Themfca bod is an atsarfve fosce which Chemtcal Bonàtn -1 (Gaeen vthte)

hcds voAous consitiuerts (atcns, Pens, et)

Causes ct Bovd Fo motton

(Aestall Waldvs
) Te aqufe mfuimum eneray stutt Ancut t orey ekased
Fogmatton o an Tontc Conpound fomat) catfors&'akons ortme when
to femgaske"s
ce melé
nc selfd. (Enetgy Contumtd fer rever se
Psocess s also clle LE)
Sond
kntz)
EA|, Cevmpod
Fackes ARng Lattfce Enegy >
* Grd, hot all compo tollow cettdule horg eg Ts 6om,fhen
rEt 60E + EA tU we See ter dr
Serme Compourd ae as jellons Ex otheà eic
LE

ypovalnt (ompoud ott ct cm, hatng lesg E' Tell oder et Lattet Enersy tr jellowg
Faveus oble ot for eovd Fotvwaton
Rell, BF3, By, A\C\3, ete. y Metal she uld have los As, & sE
AIF3
3J 4 )

’0tstes bien n e cloud ot Anßon fs alted

pororsatHen
nusnbe ot Valece co tcta lcttnt Mest

Pelart ataSy (Anton) Peles?sing Poue(atRo

Abfllty ot antev to ASeR ot catfen to
(F) PseudKeAt qas congud at fom outesmest A Non-tondu ctot seltd tcim e cleud, dPStorde cloudet
Anicn,
Conductors fn mol tenloputus plhas.

shell Khe F t 3t Mn, ete. rAuerdtug to FaPon's hule, no

Coal ent Charocto d Polantsotien

Re compords shoud have samt S Tell e des e lovalt
choocntelleung
TiteratoRe bonds
Dgtsee atem)
comprate size.
Betwtn melPtules)

avalent bend Vander

ForCes benttvg thh Hey shudt haut Sare (8e) (s2e) (ise) blocK elegett, tanstde
tetmua,
#Ionlc /Electbovaler Cond & vlattes have Ioe # hemd StautMb:
For Polyatemfe Anlens
Themal staihy
*For MoNoaton t AufonsTs« LE (M agtvp
Beac (EpscM sat)
 5-0-H---S -S-H-0 -f-h---F -F-
Chenice) Bondeng
ConstdE

DEpole ’ Polco moletule

Inchcea/s tovtuneov ARpole ~s Aon poldmojecÍe.
utar+fo-0-H--N-ô-H-0 -N-N
* santaneou dfpole- Tnduced dgpojp 0 >
ÞAe also Known as London Foreer 6ol Sfnce EN

Preset brus noblegases.

bcz EN;N<o bz. EN NKO
Cye cdetty thetyPe t weak Pntohactton
jollowtng sAcYer hove *) Types of ydsog ta BondErg
Ien-fuduced dtpdie
(Eov (wen pelas
Intramoleleula TntermoIeulas

Gen) Coleo)
* Orthe pestfon voabie * Meta and pars pesftten
u benzne derivnves,
(Poles) (Aen polas)
4I HtH kendon Fost es
Nbe (pata, Bo 2) bypet tbondBvg
Nen pa chelat ase stable

Oa’ t6e (pta, BO ) Ý’ Sntesmoleculo afstomees H O0

Stablize by anton tot matte n tc ;

Inttamolecalea
y Moleeulas Mass Remofns Same
Intomoieula
Ca
13 Be l6e Tses
Tses
06e " Vapout Fot matfen Tses
Ony G moves towasds 1he Factors AHtctng Botlfug Poiunt go

