“STUDIES ON ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN

BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH

STATE”

M.F.Sc. (Aquaculture) THESIS

by

DEEPAK KUMAR BAGHEL

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)

2013
“STUDIES ON ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN
BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH
STATE”

Thesis

Submitted to the

Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

by

DEEPAK KUMAR BAGHEL

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF

Master of Fisheries Science

(AQUACULTURE)

Roll No. 13915 ID No. 112306013

JULY 2013
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“ Education plays of fundamental role in socioal development and teachers

play a fundamental role in imparting education . Teachers have crucial role in
preparing young people not only to face the future with confidence but also to
build up it with purpose and responsibility. There is no substitute for teachers
pupil relationship”

First of all I would like to thank and praise almighty “God”, the most
benefaction and merciful, for all his love and blessing conferred upon the
mankind.

With great reverence I express my warmest feelings with deep sense of

gratitude to my Advisor and Chairman of my Advisory Committee Dr. M.S.
Chari, Professor, Department of Fisheries, IGKV, Raipur. I have no words to
express my heartfelt thanks to him for his illuminating guidance, unfailing
encouragement, scholarly suggestions, unique supervision, constructive
criticism, sympathetic attitude and interest during the course of my research
and preparation of this manuscript. Moreover, I am highly indebted to him for
his painstaking efforts in trying to instill in me some important and useful
characters on personal basis.

I have profound respect towards Dr. (Smt.) S.R. Gaur, Professor &
Head, Department of Fisheries, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) as a member of my
advisory committee for thoughtful suggestions, forbearance, unceasing
encouragement & kind sympathetic attitude during the whole degree
programme.

With gratefulness and faithfulness, I sincerely acknowledge Dr. S.K.

Shrivastava, Technical Assitant, IGKV, Raipur for his magnificent guidance,
suggestions, marvelous support during the entire course & completion of this
manuscript.

I extend my heartiest thanks to members of my advisory committee Dr.

Rajeev Gupta, Dean, College of Horticulture, Jagdalpur, Dr. R.K. Bajpai
Professor & Head, Deparment of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry & Dr. R.
R. Saxena, Professor, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and computer
science for their sincere advice, critical suggestions and kind help during the
period of investigation.

I wish to record my grateful thanks to Dr.S.K. Patil, Hon’ble Vice

Chancellor, Dr. D.A. Sarnaik, Director of Research Services, Dr. S. Patel,
Director of Instructions and Dr. O.P. Kashyap, Dean, College of Agriculture,
IGKV, Raipur for providing necessary facilities technical and administrative
support for conductance of this research work.

It is my great pleasure to convey my thanks to Dr. H.K. Vardia, Dean

College of Fisheries, Kawardha, Dr. N. Sarang, Asst. Professor College of
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
PARTICULARS
NO. NO.

I INTRODUCTION 1-4

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-22

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 23-37

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38-94

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND 95-99

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

ABSTRACT 100

BIBLIOGRAPHY 101-109
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
PARTICULARS NO.
NO.
3.1 Water resources in Chhattisgarh. 24

3.2 Major river systems in Chhattisgarh. 25

4.1 Icthyofauna in the Basin of Indravati, Narangi, 41-45

Markandey and Mungabahar rivers.

4.2 Taxonomic details of fish fauna of Bastar district. 49-55

4.3 Frequency of availability of fish species at different 56-59

sampling sites.

4.4 Comparison of Icthyofauna in the Basins of Indravati, 61-63

Narangi, Markandey and Mungabahar.

4.5 Comparison of riverine Ichthyofauna as reported by 66-70

different workers in the Indravati river system.

4.6 Comparison of Icthyofauna reported by different 73-75

worker in the reservoirs of Chhattisgarh.

4.7 Comparison of Icthyofauna in the Godavari and 78-82

Mahanadi river systems.

4.8 Classification of fishes according to their feeding 85-86

habits.

4.9 List of fish species in the water resources of Bastar 87

district under threatened category (En, Vu) as per
NBFGR criteria, India (2010).

4.10 Physico-chemical Parameters of water in selected 89

Aquatic resources of Bastar district.

4.11 Soil qualities of selected aquatic resources of Bastar 90

district.

4.12 Soil Test values used for productivity rating of soil. 90

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE BETWEEN
PARTICULARS
NO. PAGES
4.1 Fish fauna contributed of by different Orders and 55-56
Families in Bastar district

4.1.1 Percentage of Orders contributing to fish catch 55-56

4.1.2 Number of fish species contributed by different 55-56

Families

4.1.3 Contribution of fish fauna in respective Orders and 55-56

families
 LIST OF PLATES

PLATE BETWEEN
PARTICULARS
NO. PAGES
1 Chhattisgarh drainage system 24-25
2 Location of sampling sites 26-27

3 Satellite images of Kosarteda reservoir and Dalpatsagar 28-29

reservoir.
4 Fishing craft and gear used in different sampling sites. 30-31

4 Fishing gears & fish market 30-31

4 Fish species of Bastar district 55-56

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations Description
% Per cent
& And
0
C Degree Celsius
et al. And other
Fig. Figure
g Gram
ha Hectare
hr Hour
i.e. That is
Kg Kilogram
cm Centimeter
m Meter
mg Milligram
ml Milliliter
ppm Parts per million
viz. Namely
/g Per gram
/kg Per kilogram
/l Per liter
km Kilometer
sqkm Square kilometer
INTRODUCTION
 1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Freshwater ecosystems occupy less than 1% of the surface of the earth & are

inhabited by more than 25% of the vertebrates. Fishes form one of the most important

group of vertebrates influencing their lives in various ways. Biodiversity is the variety

of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things.

The concept of bio-diversity emphasis the interrelatedness of biological world

and the importance of these interrelationships in maintaining diversity. It covers the

terrestrial, marine and other aquatic environment such as river, streams wetland and

ground water systems. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a

given ecosystem. Biodiversity is essential for stabilization of ecosystem protection of

overall environmental quality for understanding intrinsic worth of all species on the

earth (Ehrlich et al.1991). The rapid environmental change on earth therefore has its

impact on the biodiversity, that’s why the United Nations Organization (UNO)

declared the year 2010 as the international year of biodiversity.

Fishes play a very important role to maintain the lotic and lentic ecosystems.

The inland water bodies of India have been divided in to five riverine systems the

Ganga, the Brahamputra, the Indus, the East coast and the West coast and riverine

fishery resources including their tributaries extend to a length of about 29000 km.

Further there are 2.254 million ha of freshwater ponds and tanks, 1.3 million hectare

of jheels and derelict waters, 0.12 million Km. of irrigation canals and channels, 2.3

million hectare of paddy fields and 1.41 million ha of brackish water and estuarine

area. Lakes and reservoirs cover 3.1 million ha (Ayyapan, 2006).

 2

India is one of the largest biodiversity countries in the world and occupies

ninth position in term of freshwater mega biodiversity. Eventual number of living

recorded fish species in the world might be close to 32,000 (Wikipedia, 2012). In

India there are 2,358 species of fishes of which 877 live in freshwater, 113

brackishwater and 1,368 are marine (NBFGR, 2011).

Biodiversity of inland waters is also important for its economic value as a

habitat for commercially important species and play an important role in food and

nutritional security of people, especially in the rural areas. Knowledge of fish

diversity of particular region is essential not only for rational management of

ichthyofauna of that region but also for their conservation strategies. Additionally, for

the exploitation and scientific development of aquaculture, knowledge of existing fish

fauna of the area is a prerequisite.

Chhattisgarh is divided into three agro climatic zones viz. Chhattisgarh plains,

Bastar plateau and Northern hills region that support both terrestrial and aquatic

biodiversity of natural resources. Bastar district comes under Bastar plateau.

Chhattisgarh is blessed with a number of natural resources including productive

waters in the form of rivers, tanks, reservoirs etc. Chhattisgarh lies in the catchments

of the river Ganga, Godavari, Mahanadi and Narmada. River Sone is main tributary of

Ganga in Chhattisgarh, likewise Godavari has river Indravati is in Bastar region. The

Narmada covers a very small area in Chhattisgarh near Amarkantak, its origin. The

Mahanadi is main river of Chhattisgarh and it originates from the Sihawa hills in the

Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. It flows through 286 km through the major

catchment areas of Chhattisgarh state. Its main tributaries in the total course are

Seonath, Kharun, Jonk, Hasdeo, Arpa, Pairy, Sondur and numerous seasonal streams

in Chhattisgarh region.
 3

River Godavari originates from Deolali hills near Nasik (Maharashtra) in the

northern Western Ghats and drains into the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh below

Rajahmundry near Dowlaiswaram. The Godavari drains an area of 3,12,980 sq k.m.

(Jhingran, 1997) out of which 48.6% lies in Maharashtra, 23.8% in Andhra Pradesh,

20.7 % in Chhattisgarh, 1.4% in Karnataka and 5.5% in Odisha. The main tributaries

of the Godavari are: Pravara, Sindhphana, Purna, Manjira Maner, Pranhita, Indravati

and Sabari.

One of the important rivers in the state of Chhattisgarh is Indravati river which

is the main tributary of Godavari in Bastar region. Various aquatic animals including

fishes are present in Indravati river so livelihood of many people is dependent on the

fishing activities. Indravati originates from the Eastern Ghats of Dandakaranya range

in Kalahandi district of Odisha state and flows in a westerly direction; enters

Jagdalpur district in Chhattisgarh state. It further travels in the westerly direction and

there after turns to southern direction before finally meeting Godavari river near

village Bhadrakali in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh. River Indravati flows only 210

km in Bastar district. Indravati itself has a number of tributaries in its catchments,

they are Narangi, Boarding, Markandey, Kosarteda, Sankhini-Dankini, Kapur Nallah,

Muran, Kora, Modang, Jaura Bhaskel, Nibra, Kotri, Bandia, Nandiraj, Chintababu,

Talperu, and numerous seasonal streams. It travelles 530 km from origin to the

meeting point of Godavari.

Bastar district also possesses vast and varied natural water resources in the

form of reservoirs, ponds and tanks. There are 1668 village ponds covering an area of

1146 ha that are available for fish production and 33 Irrigation tanks\reservoirs with

an area of 1,420.38 ha where fish stocking is done. All reservoirs are multipurpose,
 4

but their main objective is irrigation. They are rich in faunal biodiversity. Work on

fish fauna has been recorded long ago by Vardia (1991) on Pre-impoundment fishery

survey of the river Indravati in relation to Bodhghat Hydel Project.

Although a large number of workers have studied ichthyofauna of lotic and

lentic waters of the various riverine systems not much is known about the recent

status of fish diversity in lotic and lentic water bodies of different districts of

Chhattisgarh State. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to enlist icthyofauna

of Bastar district. Hence, an investigation entitled “Studies on icthyofaunal diversity

in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state” was carried out with the following objectives:

1. Selection of sampling sites and collection of fish specimen from various

water resources in Bastar district.

2. Preservation and identification of collected specimen from sampling sites.

3. To enlist the fish species in various water resources of Bastar district.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 5

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature on the work done in the past is essential to understand

the problem in depth, which provides necessary guidelines as well as feedback for the

fulfillment of objectives of the study. Various researchers have worked on diversity of

fishes in India and abroad. However, very few references are there on the fish

diversity in Chhattisgarh. A brief account of relevant work done in Chhattisgarh, India

and abroad is recorded below:

Work done in Chhattisgarh

The present study area is Bastar district (Chhattisgarh) with Indravati and its

tributaries the main rivers of this area. Few researchers have earlier surveyed

icthyofaunal biodiversity of the river Indravati. Hora (1938) reported on a collection

of fish from the Bailadila range, Bastar state, Central Province. The Bailadila range is

situated to the South of the Indravati river, a tributary of the Godawari, and runs

through the centre of the Bastar state from North to South. This collection was made

from four different streams and noted the ecological conditions of their waters. In this

collection 13 species of fish were obtained from different localities viz Danio

aequipinnatus (McClelland), Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton), Garra mullya (Sykes),

Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Annandale) Barbus ticto (Hamilton), Nemachilus

dayi (Hora), Nemachilus evezardi (Day), Glyptothorax dekhanensis (Gunther),

Ophiocephalus gachua (Hamilton), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepdi), Barbus

amphibius (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Barbus pinnauratus (Day), Nemachilus botia var

aureus (Day). Among the 13 species of fish obtained, Mastacembelus armatus, Danio

aequipinnatus, Rasbora daniconius, Barbus ticto and Ophiocephalus gachua are

 6

fairly widely distributed all over India. The remaining species are generally restricted

to Peninsular India, but their occurrence in the Bastar state deserves special attention.

