is most interesting. There are some beastly
Archies [anti-aircraft guns] though, which come unpleasantly near
first shot. Machines are being hit day after day.
Am more or less comfortable on the whole, but running short of
socks and hankies. Am also being bitten to death and "hae my
doots" about their being mosquitoes. Terrible trouble with machines.
I crashed an undercarriage the other day and cannot get an engine
to go. Isn't it terrible news about Warneford? He fell out of his
machine, not being strapped in. Babington is in hospital. His foot is
giving him trouble again, so fear we shall not get away with him yet
awhile.
The dust out here is appalling. Will write again as soon as I can.
Best love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

XXXVI.
To his Father.
No. 1 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps, B.E.F.
24th June, 1915.

Dear Dad,
Very little news. From what I can see, we are likely to be
down here for at least another two weeks. I don't much mind, as in
a way I would sooner be here for a little. The change though has
rather worn off. Am not a bit comfortable, my billet being a horrible
dirty place, with all sorts of weird odours. Food pretty fair, but none
too clean, and all eating utensils invariably very dirty.
 I suppose tennis is in full swing at home. Pity I'm not due for
another spot of leave yet. I got the parcel of papers all right, but not
Flight and the Aeroplane. Think they must have gone astray.

No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S. B.E.F.

21st July, 1915.

I flew my old B.E. back here [Dunkirk] yesterday, as it has been

hot stuffed [requisitioned]. I admit it is rather a dud, but I had no
wish to exchange it for a Voisin. After some little trouble I persuaded
the Commander to let me have a Morane instead, and tried quite a
nice one this morning, the first time I have flown one since I
smashed. They are beastly unstable things, and I fully expect to turn
this one over before the week is out. The Commander is keeping me
here for a few days' rest before returning to the R.F.C. Dunkirk is
quite a lively place nowadays. The Huns have dropped bombs on the
aerodrome twice in the last week, but fortunately none of the lads
were killed.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

Note.
On the 25th July, 1915, Harold Rosher arrived home on two days'
leave, having come across to attend a conference.

XXXVII.
To his Father.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S. B.E.F.
28th July, 1915.

Dear Dad,
Have had a ripping journey back. The country down to
Folkestone was just too lovely for words, especially round Ashford.
Saw Milverton [the house where he was born] on the way. Had a
first-rate crossing, and was met by one of the Rolls [Rolls-Royce car]
at Boulogne, so your wire arrived all right. Had lunch at the
"Folkestone" before starting back, and then a topping run here.
Went out to see the lads at F—— in the evening. Sippe is back again
and Baillie in great form. He sends his chin chins, and I gave him
yours.
A Hun came over at midnight last night and bombed us. His eight
bombs fell nearly a mile away, though.

31st July, 1915.

More excitement. I was due for an anti-aircraft patrol this

morning, and just as I was ready, a little before 4.0 a.m., a Hun
machine came over and bombed us. Three bombs fell within a
hundred yards of me. I went up after him at once, but lost sight of
him in the air, so continued the usual patrol. When I got back, I
found that six other machines had followed the first, arriving about
fifteen minutes after. None of their bombs did any damage at all.
They seem determined to strafe this place. A regular cloud of
machines goes up after them whenever they appear, but we haven't
had much luck as yet.
Expect to be stationed at Dover again in about ten days, for a little
while anyhow. The Commander seems to think I don't look fit
enough to go out to the Dardanelles. Apparently they are being
bowled over with dysentery.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

[12] Flight Sub-Lieut. Henry Barnes, killed in an accident near London, 4th Oct., 1915.
 VII
ON HOME SERVICE AGAIN

XXXVIII.
To his Father.
R.N. Flying School, Eastchurch.
3rd August, 1915.

Dear Dad,
I left Dover yesterday afternoon on B.E. 2 C, and had a
convenient engine failure at Westgate. Landed in the aerodrome and
had a chat with Maude before proceeding. Arrived here in due
course—it is a most desolate spot. Shall be here anything between
three days and three weeks. Saw Babington here soon after I
arrived.

10th August, 1915.

