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Effects of concrete by using waste tyre rubber (Solid waste)

Article in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research · January 2015

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research
ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 5 (2015) pp. 13221-13230
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com

Effects of Concrete By Using Waste tyre Rubber (Solid

Waste)

Shanmugapriya M
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Sathyabama University,Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India,
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
The Concrete is a predominant material used in construction and it competes
directly with all other major construction materials. Good-quality concrete is a
very durable material and should remain maintenance free for many years
when it has been properly designed for the service conditions.. The ductile
behavior will enable the concrete material to have the capacity to deform and
support flexural and tensile loads, even after initial cracking. Accumulations
of discarded tyres create major health hazard and occupy large volume of land
area, which is impossible in developing countries like India. As a possible
solution to the problem of scrap-tyre disposal, the rubber waste tyres can be
reused as a recycled material. To study the optimum quantity of the rubber
aggregate to be replaced in place of aggregate is determined by compromising
the strength and improving any one of the property of the concrete which
imparts low by using mineral aggregate. To evaluate rubber concrete material
properties through laboratory testing and develop test information that may aid
in the eventual goal of drafting a practical amount of rubber in concrete
specification for Light weight structural / low loading usage. Evaluate
improvement ductility and Toughness index of the concrete adding rubber
waste as a replacement of Coarse aggregate.

Keywords—Concrete, tyres, rubber , compressive strength

Introduction
Concrete is a predominant material used in construction and it competes directly with
all other major construction materials like timber, steel, asphalt, and stone, because of
its versatility in applications. However concrete is a composite material and its
properties can vary significantly depending on the choice of materials and proportions
for a particular application. However, concrete does have weaknesses that limit its use
in certain applications.
13222 Shanmugapriya M

Concrete is a brittle material with very low tensile strength. Thus, concrete is
generally not loaded in tension and reinforcing steel must be used to carry tensile
loads: inadvertent tensile loading causes cracking. The low ductility of concrete also
means that concrete lacks impact strength and toughness compared to metals. Another
issue would be to seek ways of making the concrete “green” or environmentally
friendly through the choice of materials while retaining the core advantages of
concrete. The scrap tyres are disposed by burning the tyres or landfills. Burning of
tyres creates air pollution and disposal on land filling has potential environmental
threat, fire hazard Another issue would be to seek ways of making the concrete
“green” or environmentally friendly through the choice of materials while retaining
the core advantages of concrete. The scrap tyres are disposed by burning the tyres or
landfills. Burning of tyres creates air pollution and disposal on land filling has
potential environmental threat, fire hazard
One of the material that has been suggested as a possible replacement of mineral
aggregates is rubber from used car tires. Tyres are shredded or grounded into crumbs
Tire Coarse Aggregate (TCA). TCA can be considered similar to coarse aggregate.As
a possible solution to the problem of scrap tyre disposal, an experimental study is
conducted to examine the potential of using tyre chips as an aggregate in Portland
cement concrete.To study the optimum quantity of the rubber aggregate to be replaced
in place of aggregate is determined by compromising the strength and improving any
one of the property of the concrete which imparts low by using mineral aggregate.To
evaluate rubber concrete material properties through laboratory testing and develop
test information that may aid in the eventual goal of drafting a practical amount of
rubber in concrete specification for Light weight structural / low loading usage.
Evaluate improvement ductility and Toughness index of the concrete adding rubber
waste as a replacement of Coarse aggregate.

Materials and Properties

Properties of various materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and
TCA(Tyre Coarse Aggregate) used in the test specimen were studied.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 53 Grade was used for the entire investigation.
The required quantity was procured, stored in air tight bags and used for experimental
work. The specific gravity of ordinary Portland cement is 3.15.
Depending upon the particle size distribution IS 383-1970 has divided the fine
aggregate into four grading zone. Locally available river sand is confirmed to zone III
of table 4 of IS 383– 1970.
The coarse aggregate used for the work is angular. The nominal size of the
aggregate was 20mm. Specific gravity of the coarse aggregate is 2.73. Procedure to
find nominal size and specific gravity is as per IS: 383-1970 and IS 2386 (part I)-
1963.
Waste tyre was procured and specific gravity was 1.18 and unit weight 1150
kg/m3and the tyre is cut into pieces with a grading of 12 to 20mm size aggregate and
the tyre aggregate is sieved and particle size distribution curve of the tyre aggregate is
shown in Figure No. 1
Effects of Concrete By Using Waste tyre Rubber (Solid Waste) 13223

