Engineering Physics-Laboratory Manual (Mechanics practical) USTM, Semester-I

Department of Physics
University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya

Laboratory Manual for Engineering Physics

(As per academic syllabus)

For semester-I

Achyut Ch. Haloi

Laboratory Officer
Department of Physics, USTM

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 Engineering Physics-Laboratory Manual (Mechanics practical) USTM, Semester-I

GENERAL LAB INSTRUCTIONS

1. Students should attend the lab neatly with proper prescribed uniform.
2. Students should keep a record notebook which they should bring it to every lab class. After
successful completion of each experiment, they should write it in the fair laboratory note book
to be signed from concerned faculty member.
3. Before any cycle of experiments, a class is to be spent on demonstrating the experiments.
Students should not miss any class and must be attentive.
4. Students should work out the theory and study the procedure thoroughly for the lab experiment
from the manual and to come well prepared.
5. They should bring their required things like scientific calculator, eraser, pencil, pen etc by their
own. Borrowing things from others will be considered as creation of disturbance.
6. Students should not go to others‟ table leaving their place without any valid reason. Silence to
be maintained throughout the duration of the class.
7. Students should perform the experiments systematically and write their observations neatly in
the record note book with pen. After completing the experiment, they should do the calculations
neatly and show the record to their faculty member and get attestation.
8. After completion of an experiment, they should write it in fair note book and get attestation
from their concerned faculty member, showing both record note book as well as fair note book.
Attestation in fair note book after more than 7 days of completion of an experiment will lead to
negative marking.
9. For any unavoidable reason, if a student misses class, it becomes his responsibility to complete
the missed experiments as soon as possible after getting permission from the faculty in-charge/
HoD.
10. In every lab class, the students have to sign in a register while receiving the apparatus from the
laboratory officer. After completing the experiment, they should hand over the apparatus and
sign in the register again, failing which it would be assumed that they haven't returned the
apparatus and the cost of the apparatus will be collected from them. So it is the responsibility of
the students to return the apparatus to the laboratory officer as soon as they complete the lab
work.

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Content
Exp. No. Experiment Page. No.
1 Determination of value of g using Bar pendulum. 4
2 Determination of value of g using Kater‟s Pendulum. 9
3 Determination of focal length of a convex lens by using
optical bench. 14

4 To determine the magnetic dipole moment (m) of a bar

magnet and horizontal intensity (BH) of earth‟s magnetic
field using a deflection magnetometer and vibration 20
magnetometer.

5 Determination of the young's modulus of the material of

a wire. 24

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EXPERIMENT NO. 01

DETERMINATION OF VALUE OF g USING BAR PENDULUM.

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 Engineering Physics-Laboratory Manual (Mechanics practical) USTM, Semester-I

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of value of g using Bar pendulum.

APPARATUS: (i) a bar or compound pendulum (ii) a wedge (iii) a sprit level (iv) a meter rod (v) a
stop watch (vi) knife edges

THEORY: If a graph is plotted between the distance the knife edges from the centre of gravity
taken along the x axis and the corresponding time period t taken along the y axis for a bar
pendulum then the shape of the graph is shown in fig.

If a horizontal line ABCDE is drawn, it cut the graphs in points A, B and D,E about which the time
period is the same the points A and D or B and E lie on opposite sides of the center of gravity at
unequal distance such that the time period about this point is the same. Hence one of these
corresponds to the center of suspension and the other to the center of oscillation. The distance
AD or BE gives the length of the equivalent simple pendulum L. If t is the corresponding time
period then,

t = 2π√

Or g =

If l1 and l2 are the distances of the point of suspension and the point of oscillation from the center
of gravity, then

Radius of gyration (K) = √

And moment of inertia I = MK2, where M is the mass of the bar pendulum.

SAMPLE PROCEDURE:

(i) We have pasted a small piece of paper on either end of the compound s pendulum.
We have marked one side A and the other side B.
(ii) We have placed the knife edges in the first hole on either side parallel to each other
and have made them tight so that the sharp edge is pointing towards the center of
gravity.
(iii) We have placed a spirit level on the glass plates fixed on the glass bracket in the wall
meant for suspending the pendulum and see that the upper surfaces of the glass plates
are in the same level.
(iv) Suspend the pendulum from the knife edge on the side A so that the knife edge is
perpendicular to the edge of the slot and the pendulum is hanging parallel to the wall.
(v) We have set the pendulum into vibration with a small amplitude of about 5 0 and have
allowed it to make a few vibration so that these become regular. We have noted the
time taken for 20 vibrations.