I don't seem to be able to get away from this damn war. Last
night "old man Zepp" came over here—"beaucoup de bombs,"—"pas
de success." Two machines went up to spikebozzle him, but, of
course, never even saw him. A sub went up from Westgate and
came down in standing corn. He turned two somersaults. Have just
heard that he has since died. I knew him slightly. We have a terrific
big bomb hole in the middle of the aerodrome and numerous smaller
ones at the back. Expect to be back in Dunkirk on Sunday next. "Pas
de Dardanelles." We are going into khaki though.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.
 XXXIX.
To his Father.
Hotel Burlington, Dover.
12th August, 1915.

Dear Dad,
Have just arrived here from Eastchurch, having been suddenly
recalled, and am now told to be ready to cross to Dunkirk in half an
hour—no gear, dirty linen, "pas de leave"—what a life!
Shall try hard to get some leave in a week or so's time. Anyhow I
must get my khaki outfit.
Love.
Your loving son,
Harold.
 VIII
WITH THE B.E.F. ONCE MORE

XL.
To his Mother.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B.E.F.
13th August, 1915.

Dearest Mum,
Got aboard and were off by 8.0 p.m. last night—our ship a
comic old tramp with absolutely no accommodation. It took us 6
hours to make Dunkirk and we were not allowed off until 8.0 a.m.
this morning. Spent the night walking about or trying to get a little
sleep on deck—thank God! it was not rough. We are all "fed to the
teeth!" In all probability we shall remain out here another six months
now.
The Zepp that was bombed from here had actually been towed
right into Ostend harbour. Everyone that went had his machine hit,
and one man is missing. This place was bombarded again the other
day with the big gun. Expect we are in for a merry time.
Love.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.

XLI.
To his Mother.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B.E.F.
26th August, 1915.
 Dearest Mum,
I am being kept very busy out here. Last night there was a
comic raid on the Forest of Houthulst. It is six or seven miles behind
the lines near Dixmude, and the Huns use it as a rest camp—
beaucoup de stores and ammunition there too. The French idea was
to set it on fire with incendiary bombs. Over forty machines took
part, including self—perfect weather conditions—no clouds but very
hazy, so when one got high up one was almost invisible. I got just
over 11,000 feet, but even then had one or two shots near me.
Below me the air was simply a mass of bursting shrapnel. French
artillery also opened fire on the place. There must have been
beaucoup de noise in the forest. Most amusing—a really soft job as
some one remarked.
Love to all.
Your loving son,
Harold.

Note.
The French official account of the raid described in the foregoing
letter was as follows:—
"A remarkable series of air raids against German positions or
works of military value are reported in yesterday's Paris
communiqués. In two of them the air squadrons were larger than
any previously reported since the beginning of the war.
In one 62 French airmen took part....
The other great raid was undertaken by airmen of the British,
French, and Belgian armies, and the British and French navies, to
the number of 60. Acting in concert, they attacked the Forest of
Houthulst, in Belgium, north-east of Ypres. Several fires broke out.
All the aeroplanes returned safely.... Previously the largest squadron
of attacking aeroplanes was one of 48 machines—of which 40 were
British—which attacked the Belgian coast on February 16th last."
 XLII.
To his Father.
No. 1 Wing, R.N.A.S., B.E.F.
26th August, 1915.

Dear Dad,
What do you think of the 40 warships bombarding
Zeebrugge? We were all due out there, of course, some spotting,
and fighters to protect the spotters. As luck would have it, the
weather was dud—clouds at 1,500 feet—with the result that no one
got there except a solitary fighter, and he was rewarded by a scrap
with a German seaplane. I got just past Ostend, but gave it up as
engine was running none too well.
By the way, Bigsworth [A. W. Bigsworth, D.S.O., Squadron Comdr.,
R.N.] this morning dropped a 60 lb. bomb bang on top of a German
submarine and completely did it in—jolly good work.

29th August, 1915.