Ce Bovd ug in whfch mdetale becone stÝongs 6y Snstavrtomeo - Svduced 24 BP a Molecalas Mass (tte s samt)
On Jemovfg an e (act t* Mor)?
dfpele Aipole Btonchfng (tt mass fs also kome)
No Not NaNt #Ayarng en Condin
/se (4e (3 e

nteaactAon, Non Polos)(olooy Aas) (muss)

lóe
(Spnce mass fs sue, B?)
bonaed to more electooneg atve atem ovd
must have qnothey EN atom wfth lp fn
#Neak Fores A-bonafng)
(Vanderwapfs)l
Ast Pnyolvirg Ton E,o,N,sp) (Eo,N,)
Inportant BeflMg Potut Ordtrs
04poie- Deple frttohoctfon For strong nbondfng
(Ion-polos (polas-pelas y Atom attahed to HCX) murt heghly SbH3
Ion-fuàveed dipde ele(treut gottve (1) eak Abonàfng)
PntoactPon
(Tonr non polos) (polas-nonpotes)
3 Snstantaneosapole reletfvtly louer elttonegotu t (x).
hduced atpele dvkont
(non polas non pola)
 Hyb-fafsoonMoltale Shafe SA. HybsAcatton Moftcule Shopl
2 Aa Lnen LQneae sp AX Peutogone Pentagond Biyyoawiàol
(I)

AXçE Qctahedto
Ghert
Soy, et) (xeF) Begufjor

AXE Bent/V-shape AXsE, Pertagono

(sos)
X
(Both lone pctbs
Tettaheao quttoto posthons)
AXy Tetahedr

* Ouly twpX atomMS

lone potrs alwoys wos to occupy equptofo postttons tn
a mojecule
ydana/ANon Can stoy together-n
planeg Tajae th T8? geomety lone paths occupttà enuto fe
poafRo Pn AX4E anà AK3 Ea tye mdecleg
*6 ABferent pafrr ot
AKE HCd clecon speces
(Aat) SN=3 +0 »3

AXs two posstbflPed.

(Pcis, Ps) Beysawfid H
Seq-Sau shop EN oj stà atom EN c Sfde atem
mote than s les thon.2s (Tgona plova)
* Tue bends equitesfo ’ode spectes end to stobflfse by
Tncte he at
electron dnd
VSERR Heoy dowt couut akle Redox
Can beshown
DfmesfzaRoy
my?ng vSEPR Can beshon only bytos
by al speeftr SReies whase bade
NOTE:(Poufng Scale Oot) PS not delocolts ed,
|AXg Ea But T-shape
Na Mg A\ 6 S
Bo
K SolR
2.9
(glaner) X
Rb
LPnear shat
(xef, a) Fot covmpounds en, gaseoS sto,
the hy btalsatiom Ps ed ond
Eromples can be calCalotRa by bptip
6 AXG Oetanedo
en(o)=3s
VSE
AXsE

SN243
axfLPo
(s)
AXAE fo
(yramta) (s) (spy
ohe)tVcope)
 e can overlap wPtM each oher. Duatrg fotmatfon otCAn, thert are two Gond Iengt

’No overlap (Fally 39ned) 1s-2p J mus, mote electronegatfve s{e atom aii
t H 15-23
prefet les-scharacte n cental atom
ls-2p hy bod orbl}as
3 Multtple bonds preh more S-charad
byerlappBn ’se, QcoTalng to overlap theosy, 1 E-H bend Or tals
shoutd be ai Hr than rest 3Ch bonds otetals
AEad on/ 66/
’Bu 9t was obseved thoall 4 C S+ Sp
GAxfal ovelopfng
overappg bonds are stmflar.