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(vi) Then we have measured the distance between the C.G. and the inner edge of the knife
edge.
(vii) Then we have suspended it on the knife edge on side B and repeated the observations.
(viii) We have repeated the observations with the knife edges in 2 nd 3rd and 4th etc., holes
on either side of the center of gravity. We should keep in mind that the knife edges are
always placed symmetrically with respect to C.G.

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS:

SL SIDE-A SIDE-B
NO.
TIME FOR 20 Time Distance TIME FOR 20 Time Distance
VIBRATIONS (Sec) period from VIBRATIONS period from
C.G. C.G.
1 2 Mean ‘t’ 1 2 Mean ‘t’

1 32.13 31.5 31.81 1.59 45 32.16 31 31.58 1.57 45

2 31.2 30.13 30.66 1.53 40 30.8 29.8 30.3 1.51 40

3 30.6 29.54 30.07 1.50 35 30.6 29.1 29.85 1.49 35

4 29.1 28.85 28.97 1.44 30 29 28.9 28.95 1.44 30

5 28.47 28.59 28.53 1.42 25 28.60 28.81 28.70 1.43 25

6 31.19 30.37 30.78 1.53 20 31.22 30.19 30.70 1.53 20

7 33.2 32.25 32.72 1.63 15 33.13 32.72 32.92 1.64 15

8 38.3 37.69 37.99 1.9 10 37.9 37.7 37.8 1.89 10

9 51.17 50.63 50.9 2.54 5 51.19 50.56 50.87 2.54 5

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SAMPLE GRAPH:

Side B Side A

Time Period

A B C D

45 35 20 5 5 20 35 45
Distance from C.G.

We have taken y axis in the middle of the graph paper. We have represented the distance from
the C.G. along x axis and time period along y axis.

(i) We have plotted the distance on the side A to the right and the distance on the side B
to the left of the origin.
(ii) We have drawn smooth curves on either side of the y axis passing through the plotted
points. Now to find the value of g we do the following steps-
(iii) We have drawn a line parallel to x axis cutting the curves at the point ABCDE.
(iv) We have selected point like B and A and C on the graph on the two sides of the C.G.
having same time period. We have measured the distance AC and BD.

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FROM GRAPH

SL NO. Length of equivalent simple pendulum Time period From graph

(i) (ii) Mean (L) T (sec)

1 AC= 55cm BD= 55 cm 55 cm 1.5 24.44

Therefore,

g=

 g=
 g = 964.04cm/s2
 g = 9.64 m/s2

Actual value of g = 9.8 m/s2

Therefore, Percentage of error = X 100%
=| |X100%
= 1.6 %
SAMPLE RESULT:

The experimental value of g is found to be (9.64±1.6%) m/s2

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) The knife edges should be horizontal and the bar pendulum parallel to the wall.
(ii) Amplitude should be small.
(iii) The time period should be noted after the pendulum has made a few vibrations and
the vibrations have become regular.
(iv) The two knife edges should always lie symmetrically with respect to the C.G.
(v) The distances should be measured from the knife edges.
(vi) The graph drawn should be a free hand curve.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Slight error is introduced due to (i) resistance of error (ii) curvature of knife edges,
(iii) yielding of support and (iv) finite amplitude.
2. The stop watch may not be very accurate.

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SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:

(i) What is the scientific and technological importance of this experiment ?

(ii) What understanding you built with this experiment ?
(iii) What are importance precutions we should take while perform this experiment ?
(iv) Define moment of inertia. What is it‟s S.I. unit ?
(v) What do you mean by radius of gyration ?
(vi) What is the advantages of taking more reading ?
(vii) What is the relation between time period and length of the pendulum?
(viii) What is the relation between moment of inertia and radius of gyration ?
(ix) Why the knife edges should be horizontal and the bar pendulum parallel to the
wall.
(x) Is there any difference between a bar pendulum and a compound pendulum?

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EXPERIMENT NO.02
DETERMINATION OF VALUE OF g USING KATER’S PENDULUM.

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of value of g using Kater’s Pendulum.