He observed that the fish fauna of Bailadila range has very close affinity to the

Satpuras and the Western Ghats.

Motwani and David (1957) reported fishes of the river Sone, a tributary of the

river Ganga that originates in the elevated plateau near Pendra in Chhattisgarh. The

fish fauna of the Sone river upto 70 miles upstream of its confluence with the river

Ganga was mainly Gangetic and hence predominantly Himalayan in character. Most

of the species represented in the collection were widely distributed in India. It is

significant that the peninsular forms like Oxygaster boopis (Day), Puntius amphibius

(Val.), Tor khudree (Sykes), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) and Labeo boggut (Sykes)

though recorded by Hora (1949) from the Rihand near Pipri were not observed by

Motawani and David (Op. cit.). Hora (1949) also divided fauna of Rihand into 3

zoogeographical categories, viz., (i) species common to peninsular India and Ceylon

(Tor Khudree and Puntius amphibius, (ii) species widely distributed in peninsular

India (Chela boopis, Garra mullya, Labeo boggut, Nemachilus dayi and Nemachilus

denisonii) and (iii) species with restricted distribution in India (Amblyceps mangois,

Laguvia rebeiroi, Glyptothorax annandalei, Glyptothorax horai, Gagata cenia,

Crossochilus latius). Thus fish fauna of Rihand river was found to be a meeting

ground of peninsular forms.

Jayaram et al. (1976) worked on the Mahanadi drainage system in Orissa and

Madhya Pradesh in a stretch extending from Cuttuck to Seorinarayan, a distance of

about 350 km. 42 species were recorded of which some continue to live above and

below the Hirakud dam. Taxonomic notes on a few interesting species were given.
 7

Osteobrama cotio and Peninsularies silas were recorded for the first time from this

river system.

Datta and Karmakar (1980) and Karmakar and Datta (1981) also reported 100

species belonging to 45 genera and 19 families from headwaters of Godawari and

Mahanadi river systems, namely Indrawati, Sabari, Mahanadi, Dudhnadi and Kokri

(Bhor) rivers and lakes, tanks and other water masses in Bastar region of

Chhattisgarh. Which indicated the presence of the endemic Deccan fish fauna in

Bastar district with two new species, Clupisoma bastari and Puntius saberi.

Vardia (1991) made a survey of fish fauna in the river Indravati flowing

through Bastar from its origin in Kalahandi district of Orissa to the confluence with

the river Godawari and reported 49 species. The main fishes found are Catla catla,

Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio, Anguilla bicolor, Mastacembalus

aaculeatum, Rita buchanani, Rita chrysea, Rita hustata, Silundia silundia and Tor tor.

Om Prakash (2004) studied the status of fish biodiversity of northern part of

Raipur district (C.G.) India. He documented 64 species belonging to 40 genera, 19

families and 7 orders from 23 sampling sites. In his study he reported 18 new fish

species (including 6 exotics), which were not reported earlier (Hora, 1940; Jayaram

and Majumdar, 1979). The family Cyprinidae with 27 species formed the largest

single group in the ichthyofauna of this region.

Manoj kumar (2005) reported 43 fish species belonging to 28 genera, 13

families and 5 orders from Dhudhawa reservoir. The order Cypriniformes with 32

species represented 68.76%, followed by Perciformes contributing 11.62 %,

Synbranchiformes contributing (6.97%), Channiformes (4.65%) and Clupeiformes

(2.32%) of the total fish fauna.

 8

Singh and Chari (2006) identified 59 species belonging to 38 genera, 19

families and 7 orders which were recorded in the river Kharun, a major tributary of

Mahanadi river system. The ichthyofauna was collected from the basin of the river

Kharun from the Raipur district. Out of 59 species, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala,

Channa gachua and Mastacembelus armatus were found in most of the sampling

sites. Family Cyprinidae with 23 species formed the largest single group in the

icthyofauna of Kharun.

Singh et al. (2006) recorded the fish fauna from the catchment of river

Mahanadi and Mahanadi proper from seven sampling sites in Raipur district during

January to July 2004. A total 53 species belonging to 7 order, 17 family, 34 genera

were recorded from this region. Out of these 53 species Notopterus notopterus, Labeo

rohita, Puntius ticto, Puntius chola, Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus

carpio, Aristicthys nobilis, Rita rita, Oreocromis mossambica, Mystus cavasius and

Mystus tengra were found at most of the sites. The Family Cyprinidae with 19 species

forms the largest single group in ichthyofauna of Mahanadi catchment contributing

35% of the total ichthyofauna. The second largest family is the Bagridae sharing 11%

of the total ichthofauna.

Dev (2008) studied the status of fish biodiversity of Durg district (C.G.) India

and reported a total of 61 fish species belonging to 37 genera, 18 families and 6 orders

from 12 sampling sites along with one new species Tor-tor was also enlisted. He

enlisted 61, 43, 45 fish species from catchments area of Shivnath, Tandula and

Kharun rivers respectively. Family Cyprinidae with 26 species forms the largest

single group in the fish fauna of Durg district .Sixteen possible candidate fish species

for ornamental purpose has also been identified by the researcher.

 9

Kolhe (2012) made studies on the status of fish biodiversity in the water

resources of Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh state. In his study he recorded a

total of 63 species belonging to 37 genera, 20 families and 7 orders from 14 sampling

sites with seven new species: Crossocheilus latius, Colisa lalia, Labeo dero, Labeo

dyocheilus, Pseudambassis lala, Puntius amphibious and Ompok pabda. Seonath,

Baghnadi, Kotrinadi, Pairynadi and Aamer rivers have 59, 46, 48, 45 and 44 fish

species respectively. The family Cyprinidae with 26 species forms the largest single

group in the fish fauna of Rajnandgaon district. Like wise 10 species were assessed

for threat as per NBFGR criteria, of which two are endangered species and eight

vulnerable species.

Patel (2012) observed the status of fish biodiversity in aquatic resources of

Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 61 species under 41 genera, 22

families and 7 orders were recorded. Five new entrants Eutropiichthys murius,

Gagata gagata, Johanius gangaticus, Ompak pabda and Tor putitora were recorded.

In this study 54 species were recorded in Mahanadi, 30 in Mand and 37 from Kelo

river. 24 from Chinkari dam and 18 from Kodar dam and 14, 12, 14 from Chhapora,

Pussore and Kodatarai ponds respectively.

Tamboli and Jha (2012) reported the Status of Cat Fish Diversity of River

Kelo and Mand in Raigarh District, CG, India. They recorded 17 species of cat fishes

from 12 genera and 6 families during the period of July 2010 to March 2011 when

rivers had sufficient water.

Choubey and Qureshi (2013) Study of Ichthyofaunal Biodiversity of

Rajnandgaon district CG, India. Total forty five species from different sampling

stations were collected. The collected fish species were classified in to 6 order, 15

families and 32 Genera. Order Cyprniformes comprised of 5 families Cyprinidae,

 10

Siluridae, Bagridae, Saccobranchidae and Clariidae as a dominant group. The main

fishes found are Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio,

Clarius batrachus and Oreochromis mossambicus.

Work done in India

Mathur (1951) studied the fish fauna from Aravalli range and collected fishes

from rivers, streams, waterfalls, tanks and pools of Rajputana (Rajasthan). He listed

22 species from this region and classified them into 4 categories: widely distributed in

India (11 species), distributed all over India (4 species) distributed all over peninsular

India including the western ghats, the Vindhya-Satpura mountains and the Chota-

Nagpur plateau (6 species) and restricted to the Sindh Hills (1 species) .

Job et al. (1955) surveyed the Mahanadi for a stretch of 65 miles and recorded

86 species from different localities both above and below the Hirakud Dam.

Joshi (1999) reported 34 native fish species classified under 19 genera, 7

families and 3 orders from various rivers of Kumaun hills (Central Himalaya). Apart

from native fishes, some other species are also available in the region. The exotic

species introduction in some lacustrine ecosystems includes: Cyprinus carpio,

Carassius auratus , Carassius carassius, Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout), Salmo

trutta fario (Brown trout), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp) and

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp). The Chinese carps are still thriving there but

the valuable trout species could not adapt themselves.

The fish fauna survey of Bedthi River, Uttera Kannada (Karnataka) by

Chandrasekharaiah et al.(2001) enlisted total 75 species, of these 48 freshwater fish

species belonging to 14 families and 5 orders and 27 estuarine fish species under 23

families and 7 orders from that region. Among enlisted fishes Cyprinidae was the
 11

dominant family with 26 species and the commercially important fishes of genetic

value observed are Tor khudree, and Hypselobarbus pulchellus.

Joshi and Sakhare (2002) in their survey of fish fauna and its water quality (at

Bori reservoir Maharashtra) for a period of 12 months from November 2000 to

October 2001, enlisted 20 species classified under 14 genera falling under 9 families

and 5 orders. Of the 5 orders, Cypriniformes dominated with 7 species followed by

Perciformes with 6 species, Siluriformes with 5 species and 1 species each of order

Osteoglossiformes and Synbranchiformes.

Anuradha Bhata (2003) worked on the Diversity and composition of

freshwater fishes in river systems of Central Western Ghats, India. Four rivers,

Sharavati, Aghanashini, Bedti and Kali, of the central Western Ghats were studied for

their fish diversity and composition. A total species richness of 92 species was

reported. A comparison of expected species richness (SR) estimates using different

statistical estimators was made which showed the expected SR to be in the range of

92–120 species. Temporal patterns, with regard to diurnal activity of fishes were

studied. These showed that of the 72 species collected at night, 29 were exclusive to

night sampling.

Radhakrishnan et al. (2003) reported Biodiversity Status of fishes inhabiting

rivers of Kerala. The identification of 175 freshwater fishes from 41 west flowing and

3 east flowing river systems of Kerala were confirmed. These are grouped under 106

ornamental and 67 food fishes. Thirty-three fish species were found to be endemic to

the rivers of Kerala.

The status of fish and fisheries in Ansupa lake, (Orissa) India was conducted

by Pati (2006) and recorded 43 fish species belonging to 21 families. Among major
 12

carps, rohu (Labeo rohita) showed maximum representation in the drag net catch

followed by Catla catla, Cirrihinus mrigala and Labeo calbasu. Overall species

compositions revealed the dominance of predatory and weed fishes in the fish fauna

of that region.

A rapid survey (CIFRI project) of ecological and fishery status of the entire

Mahanadi river system right from its origin to sea mouth was conducted during 1995-

96 by Pathak et al. (2007). They recorded a total of 312 species from 37 sampling

sites of which 85 species belonging to 19 families from the upper stretch, 30 species

under 11 families from the middle stretch and 197 species from the lower stretch.

Among these fish species 63 species under 21 families from Sasang to cuttuck, 57

species under 27 families from Tirtal to Taldanda and 78 species under 48 families

from brackish water zone namely Kujang and Paradip. The ecological status and

production dynamics of Mahanadi river system were suitable for growth of aquatic

organisms.

