s.e.

IT E Me Ee co 41 4 2 see
H Me
Li Be B C N O F Ne
8
Na May Ae si P s a Av
k Ca Mi Ai Zin's Ga Ge As se Br Kr
Rb Sr Pt Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I e
ee Baf Pd AU 9 Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Estate Takement
Elemen s
block Element p block Element Representative
Element
Size of atom L R in a period size will decrease
Top bottom upto halogen 18 group
size will size will
increase
increase

1 The tendency to loose the e

IIIstimtif in increase down in group

Ng Mg Af L to R it will decrease

It is the
Etronegativity tendency to attract the e
L R increases
Bottom
ftm energy IP IE
stiffly energy required to remove an
e
from outermost shell of an
isodgarcouratome
 1 of
Lto R Increase
In general DM EI

is
High
3 p
e
duetojust
Gutfilled Be B
half filled
nut
orbital
If
orbital
no
N 70
Lor
ʰtÉ
6T
d 10
14
f
15 25 2P 35 3P 45 3d up 55
1 2
full filled orbital
7 Trd f

Screening effect shielding effect o

a 00 o o
Slater's Rule for the calculation of 5
screening effect
if e is in
sorp if é is present in dor
sub shell fsub she.tl
cat 1 eletronic configuration
F 15254up 35 3p 45 3d
Is 2s 2ps 354zp6 3d 45
S2 25,28 3s 3106113967 452
calf when e is present either in or
p sub shell
For outer e no
screeing effect
If e in nth shell all
remaining will contribute
0135 e for the value
of r
For In 1 shell all e will contribute 0185 e for
the value
of O
For all
remaing shell all e will contribute 110 e

for the value of o

ng is 2s p 3s 375
last é o

5 10132516 0185 8 110 2 1019

Zeffective 2 r 17 10.9 611

use 3dé
Ie
cats when e is present in
dorf subshell
No outer
spreading effect for e
 5
I
2528 3593106 452
2 For remaining e in that chat 0135 e contribution
for the value
of r
For all 1.0 e contribution for the value
remaining
70
fr3déinIf
5 10135 5 18 1 19.75
26 19175 61 25
Zeffertine

forestinef
g 0135 7 018 74 10 1 22125
effect 26 22125 3175

order
of screeing s
ff
p7d

Energy level diagram B Ae Ga In Tl

B
8
18
Al I 1
TI
a
18 a
In In
32 Tl atomic number
B Tl 7 497 AS 7 In Distorted W

the amount of energy

I faded in the outermost shell
of an isolated gaseous atom to form anion
 From Increase Taken at absolute
left to right E A
Top to bottom decrease
Zero temp

For just fuel filled just half filled

a
configuration E
order of EA for f I
U
b
FIB I

q q
a
0 00

array
is antifrangment of atoms onion showing
by the point wit each other in D

It is the amount to break 1 mole

of energy required
of ionic lattice to form respective gaseous cation 2
anion Endothermic
gaseous or

It is the amount of energy release when I mole of

ionic lattice is formed from its respective gaseous
cation 2 Exothermic
gaseous In
Nau KU charge density 49Th
Li Cl
Nat Kt
Na U 99
Mguz
K a 4197 Mall Ka Rba 764 Mat Mq
Rb 9 Naa Mga Alll
Cs 9

Heat of atomisation It the amount of energy

is

required to form 1 mole of atom from its elemental

state.ge Heatof atomisation

ay
BE
Utu
P
cherry and BE

p
P P ap

Eletson gainfully

Heg EA Es RT

U F Br 7 I 7 At
349 328 325 295 270

For oxygen family

io
tI sublimation It the amount
enersy is
of energy
required when I moli of convert int its
solid directly
 ly
gas phase
Na s Ma g OH Sublimation energy
S OH I OH sub
Ccg
Bondenergy It is the amount of energy required when
I mole
of that kind
of bond is broken