APPARATUS USED: (i) Katter’s pendulum (ii) stop watch (iii) meter rod (iv) knife edges.

THEORY: Katter’s pendulum is a compound pendulum constructed on the principle that center of
oscillation and center of suspension are interchangeable. It consists of a brass or a steel bar
capable of vibrating about two adjustable knife edges K1 and K2 facing each other. Two metal
weights W and w can be made to slide along the length of the bar and can be clamped in any
position. A wooden weight ‘W’ exactly similar to the metal weight W can also slide along the bar.
The smaller weight w is placed between two knife edges and the bigger weight W is fixed at one
end while the wooden weight w is kept symmetrically at the other end of the bar. In this position
the center of gravity lies in between and near one end of the knife edges.

The position of the two knife edges and the weight W are so adjusted that the time period
of the pendulum about the two knife edges are equal. In such a case, one knife edge at the center
of oscillation with respect to the other and the distance between the two knife edges is equal to
the length of an equivalent simple pendulum L. If t is time period then the acceleration due to
gravity ‘g’ can be found out from the relation,

t = 2π√

It is however very difficult and tedious to make the time of oscillation about the two knife edges
exactly equal. Bassel showed that it was not absolutely necessary to make the time periods about
the two knife edges exactly equal the calculations of the value of ‘g’ can be made if time periods
were very nearly equal , the difference being not more than 0.01 second.

If t1 and t2 are time periods about the two knife edges K1and K2 respectively and l1 the
distance of the knife edges K1 and l2 that of knife edge K2 from the center of gravity, then

t1 = 2π√ and t2 = 2π√

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K1

K2

/
B W

Now from above equation

𝑡 → (i)

𝑡 → (ii)

Now (i) – (ii) =>

= +

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 g =

If t1 and t2 are very nearly equal and l1 and l2 differ by a fairly large amount, the second term will
be very small and hence if it’s value is determined with only a fair degree of accuracy, the error in
the result will be practically negligible, then

If t1 = t2 = t then

g=

SAMPLE PROCEDURE:

(i) We have to shift the weight W to one end A of Katter’s Pendulum and fix it. We have to
fix the knife edge K1 just below it. The weight W is kept at one end of the rod to shift
the Centre of gravity of the pendulum to one side. The two points about which the time
period is the same will now lie at unequal distance from the C.G. on either side of it.
(ii) We have to keep the knife edge K2 at the other end B and the small weight w nearly in
the center. We have to fix the wooden weight W/ at the end B in a position
symmetrically to the metal weight W. Since the pendulum is thus made symmetrical
about its middle point, the error due to air drag is minimized.
(iii) We have to suspend the pendulum about the knife edge K 1 and set it into vibrations
with small amplitude. We have to start the stopwatch when the pendulum is just
passing through its equilibrium position and count. We have to count one when the
pendulum again passes through its equilibrium position in the same direction and so
on. We have to note the time taken for 20 vibrations.
(iv) Now we have to suspend the pendulum about the knife edge K 2 and find the time for
20 vibrations. We have to adjust the position of the knife edge K 2 so that time period of
the pendulum about K2 is very nearly the same as that about the knife edge K1
(v) We have to repeat the experiment for three times.
(vi) We have to balance the pendulum on a sharp wedge and make the position of its
center of gravity. We have to measure the distance of the knife edge K 1 as well as that
of K2 from the center of gravity.

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SAMPLE OBSERVATION:

TIME FOR 20 VIBRATIONS

KNIFE EDGE (I) (II) (III) MEAN TIME

PERIOD

K1 32.18 32.30 31.97 32.15 t1 = 1.60

K2 31.98 32.20 31.87 32.01 t2 = 1.60

Distance of knife edge K1 from C.G., l1 = 0.205 m

Distance of knife edge K2 from C.G., l2 = 0.42 m

Therefore,

l1+ l2 = 0.625 m

l1 – l2 = -0.215 m

Hence,

g =

= 9.61 m/s2

Actual value of g = 9.81 m/s2

Therefore % of error = | |X 100%

= 0.01938 X 100 %

= 1.93 %

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SAMPLE RESULT: The value of g is (9.61±1.93%) m/s2

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) The heavy weight should be placed at one end so that the C.G. lies near one of the
knife edges and wooden weight W/ symmetrically at the other end to avoid error due
to air drug.
(ii) The two knife edges should be parallel to each other.
(iii) The amplitude of vibration should be small so that the median of the pendulum
satisfies the condition sinθ = θ.
(iv) To avoid any irregularity of motion the time period should be noted after the
pendulum has made few vibrations and the vibrations have become regular.

SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:

(i) What is the scientific and technological importance of this experiment ?

(ii) What are the practical applications based on the theory and outcome of this
experiment ?
(iii) What understanding you built with this experiment ?
(iv) What are importance precutions we should take while perform this experiment ?
(v) Why the two knife edges should be parallel to each other ?
(vi) Why the amplitude of vibration should be small ?
(vii) What is the advantages of taking more reading ?
(viii) What is the relation between time period and length of the pendulum?
(ix) Is there any difference between a bar pendulum and a kater‟s pendulum?
(x) Define restoring force.
(xi) What are the basic characteristics of Simple Harmonic Oscillations.

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EXPERIMENT NO.03
TO DETERMINE THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX
LENS BY USING GRAPHICAL METHOD.

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To determine the focal length of a convex lens by using optical
bench.
APPARATUS: (i) optical bench (ii) convex lens (iii) objects (iv) Image pins
THEORY: converging lens are convex lens that converge to the central axis. If we have an object
distance of „u‟ and image distance of „v‟ then the focal length „f‟ is
=
 f = cm
SAMPLE PROCEDURE:
(i) We obtain a sharp image of a distance object on the wall of the laboratory with the convex lens
and the distance between the convex lens and the image measured roughly with a motor rular would
give the approximate focal length of the lens.
(ii) Arrange the lens in the lens holder of the optical bench and place the object pin. Object pin
should be at O.
(iii)We move the image pin and adjust it‟s position till the parallax between the image pin and
object pin is removed.
(iv)Then we record the distance “u” between the object pin and distance “v” between image pin and
lens
(v)We repeat the process three times by the object distance “u”.
(vi)Finally the focal length at the given convex lens is calculated with the formula.

SAMPLE OBSERVATION:
Lens fixed at 50 cm

SI No. Object distance Image distance Focal length Mean focal length
u (cm) v (cm) f (cm) f (cm)
1 40 43 20.72
2 38 45 20.60 20.52
3 35 48 20.24

RESULT: Therefore, the focal length of the convex lens is 20.52 cm.

PRECAUTIONS:
(i) Convex lens should have a longer focal length than the concave lens.
(ii) The tip of the needle, the Centre of convex lens, concave lens and the objective of the telescope
should be at the same height.
(iii) To check that the focal length of the convex lens is greater than that that of the concave lens,
see that the combination when the two lenses are placed in contact is concave. In other words, the
power of the concave lens is greater than that of the convex lens.
SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:

(i) What is the scientific and technological importance of this experiment?

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(ii) What are the practical applications based on the theory and outcome of this
experiment?
(iii) What understanding you built with this experiment?
(iv) What do you mean by focal length?
(v) What is the relation between u, v and f?
(vi) What is difference between convex lens and a concave lens?
(vii) What are the uses of convex lens?
(viii) Whether focal length is positive or negative for convex lens?
(ix) What do you mean by power of a lens?
(x) What is the unit of power?

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EXPERIMENT NO.04
TO DETERMINE THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
(M) OF A BAR MAGNET AND HORIZONTAL INTENSITY
(BH) OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD USING A
DEFLECTION MAGNETOMETER AND VIBRATION
MAGNETOMETER.

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To determine the magnetic dipole moment (m) of a bar magnet
and horizontal intensity (BH) of earth‟s magnetic field using a deflection magnetometer and
vibration magnetometer.
APPARATUS: (i) Deflction magnetometer (ii) Box-type vibration magnetometer (iii) timer (iv)Ba
r magnet (v) Brass rod / Bar
THEORY: The horizontal component of the Earth‟ magnetic field (BH) is the component of the
magnetic field of the Earth along a horizontal plane whose normal vector passes through the centre
of the earth.
The magnetic dipole moment (m) of a magnetic dipole
is the property of the dipole which tnds to align the dipole parallel to an external magnetic field.
TANGENT LAW: If an external magnetic field B is present, a bar magnet experiences a torque
(τD) which tends to deflect the bar from its original orientation parallel to BH
τD = mBCosθ ………………………..(i)
„θ‟ is the angle between bar magnet and BH.
The bar magnet experinces a restoring torque ( τR) due to BH
τR = BHsinθm……………………….(ii)
In equilibrium,
τD = τR
 mBCosθ = BHsinθm
 B = BHTanθ ………………(iii)
The aove relation gives the equilibrium orientation of a magnet suspended in a region with two
mutually perpendicular fields.
Vibration magnetometer: The equation of motion of the bar magnet suspended horizontally in
the earth‟s magnetic field is