Saxena and Shukla (2007) recorded a total of 23 species of fish belonging to

17 genera, under 8 families and 4 orders from the river Tapti. The family Cyprinidae

represents the bulk of fish species, which includes fourteen species. The important

fish species recorded from this family were Tor tor, Barilus bendelisis, Rasbora

daniconius, Puntius ticto ticto, Garra mullya. Family Cobitidae was comprised of two

species viz. Nimacheilus botia, Lepidocephalichthys guntea. The family Siluridae was

represented by Ompok bimaculatus and Walago attu. Family Centropomidae was

represented by a single species Ambasis nama. Family Gobidae was also recorded by

a single species Glossogobius giuris.

 13

The status of fish fauna of Narmada river in submergence area of Indira sagar

reservoir, (M.P.) India were conducted by Vyas et al. (2007) and recorded 52 fish

species belonging to 28 genera, 13 families and 7 orders in their investigation.

Bhakta and Bandyopadhyay (2008) made comparative studies on the fish

biodiversity in freshwater perennial water bodies of Ramnagar, East Midnapore (West

Bengal) India. In their first investigation during the period 1990 to 1995, they found a

total of 45 fish species belonging to 29 genera, 18 families and 8 orders whereas in

their second investigation they enlisted a total of 34 species from 21 genera and 12

families under 7 orders in 2007-08. So, database of ichthyofauna clearly indicated that

11 fish species, 8 genera, 6 families and 1 order have been lost in this investigated

area.

An account on the fin and shellfish species inhabiting the Thottappally

Spillway Canal of Alappuzha district, Kerala by Bhargavan et al. (2008) enlisted 37

fin and shellfish species belonging to 26 families representing 30 finfish species, 3

species of prawn, 3 species of crab and 1 species of mollusk. Among these 4 were

typically marine, 21 were transient forms found in either both marine and estuarine

zones or both estuarine and riverine zones and 11 were riverine forms. The only true

estuarine species was the soleid finfish, Euryglossa orientalis. The transient forms

dominated and constituted 56.7% of the total fin and shellfish species.

Dua and Parkas (2009) studied the distribution and abundance of fish

populations in Harike wetland which was declared as RAMSAR site in Punjab. They

recorded a total of 61 fish species belonging to 35 genera and 17 families. Out of

which Cirrihinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio belonging to family Cyprinidae were

the dominant fish species and these constituted 23% of the total fish catch in Harike

wetland region.
 14

Heda (2009) studied the Fish diversity of two rivers of the northeastern

Godavari basin, Washim Maharashtra India. Constituted the Adan, tributary of the

Painganga, and the Kathani, tributary of the Wainganga. Six sites were sampled in

each river over three years using gill nets, cast nets and locally available nets where in

47 species of fish were identified.

Shahnawaz et al. (2009) reported Water quality assessment and freshwater

fish diversity of Bhadra river, Western Ghats, Karnataka. The mean water quality of

study sites were as following, pH 6.98, air temperature 22.66 degrees C, water

temperature 20.16 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 8.74 mg/l, total hardness 27 mg/l,

alkalinity 48 mg/l (as CaCO(3)), conductivity 135.5 mhos/cm, COD (15.16 mg/l), and

BOD (3.78 mg/l), respectively. Altogether, 56 species of fish representing 31 genera

and 15 families were recorded. The Cyprinid family was dominant in their study.

Various diversity index packages have been used to assess the fish diversity.

Shinde et al. (2009) studied the fish biodiversity of Pravara River of

Ahmednagar (Maharashtra) India and enlisted a total of 41 fish species belonging to

26 genera, 14 families and 7 orders. Among the collected species, order

Cypriniformes was most dominant constituting 50% followed by Siluriformes

constituting 19%, Perciformes constituting 14.28%, steoglossiformes and

Synbranchiformes constituting 4.76% and Mugiliformes and Beloniformes make up

2.38% of the total fish species.

Ichthyofaunal diversity census was undertaken during Jan-2008 to Dec-2008

for the commercially important fishes in the Harsool-Savangi Dam District

Aurangabad, (M.S.) India by Shinde et al. (2009). The results of their investigations

revealed the occurrence of 15 fish species belonging to 3 orders, 4 families and 12

 15

genera. The order cypriniformes was found dominant with 11 species, followed by

perciformes 3 species and siluriformes with 1 species.

Joshi and Biswas (2010) studied the piscine diversity and fisheries in the river

Ken of Jabalpur district in Madhya Pradesh and recorded a total of 53 fish species

classified under 40 genera, 19 families and 7 orders. Out of these, 51 species are

native and 2 exotic. The river comprises some highly important threatened species

including 4 endangered and 9 vulnerable species.

Lakra et al. (2010) studied the Fish diversity, habitat ecology and their

conservation and management issues of a tropical River in Ganga basin, India. They

recorded 63 fish species belonging to 20 families and 45 genera from five sampling

stations spread along the upstream, mid stream and lower streams. Cyprinids were the

most dominant group represented by 26 species belonging to 15 genera, followed by

Bagridae (6 species from 3 genera), and Schilbeidae (4 species from 4 genera). The

distribution of fish showed interesting pattern and about 10% species were common to

all the sites showing long migration range. Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed

considerable variation and ranged from 1.89 to 3.51. Out of 63 species status of 10

species were not known due to data deficit.

Warna river is the major tributary of Mohite and Samant (2010) the river

Krishna, originating in Western Ghats. The results of reveal occurrence of 42 species

belonging to 4 orders, 10 families and 30 genera. Fish diversity was greatly affected

by the anthropogenic activities.

Sarwade and Khillare (2010) made observation on the fish diversity in Bhima

River Ujani wetland of Pune District (MH), India. They enlisted 60 species of 36

different genera, 15 families and 6 orders from the Bhima River. Among the collected
 16

species members of Order Cypriniformes was dominant with 40 species constituting

66.66 %, followed by Perciformes with 7 species constituting 11.66 %, Siluriformes

with 6 species constituting 10 %, Beloniformes with 5 species constituting 8.33 %,

Osteoglossiformes with 2 species constituting 3.33 % and Synbranchiformes with one

species constituting 1.66 % of the total fish species.

Vijaylaxmi et al. (2010) recorded the Freshwater fishes distribution and

diversity status of Mullameri river, a minor tributary of Bheema River of Gulbarga

district, Karnataka during April 2006 to March 2008. Monthly sampling was carried

out at three sites. The result of the study reveals occurrence of 14 fish species

belonging to 5 orders. The order Cypriniformes was dominant with 7 fish species

followed by order Siluriformes with four species, and the order Channiformes,

Mastacembeliformes and Osteoglossiformes each with one species.

Amrutsagar and Lohar (2011) worked on the Diversity of Mollusca and Fish

in Gondoor and Nakane Lakes in Dhulia, Northwest Maharashtra, India. A total of 17

species of molluscs and 18 fish species were recorded from both lakes. Ichthyofauna

of Gondoor and Nakane lakes were dominated by major carps with 10 members

belonging to cypriniformes followed by 6 members of family siluriformes and one

genera with two species of family channiformes.

Patterns of diversity and conservation status of freshwater fishes in the

tributaries of River Ramganga in the Shiwaliks of the Western Himalaya were

conducted by Atkore et al. (2011) and listed 41 species belonging to 8 families and 5

orders which included 29 species under the threatened category of which 16 species

were common to the three rivers. The order Cypriniformes included 99.6% of the fish

species. The family Cyprinidae was dominat with 23 species followed by Balitoridae

with 8 species and Cobitidae with 3 species besides other families such as Channidae
 17

with 2 species, Sisoridae with 2 species and one species each from Belonidae,

Gobiidae and Mastacembelidae in this region.

Fish fauna of Sasthamkotta Lake of Kerala, India were carried out by

Girijakumari et al. (2011). They reported a total of 30 species classified under 16

families and 8 orders of which Cyprinidae was found to be dominant family with 8

species. Nineteen species were assessed for threat as per IUCN criteria, they are 04

endangered (EN), 02 critically endangered, 05 vulnerable (VU), 05 lower risks near

threatened (LR-nt), 02 lower risk least concerned (LR-lc) and 01 data deficient (DD).

Jadhav et al. (2011) studied the Freshwater fish fauna of Koyna River,

northern Western Ghats, India studied for a period of two years from May 2007 to

April 2009. He recorded 58 species belonging to 16 families and 35 genera. Eleven

out of the 22 fish species were endemic to the Western Ghats are restricted to the

Krishna River system. Eight endemic fish species are known to be threatened because

of various anthropogenic activities.

Sonawane et al. (2011) reported the Ichthyofanal diversity from Ambadi Dam,

Taluka Kannad, District Aurangabad (M.H.) India. The fauna of Ambadi dam was

correlated to aquatic ecosystem, during the study period from May 2006 to April

2008, and it was observed that the ichthyofauna belongs to 08 orders 11 families 22

genus and 27 species. Cyprinidae family was dominant over other families. Finally it

was concluded that Ambadi dam is rich of fish diversity.

Thirumala et al. (2011) worked on the Fish diversity in relation to physico-

chemical characteristics of Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka, India. The fish community

of the Bhadra reservoir in relation to physic-chemical parameters was studied by

taking monthly samples from June-2004 to May-2005. Fish collections were done
 18

with gillnets of standardized dimensions with several mesh sizes. 33 fish fauna were

identified during the study which belonged to Cyprinidae 18 species, Channidae 2

species, Bagridae and Siluridae with 3 species and a species each of

Mastacembelidae, Ambassidae, Cichlidae, Claridae, Notopteridae, Cobitidae and

Heteropneustidae.

Dongre et al. (2012) recorded 68 species of fish from different sampling

stations of Satpura Valley, Betul, Madhya Pradesh in India and classified them into 9

Orders and 22 families. The main fishes of the Satpura Valley are Catla catla,

Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Labeo calbasu, Labeo fimbriatus, Labeo bata,

Labeo gonius, Labeo rohita Cyprinus carpio (Common carp), Hypopthalmichthys

molitrics (Silver carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp) Tor tor, Mystus

seenghala, Mystus cavasius, Mystus aor, Wallago attu, Punctius sarana, Clupisoma

gaura, Channa species, Mastacembelus armatus, Ompak bimaculatus, Notopterus

notopterus.

Jayalekshmy and Sanalkumar (2012) reported biseasonal variation in the

piscian diversity in relation to physico-chemical parameters of Pallickal river Kerala,

India. The study aimed to estimate the fish diversity of Pallickal River in relation to

physico chemical parameters. The period of study was from March 2012 to October

2012. Thirty fishes belongs to 16 families of 9 orders were obtained, in which the

dominant family was Cyprinidae. One endangered species and 7 vulnerable species

were recorded during the study.

Kharat Sanjay et al. (2012) made studies on Freshwater fish fauna of Krishna

River in northern Western Ghats,(M.H) India at Wai, and the Dhom reservoir

upstream of Wai. 51 species belonging to 14 families and 33 genera were recorded.

Thirteen species were endemic to the Western Ghats and two to the Krishna River
 19

system. Moderate to rare populations were found for six globally threatened species:

Gonoproktopterus curmuca, Labeo potail, Schismatorhynchos nukta, Tor khudree, T.

mussullah and Parapsilorhynchus discophorus.

Kulkarni et al. (2012) reported the Ichthyological Fauna of Buldhana District,

Maharashtra India. The Buldhana district is traversed by the river Purna and its

principal tributaries, viz., the Nalganga, the Vishwaganga and the Gyanganga from

the south and the Banganga from the north, and by the river Penganga. A total of 20

species belonging to 7 families were recorded. These families are; cyprinidae (10

species), Notopteridae (01 species), Cobittidae (01 species), Siluridae (01 species),

Saccobranchidae (01 species), Clariidae (01 species), Ophiocephalidae (04 species),

and Mastocembelidae (02 species).