H H 2H OH Bond energy

Heat
ofTusation BE
2 0 OH Bondenergy
02 0 0
oz
N N EN 2 NJ on Bond energy
Nz

CH 4 g C g 4TH OH xKJ

BEC n

OEC O C g 210 on Y KJ
BE CEO
2

Born Formation of mole Ionic solid

Habercycle of
Na s 42 g Nacl s ΔH IN KJ mole
man

a g
LE
IE EA
y
 gyf

mm

Hesitant If taking place in one step

the reaction is
or in multiple step total energy change is const
OH OHSUS IE
BE EA LE

2nA S
1202cg Nazo
20Hsub

anacql
j
2IE
2Mateg
if
t.is
ON 2 2IE EBz EA I EALT LE

Mg S
0297 MgO s

BE
gig 0197
IE
J f.iq
A Mqtcg n

IE2Yy 97

OH ON sub IE EEzT BET C EAD EAT C LE

 Bond Chem
Ionic bond.TT directional in nature

mobilities of ions in ag solution

Lit cg Natlg Ktcg Rbt g Cst g

tag tag leg

fagj.ag at
g 7Matcag SkIRbtag
7C9 FCstfag
7Rb Cag Kecag Mat ag Lit ag

o
H2O

ii.EEII
n NHINH Hydrazine
n
nnz onmaroaramine
n use lower alcohols

Hydration or solvation Chargedensitif

Solvation energy The

energy release in the solvation

of tons from one mole of ionic lattice is known as

solvation energy
 May 1ST Natcg Icg
IF
St
8
of
off s E in
ns.n ii I riyH St
n

St
gy
d n

solvation energy α charge density

Lit Mat solvation energy
I kt and F both have approx same size but
there is significant diff b w the value
of HE why

É
solubility of Ionic compound May lattice
Fran ionic comp to be soluble

HEY LE
Solubility α HE LE

T.IT IIfhee decrease charge density

d
S by
 Napy decrease in LE will
favour solubility
K By Solvation energy it will decrease
Rb By Decrease in solvation energy will disfavour
CSBN solubility
In
general HE decreases more rapidly than LE on

moving top to bottom in a group

nitrate sulphate chromate bromide chlorite
solubility will decrease alkali metals
alkaline earth metalcomp
Liz504 Be NO 2
Nazson solubility
42504
Rb 504
will Ca
decree.fm NO
ffg72
2504 Ba MO3 2

In case of fluoride Hydroxide of alkali metals

2 alkaline earth metals solubility will increase
Lion Naoh Kon Rbon Cooh

Be only Mg ml colon Balon

If
Sronk
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ

Exceptions
 B
IITLiIKIRBIG
ICURbunaUKU
RbHW3LCSNhI
aHWz
nl KHWz

Linees does not exist in solid form

5
more
o

mgkf.TT oacsrG0aCBaczoacBesdftm

Rb Gsr In Sn Ssb Te LI Xe
FLEY CS Ba Te Gpb G Bic Po AE Rm

B
B Te Ga 1 Al In
6 01 99 51
see
Lf In
I

Franken family
C S Get
PBI hyp pb
Polarisation larger
in

polarising power smaller

ion

Assuming anion
larger
tim
m
of anion a size of anion
F Ct Br I
LIF LIU Lib LII order of polarisation
covalent character 2
Polarisation of anion α charge on anion
C4 m 02 F order
of polarisation

Polarising power of cation

Pi Pi of cation α charge on cotton
Nat mg All ae.cz mgclz7Nacl
p p of cation α
sitefcation
Lit Nat kt Rbt 7 Cst

ftp.piofcationachargedensity.fi

Pseudoinertgas configuration The cation

having
18 e in the outer most shell is known as
having
inert
pseudo gas configuration
Cu Is 2s 204354376 451 3110
cut Is 2s 2ps 3s 3p 3d 4
 4 I
cut Nat
Q Mall 2 Cull
good 425 C why
mp mp
Inclz is solid but I It is liquid
5m47 8m polarising power
1 77 Ct polarisation
countdstand shared pair
oH H H N N MEN

