Scribd
Upload
2 views

SOLUTION copy

The document outlines the design of a 3-bit circuit in Verilog to compute Y=X−3 using three 1-bit full subtractor cells. It details the requirements, the logic for the full subtractor, and provides the Verilog code for both the full subtractor module and the main subtraction circuit. The explanation includes how the borrow signals are managed and verifies the operation with an example calculation.

Uploaded by

ac7sikee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

SOLUTION copy

The document outlines the design of a 3-bit circuit in Verilog to compute Y=X−3 using three 1-bit full subtractor cells. It details the requirements, the logic for the full subtractor, and provides the Verilog code for both the full subtractor module and the main subtraction circuit. The explanation includes how the borrow signals are managed and verifies the operation with an example calculation.

Uploaded by

ac7sikee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

To model a 3-bit circuit for computing the equation Y=X−3 in Verilog, we need to design a

module that instantiates three 1-bit full subtractor cells. Each cell will perform a single bit of the
subtraction operation. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of how to design and implement this.

Step 1: Understand the Requirement

We need to compute Y=X−3 for a 3-bit input X. Since the operation is subtraction by a fixed
value (3), we can represent "3" in binary as 011. We’ll subtract this value bit-by-bit using three
full subtractor cells.

 Inputs:
o X: 3-bit input
o Subtraction operand (constant value 3 represented as 011)
 Outputs:
o Y: 3-bit output result of X−3
o Carry out (borrow) signals for each stage: cout0, cout1 to indicate borrow at
each bit level

Step 2: Design a 1-Bit Full Subtractor

A full subtractor circuit performs subtraction on each individual bit and accounts for a "borrow"
from the previous bit position. A typical full subtractor has:

 Inputs: a (the minuend bit), b (the subtrahend bit), and bin (borrow-in from the previous
stage)
 Outputs: d (difference bit) and bout (borrow-out)

The logic for a full subtractor can be defined as:

 Difference: d=a⊕b⊕bin
 Borrow out: bout=(∼a⋅b)+(bin⋅∼(a⊕b))

Step 3: Write the Verilog Code

1. Define the Full Subtractor Module: We’ll start by defining a 1-bit full subtractor
module.
2. Define the Main Module (DXM3): This will instantiate three copies of the full
subtractor, connecting them in a chain where each bit of X is subtracted from the
corresponding bit of 3 (011).
// Full Subtractor Module (1-bit)
module full_subtractor(
input a, // Minuend bit
input b, // Subtrahend bit
input bin, // Borrow-in
output d, // Difference bit
output bout // Borrow-out
);
assign d = a ^ b ^ bin; // Difference calculation
assign bout = (~a & b) | (bin & ~(a ^ b)); // Borrow-out calculation
endmodule

// Main Module: 3-bit Subtraction Circuit for Y = X - 3


module DXM3(
input [2:0] X, // 3-bit input X
output [2:0] Y, // 3-bit output Y = X - 3
output cout1, cout0 // Borrow signals for each stage
);
wire b0, b1; // Intermediate borrow signals

// Subtracting each bit of X from corresponding bit of 3 (binary: 011)


full_subtractor fs0 (.a(X[0]), .b(1'b1), .bin(1'b0), .d(Y[0]), .bout(b0)); // Least
significant bit
full_subtractor fs1 (.a(X[1]), .b(1'b1), .bin(b0), .d(Y[1]), .bout(b1)); // Middle bit
full_subtractor fs2 (.a(X[2]), .b(1'b0), .bin(b1), .d(Y[2]), .bout(cout1)); // Most
significant bit

// Assigning the borrow out of the first stage to cout0 for verification
assign cout0 = b0;
endmodule
Explanation of the Code

1. Full Subtractor Module:


o This module performs subtraction for a single bit.
o It takes three inputs: a (bit from X), b (bit from 3), and bin (borrow from the
previous bit position).
o The module computes d as the difference and bout as the borrow out.
o The calculations are done using bitwise logic expressions for the XOR and AND
operations.
2. Main Module (DXM3):
o This is the 3-bit subtraction circuit for computing Y=X−3.
o X is the 3-bit input. We instantiate three copies of the full_subtractor module,
each corresponding to one bit of the subtraction operation.
o First Bit (Least Significant Bit):
 Subtract X[0] from 1 with no initial borrow (bin = 0).
 The result is stored in Y[0], and the borrow out from this operation is
stored in b0.
o Second Bit:
 Subtract X[1] from 1, using b0 (borrow out from the first bit) as the
borrow in.
 The result is stored in Y[1], and the borrow out is stored in b1.
o Third Bit (Most Significant Bit):
 Subtract X[2] from 0 (since we only subtract 011).
 Use b1 as the borrow in.
 The result is stored in Y[2], and the borrow out is stored in cout1.
3. Outputs:
o Y[2:0] contains the 3-bit result for Y=X−3
o cout0 and cout1 are provided as outputs to indicate the borrow states for each bit
position.

Example Calculation

To verify, let's calculate the result of the subtraction for a sample input, say X=5X = 5X=5
(binary 101):

1. Binary representation of 5: 101


2. Subtract 011:
o Bit 0: 1−1=0, no borrow.
o Bit 1: 0−1=1 (borrow 1).
o Bit 2: 1−0−1=0.
3. Result Y=010, which is 2 in decimal.
This matches 5−3=2, confirming our circuit’s operation.

You might also like