Saxena et al. (2012) In their studies on Tighra reservoir of Gwalior, 40 species

of fishes belonging to 23 genera, 12 families and 6 orders were identified. The order

Cypriniformes was found to be a major order with 55.0% percent contribution.

Siluriformes with 20.0%, Perciformes 15.0%, Synbranchiformes 5.0% and

Osteoglossiformes and Beloniformes with 1.5% contribution. Out of 40 species of

fish, two species of fish are endangered, eight species of fish are vulnerable, twenty

species at lower risk near threatened, three species under lower risk least concern and

four species were reported to be data deficient. Conservation steps of fish fauna in the

Tighra reservoir have also been suggested.

Fishes were collected during the survey and sampling carried out during 2006

– 2007 from 3 selected stations of Betwa river (M.P) by Vyas et al. (2012). A total of

60 species belonging to 36 genera and 18 families were collected from all the three

stations. Cyprinidae formed the largest dominant family contributing 29 species

(48.33%), Bagridae formed the subdominant family contributing 6 species (10%) and
 20

Channidae represented 4 species, Schilbeidae 3 species and Siluridae, Cobitidae,

Ambassidae and Mastacembelidae each represented 2 species and 1 species each of

Notopteridae, Clupeidae, Clariidae, Heteropneustidae, Sisoridae, Nandidae, Cichlidae,

Gobiidae, Belonidae and Mugilidae in Betwa river.

Jha et al. (2013) reported the fishes of the middle stretch of river Tawa,

Madhya Pradesh, India, with 57 fish species belonging to 35 genera, 13 families and

06 orders. Besides this, they classified the fauna of the river into 25 ornamental fish

(43.85%), and 17 aquacultural fish (29.82%). In addition the trophic structure

indicated dominance of herbivore with 19 fish species (33.33%) followed by

carnivore 15 species (26.31%) and omnivore with 16 species (28.07%) while 4

species (7.01%) was not evaluated. As per red list of threatened species, 4 species

belong to near threatened (NT) category and 1 belong to vulnerable category.

Ridhi et al. (2013) studied the Fishes of Gandhisagar Reservoir in Madhya

Pradesh, which was constructed on the river Chambal. Their work was conducted

during April 2009 to December 2011 and recorded a total of 72 species of fishes

belonging to 9 orders, 20 families and 43genera.

Work done Abroad

Jihua Wu et al. (2003) made studies on Freshwater fish biodiversity in the

Yangtze River basin of China patterns, threats and conservation. They synthesized

information on freshwater fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River basin. They

documented 361 species and subspecies that had been recorded and described from

the basin. Of these, 177 species are endemic.

Jaroensutasinee et al. (2007) worked on Water Quality and Freshwater Fish

Diversity at Khao Luang National Park, Thailand. The mean water quality of
 21

waterfalls at Khao Luang National Park were as following pH 7.50, air temperature

24.27 °C, water temperature 26.37 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.88 mg/l, hardness 4.44-

21.33 mg/l, alkalinity 3.55-11.88 mg/(as CaCO3). 20 fish species were found at Khao

Luang National Park belonging to 9 families. The Cyprinids represented the major

species in all the waterfalls comprising of 45%.

Biodiversity in relation to physicochemical properties of keenjhar lake, Thatta

district, Sindh, Pakistan were determined beginning from January until December

2005 by Koral et al. (2008). A total of 51 species of fishes belonging to 16 families in

which Cyprinidae was found to be the most dominant family with 19 species and 8

species of prawns. Further 142 species of phytoplankton, 37 species of zooplankton,

39 species of aquatic plants were also recorded the physicochemical properties such

as temperature, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved

solids, chlorides, turbidity, pH and hardness were determined on monthly basis. Were

found suitable for growth of aquatic biota.

Mohsin and Haque (2009) made studies on Diversity of Fishes of Mahananda

River at Chapai Nawabgonj District Bangladesh. From October, 2006 to November,

2007. The aim of the study was to find out the open water fish diversity in

Mohananda River of Chapai Nawabgonj. Fifty six fish species were found and

identified during the investigation under 9 orders, 20 families and 42 genera. Among

the 56 species, 20 were found under the order Cypriniformes, 17 species were

categorized under the order Siluriformes, 10 species were found under the order

perciformes, 3 species were under the order Clupeiformes, 2 species were found under

the order Channiformes and a single species was belonged to the order

Synbranchiformes, Tetraodontiformes, Beloniformes and Cyprinodontiformes each.

During the entire period of the study, only 19 endangered fish species were found
 22

from the study point. Among exotic carps, only Hypophthalmichthys molitrix was

found during the study period in the river Mohananda.

Muchlisin et al. (2009) studied the diversity and distribution of freshwater

fishes in Aceh water, northern- sumatra, Indonesia. They evaluated the diversity of

freshwater fish and its distribution to establish an inventory of the freshwater fish

fauna in Aceh water. Sampling was done in five regions of NAD at 17 sites.

Explorative research was conducted from January to June 2008 by investigating rivers

based on information by local residents. A total of 711 fishes belonging to 114

species, 69 genera, 41 families and 12 orders, were recorded five families were

distributed widely and observed in all the five regions i.e., Anguillidae, Clariidae,

Cyprinidae, Anabantidae and Channidae.

Singh et al. (2009) recorded the status of fish diversity of Tamor river and its

major tributaries of eastern Himalayan region of Nepal. A total of 30 fish species

from different sampling stations were recorded. Psilorhynchoides pseudecheneis,

endemic fish of Nepal, was recorded from all 7 stations, which can be considered as a

common species of the study area. Recorded fish species were classified into 2 orders

and five families. Order Cypriniformes comprised of 4 families: Cyprinidae,

Cobitidae, Balitoridae and Psilorhynchidae with 26 species while order Siluriformes

comprised of one family: Sisoridae and four species. Cyprinidae, Cobitidae,

Balitoridae and Psilorhynchidae comprised 61%, 13%, 10% and 3% respectively

while Sisoridae comprised of 13% fish species.

Materials and Methods
 23

CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter deals with the description of the study area, period of the study,

criteria of sampling, site selection, details of sampling sites and methods of collection

of samples, preservation of fish specimen, etc.

3.1 General description of the Chhattisgarh

3.1.1 Geographical details

Chhattisgarh is situated between 17o 46’ – 24o 80’ N latitude and 80o 15’ – 84o

24’ E longitude. Geographically, Chhattisgarh has hilly areas, plateau and river

basins. Hills range from 1000 to 3000 meters above sea level and consist of (i)

Maikal ranges (ii) Churi-Udaipur hills (iii) Chang bhakhar-Deogarh hills and (iv)

Abujmarh hills. There are various plateaus: Bastar, Pendra-Lormi, Mainpat, etc.

Chhattisgarh plains is a basin of many rivers and its water potential is trapped in the

form of few reservoirs. The state receives good amount of precipitation (1200-1600

mm).

3.1.2 Water resources

The state possesses vast and varied natural water resources in the form of

rivers, reservoirs, ponds and tanks. About 60,248 water bodies covering an area of

1,63,100 ha is available for fish production, out of which 1734 covering 88,700 ha

water area is in the form of Irrigation reservoirs and the remaining 58,514 are village

ponds covering an area of 74,400 ha. The total fish production of C.G. in 2012 was

about 2.506 lakh tons. (Anonymns 2012).

 24

Besides, the state has four river systems viz., Mahanadi, Godavari, Ganga and

Narmada with their tributaries forming a network of 3,573 km (Table 3.2)

Table 3.1 Water resources in Chhattisgarh

Available Under use Unavailable tanks

S. Water
No. source Numbers Area (ha) Numbers Area (ha) Numbers Area(ha)
Irrigation
1 1,734 88,700 1,400 80,738 334 7,962
tanks
Village
2 58,514 74,400 47,965 60,626 10,549 13,774
tanks
Total 60,248 1,63,100 49,365 1,41,364 10,883 21,736

Source: Directorate of fisheries, Raipur (2012)

3.1.3 River Systems

The details of four river system with their tributaries are as follows:

3.1.3.1 Mahanadi river system

The river Mahanadi is the major river of the state and covers 75 per cent of

the total area. The tributaries of Mahanadi river system are Seonath, Kharun, Jonk,

Hasdeo, Arpa, Pairy, Tandula, Jamunia, Khursi, Mand, Ibb, Kelo, Surangi, Maniyari,

Lilagar, Borai etc. The river Mahanadi mainly drains into the central part of the state

(Dhamtari, Mahasamund, Rajnandgaon, Durg, Raipur, Kawardha, Bilaspur, Janjgir-

Champa, Jashpur and Raigarh districts).

3.1.3.2 Godavari river system

The Godavari is the second major river system of the state with tributaries

Indravati, Sabari, Kotri, Chinta, Kohka Bagh, Dankni and Shankni, Narangi, Khobhra,

Gudra, Mari, etc. Its catchment area is mainly in Kanker, Bastar and Dantewara

districts.
Plate 1: Chhattisgarh drainage system
 25

3.1.3.3 Ganga river system

The river Ganga has very little drainage in the state with the tributaries Sone,

Rihand, Kanhar, Rehar, Gopad, Banas, Bizal, Sope, etc. Its catchments mainly lies in

Sarguja and Korea districts and drains Pendra and Bagicha tehsils of Bilaspur

districts.

3.1.3.4 Narmada river system

The river Narmada has negligible catchment in the state with the tributaries

Bazar and Tanda. Its drainage extends into north Kawardha district.

Table: 3.2 Major river systems in Chhattisgarh (Tripathi and Chandrakar, 2000)

S. River Hills of Length Drainage area

No. origin (km) (districts)
1. Mahanadi Sihawa 286 Dhamtari, Mahasmund, Raipur, Bilaspur,
Janjgir-champa and Raigarh
2. Seonath Penbaras 200 Rajnandgaon, Durg, Bilaspur and Janjgir-
Champa
3. Hasdeo Korea 176 Korea, Bilaspur, Korba and Janjgir-
Champa
4. Mand Mainpat 155 Sarguja, Jashpur, Raigarh and Janjgir-
Champa
5. Ibb Pendra Pat 87 Jashpur
6. Hanf Kandawani 88 Kawardha and Durg
7. Arpa Khongsra 100 Bilaspur
8. Kharun Sanjari 96 Durg and Raipur
9. Kanhar Bakhona 115 Jashpur and Sarguja
Choti
10. Narangi Maakadi 135 Kondagaon and Bastar
11. Rihand Matiringa 145 Sarguja
12. Indravati Kalahandi 264 Bastar, Dantewara, and Bijapur
13. Sabari Bailadila 173 Dantewara and Sukma
 26

3.1.4 Reservoir

The state has several reservoirs in which the Ravishankar Sagar locally

popular as Gangrel is the largest reservoir (9,540 ha FRL). Other reservoirs are of

medium and small type namely Tandula (4,410 ha), Kodar (3,583 ha), Manohar Sagar

(3,257 ha), Kharkhara (2,975 ha), Kharang (2,760 ha), Hasdeo-Bango (2,510 ha),

Marmsilli (2,508 ha), Maniyari (2,460 ha), Dudhawa (1868 ha), Sikasar (1862 ha),

Gondli (1862 ha), Kosarteda (764.38 ha), Mongara (677.8 ha), Pipariya (459.715 ha),

Matiamoti (315 ha), Sondur, Maroda, Dulhera etc. All reservoirs are multipurpose in

use but their main objective is irrigation. They are rich in faunal biodiversity and

attract attention for their effects, whatsoever on the fish species.