05 0 0 0
Einstein
Polar covalent bond F H F H O
c

natebndi C
spefdfndofbandpta tw
is base Lewis acid
vacant orbital
CHIÉ A Heart
E For
8H Bus Tell
vacant porbital
Alds
BE PE
HN F F
 Lease is
BÑ Bfs 1N BE
0
H2É H HF 4 430

F
f F F Baek bonding

I
N SIM 3
45 1 3sins
Trisilyl amine
ragantial

45 Sin
435
Alclz exts in dimene forms

A Ae Dime

Tim
Beck exist in polymeric form

BI BE.IE Bef Befff

Polar covalent bond
 Immanent
a qxd Elfin
vector 9 fraction of charge develop on the combining atom
fetch 1,6 10 19 e d distance b w the
418 10 10 esee combiningatom

For AB molecule fraction of charge develop on

316 70 10 esu
combining atoms in if the distance
b w the Calculate
combining atom is I A MAB
8 emcalculate II
MAB 316 10 10 exile 10
s esu
MAB 316 15 com

W 316D 15 sesteem
Debye
of Ionic character
12Thmay too

Asstime
comp completely ranic
A B
AI
tme
9Inedief.cat esu.d 1a

158e llThorltical
1510 158cm 418

418 10 18 esteem 4 8D
Ionic character
34 5 100 75 And
 A metal oxide Mo has fraction of charge
214 10 10 esu in b w the
combiningatom Calculate
Ionic character
a 25 b MO m 02
d
U the 2 418 10 10 d
llaetued 214 10 10 4
2
6 100 25 Dipole moment
of molecule
BET BET if 43

I MHz NO
UFO UFO

0 C O
CE O 8 8
H
AI

I u

I
u
Lewis dot structure

Beta

0
 O
ena

SFC

i ii i
singlet linkage
Sudgentff
G j
as
According to mass
C C
spectroscopy all bends
ctic of s F one of same
CEEC energy
Later on was
this theory
discarded
Sidgwick Rule of Maximum covalency
1st max 2 P95
period
2nd period mar 4
 3ʳᵈ 2 404 mar 6
Pyo
5ᵗʰ onward mar 8

04 e 277
0504 BrFs
eFz XeFa the FG e04
eO Ez eOFA

Intpairffect Heavier element of grp 13 14 2 15

B 3 C the N 5 3
Al 3 4 P 5 3

E.IEE
lower oxidation state
TIE
EEE.EI
of group 13 14 215 is more stable

2st apr is 4

Es
excited state
and
The energy release bond formation is
during the
sufficient enough to excite the e
from 25 to 2p

Pb 652 6p
I
 a ce

In case of heavier element the

energy release during
band formation is not sufficient enough to excite the
e
from ns to up and hence ns e pair remain
non bonded ie inert The inertness of this ep towards
bonding is knower paleffect
PbU4 due to inert paireffect
ñuz snua
Sbu Sbu n
Tea Tells 37

VII valence bond theory

Covalent bond an formed due to
overtakingfrbital
not due to
shantye
Greater the extent of overlapping stronger will be
the band
Head on head overlapping o bond
side
by side overlapping a band
All single bonds are a band
P Pa PY P2

Head on head overlapping

of Head on head overlapping

5

Higherdensity
SILPA
 Head on head
overlapping or
pre
Head on head
pre pre overlapping
side
by side End
88 overlapping
py py
side by side
Abend
overlapping

As extent of overlapping is more in head on head

overlap so any bond is more
stronger than A band

0
1648 1.5 16 yr 20 2248
28 304 40 4241

C B
Ep Ep 2D 4p p

My CzH2

Mohon 08 8804
0082800 II
orbital
Hybridisation
 one
g TEIL
C I
l l l CH
Excited As EBT 3 bonds
IS IS IS IS is will have
2p
different energy than one bonde 25 15
But spectroscopy shows that all 4 C H bonds are of
same energy

hybrid orbital
Hybridisation all bonds
1581 will be of
same energy
MEMETIC atomic orbital to
mixing of pure form
equal no of new hybrid orbitals which are equal
in
energy
A band orbital having unpaired I will not undergo

