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Lectures 1-2_C1 Mole Balances

The document discusses the fundamental concepts of mole balances in reaction engineering, including the rates of flow, generation, and accumulation of chemical species. It outlines various reactor types such as Batch Reactors, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR), Plug Flow Reactors (PFR), and Packed Bed Reactors (PBR), along with their specific mole balance equations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of reaction rates and their dependence on various factors like concentration and temperature.

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Davis Ricks
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9 views16 pages

Lectures 1-2_C1 Mole Balances

The document discusses the fundamental concepts of mole balances in reaction engineering, including the rates of flow, generation, and accumulation of chemical species. It outlines various reactor types such as Batch Reactors, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR), Plug Flow Reactors (PFR), and Packed Bed Reactors (PBR), along with their specific mole balance equations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of reaction rates and their dependence on various factors like concentration and temperature.

Uploaded by

Davis Ricks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lectures 1-2

Chapter 1
Mole Balances

1
Mole Balances
• Fundamental to reaction engineering
• Balanced reaction equations
FA0: Rate of flow of species A into the system (mole/s);
FA: Rate of flow of species A out of the system (mole/s);
GA: Rate of generation of species A via reaction (mole/s);
NA: Accumulation of species A in the reactor (mole);
Dt: a very short period of time (s).

F A0Dt  FA  Dt  G A  Dt  DN A
or
dN A
F A0 FA  G A 
dt
2
Chemical Reaction, Reaction Rate
• A chemical species is said to have reacted
when it has lost its chemical identity.
• The reaction rate is the rate at which a
species looses its chemical identity per unit
volume.
• The rate of a reaction (mol/dm3/s) can be
expressed as either
The rate of Disappearance: -rA
The rate of Formation (Generation): rA

3
Reaction Rate

• EXAMPLE: AB
rB = 0.2 mole/dm3/s

Then A is disappearing at the same rate:


-rA= 0.2 mole/dm3/s

The rate of formation (generation of A) is


rA= -0.2 mole/dm3/s

4
Reaction Rate

• rA is the rate of formation of species A per unit


volume [e.g. mol/dm3/s]

• rA is a function of concentration, temperature,


pressure, and the type of catalyst (if any)
rA=f(CA‧ ‧ ‧Cj, T, P, mcat)

• rA is independent of the type of reaction system


(batch reactor, plug flow reactor, etc.)
5
Reaction Rate

• For a catalytic reaction, we refer to -rA',


which is the rate of disappearance of
species A on a per mass of catalyst basis.
mol/gcat/s vs. mole/dm3/s

• Pay Attention! dCA/dt is not the rate of reaction.


rA=f(CA‧ ‧ ‧Cj, T, P, mcat)

6
General Mole Balance

FA0: Rate of flow of species A into the system (mole/s);


FA: Rate of flow of species A out of the system (mole/s);
rA: Reaction rate species A (mol/dm3/s);
GA: Rate of generation of species A via reaction (mole/s);
V: Volume of reactor (dm3);
NA: Accumulation of species A in the reactor (mole).

dN A
F A0 FA   rA dV 
dt

7
Ideal Reactor Design

• Idealized reactors:
– Batch Reactor (BR)
– Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
– Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)
– Packed Bed Reactor (PBR)

8
1. Batch Reactor Mole Balance

• Unsteady state;
• Constant reactor volume;
• No flow or diffusion across boundaries;
• Homogenous reaction (no heterogeneous
reaction).

9
1. Batch Reactor Mole Balance

10
2. Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Mole Balance

• Well mixed, uniform properties


• Inlet and outlet flows; at the inlet/outlet surfaces convection
dominates over diffusion
• CA in = constant
• CA out = CA (tank concentration)

11
2. CSTR Mole Balance

12
3. Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Mole Balance

• Cylindrical geometry most common


• Velocity is uniform (plug flow)
• No flow or diffusion through the walls
• Convection dominates over diffusion in the flow direction
• Well mixed in the radial and angular directions
13
3. PFR Mole Balance

dF A
FA
The integral form is: V
FA 0 rA
This is the volume necessary to reduce the entering molar flow rate (mol/s) from FA0 to the
exit molar flow rate of FA. 14
4. PBR Mole Balance

dNA
FA0  FA   rAdW 
dt

dFAFA
Integral form: W
FA 0 rA
This is the amount of catalyst necessary to reduce the entering molar flow rate (mol/s) from
FA0 to the exit molar flow rate of FA.
15
Reactor Mole Balance Summary
General Mole Balance:

dFA
FA
W
PBR FA 0 rA
16

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