3.2 Selection of the study area

The Chhattisgarh state has 27 revenue districts, out of which Bastar district is

selected for this study. Bastar district is located in the range of 17° 46' and 20° 34'

North latitude and 80° 15' and 82° 15' East longitude and at an altitude of 2000 ft

covering a total area of 39,114 sq.km. in Chhattisgarh state. Out of total 7 revenue

blocks in Bastar district, 5 blocks were selected for this study to know the diversity of

fish species. The blocks selected are: Jagdalpur, Bastar, Lohandiguda, Tokapal, and

Darbha.

3.3 Selection of sites

The study was made on the basis of catchments of rivers and their tributaries

along with connected reservoirs/ponds present in the area.

Bastar district was divided into the four zones for the study. This was on the

basis of catchments of four rivers present in the area. Four zones are (i) Indravati

basin (ii) Narangi basin (iii) Markandey basin and (iv) Mungabahar basin.
 Selected Sampling Sites of
Bastar district

• Kosarteda Reservoir
• Jagdalpur Anicut
• Gangamunda reservoir
• Dalpatsagar reservoir
• Jagdalpur fish market
17 46' and 20 34' N latitude and 80 15' and 82 15' E longitude • Bastar Fish Market
• Bastar talab
• Siwani talab
• Mundagaon fishing site
• Lohandiguda fish market
• Chitrakot fish landing centre
• Burungpal reservoir
• Trathgarh fishins site
• Karaji talab

Plate 2: Location of sampling sites

 27

Site selection for the collection of fish specimens in these basins was done on

the basis of availability of landing site and their approachability i.e., linking by roads,

presence of small, medium or big reservoirs, village ponds etc. which are directly or

indirectly connected to these rivers or streams.

3.4 Details of sampling sites

3.4.1 Basin of Indravati river

Site-1 Dalpat Sagar reservoir

Dalpat Sagar Lake is located within Jagdalpur. It is one of the biggest artificial

lake in Chhattisgarh. It is a small reservoir of 110.00 ha. Dalpat Sagar is one of the

major source of fishing and provide means of livelihood to many local people. The

water of the reservoir is used for fish Culture, entertainment and bathing of the human

beings. This lake is a great attraction for those residing in the town as well as the

tourists coming to Jagdalpur to enjoy Dalpat Sagar, situated in the catchment of the

river Indravati at Jagdalpur town.

Site-2 Gangamunda reservoir

It is a small reservoir of 10.00 ha mainly used for fish culture and and bathing

of the human beings. Situated in the catchment of the river Indravati at Jagdalpur

town.

Site-3 Jagdalpur anicut on Indravati river

It is an anicut and small fishing site of the river indravati at Jagdalpur, this

anicut is mainly used for water storage.

Site-4 Jagdalpur Fish Market

It is the main fish market of Bastar district. The fish come from the catches of

the Indravati, the Dalpat Sagar, the Gangamunda reservoir and many village tanks in

the catchments of this river.

 28

Site-5 Lohandiguda fish market

It is the main fish market of Lohandiguda region. The fish come from the

catches of the Indravati, the Narangi and many village tanks in the catchments of this

river.

Site-6 Chitrakot fish landing centre

It is the main fish landing centre of Indravati river. There is a water fall and

used for fishery and tourism activities. The Chitrakot Falls is located on Indravati

River. It is located 38 km from Jagdalpur.

Site-7 Burungpal reservoir

It is situated in the catchments of the river Indravati 12 Km from Jagdalpur

near Burungpal village. It is small reservoir of 32.09 ha and also used for irrigation

purpose and fish culture.

Site-8 Karanji talab

It is perennial village pond of 3 ha situated in the catchments of the river

Indravati 12 Km from Jagdalpur near Karanji village. Mainly used for fish culture and

bathing of human beings.

3.4.2 Basin of Narangi river

Site-9 Mundagaon fishing site

It is located around 22 km from Bastar block. It is the fishing site in the

catchments of this river.

Site-10 Siwani Talab

It is perennial urban pond of 5 ha situated in Siwani and mainly used for fish

culture and bathing of the human beings. It is perennial village pond of 5 ha situated
 Kosarteda reservoir (764.38 ha)

Dalpatsagar reservoir (110 ha)

Plate 3 : Satellite Images of Reservoir

 29

in Siwani 17 km from Bastar, mainly used for fish culture and bathing of human

beings.

3.4.3 Basin of Markandey nala

Site-11 Bastar fish market

It is main fish market of Bastar block and situated near catchments of the river

Markandey. Fishes comes from river Markandey, river Indravati, Kosarteda reservoir

and many village ponds in the catchments of this river.

Site-12 Bastar talab

It is perennial urban pond of 8 ha situated in Bastar and mainly used for fish

culture and bathing of the human beings.

Site-13 Kosarteda reservoir

It is a small reservoir of 764.38 ha and used mainly for irrigation purpose and

fish culture. It is situated in the catchments of the river Kosarteda proper, near

Salemeta village on

Bhanpuri road.

3.4.4 Basin of Mungabahar river

Site-14 Tirathgarh fishing site

It is located around 38 km from Jagdalpur in the renowned eco tourism site of

Kanger Valley National Park. It is the fishing site in the catchments of this river.

3.5 Fishing methods and implements

Bastar possesses a wealth of knowledge related to traditional fishing techniques.

Their techniques are specialized according to structure, size of stream, season and

species of fishes intented to be harvested. The fishing activities last mainly during the
 30

dry months, between Octobers and ensuing May during which period the fishermen

are employed in angling, trapping and netting. (Photographs were taken with the help

of digital camera. Crafts and gears used in the study area are listed below: )

3.6.1 Crafts

The crafts used in the study area are mostly traditional and indigenous.

3.6.1.1 Boats

Fishing is usually done by dug-out boats of flat bottom made locally. Their

sizes vary in length, width and depth. They are usually operated by one to three men.

Locally available woods are used to construct the boat. The boats are locally known

as Donga or Nav.

3.6.2 Gears

Many types of fishing net, fishing gears, bamboo frames are commonly used

in Bastar in running as well as stagnant water. These are popularly used in both small

and large water bodies for collecting fishes. Contribution of hooks, gill nets and drag

nets are maximum in relation to catch in the study area. Detail description of them is

as follows:

3.6.2.1 Cast nets

Cast net is cone-shaped, sinkers are made of cast iron and thread is usually of

nylon. Mesh sizes are usually very small. These nets are locally called as Jhari or

Saukhi. It is used in shallow areas of river and reservoir. Most of the fishermen

personally own cast net. Fishes like: Amblypharyngodon mola, Barilius barila,

Clarius batrachus, Esomus danricus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Labeo boga,

Lapidocephalichthys guntea, Channa punctatus, Noemachecheilus botia,

 Cast net used in Karanji talab Trap used in Indravati river

Nav / donga used in Dalpat sagar Dalpat sagar fishing site

Bait fishing in Dalpat sagar

Plate 4: Fishing craft and gear used in different sampling

sites
Hooks & lines gear Gill net

Lohandiguda fish market

Plate 4: Fishing gears & fish market

 31

Parluciosoma deniconius, Puntius sarana and Salmostoma bacaila are mostly caught

using this gear.

3.6.2.2 Gill nets

Gill nets are locally called as Tangri or Fansha Jaal. In Bastar district mainly

floating gill nets are operated by Donga in lentic and lotic water bodies. The latter one

has floats attached to the head twine and sinkers attached to the foot twine. The nets

are made of nylon of varying mesh sizes, which are tied across the river or pond from

one end to the other end on surface. It is kept hanging over night and taken out early

morning. This is the main gear used in ponds and reservoirs. Fishes like: Catla catla,

Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypopthalmichthys molitrix,

Hypopthalmichthys nobilis, Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Labeo gonius, Labeo

fimbriatus, Bagarius bagarius, Rita rita, Rita chrysea and Tor tor are mostly caught

using this gear.

3.6.2.3 Drag nets

These are also of various mesh sizes and used for filtering water by dragging

in rivers, ponds, irrigation tanks etc. Dragnets are operated by 2 -6 persons in shallow

water areas only. In reservoirs they are used at the periphery along the banks. They

are locally called as ‘Jhorli’ or ‘jaal’. They are generally made-up of nylon. Fishes

like: Barilius barila, Barilius bendelisis, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus

carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Channa gachua, Channa striatus, Labeo bata

Labeo rohita, Mystus tengara, Oreochromis mossambica, Oreochromis niloticus,

Panasius pangasius, Puntius sophore and Puntius ticto are mostly caught using this

gear.
 32

3.6.2.4 Bag nets

A bag type net is used to catch the fish by filtering the water and such nets are

fixed to the stakes. These nets are made-up of nylon and mostly used in flowing

waters. They are locally known as ‘Jhorli’. Fishes like: Catla catla, Cirrhinus

mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Channa gachua,

Channa striatus, Labeo bata, Labeo rohita, Mystus tengara, Oreochromis

mossambica, Oreochromis niloticus, Salmophasia phulo, Panasius pangasius,

Puntius sophore and Puntius ticto are caught using this gear.

3.6.2.5 Lift nets

These are locally used in rivers but are frequently used in small nala. They are

tied with two to four bamboo poles and a lever to lift the net, set on the bottom. Some

food is dropped and as soon as some fishes aggregate gear is lifted. They are locally

called chogudi and dosa with minor differences. Fishes like: Amblypharyngodon

mola, Labeo dero, Lapidocephalichys guntea, Mystus aor, Mystus seenghala,

Noemachelius botia and Parluciosoma deniconius are caught using this gear.

3.6.2.6 Plung basket

As soon as fish is seen is shallow areas, the basket is covered on the fish. It is

then taken out by hand through upper mouth. Fishes like: Channa gachua, Channa

orientalis, Clarius batrachus and Heteropneustus fossilis are caught using this gear.

3.6.2.7 Scoop/Push nets

These are used in isolated pools only wherein triangular wooden frame is tied

with a net piece forming a bag at caudal end. It is pushed and lifted by hand in

shallow waters. It is locally called as pelna. Fishes like: Barilius barila, Esomus
 33

danricus, Indoreonectus evezardi, Lapidocephalichthys guntea and Noemacheilus

botia are caught using this gear.

3.6.2.8 Mosquito nets

It is fine mesh net generally used for keeping the catch of fishes. Fishes like:

Amblypharyngodon mola, Anabas testudineus, Barilius bendelisis, Channa gachua,

Channa punctatus, Channa striatus, Chanda nama, Chanda ranga, Colisa faciatus,

Colisa lalia, Glossogobius giurius, Macrognathus aral, Mastacembelus puncalus,

Nandus nandus, Osteobrama cotio, Puntius ticto and puntius chola are caught using

this gear.

3.6.2.9 Hooks & Lines

Hooks and lines are very commonly used either with single hook tied across

the river (gari) or a part of it with multipie hooks (danari). It is the most popular game

fishing among local people. Fishes like: Anguilla bicolor, Bagarius bagarius, Labeo

calbasu, Garra mullya, Puntius sarana, Rita rita are caught.

3.6.3.0 Traps

Various types of traps are used which are made of bamboo. They are placed in

such a way that a part of river flow passes through them. It is also used in paddy fields

in rainy season. The gap in between traps is filled with paira or grasses, etc. These

traps are locally called as Thapa, Bisar, Dandar, Sodia, etc. Small fishes are usually

caught by this method. Fishes like: Barilius barila, Barilius bendelisis, Channa

gachua, Chanda nama, Chanda ranga, Parluciosoma deniconius, Mystus vittatus,

Mystus cavassius, Puntius sarana, Puntius sophore, Puntius ticto and Puntius chola

are mostly caught.

 34

3.7 Sampling of fish specimen

Fishes were collected during the period of July, 2012 to April, 2013. Sampling

was done in two ways:

(1) By Nets: - The fish specimen were sampled from their natural habitats.

(2) From Market and Landing sites: - The local fish market, village haats and

landing sites were also visited and specimen procured.