4 4421 orbital
Xy PI
Hybridisation Hybridisation no

III 2é
pail of e
CHA n n r 4 up o

H NO 410 4

sps
 I

Buz Bellz Silly MHz PA H2O

UP 93 2
H NO 2 0 0 21 4
474 I sps n se
3 1 4
h No 3 0
sp3
CO2 Chetty CHECK HCECH

Ip ps sp's type Ip2 Ip Ip

OECEO
no 2 0 Éa hi If p
sp
o
CHEECH on ante
872
cities
8173 Sps Spl SPL Sp

COOH
E

Br
sniff.fi e
If spz

COE NOI 2202 NMy 430 eFz

8th apr 873
sp sp SPI
PUs SFG IFT UFs BrFz e04
sp3d sp3d sp3d spbd sped m
 r

IN
c st spr
1 2

gIIH
n
e 2 325

It pd
of

I p p y EY
_Geometry
Agtalpe examples
1 2 2 0 linear linear Belly CO2 CHECH
Sp
T gender Trigonal Baz Noj co
2 3 3 0 Sp2
planar
GOT CHECK
3 3 2 1 sp2 Trigonal Bent snaz PbUz
planar shape
4 4 4 0 sp Tetrahedral Tetrahedral csksicta.nl
PbCl4
Sncl4
5 4 3 1 8103 Tetsahedmlffhhddalnns.az 138
6 4 2 2 93 Tetrahedral V shape 420 052 SF

5 Trigonal TBP Pds Sblls

7 5 0 sp3d bi pyramidal
Bids Ascls
8 5 4 1 sp3d TBP see saw SF4 Set 4
5 3 2
sp3d TBP
9 T shape Ills BrF3
UFz
o 5 2 3
sp3d TBP linear xefz.I5 IE
1 6 6 0
sp3d Octahedral octahedral SFG PUT SeFG
2 6 5 I spot octahedral square
pyramidd IFS BrFs
2 6 4 2 sp3d octahedralsquareplane defy IFA
Pentagonal PBP
M 7 7 0 sp3d3 157
bipysandal
7 6 I sp3d pentagonal Cap
octahedral eff
bifysamidae

Structure a Be 180 1 0 o
y
n ee n

valence shell e pair repulsion theory VS EPR theory

ep ep ep bp bb bp

5m02 Bertshade
Bond angle will be 4120

en
no
19 0

trigonal pyramidal

For MHz specific H2O H

fin
0 CO
 H2O
y particularly for 420
n
Bond angle 1015
u
axial

emiton.ae
g
and

a position a

180 Ld 120 C 90 C

pass

F F
T T shape

98 0 188 0
eFz
902 0 ISOC I
 F YE FIUII u.ci
Linear

a u

lined 1802 1

15 IT I I Z I spad

lined 180 I

Allpositions are equidistance

S octahedral
98L 180 2
E
Is
Éf
C

square pyramidal 9 18
Is
98 4
n
1800222
cap
5 90 10 octahedral
F 1800 1

FIT
2

icons Ñ Sins
 instance
pyramidal in sp3 s.IT back

Pur solid hybridisation 2 12 bonding

Geometry
sifs.fm s

n 2P9r
PUT
PUG
sp3 sp3d
Trigonal planar

PB.rs solid PBR BE

8D
SPI
28205
Pad
f PTY
Pt 883 It
p

US PH

Dragons when H or less electronegativeelement

element belongs to third
forms bird with the
period onward hybridization will be there
only pure atomic orbitals will form bond with H
Bondangle
35 y will be
30
4
 sp
s close to
Mf of 00H 90

