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C++ complete

This document provides comprehensive notes on C++, covering its introduction, basic syntax, data types, operators, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, and object-oriented programming concepts. It also includes advanced topics such as templates, exception handling, the Standard Template Library (STL), and features from C++11 to C++20. Overall, it serves as a detailed guide for understanding and utilizing C++ programming language effectively.

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3 views

C++ complete

This document provides comprehensive notes on C++, covering its introduction, basic syntax, data types, operators, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, and object-oriented programming concepts. It also includes advanced topics such as templates, exception handling, the Standard Template Library (STL), and features from C++11 to C++20. Overall, it serves as a detailed guide for understanding and utilizing C++ programming language effectively.

Uploaded by

dihoncho.pro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📘 C++ Complete Notes

📌 1. Introduction to C++

 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs.


 Extension of C with Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) features.
 Compiled, case-sensitive, statically-typed language.

🔤 2. Basic Syntax
cpp
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!";
return 0;
}

 #include <iostream>: Includes input/output stream.


 main(): Entry point.
 cout: Standard output.
 return 0: Indicates successful termination.

🔠 3. Data Types

 Basic: int, char, float, double, bool


 Derived: array, pointer, function
 User-defined: struct, union, enum, class

➕ 4. Operators

 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
 Relational: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
 Logical: &&, ||, !
 Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.
 Unary: ++, --
 Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

🔁 5. Control Structures

 If-else
 Switch-case
 Loops:
o for
o while
o do-while
 Break, continue, goto

🧠 6. Functions
cpp
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int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

 Function declaration, definition, and call.


 Default arguments.
 Function overloading.

📦 7. Arrays & Strings

 1D and 2D arrays: int arr[10];, int matrix[3][3];


 Strings: char str[] = "Hello";
 Use <string> for std::string.

📌 8. Pointers
cpp
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int a = 10;
int *p = &a;

 Address-of (&) and dereference (*)


 Pointer arithmetic.
 nullptr, void*,
pointer to pointer.
 Dynamic memory: new, delete

🧠 9. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Class & Object:

cpp
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class Car {
public:
string brand;
void drive() { cout << "Driving"; }
};

 Encapsulation: Access specifiers (public, private, protected)


 Inheritance:

cpp
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class Dog : public Animal { };

 Polymorphism: Function & operator overloading, virtual functions


 Abstraction: Hide implementation details.
 Constructor/Destructor:

cpp
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Car() { }
~Car() { }

📚 10. Inheritance Types

 Single
 Multilevel
 Multiple
 Hierarchical
 Hybrid

🔄 11. Operator Overloading


cpp
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class Complex {
public:
int real, imag;
Complex operator + (const Complex& obj) {
Complex temp;
temp.real = real + obj.real;
temp.imag = imag + obj.imag;
return temp;
}
};

🔗 12. File Handling


cpp
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#include <fstream>

ofstream fout("file.txt");
fout << "Hello!";
fout.close();

ifstream fin("file.txt");
string data;
fin >> data;
fin.close();

 File modes: ios::in, ios::out, ios::app, ios::binary, etc.

🧠 13. Templates
cpp
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template <class T>
T add(T a, T b) {
return a + b;
}

 Function and class templates support generic programming.

🧠 14. Exception Handling


cpp
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try {
throw 20;
} catch (int e) {
cout << "Exception: " << e;
}

🛠 15. STL (Standard Template Library)

 Containers: vector, list, deque, map, set, stack, queue


 Algorithms: sort(), find(), reverse(), count()
 Iterators: Used to access container elements.

🧠 16. Advanced Concepts

 Lambda Expressions: [](int x) { return x * x; }


 Smart Pointers: unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
 Multithreading: <thread> library
 Namespaces: namespace ns { }
 Preprocessor Directives: #define, #ifdef, #ifndef

💡 17. C++11/14/17/20 Features (Highlights)

 autokeyword
 Range-based for
 nullptr
 Move semantics (std::move)
 Lambda functions
 Smart pointers
 Structured bindings (C++17)
 Modules (C++20)
 Concepts (C++20)

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