3.8 Preservation of fish specimen

Preservation of fish specimen was necessary for transportation to laboratory to

confirm identification of fish species. The collected fish specimen was preserved in 6-

8% formaldehyde solution at the sampling site itself. Small fish specimen (less than

10 cm in total length) were preserved directly without injection or opening the

visceral cavity. But larger specimen was preserved with injection of preservative into

the visceral cavity or slitting of abdomen for about 25% of body length. Larger

specimens (more than 25 cm in total length) were injected with 8% formaldehyde in

the belly to prevent spoilage. The preserved specimen were stored in plastic

containers.

3.9 Labeling or recording of fish specimen

Every sample was labeled with coded numbers and entered in a field diary

against a number. The details included locality, date and time of collection and other

related information of specimen. A strong plastic label was used with serial number.

3.10 Identification of fish specimen

Samples were brought to the laboratory and Meristic and morphometric

characters were measured and identified up to the species level, with the help of
 35

standard keys and books of Day (1986), Datta Munshi and Shrivastava (1988), Talwar

and Jhingran (1991), Jayaram (1994), Kar (2008), Das et al. (2010) and Fish Base

(2012). Identification of fish specimen was based on diagnostic characters such as

body form, colour, size, shape and position of fins, meristic features such as the

number of rays in a fin or the number of scales in a specific series, the presence of

scales in a specific series, the presence of distinctive organs such as barbles, or the

lateral line and various proportions such as the ratio of the length of the head to the

total length of the body, etc.

After identification, fish species was compared amongst various sampling sites

in different river basins, the frequency of occurrence differed significantly. Frequency

distribution was calculated for individual river basins followed by Biradar (2002).

Presence numberof fish speciesin differentsites

Frequency distribution = x 100
Total numberof sites on basin

Frequency distribution helps us to know which species is available in all

sampling sites or one/more sampling sites. Hundred percent occurrence shows that the

specific species is available at all sampling sites. i.e. through the river course. So,

species on the basis of their percentage of occurrence categorized into:

1. Dominant: Species occurring in more than 80 percent of sampling sites,

2. Abundant: Species occurring in 60 – 80 percent of sampling sites,

3. Less abundant: Species occurring in 40 - 60 percent of sampling sites and

4. Rare: Species occurring less than 40 percent of sampling sites.

In case of Narangi and Mungabahar river basin where only two and one

sampling sites are these two categories are made i.e. Dominant and Abundant.
 36

3.11 Physico-chemical analysis of water of sampling sites:

Surface water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis. Sampling

was done from different selected sites between 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. for physico-chemical

analysis.

i. Temperature: Water temperature was measured by using centigrade

mercury thermometer by dipping directly into the water for about one

minute on the spot till the mercury column stabilized, after which

temperature was recorded.

ii. Transparency: Transparency was measured with a Secchi disc.

iii. pH: pH of water sample was measured by using pH electrode of water

analysis kit 1160 made by Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co.

(ESICO) Haryana, India.

iv. Dissolved Oxygen: (D.O.) Dissolved oxygen of water sample was

measured by using D.O. electrode of water analysis kit (1160) made by

Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India

and the result is expressed as mg/l.

v. Alkalinity: Total alkalinity of water sample was estimated by

combining both the values i.e. free carbon dioxide (carbonate

alkalinity) measured by using phenolphthalein as an indicator and

bicarbonate alkalinity (by using methyl orange indicator) where the

sample was titrated against N/50 sulphuric acid (APHA, 1998). The

result is expressed as mg/l.

 37

vi. Total Hardness: Total hardness of the water sample was measured by

EDTA titrimetric method (APHA, 1998). Eriochrome black-T was

used as an indicator and result is expressed as mg/l.

vii. Electrical Conductivity (E.C.): E.C. of water sample was measured

by using EC electrode of water analysis kit 1160 made by

Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India

and the result is expressed as mS/cm.

viii. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): TDS of water sample was measured by

using TDS electrode of water analysis kit1160 made by Environmental

& Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India and the result is

expressed as ppm or mg/l.

3.8 Physico-chemical analysis of Soil of sampling sites:

I. pH: Soil pH was determined using 1:2.5 soils - water suspension after

stirring for 30 minutes, by glass electrode pH meter as suggested by

Piper (1966).

II. Available nitrogen: Soil available nitrogen was determined by

alkaline permanganate method as described by Subbiah and Asija

(1956).

III. Available phosphorus: Soil available phosphorus was extracted by

NaHCO3 (pH 8.5) as described by Olsen et al. (1954) and the amount

was determined by ascorbic acid method using spectrophotometer

(Watnabe and Olsen; 1965).

IV. Available potassium: Soil potassium was extracted by neutral normal

ammonium acetate and determined with the help of flame photometer

as described by Muhr et al. (1965).

RESULTs & DISCUSSION
 38

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the present study provides a systematic account of icthyofaunal

diversity from freshwater rivers, streams, reservoirs, village ponds and urban ponds

in the Bastar district on the basis of fish samples collected from July 2012 to April,

2013. During the study period different fish varieties were observed in the water

resources of Bastar district. The result shows that the area is rich in fish fauna. Present

study was made on the basis of fish samples collected from catchments of four rivers

viz.,

1) Indravati river

2) Narangi river

3) Markandey river

4) Mungabahar river

The fish samples collected and identified from different sampling sites have

been presented in the Table 4.1. The fishes have been identified and classified with

the help of keys provided by Jayaram (1981), Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Kar

(2008), Das et al. (2010) and Fish Base (2012). Their common and vernacular names,

fin formula and geographical distribution are listed in Table 4.2.

A systematic account of 74 fish species belonging to 43 genera, 21 families

and 7 orders were recorded from 14 sampling sites in Bastar district (C.G.). Out of 74

species 35 belong to the order Cypriniformes dominating with (31 species of

Cyprinidae, 1 species of Cobitidae and 3 species of Balitoridae) followed by the order

Siluriformes with 17 species (4 species of Siluridae, 8 species of Bagridae, 2 species

 39

of Clariidae and one species each of Sisoridae, Pangasiidae and Heteropneustidae), 14

belong to the order Perciformes (5 species of Channidae, 2 specics of Ambassidae, 2

species of Cichlidae, 2 species of Belontidae and one species each of Nandidae,

Anabantidae and Gobiidae), 2 belong to the order Osteoglossiformes (2 species of

Notopteridae), 4 belong to the order Synbranchiformes (3 species of

Mastacembelidae and 1 species of Sybranchidae), 1 belong to the order

Anguilliformes (1 species of Anguillidae) and 1 belong to the order

Cyprinodontiformes (1 species of Belonidae) are presented in the Table 4.1 and 4.2.

The present study collected 13 new fish species which were not recorded earlier

(Hora, 1938; Vardia, 1991 and Kar, 2008) in the water resources of Bastar district in

Chhattisgarh. Among the 13 species, 6 species were indigenous viz., Monopterus

cuchia, Mystus tengara, Pangasius pangasius, Channa orientalis, Colisa fasciatus

and Colisa lalia and 7 species were exotic viz., Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus

carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Clarias

gariepinus, Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus.

Among the total enlisted species, the dominant ones included family

Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Heteropneustidae and Gobiidae whereas, the abundant ones

included family Channidae, Ambassidae Cobitidae and Cichlidae.

Analysis of the 74 species recorded reveals that the species belonging to the

order Cypriniformes was dominant constituting 47 %, (out of which Family

Cyprinidae contributes about 42 %) followed by order Siluriformes constituting 23 %

Perciformes 19 %, Synbranchiformes 6 %, Osteoglossiformes constituting 3 % and

order Cyprinodontiformes and Anguilliformes constituting 1 % each of total fish

species.
 40

The dominant and abundant fish species includes all the 3 major carps (Catla

catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala), 1 minor carp (Labeo bata), 1 cat fish

(Clarius batrachas), besides native fishes 2 exotic carp (Cyprinus carpio and

Oreochromis mossambica) are having high economic and cultivable value in this

region.

The genera representing the icthyofauna (74 species) of Bastar district are

Amblypharyngodon, Anguilla, Barilius, Catla, Cirrhinus, Ctenopharyngodon,

Cyprinus, Esomus, Garra, Hypophthalmichthys, Labeo, Osteobrama, Parluciosoma,

Puntius, Salmostoma, Tor, Lepidocephalichthys, Noemacheilus, Schistura,

Indoreonectes, Ompok, Wallago, Silonia, Mystus, Sperata, Rita, Bagarius,

Pangasius, Heteropneustes, Clarias, Xenentodon, Pseudambassis, Chanda, Channa,

Nandus, Oreochromis, Anabas, Colisa, Glossogobius, Mastacembelus,

Macrognathus, Monopterus and Notopterus. Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus

carpio, Clarius gariepinus, Channa orientalis, Colisa fasciatus, Colisa lalia

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Labeo boga, Mystus

tengra, Monopterus cuchia, Oreochromis mossambica, Oreochromis niloticus and

Pangasius pangasius, are new records in this region.

4.1 Fish Fauna of Indravati river basin

A total of 70 species were found in the Indravati river basin of which 12

species are dominant (Table: 4.3) based on frequency distribution. They are:

Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.), Catla catla (Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.),

Chanda nama (Ham.), Glossogobius giurius (Ham.), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.),

Labeo bata (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.), Sperata aor (Ham.), Sperata seenghala

(Sykes.), Puntius sarana (Ham.), and Puntius sophore (Ham.). Twenty one species

which are abundant or common are Barilius barila (Ham.-bush.), Cirrhinus reba
 Table: 4.1 Icthyofauna in the Basin of Indravati, Narangi, Markandey and Mungabahar rivers.

Sampling sites
S.No
Indravati basin Narangi Markandey basin Mungabahar
Fish species Basin basin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 Amblypharyngodon mola + + + + + + + - + - + - + +
(Ham.)
2 Anabas testudineus + - + + + - - - + - + - - -
(Bloch)
3 Anguilla bicolor - - - - + + - - - - - - - -
(McClelland)
4 Bagarius bagarius - - - - + + - - - - - - - -
(Ham.)
5 Barilius barila (Ham.- + + + + - - + + - - - - - +
Bush.)
6 Barilius bendelisis - - - + - + - - + + - - + +
(Ham.)
7 Catla catla (Ham.) + + + + + + + + + + + + - +
8 Cirrhinus mrigala + + + + + - + - + + + + + -
(Ham.)
9 Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) - - + + + + + - - - + - + -
10 Ctenopharyngodon + - + + + - - + + + + - + -
idella (Val.)
11 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) + + - + + - + + + + + + + +
12 Channa gachua (Ham.) + - + + + + + - + + + - + +
13 Channa orientalis - + - + + - - - - - + - - -
(Ham.)
41

Cont………
 Cont………
S.No Fish species Sampling sites
Indravati basin Narangi Markandey basin Mungabahar
Basin basin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
14 Channa marulius - - + + - - - - - - - - - -
(Ham.)
15 Channa punctatus + + + + + + + + + + + - + +
(Bloch)
16 Channa striatus - - + + + + - - + - + + + +
(Bloch)
17 Chanda nama (Ham.) + + + + + + + - + - + - + +
18 Chanda ranga (Ham.) + + + + + - + - + - + - + +
19 Clarias batrachus + + - + + - + + + - + - - +
(Linn)
20 Clarias gariepinus + - - + + - - + - - + - - -
(Bloch)
21 Colisa faciatus (Bloch + + - + - - + - - - - - - -
& Schn.)
22 Colisa lalia (Ham.- + + - + - - + - - - - - - -
Buch)
23 Esomus danricus + - + + + - + - - - - - - +
(Ham.)
24 Garra mullya (Sykes) - - - - + + - - - - - - - +
25 Glossogobius giuris + + + + + + + + + - + - + +
(Ham.)
26 Heteropneustes fossilis + + - + + + + + + + + + + +
(Bloch)
27 Hypophthalmichthys - - + + + + - - + - + - - -
molitrix (Val.)
42