Figure 1: Particle size distribution curve of tyre rubber concrete

Mix Design
According to IS 10262 - 2009, the concrete mix design is the process of selecting
suitable ingredients for concrete and determining their relative proportion with the
object of producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible. The grade of concrete used in the study was M35, mix
design is arrived as per IS: 10262 - 2009.Mix design for M35 grade is arrived as 1 :
1.61 : 3.24 with water content of 0.40.
The final mix proportions and mix ratio of M35 grade of concrete per 1 m3

Table 1: Mix Proportion

Fine
Water Content Cement Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate
158 lt/m3 395 Kg/m3 636 Kg/m3 1281 Kg/m3
W/C ratio 0.40 1.00 1.61 3.24

In order to evaluate the influence of waste tyre rubber particles in the concrete, the
coarse aggregate is replace with tyre rubber aggregate in percentages to the weight of
coarse aggregates. Since the specific gravity of the rubber aggregate is 1.18, the
replacement of tyre aggregate is done in 3, 6, 9 and 12% ,which will in turn replace
approximately 30% volume of the coarse aggregate for 12%. The concrete mix
proportions for M35 adding tyre aggregate is shown in the table below

Table 2: Mix Proportion For M35 Grade Coarse Aggregate

Compressive strength at 28 days

Grade of Concrete and % of
Compressive Percentag
rubber aggregate Load (KN)
strength( N/mm2) e decrease
C 825 36.67 -
3RA 721 32.04 12.63
13224 Shanmugapriya M

6RA 652 28.97 20.99

9RA 576 25.60 30.18
12RA 475 21.11 42.43

Casting of Specimen
The size of the cube is 150mm X 150mm X150mm, cylinder is 150mm diameter X
300mm height. The required quantity of the concrete was mixed with machine mixer.
Compaction of concrete in the mould was done with hand, since the density of the
tyre coarse aggregate is very less and almost to the density of water hence compaction
through vibration will leads to the tyre coarse aggregate to float on the surface of the
mould, hence hand compaction is sorted. Specimen was removed from the mould
after 24 hours. Specimens were cured in curing tank for 28 days.

Testing of Specimen
The casted specimens are tested for compressive strength tensile strength toughness
index.

A. Determination of Compressive Strength

The Concrete cubes to be tested is measured for its dimensions using measuring scale,
readings are noted and the area of the specimen is determined.
Compressive strength of cube is determined by compression testing machine. Load
was applied perpendicular to the direction of compaction. The compressive strength
of cube was determined at 28 days. The compressive strength was calculated in MPa.
Compressive strength = Ultimate Load / Area of loading direction
The specimen is tested after 28 days curing. The control specimen C, 3RA, 6RA,
9RA and 12RA in each 3 number of specimen is tested. The testing is done for
various percentage of tyre aggregate samples and the test results shows decrease in
the compressive strength. The control specimen for the M35 concrete for 28 days
curing is 36.67N/mm2. Reduction in compressive strength is noted for increasing in
various percentage of rubber aggregates.

Table 3: Compressive Strength For Various Mix

Mix Proportion For M35 Grade Coarse Aggregate Replaced By Rubber For 1
m3
Coarse Fine Percenta
Cement Water Rubbe
Specimen aggregate aggregate ge Of
kgs lts r Kgs
kgs kgs Rubber
C 395 158 1281 636 0 0
3RA 395 158 1220 636 3 61
6RA 395 158 1204 636 6 77
Effects of Concrete By Using Waste tyre Rubber (Solid Waste) 13225

9RA 395 158 1166 636 9 115

12RA 395 158 1127 636 12 154

B. Stress Strain Response

The test is carried out to determine the stress strain relationships for the specimens.
The Cylinder to be tested is measured for the diameter and height using measuring
scale. The dial gauges are fixed to concrete cylinder which is used to measure the
deflection. For every increment of loading by uniaxial compression, the deflection is
measured by means of dial gauge fixed between certain gauge length. The process of
loading is repeated till it fails and series of readings are taken and the stress strain
relationships is established.
The stress strain curve for various percentage of RCA specimen is obtained and
plotted in the graph as shown below.

