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Chapter four discusses first-order circuits, specifically RC (resistor-capacitor) and RL (resistor-inductor) circuits, and their responses when disconnected from a DC source. It explains the natural response of source-free circuits, characterized by first-order differential equations, and introduces singularity functions used in circuit analysis. Additionally, it covers step responses for both RC and RL circuits, detailing procedures and examples for calculating voltages and currents over time.

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6 views

4 part 2

Chapter four discusses first-order circuits, specifically RC (resistor-capacitor) and RL (resistor-inductor) circuits, and their responses when disconnected from a DC source. It explains the natural response of source-free circuits, characterized by first-order differential equations, and introduces singularity functions used in circuit analysis. Additionally, it covers step responses for both RC and RL circuits, detailing procedures and examples for calculating voltages and currents over time.

Uploaded by

biljem3364
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter four

First Order Circuits


A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order differential equation. There are two types of
first-order circuits RC (resistor-capacitor) and RL (resistor-inductor). There are two ways to excite
the circuits, independent source exited circuits or source-free circuits. In source-free circuits,
energy is initially stored in the capacitive or inductive element and is gradually dissipated in the
resistors. They may have dependent sources but they do not have independent sources.
The source-free RC circuit
A source-free RC circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly disconnected. The energy already
stored in the capacitor is released to the resistors.

To determine the voltage v(t) across the capacitor,


Since the capacitor is initially charged, at time t = 0, the initial voltage is v(0) = V0
With the corresponding value of the energy stored as w(0) = 1/2CV20
Applying KCL at the top node of the circuit iC + iR = 0
By definition, iC = C dv/dt and iR = v/R. Thus,

or This is a first-order differential equation, since only the first


derivative of v is involved.

Solving it,

So,
This v(t) is called the Natural Response of the circuit. The natural response of a circuit refers to
the behavior (in voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation.
The rapidity with which the voltage decreases is expressed in terms of the time constant,
denoted by the lower case Greek letter tau, τ .
The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay by a factor of 1/e or
36.8 percent of its initial value

A circuit with a small time constant gives a fast response

With the voltage v(t) ,

Power dissipated in the resistor is


The energy absorbed by the resistor,

as
Procedure
1. The initial voltage v(0) = V0 across the capacitor.
2. The time constant τ . and R = RTh
Example: let vC(0) = 15 V. Find vC, vx , and ix for t > 0.
Solution:

Exercise: Let vC(0) = 30 V. Determine vC, vx , and io for t ≥ 0.


Exercise: The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time, and it is opened at t = 0. Find
v(t) for t ≥ 0. Calculate the initial energy stored in the capacitor.

The source-free RL circuit


A source-free RL circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly disconnected. The energy already
stored in the inductor is released to the resistors.

To determine the current as the response,


At t = 0, the inductor has an initial current I0, or i(0) = I0
The corresponding energy stored in the inductor as w(0) = 1/2LI 02
Applying KVL around the loop, vL + vR = 0
By definition vL = Ldi/dt and vR = iR. Thus,
Procedure
1. The initial current i(0) = I0 through the inductor.
2. The time constant τ of the circuit.
Example: Assuming that i(0) = 10 A, calculate i(t) and ix (t) in the circuit
Solution: Because of the dependent source, we insert a voltage source with vo = 1 V to find the
Thevenin resistance at the inductor terminals.
Applying KVL to the two loops results in

Exercise: Find i and vx in the circuit. Let i(0) = 5 A.


Exercise: The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time. At t = 0, the switch is opened.
Calculate i(t) for t > 0.

SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS
Singularity functions are functions that either are discontinuous or have discontinuous
derivatives. The three most widely used singularity functions in circuit analysis are the unit step,
the unit impulse, and the unit ramp functions
The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of t and 1 for positive values of t.

And u(-t)=1-u(t)
We use the step function to represent an abrupt change in voltage or current
STEP RESPONSE OF AN RC CIRCUIT
When the dc source of an RC circuit is suddenly applied, the voltage or current source can be
modeled as a step function, and the response is known as a step response.

Since the voltage of a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, v(0−) = v(0+) = V0


Applying KCL,

So,

If the capacitor is uncharged initially, we set V0 = 0 and


The current through the capacitor is,

It is evident that v(t) has two components

and
Procedure:
1. The initial capacitor voltage v(0).
2. The final capacitor voltage v(∞).
3. The time constant τ .
Example: The switch in has been in position A for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves to B.
Determine v(t) for t > 0 and calculate its value at t = 1 s and 4 s.

Solution:

Exercise: Find v(t) fort > 0 in the circuit. Assume the switch has been open for a long time and is
closed at t = 0. Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5

Exercise: The switch has been closed for a long time and is opened at t = 0. Find i and v
STEP RESPONSE OF AN RL CIRCUIT
When the dc source of an RC circuit is suddenly applied, the voltage or current source.

Let the response be the sum of the natural current and the forced current, i = in + if
The natural response is,
The forced response is the value of the current a long time after the switch is closed. A five times
time constants, the inductor becomes a short circuit, and the voltage across it is zero. The entire
source voltage Vs appears across R. Thus, the forced response is

or
Procedure:
1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0+.
2. The final inductor current i(∞).
3. The time constant τ .
Example: Find i(t) in the circuit for t > 0. Assume that the switch has been closed for a long time.

Exercise: The switch has been closed for a long time. It opens at t = 0. Find i(t) for t > 0.

Exercise: At t = 0, switch 1 is closed, and switch 2 is closed 4 s later. Find i(t) for t > 0. Calculate i
for t = 2 s and t = 5 s.

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