PH a
Epson D n

2BHz BzH6

Ball

IEI.tn a

Cbi
a

4GHzLi

MB
n Us
ng

Morentrbitaltheory MOT
1According Hybridisation only valence orbital undergo
to
mixing to form hybrid orbital but according to Mot
all the orbital
of combing atoms undergo mixing
to form equal no of new molecular orbitals MO
Out of total MOs half of them will be
banding molecular orbital BMO and remaining
half willbe antibonding molecular orbitals ABMO
 constructive

overlapping

destructive
overlapping

BMO r

ABMO OA
I nodal plane

G BMO r
I nodal
plane
02 ABMO 8
2 modal plane

E BMO o

pre pre
24th
3nodal
Mar
plane

8 88 BIKE plane
800,800,1 armo

2 nodal
plane
MO E level di m
 ABMO AA

3 The energy
of BMO is less than ABMO
Pure atomic orbitals hybrid orbital are
infl only
enced
4
one nucleus hence known as
by
monocetric arbitals whereas MO
influced are

by two nucleus
depending upon the
or more

molecule diatomic
polyatomic molecules
or

hence known as polycentric orbitals

an sees.IE Eni
Eff 6 15
Bondardn 2 0 1
E My H H
IS
no unpaired e
so
Total e in 2
diamagnetic
Hymolecule
Bond order no ofantibonding y
no
ofbonding e ABMO
no of bond BMO

Hez molecule will exist or not Prove that

He 52
the 152
E
DEEP.IE B 0
nerwin not
2 2
exist
0
 B2 molecule will exist or not magnetic character
PIE Is According to VBT Diamagnett
For p
mixing two case
i up to the
OMAR
2 14 e system
FAITHTH
02pm core I upto 14 e

IDI taap
Rapy cone TI
2121
the_
ME 1220
5T Is Bro 6 4 1
Ma B

FIE Paramagnetic
B 0 character
Nz molecule ELD
magnetic
Nz GDPR

FAITH 110 4

Iy gygypg
Azp2
Diamagnetic
Rapy
I stability Bond order
Electronic configuration
5 IS 6 is 625 0 25 A2pz 5 202 A
A2py y
AN 272 2Pa
 Nz 10 4 3 Not 9 4 215

Nj 10 5 215

Nz Nzt Nj stability order

standard is N the system

conceptofford B 0IT

Net ME
215 2.5

02 02 05 0,1 702705
is 47
210 215 115

NO NOT NO NOT NO NO

215 310 210

D
E.L.D.fr 02 B O magnetic character
GDPR
Bp2
HT
a
F B 0 10 6

fII.IE pEI
2

apr Paramagnetic
For
different Electronegative element

co
L
IBM 5 21
Bo t.to us
SIETE 8 8
3

7512754
I to
less
one

B0 1710 3
to
MYHis 315

Band order o cut

of
Hydrogen bonding
Fmust be attached to more electronegative
element like F 0 or N

ii There must be another more electronegative

element like F O N in some cases it
may
5 E E it
g St
dipole diphthtraction
 Is Intermolecular H
bonding
1 which evaporate
at room temp

Intramolecular which is more volatile

0 nitrophenol or
p nitrophenol
ions is

Intermolecular
In
Gem diol
vicinaldd
same position In
adjacent center general
Gem dials are
i u
unstable

CHECK CHCH 0 H2O

CHIFFY Utility 1120

which is more stable 2 why

In
ii
Fze CF
1543
iii
casino 936 4182
iv D o
DIS

41 0 Chloral hydrate
4
chloralist cutting
a ammonia

II a
Sp3
in
Sp2
Standard bond angle 109028
120
Actual bond angle close to 1500 Deviation 16 770
 ngle
Deviation from ideal
condn
300 109 60

must be balanced
in 3 bands
III

HFE
Hydrogenband

HFE HF

Max how many H bond a water molecule can form

4 In 5 n

_g
n n
95 51 Hsi E
H test
ICEandv

rate y.jo
Inst I_in n

s
si ns n

H St
cage like
structure
nature of oxides In general oxides of metals are
basis and oxides of non metals are acidic

Beo
9
Basic
estimation
Amphoteric
Basis oxides Nazo Mgo Mn 0 CMO K2O

Acidic oxides Sioz 13203 Nz 05 coz ete

m
zno pbo Pbr Smo so

rates E ÉÉÉ É
more electronegative more and
Affinter α extent of
oxygen
α oxidation state
HOI 4 02 HÉO CHITO