Figure 2: Stress Strain Curve For Various Mix Proportions of Rubber

C. Tensile Strength
To determine the split Tensile strength the specimen is placed horizontally between
the loading surfaces of the compression testing machine. The value of the control mix
is in the range of 3.46 N/mm2. The value of the tyre aggregate specimen 3RA, 6RA,
9RA and 12RA reduced considerably and the value reduced to 1.90 N/mm2 which is
50% lesser than the control mix.

Table 4: Split Tensile Strength For Various Mix

Grade of Concrete and % Split tensile strength Percentage

of rubber aggregate (N/mm2) decrease
C 3.42 -
3RA 2.89 15.49
6RA 2.48 27.48
9RA 2.05 40.06
12RA 1.90 44.44
13226 Shanmugapriya M

D. Mode Of Crack Failure

The failure of tyre aggregate mix specimen in tension, was not brittle failureThe
reason for this behaviour may be due to large elastic deformation before failing. The
crack starts at the cement paste or at a mineral aggregate particle and propogate until
it reaches a piece of rubber aggregate, since the rubber does not fail under the tension
stresses which is capable of much higher resistance. The tension crack propogate
throughout the specimen only by going around the rubber aggregate, prolonging its
path and increase the area of the failure of surface. In the beginning the cracks are
lined up on the vertical diameter of the specimen, once the initial crack is fully
developed, several parallel formed in its vicinity and the cracks follows way around
the rubber aggregate

E. Toughness Index
Toughness of tyre coarse aggregate concrete was determined by calculating the area
under the stress–strain curve up to 80% of the ultimate stress in the post-peak region.
The toughness value is defined as a ratio between the area under the stress–strain
curve up to 80% of the ultimate stress, to the area under the stress–strain curve up to
the ultimate stress. The toughness index for different percentage of tyre coarse
aggregate specimen is tested.

Figure 3: Toughness Index for 3% Rubber Concrete Aggregate

Results and Discussion

A. Compressive Strength
When loaded in the compression testing machine, the specimen containing rubber did
not exhibit brittle failure. The large displacements and deformation which were
observed are due to the fact that the rubber aggregate has the ability to withstand large
deformations. The rubber particle seem to act as springs and cause a delay in
widening cracks and preventing the catastrophic failure which is usually occurs in
plain concrete specimens. Displacements and deformations were partially recoverable
upon loading. Rubber particle having low modulus of elasticity produce high internal
Effects of Concrete By Using Waste tyre Rubber (Solid Waste) 13227

tensile stresses that are perpendicular to the direction of the compression load applied.
Cement paste shows early failure because of its weakness against tension. Rubber
chips behaving like springs delay the widening of the existing cracks. Also the rubber
materials which is lesser in density tend to come on the top of the surface of the
mould during vibrating for compaction, to avoid this manual compaction is resorted.
This leads to concentration of the tyre particles on the top layer of the specimen. Since
the Coarse aggregate is replaced by rubber particles, their volumes will reduce
accordingly. On the other hand, Compressive strength of concrete depends on
physical and mechanical properties of these materials. The coarse aggregate having
higher density will naturally posses high strength to rubber aggregate. The value of
compressive strength eventhough comes to a value of 21.20 N/mm2 this value is very
much higher than the prescribed strength of the Light Weight Concrete.