Cont………
 Cont………

S.No Fish species Sampling sites

Indravati basin Narangi Markandey basin Mungabahar
Basin basin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 Hypophthalmichthys - - - + + + - - - - + - - -
nobilis (Rich.)
29 Indoreonectus evezardi - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
(Day.)
30 Labeo bata (Ham.) + + + + + + + + - - + - + +
31 Labeo boga (Bloch) + - + - - + - + - - - - + -
32 Labeo boggut (Sykes.) - - - - + + - - - - - - - -
33 Labeo calbasu (Ham.) - - + + + + - - - - - - + -
34 Labeo dero (Sykes) - + - + - - - - + - - - + -
35 Labeo fimbriatus - - - - + + - - - - - - - -
(Bloch.)
36 Labeo gonius (Ham.- - - - - + + - - - - - - - +
Boch.)
37 Labeo rohita (Ham.) + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
38 Lepidocephalichthys + - + + + + + - + - + - + +
guntea (Ham.)
39 Macrognathus aral + - - + + + + - + - - - + +
(Bloch.)
40 Mastacembelus pancalus + + - - + + + + + - + - + +
(Ham.)
41 Mastacembelus armatus - + + + + - + - + - - - + +
(Lacepede)
42 Monopterus cuchia - - - + + - - - + - + - - -
(Ham.)
43 Sperata aor (Ham.) + + + + + - + + + - + - + -
43

Cont………
 Cont………

S.No Fish species Sampling sites

Indravati basin Narangi Markandey basin Mungabahar
Basin basin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
44 Sperata seenghala + + + + + - + + - + + + + +
(Sykes)
45 Mystus bleekeri (Day) + - - + + + + - + - + - - -
46 Mystus tengara (Ham.) - - - - - - - - + + + - + -
47 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) + - + + + + - - - - + - + +
48 Mystus cavassius (Ham.) - - + + - + + - + - + - - +
49 Nandus nandus (Ham.) + + - + + - - - + - + - + -

50 Noemacheilus botia + - + + + - + - + - + - + +
(Ham.)
51 Notopterus chitala + - - + - - - - - - + - - -
(Ham.)
52 Notopterus notopterus + + - + - + - + + - + - - +
(Pallas)
53 Ompok bimaculatus + + - + + + + - - - + + + -
(Bloch)
54 Ompak pabda (Ham.) - - - - - - - - - - - + + -
55 Oreochromis mossambica + - - + + - + - - + + + + -
(Peters)
56 Oreochromis niloticus + + - + + - - - - - + - - -
(Linn.)
57 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) + - - + + - + - - - - - - -
58 Pangasius pangasius - - - + + - - - + - + - - -
(Ham.)
59 Parluciosoma daniconius + - - + + + + + - + - - - +
(Ham.- Buch.)
44

Cont………
 Cont………

S.No Fish species Sampling sites

Indravati basin Narangi Markandey basin Mungabahar
Basin basin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
60 Puntius sarana (Ham.) + + + + + + + + + - + + + +
61 Puntius sophore (Ham.) + + + + + + + + + + - + + +
62 Puntius ticto (Ham.) + - - + + + - - - - + - + +
63 Puntius chola (Ham.) + - + + + + + - + - + - - +
64 Puntius conchonius - - - + + - + - + + + - + +
(Ham.)
65 Puntius amphibius - - + + + + - - + - + - - -
(Valenciennes)
66 Rita rita (Ham.) - - - + + + - - - - - - - -
67 Rita chrysea (Day.) - - - + + + - - - - - - - -
68 Salmostoma bacaila + + + + + - + - + - + - + +
(Ham.)
69 Salmophasia phulo + - - + + - + + - - - - - +
(Ham.)
70 Schistura denisoni - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
(Day.)
71 Silonia silondia (Ham.) - - - - + + - - - - - - - -
72 Tor tor (Ham.- Bush) - - - - + + - - - - - - - -
73 Wallago attu (Bl. And - + - - + - + - + - + - + -
Schn.)
74 Xenentodon cancila - - - + + + - - + - + - - -
(Ham.)
Total 43 29 32 59 60 41 38 20 40 15 46 12 37 36

(+)(+) = Present,
= Present, (-)(-) = Absent,
= Absent,
Sampling sites: 1 = Dalpat sagar reservoir, 2 = Gangamunda reservoir, 3 = Jagdalpur anicut, 4 = Jagdalpur fish market, 5 =
45

Lohandiguda fish market, 6 = Chitrakot fishing site, 7 = Burungpal reservoir, 8 = Karanji talab, 9 = Mundagaon fishing site, 10 =
Siwani talab, 11 = Bastar fish market, 12 = Bastar talab, 13 = Kosarteda reservoir, 14 = Tirathgarh fishing site.
 46

(Ham.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Channa gachua

(Ham.), Chanda ranga (Ham.), Clarius batrachus (Linn.), Esomus danricus (Ham.),

Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus

pancalus (Ham.), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede), Mystus bleekeri (Day.),

Mystus vittatus (Bloch.), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Pallas.),

Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch.), Parlucisoma daniconius (Ham.-Buch.), Puntius chola

(Ham.), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.), and Salmophasia phulo(Ham.). Fifteen species

are less abundant Viz., Anabas testudienus (Bloch.), Channa striatus (Bloch.), Clarius

gariepinus (Bloch.), Colisa faciatus (Bloch. & Schn.), Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch.),

Hypopthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Labeo boga (Bloch.), Labeo calbasu (Ham.),

Mystus cavassius (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.), Oreochromis mossambica (Peters),

Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Osteobrama cotio (Ham.), Puntius ticto (Ham.), and

Puntius amphibius (Val.) and other 22 species are rare Viz., Anguilla bicolor

(McClelland), Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Cirrhinus

mrigala (Ham.), Channa orientalis (Ham.), Channa marulius (Ham.), Garra mullya

(Sykes), Hypopthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.), Labeo boggut (Sykes.), Labeo dero

(Sykes.), Labeo gonius (Ham.- Boch.), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.), Monopterus cuchia

(Ham.), Notopterus chitala (Ham.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius conchonius

(Ham.), Rita rita (Ham.), Rita chrysea (Day.), Silonia silondia (Ham.), Tor tor (Ham.-

Bush.), Wallago attu (Bl. & Schn.) and Xenentondon cancila (Ham.).

4.2 Fish Fauna of Narangi river basin

A total of 43 species were recorded from Narangi basin with two sampling

sites and fishes have been categorised as dominant and less abundant. 12 species are

dominant based on frequency distribution while the remaining 31 species are less

abundant. Dominant species are: Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Catla catla (Ham.),
 47

Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.),

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.),

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Puntius sophore (Ham.), and

Puntius conchonius (Ham.) and less abundant are Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.),

Anabas testudineus (Bloch), Channa striatus (Bloch), Chanda nama (Ham.), Chanda

ranga (Ham.), Clarias batrachus (Linn), Glossogobius giuris (Ham.),

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Labeo dero (Sykes), Lepidocephalichthys guntea

(Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.),

Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede), Monopterus cuchia (Ham.), Mystus bleekeri

(Day), Sperata aor (Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Mystus cavassius (Ham.),

Nandus nandus (Ham.), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Pallas),

Oreochromis mossambica (Peters), Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.),

Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius sarana (Ham.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius

amphibius (Valenciennes), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.), Schistura denisoni (Day.),

Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.), and Xenentodon cancila (Ham.).

4.3 Fish Fauna of Markandey basin

Fifty four species were recorded in Markandey basin from three sampling sites

where 9 species are dominant Viz., Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio

(Linn.), Channa striatus (Bloch), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Labeo rohita

(Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch.)Oreochromis

mossambica (Peters) and Puntius sarana (Ham.). Twenty four species which are

abundant or common are Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.), Anabas testudineus

(Bloch), Catla catla (Ham.), Cirrhinus reba (Ham.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.),

Channa gachua (Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.), Chanda nama (Ham.), Chanda

ranga (Ham.), Glossogobius giuris (Ham.), Labeo bata (Ham.), Lepidocephalichthys

 48

guntea (Ham.), Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Sperata aor (Ham.), Mystus

vittatus (Bloch), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.), Noemacheilus botia

(Ham.), Ompak pabda (Ham.), Puntius ticto (Ham.), Puntius sophore (Ham.), Puntius

conchonius (Ham.), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) and Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.)

and 21 species are rare Viz., Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Channa orientalis (Ham.),

Clarias batrachus (Linn), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

(Val.), Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.), Labeo boga (Bloch), Labeo calbasu

(Ham.), Labeo dero (Sykes), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus armatus

(Lacepede), Monopterus cuchia (Ham.), Mystus bleekeri (Day), Mystus cavassius

(Ham.), Notopterus chitala (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Pallas), Oreochromis

niloticus (Linn.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius

amphibius (Val.), and Xenentodon cancila (Ham.). Twenty species are found missing

in the Markandey basin out of 74 species recorded in Bastar district (Table 4.3).

4.4 Fish Fauna of Mungabahar basin

A total of 36 species were observed in Mungabahar basin. In Mungabahar

river basin only one sampling site was taken so only record of the species was made

without any dominance. The recorded species are : Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.),

Barilius barila (Ham.-Bush.), Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Catla catla (Ham.), Channa

gachua (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.), Channa striatus

(Bloch), Clarias batrachus (Linn), Chanda ranga (Ham.), Chanda nama (Ham.),

Esomus danricus (Ham), Garra mullya (Sykes), Glossogobius giuris (Ham.),

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.), Labeo bata (Ham.),

Labeo gonius (Ham.-Boch.), Labeo rohita (Ham.), Lepidocephalichthys guntea

(Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede),

Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Mystus vittatus (Bloch),

Table: 4.2 Taxonomic details of fish fauna of Bastar district.

Phylum - Vertebrata
Sub-phylum - Craniata
Super class - Gnathostomata
Series - Pisces
Class - Teleostomi
Sub-class - Actinopterygii

S. Scientific name Local English Fin formula Distribution

No. Name Name
Order - Cypriniformes, Family - Cyprinidae
1 Amblypharyngodo Kakai, Mola carplet D.9; P.14; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; Fresh water of all the Indian states except
n mola (Ham.) Chandeni L.I-69; L.tr. 23-24 the Malabar coast Pakistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh & Burma
2 Barilius barila Jori Barred baril D.9(2/7);P.13(1/12);V.9(1/8),A.3/1 India, Pakistan
(Ham.- Bush.) 0-11;Barbles two pairs
3 Barilius Jori Hamilton’s D.9(2/7);P.15;V.9;A.10(2/8);C.18;L India, Pakistan
bendelisis(Ham.) barila .I.38;L.tr.11(8/3);Barbles two pairs
4 catla catla (Ham.) Katla Catla D.16; P.18; V.9; A.7; C.19; L.I- Northern India, Pakistan and Burma
38; L.tr. 71/2/6
5 Cirrihinus mrigala Mrigaal Mrigal D.16 (3/3); P.18; V.9; A.8 (2/6); Northern part of India, Pakistan, Nepal,
(Ham.) C.15; L.I.-42; L.tr. 7; barbles one Burma
pair
6 Cirrhinus reba Lohi Reba carp D.10; P.15; V.9; A.6; C.17; L.I.- India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh
(Ham) 32; L.tr. 6/5; barbles one pair
7 Ctenopharyngodon Grass Grass carp D.10 (3/7); A.11 (3/8); L.I.44 India, Pakistan, Burma
idella (Val.) carp
8 Cyprinus carpio Petla Common carp D.19 (1/18); P.16 (1/15); V.8 India, Pakistan, Burma
(Linn) (1/7); A7 (1/6); C.21; L.I.34;
L.tr.13, barbels 2 pairs
49