I ̈ + mBHsinθ = 0

For small θ, time period T = 2π√

Where, I = M is the moment of inertia of a br magnet.

L → Length of magnet
B → Breadth of magnet

Or we have mBH = 4π2 = x (say)

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DEFLECTION MAGNETOMETER:
TanA position: In tanA position, prior to placement of bar magnet, the compass box is rotated so
that the 0-0 line is parallel to the arm of the magnetometer. Then the magnetometer as a whole is
rotated till pointer reads (0-0). The bar magnet is then placed horizontally parallel to the arm of the
magnetometer.
Magnetic field B due to the bar magnet is given by-

B=

Where, l = , half length of the magnet

m = magnetic moment of the magnet

d = distance from centre of bar magnet to centre of compass.
If „θ‟ is the deflection of the aluminium pointers

BH Tanθ =

Or = 107 Tanθ = y (say) ……………………..(iv)

TanB position: In this position, prior to placement of bar magnet, the compass box alone is rotated
so that the 90-90 line is parallel to the arm of the magnetometer. Then the magnetometer as a whole
is rotated so that the pointer reads (0-0). Finally the bar magnet is placed horizontally
perpendicular to the arm of the magnetometer.
The field due to the bar magnet in the centre of compass is given by-

B = BH Tanθ = ⁄

⁄
Or = 107 Tanθ = y (say) ……………………..(iv)

Y= is the average value of

BH = √ ⁄ [using (ii), (iii) & (iv)] ……………………..(v)

m=√

PROCEDURE

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(i) To calculate x = MBH, the time period of oscillations of the bar magnet is calculated
using the vibration magnetometer.
(ii) Next the bar magnet is placed in the defection magnetometer for TanA position such the
aluminium pointer‟s deflections is θ = 300. The above step is repeated with N-Pole
pointing towards the compass and the south pole facing the compass both from left and
right sides of the compass.
(iii) Similarly the above step in TanB position of the dflection magnetmeter.

CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS:

READINGS OF VIBRATION MAGNETOMETER:

Time for 10 oscillations (mins) T, Time period Average Time

(s) x 60 Period (s)
1 2 t (mean)

1.12 1.13 1.125 6.75

6.75
1.13 1.12 1.12 6.75

Mass, M of bar magnet (+ brass bar) = 0.06366 kg

L = 7.7 cm
b = 1.1 cm

I = (0.06366) x x 10-4

 I = 0.321 x 10-4 kgm2

Using equation (ii)

mBH = 4π2

or x = 0.278 x 10-4 kgm2/s2

READINGS OF DEFLECTION MAGNETOMETER:

:

Average
For TanA position = 107 Tanθ
J/T 2 of

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Deflections (Degree) Mean J/T2

Distance d
(m) θ (y)

12900.
0.1695 30 32 30 30 30.50
84
12909.63
For TanA position = 107 Tanθ
J/T2
0.125 30 30 30 30 30 12918.
43

θ1 and θ2 correspond to readings taken right of the compass.

θ3 and θ4 correspond to readings taken left of the compass.
Using equation (iv),
BH = √ ⁄

 BH = √ T
-4
 BH = 0.464 x 10 T
 BH = 0.464 G

m=√ = 0.599 J/T

Hence the horizontal component of earth‟s magnetic field (BH) is measured as 0.464 G.
The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is measured to be 0.599 J/T or 0.6 J/T.
Precautions:
(i) While measuring the time period in the vibration magnetometer, no other magnet should
be near it.
(ii) Only the bar magnet should be present while measuring dflection in the compass pointer
of the deflected magnetometer.

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EXPERIMENT NO.05
DETERMINATION OF THE YOUNG'S MODULUS OF THE MATERIAL OF A
WIRE.

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of the young's modulus of the material of a

wire.