HIRO SHE'S HIT a HzÑ 4

425 3 425 4

45504 43 03 113 02
HzPOa Ht H2POT

HzPOI f Ht Hpo PQ7HzPOgf

H3P

HP 02 Ht 10043

Due to common ion

effect
reaction will go in backward
direction
significantly
BzHG molecule Dimer of BHz TO
130255m
11 HB n B
e

shared
pair of e from B H bond will be
delocalized into vacant orbital of B atom
of
another BHz molecule
B H B
B B B IB
CHz 4B 2
fr ze 25
40h34
1413242 sure

IEY
 III
PEE xe it su

Bentruk a spot sp pd

a
k u p y.is
4
apr
333 charater
s character
zen

Inoneelectro negativity
which has more
ep will be in that orbital

electronegativity ie equitorial sps

xe O

More electronegativeelement will form the bond

with less electronegative orbital ie pd axial

suits
a
If
 Calculation Ionic character a covalent bond
of in

Dipolemoment
Pauling scale of electronegativity diff in electronegativity

xp RB Ionic character Nature of band

0 0 Pure covalent band
0.1 018 015 to 15 covalent band
0194116 19 to 47 Polar covalent bond
117 50 50 Ionic 50 Covalentbond
118 312 55 to 93 Ionic bond

Ions character 25mil

by Hany
Donte character 16 RA XB 315 RA 24332

negativity

Bs At B Resonance
How to calculate resonance enesy
energy
Actual bond energy Theoretical bond energy Dad
Experimental J
A
DIAB
A B B

Theoretical B EAA
EofAI E.BR

LA xp 01208
FAB Resonance energy
kcal mole
 sea dB 0.1017T KJ mole

Electronegativity on Mulliken scale

Milliken Jaffe
Ratom IE E gain enthalpy
2

Later on it wasobserved that electronegativity of

Mulliken scale is 2 s times than pauling
greater
scale It was corrected

Natoma
d SEEFF eulate

at Pauling
Seale
R0an

m ayq
a359ff
Metallicberding Epooltheory
e.PE
The force
of attraction
between pool and
to e

metal cotton is known as

metallic bonding
Vanderwaal force of attraction
Dipole dipole interaction Keeson force
pole induced interaction Debyeforce
Y
Instantaneous dipole induced dipole interaction
London forces
antiparallel
Head tail arrangment
arrangment

n
E n 81
solubility of noble
gases in water and formation of their
hydrates Ar 6H20 Kr 620 2 e 6H20
the camp in which molecule of
one substaticliffysically trapped with in the

crystal structure
As 6ns on Kr Lanyon Xe Enron

He Ne Ar Kr Xe

Instantaneous dipole induced dipole interaction

If Eg Ema
a a

s
E
IImp
nÉ exist in more than one structure but
can
none
of the structure can truly represent all the
properties of that comp there is an average of all
those structures Resonance hybrid which will truely
represent all the properties of that comp This
phenomenon is known as resonance
Kekule
5 E j
Resonaneehybn.de
2 1
32 1,5
012 412 IF
where Benzene
CO CO co

Decreasing order of C O bond length

a co coz CO b

É
E
off
of
c

c
B0
1132
8 8 O C O
B 0 3 B 0 2
 Bond length α
Fondorder
Bond length co 0271
c
µ 115 BI 1 BE 2
BE
12
CHEICHECH ethicists CH 412
BE
zCh cnÑz 3
Icy
z.tn CH CHE 47
C C bond length
Decreasing order of
a
2717371
Imitband Indipoleinteractions 2 Vander wall force
All the above interaction depends upon internuclear
distance r and decreases with with increase in
distance The
energy 2 distance relation is

Typeof interaction Energy distance funen

Ionic bond I Eat
Ion dipole 1182
1 83
Dipole dipole
Ian induced dipole 1
84
1
Dipole induced dipole 86
1
London forces 86