As things stand at present I understand I am not going out to the

Dardanelles. I must say I am awfully disappointed, as I was always
rather keen to go out there, but I may possibly have a better job.
For all I know it may be to rejoin Babington.
Went out to Furnes yesterday afternoon to collect more of my
gear. While out there, a German machine came over and dropped six
bombs on us. One went right into our tent and three fell within forty
yards of me. No one was hit. We all ran like stags.

2nd September, 1915.

Many thanks for your numerous letters, including two forwarded,

and beaucoup de periodicals. With luck I shall be home in time for
your birthday.
Many alterations are taking place here and we are being sadly split
up. Andreae and I are very soon going to Dover to join a mythical
"C" group. At present Andreae and I are its sole components—even
a Squadron Commander is not yet appointed. I am to be 1st Lieut.,
good for me, but fear they may yet put in a Flight Commander. In all
probability we shall be in England over two months. Shall know a
heap more in a few days.

9th September, 1915.

Very little news except that we had the monitors bombarding

Ostend the day before yesterday. It was a fine sight from the air. A
Frenchman was badly hit in the leg going out there, but went on,
dropped his bombs and got back. He is not expected to live. Another
Frenchman broke his leg this morning in an accident. Four new subs
have turned up here and I am to go home as soon as they can fly
the fast machines—it should be within 10 days. I ought to have gone
home by rights about two weeks ago. Am flying over when I
eventually do come. The last two machines that went over both
crashed at Folkestone—shall probably do the same.
Love to all.
Ever your loving son,
Harold.
 IX
ON HOME SERVICE ONCE MORE

XLIII.
To his Father.
Hotel Burlington, Dover.
13th September, 1915.

Dear Dad,
Am back again in England at last and am expecting to get two
weeks' leave in a day or so. I got here at midday yesterday, having
flown over from Dunkirk on a Nieuport. Drove out to Margate
yesterday afternoon with Spenser Grey. Shall probably go out again
on the 1st December.

14th September, 1915.

Just a line to let you know my probable movements. Though I am

due for two weeks' leave, it seems improbable that I shall get it just
yet awhile, but shall not be returning to Dunkirk until December 1st,
when I shall remain out there for two months.
I have just taken over the 1st Lieutenant's job on this station, and
this is keeping me busy no end. I am the senior officer, bar the C.O.,
in fact 2nd in Command, and am responsible for everything going on
at the station, i.e. all executive work, etc. It is, of course, all new to
me, and I find myself at sea every now and again. It is, however, a
great opportunity. You should see me take parades (divisions, we call
them), swish!
Please send me on, as soon as possible, my new monkey jacket
and new pair of trousers, also new hat. My present uniform is most
disreputable, covered in oil, etc., and must be scrapped at the
earliest opportunity.

29th September, 1915.

I knew I should forget it, your birthday I mean. I suddenly

remembered it whilst shaving this morning. I have been carrying a
two-year-old note book about with me too, to remind me, as it was
marked in it—pas de good though, and it's such a long time ago
now. Beaucoup de work, or I would have written sooner.
I have just heard a nasty rumour that I am returning to Dunkirk
on October 15th. We are getting 40 subs down here in a few days.
That means tons more work for me.

4th October, 1915.

I think I shall get my leave (10 days only) next week. Risk [Major
C. E. Risk, Squadron Commander, R.N.] asked me if I would like to
remain here as 1st Lieutenant, an awful question to decide. I think I
shall let things stay as they are and take my flight out to Dunkirk on
October 15th. It seems too much like giving in to stay here.

30th October, 1915.

You picked me out a ripping train! It took me four hours to get

down here with a change at Faversham. When I arrived at the Priory
Station I was told it would be half an hour before the train could
proceed to the Harbour, so had to get out and walk. I got in here at
ten past ten, and the last straw was that Betty had no sandwiches
left.
Graham [C. W. Graham, D.S.O.,[13] Flt. Lieut., R.N.] nearly killed
himself this afternoon. He got into a spinning nose dive on a Morane
parasol, and by the Grace of God got out again at 500 feet. In all
probability I shall get my leave after this next lot of pilots have gone
out to Dunkirk, but that remains to be seen.

14th November, 1915.

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