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THERMODYNAMICS-PRESSURE

The document provides an overview of pressure in thermodynamics, defining it as the force exerted by fluid molecules and detailing its measurement through devices like Bourdon-tube gauges and manometers. It explains the concepts of gage and atmospheric pressure, along with their relationships and conversions. Additionally, example problems illustrate the application of these concepts in calculating absolute pressure and pressure at the base of a fluid column.

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Joshelle Da
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16 views

THERMODYNAMICS-PRESSURE

The document provides an overview of pressure in thermodynamics, defining it as the force exerted by fluid molecules and detailing its measurement through devices like Bourdon-tube gauges and manometers. It explains the concepts of gage and atmospheric pressure, along with their relationships and conversions. Additionally, example problems illustrate the application of these concepts in calculating absolute pressure and pressure at the base of a fluid column.

Uploaded by

Joshelle Da
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THERMODYNAMICS:

PRESSURE
What is Pressure?
• Force exerted by molecules in the atmosphere due to
gravity and temperature
• When force is exerted on fluid, this force is transmitted
through out the fluid
• When fluid is at rest or stationary, force is uniformly
through out the fluid
• Fluids exerts a pressure a pressure on its containing
walls which in turn exert the same pressure in the fluid
What is Pressure?
• While working in a system, the thermodynamic medium
exerts a force on boundaries of the vessel in which it is
contained. The vessel may be a container, or an engine
cylinder with a piston etc. The exerted force F per unit
area A on a surface, which is normal to the force, is
called intensity of pressure or simply pressure P.
• The normal force exerted by the fluid per unit area of
the surface.

P= F/A
UNITS OF PRESSURE

Units of Pressure

English MKS SI

𝒍𝒃𝒇 𝒌𝒈𝒇 𝑵
(psi) (Pa)
𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒎²
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

Bourdon-Tube Gage
• is commonly used to measure gage pressure

• The Bourdon pressure gauge works by measuring


the amount of change in a coiled or semicircular
metal tube by a pressurized fluid inside. This is due
to the principle that a flattened tube tends to
regain its circular form when pressurized.
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

Manometer (U-Tube Type)


• U-tube manometer features a vertical or inclined
U-tube column that is filled with a reference liquid
(mercury) to display the pressure level. When the
columns of the device are exposed to the
atmosphere, the levels of liquid in the limbs are
equal and this indicates the atmospheric pressure.
When one of the columns is connected to the
pressure vessel, there will be a difference in the
level of the liquid in the limbs, which signifies the
pressure of the liquid in the vessel..
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

Barometer
• used to measure atmospheric pressure, also called
barometric pressure.
GAGE PRESSURE
• Pressure above or below atmospheric pressure.
• the difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric
pressure. It is essentially what you would read on a pressure gauge.
It is a relative measurement.
Open to atmosphere
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑃𝑔
𝑷𝒐
𝐹𝑔 𝛾𝑉
𝑃𝑔 = = = 𝛾𝑕𝑔
𝐴 𝐴
hg 𝜌𝑔𝑕𝑔 𝑔𝑕𝑔
𝑭𝒈 𝑃𝑔 = =
𝑘 𝑘𝑣
𝑷𝒈

𝑷
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Is define being equivalent to 760 mm height of mercury at 0 degree
celcius.

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑃𝑔

𝑃𝑔 = 𝛾𝑕𝑜
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• If liquid used in barometer is mercury, atmospheric pressure
becomes

𝑃𝑜 = 𝛾𝐻𝐺 𝑕𝑜
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑆𝐺 𝛾𝑤 𝑕𝑜
𝑙𝑏
13.6(62.4 3 )(𝑕𝑜 , 𝑖𝑛)
𝑓𝑡
𝑃𝑜 =
𝑙𝑏
1728 3
𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑜 = 0.491𝑕𝑜 2
𝑖𝑛
PRESSURE CONVERSION

14.7 psia = 101.325 kPaa


= 1.03 kg/cm² abs
= 760 mmHg abs.
1 Bar = 100 kPa
1 Torr = 1 mmHg
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm²
1 kPa = 1 KN/m²
RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS PRESSURES
RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS PRESSURES
Absolute pressure when it is greater than atmospheric
pressure:

Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gage pressure

Pabs. = P atm. + Pgage


RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS PRESSURES
Absolute pressure when it is less than atmospheric pressure
or barometric pressure:

Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure – vacuum pressure

Pabs. = P atm. - Pvacuum


EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1 GIVEN:
Pgage = 24 in Hg
Solution:
Pabs = P atm + Pgage

Pabs = 29.92 - 24

Pabs = 5.92 in Hg

Conversions:
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
A 51 ft3 tank contains 3 lb of a gas 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 5.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔𝐴
29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔
at 800F and a vacuum pressure of 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 2.91 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 144𝑖𝑛2
24 in Hg. A.) What is the absolute 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 5.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔𝐴
29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔
( 2 )
𝑓𝑡
pressure in psia and psfa? 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 418.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓𝑎
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2 GIVEN:
𝑘𝑔
𝜌= 1878 3
𝑚
𝑚
g= 9.65 𝑠2
Solution:
𝑃=𝛾𝑍

𝑃=𝜌 𝑔 𝑕

A 30 meter vertical column of fluid


(density 1878 kg/m3) is located 𝑃= 543.7 kPa
where g = 9.65 m/s2. Find the
pressure at the base of the
column.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2 GIVEN:
P1 = 30.150 in. Hg
The barometer of a mountain hiker P2 = 28.607 in. Hg
reads 30.150in.Hgabs. at the 𝜌 = 0.075
𝑙𝑏

beginning of a hiking trip and Solution: 𝑓𝑡 3


∆𝑃=𝛾∆h
28.607 in.Hgabs.at the end.
Neglecting the effect of altitude on ∆h =
∆𝑃
𝛾
local gravitational acceleration, 25.4𝑚𝑚 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 144 𝑖𝑛2
30.150𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔𝑎𝑏𝑠.−28.607𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔𝑎𝑏𝑠. 𝑥 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑥760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔𝑥
1 𝑓𝑡2
determine the vertical distance = 𝑙𝑏
0.075 3
𝑓𝑡
climbed. Assume air density was
0.075 lb/cubic foot. ∆𝑕 = 1455.5 𝑓𝑡.

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