’ Overloprng theory conldwt rplofn thts Stptptp

SEmfloby: stptptpt dz?
Z uonacleat axes,
(stptptpt dz L6-66- 60%

almost smfloi enegy o Some qtom

stptptptaz
to
tom hybà o+bitas ot eguc
eyerges ts called 'ybridPcotfoy
(NoTE: yovertapp?ng ocurs brw orbttals #VSEPR hecry
t diternt atomS . ’Sna mele cale, Centro atom have twotyg
AybRdisutton occurs brs otbituls ot
Sameatom. Bond Palt
9J p-p overlappeng (onH San bype Can overiap) = Lone Pat

’h, n case ot CH tetwmatfon, ones n Stelc

3p esbftol ot Gatom conbfne to to iot 9nTelonaMce)
jour sp- osbitals.
the motecale.
’ Botn Bond palr andà lone patr
6

bepulcion , màgo
Thezetee, all 4 C-H bond s
g+àry ae fdentt co
dyt dyz
Featwes o Aybtd oobitals e> space such thot the'repulon s mtvtm
dxz + dxz n qniesmxe *Repulson', Lone-Patt -Lone Poafr >kone Paßr
-Bovd PoRI bevd Pott- Bors oftb
fetdyz Ayba4d orbftas have two unegu blovg
with loogo one uret n bona fn. |Any molecle has tuWo thtngs
) AN hybHà 4Utals have composable cze electsonte Gtometoy
2 shape tot on oatom. Shop
When sheil no. When sher] Mo.n fs AJybtd osbftals totm mote stoble 6bor otybitatisotfon avd
thon pub e p-orbftac. j9S net aecka by atsenR t lonepofr as lone
or presence ot lene paft patt ext moy
volapptug wPm least|yb9otbtfals Only fob mGbonds.,
(urta) vohue mor stob S-cb1-tol
Schabocdea No
2 Comporsom stremgth o n-bond
Mmolecle
X
ls1s, 2625, 2s2p,Is-2p (4>d? cb) Toto hybd o+bitals
 qtovtc ob}as (CAO)
s vy lee, Oue to thls, these is
ABMO mote-Ve tho ABMO.

* As atealty ehe44 ot 62pTses

* Sptes wf rcomplett ocirt PKe fomd This ts called 'sp-mang
specits wtth vacant d-osb to val
atomic orbltale ceases to exfst a21)
*Small sfzed Cations \eKe S1 Moleculos Ortitals => Poly centfe
Atomtc Ortital Mono cent+lc

attached to more EN atom wpth maltfpe

NBHO t NAGMO (224)
1s+1s ’ 18MO + LABMO
* Atows having Ge fn valeg shel,irRo, 2p t2p 3BMot 3 ABMO
Represertaybn ot d?jeret A0s »(4sswn ngz HOMp=> Aighest Ocnpted
as qrtermiclesn UM: Lowest Oeupfed Moletulos 04 tAto.
Zmalleg is he ste ot aton xfs)
Nedal plane =0 cotteypone to vistble wavelargt,te
6i2.
Ae
6 shows colout.
stgt 1S
Applcattomof MoT &
Leues Bases 8
a0
ngerade
* Most common leufs bases
to
N BMO

Nodot Phne=o (GetadQ)

* Among hyàti4es, stngth t lefs bace 2
+
22
6es toom kett to tth+2top
Tses
to
Prace t BitFO ’ Mo iecyle exst
bo ttom Neda Plane(ngetad)
Boo Mojecyle does ot exist.
3 29x + 2Pa
3 Mognettc Natute
(mgerade)
dRspsed due to lar suntace'aea 2P
(aerade)
Energy Aevels ot MoRalas btttnic 8
Inportant Shott Cute
#Noleal o Orbttal meooy UNor) upto he mdecule Mote tan Me Molecae
30 e is ,8,20
2"S 13 then molecu)e
expesfmtntay t wac found parmagntt t6 2"0 (2 does mot exist

’TMPs poromagnettam was explatyed by Mor, 20 10

hus Pt er 'most aàvaucedl thesys 20

MoVe tywatds h¿
wc orbtak
y AuordPmg to the theory, qto
ot comAua atoms, Combene 61s
constructvevd destouctfv to jom vmoleeEVeN )iamognetlc (h=)
BHO ardALMO vq Loneas Comtuaton t (except loe2ibesaáes)
 tollovstg Penle covnound?
A\cl3 bH0
EXcepHens
VAmontum Sait due to fts neyh HE

Weak /nen- ofdfstng

anfens

(gt Pola TSU)

# Heating Eets
+12

To to wm product, tahe mean ot os).