Figure 4: Compressive strength for various percentage of RCA

B. Stress Strain Curve

The test shows two different behaviour patterns. The control specimen graph varies
linearly until it reaches the peak before energy released by the specimens fracture. In
control specimen the material behaved like a brittle material of which the total energy
generated upon fracture is elastic energy.
The specimen containing the rubber tyre content behaves; when the peak stress is
reached, the specimen continue to yield, as represented by the tough material having
most of its energy generated upon fracture as Plastic energy.
Plastic energy is defined as the amount of energy required to produce a specific
deformation after the elastic range, which increased the ability of the material to
support the loads even after the formation of cracks.This type of pattern failure shows
that the specimen possess high toughness, since the generated energy is mainly
plastic.
The failure pattern of the specimen containing tyre aggregate has longer duration
compared to the plain concrete which is abrupt and explosive. In contrast, the tyre
aggregate specimen the failure is more gradual, since the concrete becomes more
flexible with increasing tire particle substitution of mineral aggregates. Tyre
aggregate specimen are able to withstand loads beyond the peak load. Tyre aggregate
13228 Shanmugapriya M

specimen does not have any detachments, due to bridging of cracks by rubber
particles. During the unloading process, the flexible behaviour of tire particles
decreases the internal friction among the concrete elements, and recovers extrastrain.

C. Toughness Index
Toughness index for different percentage of rubber aggregates were tested. Toughness
index shows improvement in adding tyre aggregates; it attains a peak at 9% of rubber
aggregate sample and shows a reduction in 12% sample. The specimen with rubber
tyre aggregate exhibited greater toughness as compared to the control specimen M35,
However the cracks propagated in the mortar until they reached the rubber aggregate
it prolonged and sustained a portion of the applied load, which leads to an increase in
the area of failure surface and also it holds the material in contact. However the
toughness did not increase with an increase in the rubber content.The chart shows the
trend below.

Figure 5: Toughness Index for various percentage of RCA

Summary and Conclusion

The mix design for M35 concrete was obtained as with water- cement ratio of 0.45.
Similarly, for M35 concrete was obtained as 1 : 1.61 : 3.24 with water content of
0.40with water- cement ratio of 0.40. The percentage of rubber was added in parts of
3%, 6%, 9% and 12% by weight of the coarse aggregate. Since the specific gravity is
1.18 the 12% addition of rubber aggregate by weight will occupy 30% of the volume
of coarse aggregate approximately.
The test results is summarized below
 The compressive strength of M35 mix which arrives to 36.67 N/mm2
 The compressive strength reduces to 42% after adding 12% of rubber
aggregates.
 The Tensile strength of the specimen for M35 is 3.21 N/mm2 and reduces to
44.44% after adding 12% of rubber aggregates.
 The stress strain curves plotted for various percentage of rubber aggregates
shows different trend of failure, control mix M35 shows the failure is elastic in
nature.
Effects of Concrete By Using Waste tyre Rubber (Solid Waste) 13229

 The specimen containing the rubber tyre content behaves; when the peak
stress is reached, the specimen continue to yield, as represented by the tough
material having most of its energy generated upon fracture as Plastic energy.
 Toughness index shows improvement in adding tyre aggregates; it attains a
peak at 9% of rubber aggregate sample and shows a reduction in 12% sample.
 The rubber concrete did not exhibit brittle failure under compression and split
tension, the specimens exhibits high capacity of absorbing plastic energy
under both compression and in split tension
The Conclusion of the study is
 Though the reduction in compressive strength is upto 42% but the
compressive strength at 12% of rubber content gives a compressive strength of
21.11N/mm2 which is more than the requisite compressive strength of Light
Weight Concrete.
 Failure of the specimen is ductile in nature which is the most sought properties
for a construction material to behave in the structure to avoid catastrophic
failure.
 The failure pattern shows that the specimen possess high toughness, since the
generated energy is mainly plastic.
 The ruber concrete can be recommended for non structural concrete and can
be used as pavements with low loads, Architectural applications such as false
facades, interior construction because of its light weight, pavement blocks,
pedestrian walk ways, crash barrier around bridge, roads and similar structures
because of its high toughness(High plastic energy absorption) and precast
panels for partition walls with low unit weight of rubber concrete. The rubber
concrete because of having more toughness index is an good energy absorber
and energy dissipator which is highly required for crash barrier in roads and
highways.

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 13230 Shanmugapriya M

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