APPRATUS USED:

THEORY: When the deforming force is applied to a body in such a manner that its length is
changed, longitudinal or linear strain is produced in the body. The internal force of reaction or
the restoring force trying to restore its length. Restoring force acts along the length of the body
and its magnitude per unit cross-sectional area is the normal stress. The ratio of the change in
the length of the body to its initial length is known as longitudinal strain. According to Hooke’s
law, the ratio of this normal stress and the longitudinal strain is called Young’s modulus of
elasticity , Y.

Thus, if a uniform cylindrical wire of length L and cross-section area A is stretched in length by
applying a force F acting along its length, the internal restoring force equals the external force
in the equilibrium state, then

Longitudinal strain = ……………………..(1)

And Normal stress = = ……………..(2)

where, m is the mass of the load, g is the acceleration due to gravity and r is the radius of the wire.

Therefore, Young’s modulus (Υ) =

⁄
 Y= ⁄
= ……………….(3)

As stress is force per unit area, it’s CGS unit is dyne/cm2. A strain is a ratio and has no
dimension. Young modulus is, therefore, expressed in the same unit of stress. The dimensional
formula for Young’s modulus is ML–1T–2.
Sample procedure:

1. At first unzip “Young’s Modulus_vle (zipped)” File. Click on the executable file “Youngs
Modulus_vle” then a window will open as shown in Fig. 1.
2. Select the material of the wire whose Young’s modulus you want to determine by
choosing steel from the rectangle box on the top left (Arrow-1) of Fig. 1.

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3. Adjust the diameter (0.6 mm) of the steel wire using the circular knob on the top
(Arrow- 2) as shown in Fig. 1. Keep the material and diameter of the wire unchanged
throughout your experiment.
4. Start with the wire totally unloaded but with just the hanger to keep the wire straight (
this can be considered as dead load).

5. Add a 1 kg of mass using the circular knob near the bottom of the screen (Arrow-3) as
indicated in Fig. 1. Record the extension of the wire as seen through the microscope.
You have to wait for a few seconds until the oscillation of the red pointer in the field of
view of the microscope is stopped. Remember that the microscope scale in 1/10ths of
mm, i.e., its 1 division equal to 0.1 mm.
6. Repeat step 5 by increasing load one by one up to 8 kg. These are reading with the
loads increasing on the hanger.

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7. Take out the load one by one from the hanger and obtain another set of readings for
loads decreasing.
8. Each time measure the length of the experimental wire from the point of suspension
to the point where the travelling microscope is fixed due to the measurement of the
extension.
9. Calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire from the diameter measured by the
micrometer (Screw gauge).

10. Draw the mean elongation versus load graph with elongation along the ordinate and
load along the abscissa.
11. Calculate the slope/gradient of the graph and then Young’s modulus of the wire using
the above data and the working formula (Eq. 3).
SAMPLE OBSERVATION:
(A) Diameter of the wire, d = . . . cm
Therefore, radius of the wire, r = 𝑑 = ………cm
2

Area of cross section of the wire, 𝜋𝑟2= ………cm2

(B) Initial length of the wire = 120 cm
(C) Reading for elongation versus load
Table 1: Reading for measuring the mean elongation

No. of Additional load on Reading for the elongation l (cm) Mean elongation
observation the hanger m (gm) Load increasing Load decreasing l (cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

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D. Plot a graph of elongation vs. load

Elongation, l in cm
∆𝒍

∆𝒎

𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆𝑙
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ∆𝒎
∆𝒎

Load, m in gm
=

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
⁄
Y= = = dyne/ cm2
⁄

SAMPLE RESULT:
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑠, 𝑌 =.............. 𝑑 𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚2

= .............. 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2

ERROR ANALYSIS:

% 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = X 100 % = ….. %

PRECAUTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS:

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SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:

Based on understanding by conducting this experiment, answer the following questions:

1) Why it is necessary to wait for a while before taking the reading after putting a load on
the hanger or removing a load from the hanger?
2) If the length and the diameter of the wire are changed, will there be any change in the
value of Young’s modulus of that wire?
3) On what factors do the value of Young’s modulus depends?
4) Explain briefly the effect of temperature on Young’s modulus.
5) Why steel is more elastic than rubber?
6) Mention some uses of Young’s modulus in our practical life.

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