(me Corbnat) (Meronft) ot Cabon &anton ceto atom Covalen Molecusa
(Except cobonats of
Na, k,P, Cs) MP9 Covalet soif Lonfe selfl Moletud
Negcoy uy meltna ne When fontc Covwpevnds dfssolved n Aao,

)Aeto Ntaatts Energy HP Lattc knetay

MO + No t 0 Ayaratfeu (nE) qtq
(met Nttor) (Metl extde)
(Except a, M, A\, c3) meta EnergY Polasatfon
Mo,t0, #Covalent Gond
Na,k,A, ESLE
lompound ?S Cevmpoud ts
Soluble Inioluble. tuo atoms havtng sfmfias comparebe
electzonegattveres.
3) Metot Aydroxaes Valeney
Mbn) MO+ H
(an metel hyòtsfoe) (Metol ed3) Letrovatvy Lovaleny
Ayaoltd Ractf horg ou low a gafned by au eleme one Coodenate bonde
(hon sone fotmed by au atoms
chairga)
M[HCO2)
(A metot bRorbenates) (Met cotonote)
It Smallb onton
|(F,o, on)
Cooraton No.8 No. ot atoms Pn susTowdmg
MO +S0
(AN metodMSO4
Suphatt) (Meto oA)

CN=2

tso er sprcies havng 1Covaleny Coovdmat"

(ypsag (rasee plastey
Fven
* humbCant be more than 6 due to
1
Covaltut ChotejPolosatfo
Cerlet M(ON MO
 by bont's tule, we Know ht l e EN S$
bae to Back-Bovdfg Bo1, B, 60E T atom wll be bonded by ybid ortta
asked chost poloztty more yeS.
Due to PocK Bondg
leuât base streugth ses
Bj Duug to back Gonoig Bond | Molerule
OAEN >0
BA(O) Isec it donog ajom s lhybsiafsed bondePolos Moleule Noa Polbsy

4 Due to bocK bonong bend-olay Moleeule’tolas

ORyrilsotcn ser by one sikstcAo" g Fuà poloyo ollosng borde molerales.

donct atom fs hybiAsed
fnd dipote wmomest o jellou ng molecula.
donco
atom Pr not hybotesed (orago tompound) bondafolest
Su=
BondPolas M=0
MolRCule>Noy
Polasy Anet=o
MoleeuletNon-poloG
31 Sncu (s)
Bond Polas
(o) Hnet =3A
C
Moletul@ ’ Polae,
In BtoA) qlso, back bondng ts obsened 19

centto atome

Tadfcals) Con nev e ZerO,

hybaf9soiton

’ t s also called 3centoe-2electoon/6c-2¬

bord Vondedatoms 1e

molRule atwys zro.

KNor planet- bord SyMmetic rtc No. S ((p=3)
molecle
*GNNalby, ces torm ot auy mslecule Es moe
H poiasn thon ttans tom.
Penect No lone pait

(toans) (Ces)
’Wnero hyagn #Atà qnd Bases
Atheius Theey
sfze A B< cA0 Sübstance
#Otpole Moment 8 (H) AEN
bubstonee

09rectton dRstance
Less EN to most EN
atom
#Bent's Rule ( ) Bond Angle &>
’ AcoràBng to nts le, tne hybrtd otbilals R
t cntrol atom con have dRHr S Whetboicaton When hybsàsatfon
characR.

utu have high s-chatoceor. (as Yes Dses sp sp sps

electronegattvtby tse). S
"o-I-o
Aso, no of lp fs aso same (nt 2èr)

Case-o1 Caseo
F 6qde tem’Some spae atom
3
Cnto atom>,
’For tne bond cngte e, Po4, cAo ’ Same as so ( RS poss? Ble)
eond Arge EN o CA Bend
Argle
tom
) Gond ength 83
chenfcoA bouded atems.
#Drago's Aule ?o 3y Beclu Bily> CUH (sp.sp*, sp)
he_her pasnled elements ath
one sy more lone patrs, Biere doês not
to
S CA4 = C (Wotp.so BAis nct telatkdEN)
IFKe apre portPtal, thug the-tt 7 Bond Length d Fze ct tonded atoms
pure.
haosp hybofdsed with #Electron De,fzfent Bondng
AsHs Ha se Y Fos all these hydtdes, back-BenafMg brBoge/BananA Bevdtng
sp
and only pure p ) Bond Oràt: ’ t îs T-Coebdinatt bond.
orbtals exist at 90
Thas, no hybdPsetiou bond codeg b/ two atoms Can be Calculatd a
dpned tor these Por boch- bonderg, Cond on donos ans
molecales
By ISoelecttenfc MoT
# Resononce trom
6
hove sone Bo.
’ Resononce Es delocallsatAon ot -electzonc. stbuctt Usesekes bonot otom
Acceptor ato m
’st is when all he propaAes o C OMost haVe lone pofo OMust have q loyMORY
ingle
Conpond conet be expatned by'a ctng NCTE; Bond Length
stouctseyand sega£re tw ot More |O uct belovg to 2hd
Mast belog to 2h
hypo theico stuetue te explafn aprop S3d
Cof

N 3 So,2 Atleast One ct ot dowot s aeepto

Resonattug sttucwer Aesonane
AybPd
CAypothetcod) ( Reo)
| so H3
So
So
that tt tan dono

Bord thees ip to Bobon

Oue tosmall sfze 2 tgo ip-p epulsioM, back bond
 Chemteol Bondtng -2
Strutuse ot stugle cental aton copounds
* Cenisal atom shoulà have tollowna feats F

xe (Pyophosphenc

k renet olly, these atom behove as sutourti

atos. F, , Br, I, A, O (stngly bevded) F

*St ye chabge preswt and 0- atom prered Paoro(Phosphorous

Pentaoàe)
ahways proitol Ve chae to o atom Fosmal chorçe> Charge cu parteulos atom
KFRept ove CovnattRon, provèe e e Pn lewis dot stuctye (aTawn cbov).
-Ve chorge to Centtod otom, alwoys.
3

bo -+
() Compounàs ot Netrogen
Stucturesst Enpotavt Compondsi
(augtng
Ico -N=N=0
(trogen fertaoide)
Hsog
'acd) (yoasuph,Adà/
breaK onc -bond s they cawt have >8e t
oieuu
H0 HO-
Has0g
acta) 'acfa)

ao-8-{s5)- # Valence bond Theory

*Auordbng to thts heoy, bod s totmed to
ASnos
(foythiete oâ) posaozout otl)
* In bono totmatnvaleMCe shel
Suctwe portepatt
Formatkon oft H
S
-Gond length
(sos)
() Cowpounds ot Choyre

Cla0s *Valnce bovd heory exylans bend tobmaton

by two theotes,
(Chlone
Tifonde)
Iofs drerlapping t
#OveolappBny
’veriappiMg means Commenly shard vouwe.
’Acooalmg to thts theory orttls ovetop
to tosm bond
 #CGnatMows jor moletles to mot ts t
* EKCept hovtng B=0 Qcordtng to MoT, non
exPstece ot a molecule con alao b d to
followng rte eason..

2^ peslod atoms cont expond theto- ackel

a thty dot hove dorbtt. So

NClS ()

hybyatcaton Contaivkng drotto Con neves,

be toomed bcz H-tom alone Cowt exctte
d-otl bol.
PFS
PAs )
s3

t poly-P speeles, bord fotmatfon es not

postble.
F hat small s2,

Sci )jor hexavalent A

hegtayaltnt mokrals