Cont………
Cont………

9 Esomus danricus Dandai Flying barb D.8(2/6);A.8(3/5);P.(1/14- India, Pakistan

(Ham.) 15);V.(1/6-7);Barbl two pairs
10 Garra mullya Mendkho Mullya D.8-10(3); P.14; V.10; A.7(1/6); India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh,
(Sykes) ri L.I.30; L.tr.41/2/31/2; Barbles Burma
two pairs
11 Hypophthalmichth Silver Silver carp D.10(3/7); V.8(1/7); A.14(2/12); India, Pakistan, Burma
ys molitrix (Val.) carp L.I.110
12 Hypophthalmichth Bighead Big head D.8; P.17; U.8; A.13; C.21; L.I- India, Pakistan, Nepal
ys nobilis (Bloch) 95
13 Labeo dero (Ham.) - Dero D.9-12 (2/3); P.16-17 (1); V.7 India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal and
(1); A.5 (2/3); C.19; L.I-40-44; Burma
L.tr. 7, barbles one pairs
14 Labeo rohita Rohu Rohu D.15 (2/13); P.17; V.9; A.7 India, Pakistan and Burma
(Ham- Buch) (2/5); C.19; L.I-42; L.tr. 7,
barbles one pairs
15 Labeo calbasu Kar Calbasu D.16; P.18; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; India, Pakistan and Burma
(Ham-Buch) L.I-40; L.tr. 6/7, barbles two
pairs
16 Labeo gonius kulus Gonius D.15;P.17;V.9;A.7;C.19;L.I.80;
(Ham.-Boch.) L.tr.13/12;Barbles two pair
17 Labeo bata (Ham.) Bata Bata Labeo D.11; P.18; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan
L.I-40; L.tr. 5/6, barbles one
pairs
18 Labeo boga Lohia Boga Labeo D.11 (2/9); P.15; V.9; A.7 (2/5); Madras, Rivers of Gangetic provinces
(Bloch) C.17; L.I-37; L.tr.14 (7/7), South Kathiawar
barbles one pairs
19 Labeo fimbriatus Kot Fringedlipped D.(3-4/15-18);A.(2-3/5);P.(1/15- India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and
(Bloch.) peninsula 18);V(1/8);Barbles two pairs Myanmar
carp
20 Labeo boggut Nakati Boggut labeo D.(3/8- India, Bangladesh and Pakistan
(Sykes.) 9);A.(2/5);P.(1/16);V.(1/8);Barbl
es one pairs
50

Cont………
 Cont………

21 Osteobrama cotio Kakai Cotio D.11 (3/8); P.14; V.9; A.30; Fresh waters, throughout India excepted
(Ham.-Buch) C.19; L.I.55 L.tr. 13/15 Malabar and South of Kistna, Pakistan,
Burma, Nepal, Bangladesh and China
22 Parluciosoma Dandai Blackine D.9; P.15; V.8; A.7; C.18; L.I- India, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Thailand,
daniconius (Ham- Rasbora 30; L.tr. 31/2/4 vert. 15/11 South, China and Malayasia
Buch)
23 Puntius sarana Kotra Olive barb D.11 (2/9); P. 15; V.9; A.8 (3/5); India, Pakistan, Burma, Nepal,
(Ham-Buch) C.19; L.I-32; L.tr. 61/2/5, barbles Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri-Lanka and
two pairs China
24 Puntius sophore Kotri Stigma barb D.11 (3/8); P.14; V.9; A.8 (2/6); India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh,
(Ham.) C.19; L.I-23; L.tr. 41/2/41/2 Burma, China and Yunnan
25 Purtius conchonius Kotri Rosy barb D.7-8 (3); P.18(1); V.8(1); A.5 India, Pakistan and Nepal
(Ham.) (2/3); C.19; L.I-24-27; L.tr.
51/2/5
26 Puntius amphibius Kotri Scarletbanded D.10-12 (3/9); P. 16; V.9; A.8 India, Pakistan, Burma, Nepal,
(Valenciennes) barb (3/6); C.19; L.I-32; L.tr. 61/2/5, Bangladesh and Sri-Lanka
barbles two pairs
27 Puntius ticto Kotri Ticto barb D.8 (3/4); P.12-14(1); V.8(1); India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
(Ham) A.5 (2/3); C.19; L.I-25; L.tr. 5- Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand and Siam
61/2/6-61/2
28 Puntius chola Kotri Green barb. D.11 (3/8); P.14; V.9; A.8 (3/5); India, Pakistan and Burma
(Ham.) C.19; L.I-27; L.tr. 51/2/5
29 Salmostoma Large D.9 (2/7); P.12; V.8; A.14; C.17; India except Malabar, Mysore and
bacaila (Ham.) Sarangi razorbelly L.I.-43; L.tr. 12/10 Madras
minnow
30 Salmophasia phulo Dandai Minnow D10(3/7);A.(3/17- India and Bangladesh.
(Ham.) 19);P.13(1/12);V.8(1/7)
31 Tor tor (Ham- Kosaar Mahaser D.3/9; P.17; V.9; A.7; C.20; India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri
Buch.) L.I.25; Ltr. 4½/4½; Barbels two lanka, China
pair
Family – Cobitidae
32 Lepidocephalichth- Turu Loach D.8 (2/6); P.8; V.7; A.7 (2/5); India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and
ys guntea (Ham.) C.16; L.r.100; Barbles four pairs Burma
51

Cont………
Cont………

Family – Balitoridae
33 Noemacheilus Turu Loach D.11; P.13; V.8; A.7; C.18; L.I- Northern India, Nepal, Burma, Pakistan,
botia (Ham.) 105; L.tr.28; Barbels three pairs Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
34 Schistura denisoni Pakhana Loach D.11(3/8);A.(2- India
(Day) Turu 3/5);P.11(1/10);V.7(1/6);Barbles
short
35 Indoreonectes Blind Loach D.10(3/7);A.7(2/5);P.(1/10- India
evezardi (Day) fish, 11);V.(1/6-7);Barbles short
Turu
Order – Siluriformes, Family – Siluridae
36 Ompok Balia Butter cat fish D.4; P15 (11/4) V.7; A60; C.17; Freshwater of India, Nepal, Sri lanka,
bimaculatus Barbels two pairs Burma, Bangladesh, Thailand, Pakistan
(Bloch)
37 Ompok pabda Balia Butter cat fish D.4-5; P11-13 (1) V.6-7(1); Freshwater of India, Nepal, Sri lanka,
(Ham.) A.48-54 (2); Barbels two pairs Burma, Bangladesh and Pakistan
38 Wallago attu Padena, Fresh water D.5; P.15 (1/14); V.9; A.90 West Bengal, Manipur, Assam, Orissa,
(Schneider) Balia shark (4/86); C.17; Barbels two pairs Burma.
39 Silonia Sidir Silond catfish D.8(1/7);P.16;C.17;A(3/40- Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal
silondia(Ham.) 36);V.8;Barbles two pairs and probably Myanmar
Family – Bagridae
40 Mystus bleekeri Tengna Day,s Mystus D.7-8 (1); P. 9-10 (1); V.5(1); A. Northern India, Pakistan, Burma and
(Day) 6-7 (3); C.16: barbles 4 pairs Sumatra
41 Mystus cavasius Jarahi Dwarf Cat D.8 (1/7); P.9 (1/8): V.6; A.10 Northern India, Pakistan and Burma
(Ham.) tegna fish (2/8); C.15; Barbles four pairs
42 Mystus tengara Tegna Tengara D.8 (1/7); P.8 (1/7); V.6; A.10 North India and Pakistan
(Ham.) mystus (2/8), C.15; barbles four pairs
43 Sperata aor Singhar Long D.8 (1/7); P.10 (1/9); V6; A.11 South India Pakistan Bangaladesh,
(Ham.) whiskered cat (3/8)C.19; barbles four pair Burma and China
fish
44 Mystus vittatus Tengra Striped dwarf D.8 (1/7); P.10 (1/9); V.5 (1); India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma
(Bloch) cat fish A.7-9 (2/7); C.17; Barbles four
pair
52

Cont………
Cont………

45 Sperata seenghala Tengra Gaint river cat D.9 (1/8); P.11 (1/10); V.6; A.11 India, Pakistan and Burma
(Sykes) fish (2/9); C.19; barbles 4 pairs
46 Rita rita (Ham.) Kokia Rita D.7(1/6);P.8(1/7);V.8;A.10(2/8); India
C.20;Barbles four pairs
47 Rita chrysea Kokia Rita D.(1/6-7);A.(2/8-10);P.(1/9- India
(Day.) 10);V.(1/6-7);C.20
Family-Sisoridae
48 Bagarius bagarius Bodh Dwarf D.7(1/6); P. 13 (1/12); V.6; A. River of India, Pakistan Burma and upto
(Ham.) goonch 13 (3/10); C. 17; Barbles four East Indies Islands
pairs
Family - Pangasiidae
49 Pangasius Pangas Pangash D.8 (1/7); P.13 (1/12); V.6; A33 India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Siam
pangasius (Ham.) (4/29); C19; barbels two pairs
Family - Heteropneustidae (Old name – Saccobranchidae)
50 Heteropneutes Chinghi Stinging cat D.6; P8 (1/7); V.6; A.63; C.18 India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and
fossilis (Bloch) fish barbles 4 pairs China
Family - Clariidae
51 Clarias batrachas Mongri Air breathing D.65; P.19 (1/18); V.6; A.52; India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and
(Linn.) cat fish C.16; barbles 4 pairs Malaya
52 Clarias gariepinus Sarkari North Africa D.65; P.10 (1/9); V.6; A.50; Africa, Asia, Jordan, Isrnel, Syria
Magur Catfish C.20; barbles 4 pairs
Order - Perciformes, Family – Channidae
53 Channa orientalis Khokshi Asiatic D. 32-37; P. 14-15; V. 6; A. 20- India, Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Iran,
(Ham.) snake-head 23; C. 12; L.I.- 42; L.tr. 3/6 Pakistan, Nepal and Ceylon
fish
54 Channa punctatus Khokshi Green snake- D.31; P.16; V.6; A.21; C.12; Northern India, Pakistan and Ceylon
(Bloch) head fish LI.35; L.tr. 417
55 Channa striatus Khokshi Stipped D.29; P.15; V.5; A.18; C.12; India, Pakistan and Ceylon
(Bloch) snake-head L.I.-40; L.tr. 15(5/10)
murrel
56 Channa marulius Khokshi Giant snake- D.51; P.18; V.5; A.32; C.15; India, Pakistan, Ceylon and China
(Ham.) head murrel L.I.-65; L.tr. 51/2/12
53

Cont………
Cont………

57 Channa gachua Khokshi Snake-head D.34;P.15;V.6;A.21;C.12;L.I.42; India, Pakistan and Ceylon

(Ham.) murrel L.tr.3/6
Family – Ambassidae (Old name – Centropomidae)
58 Chanda nama Chandeni Glassy D.22 (1+6/1+14); P.13; V.6 India, Pakistan and Burma
(Ham.) , Kakai perchlet (1/5); A19 (3/16); C.17; L.tr.
Scales deciduous
59 Pseudambassis Chandeni Glassy D.1+7/1/13; P. 11 V.1/5; A.3/14; India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya, Siam
ranga (Ham.) , Kakai perchlet C.17; L.I – Scales deciduous L, Nepal
tr. Scales deciduous
Family - Nandidae
60 Nandus nandus Keu Nandus D.25 (14+11); P.14; V.1+6; India, Pakistan and Burma
(Ham.-Buch) A3+7; C.13; L.I-45; L.tr. 6/16
Family - Cichlidae
61 Oreochromis Koi Mozambi-que D.28 (16/12); P.14; V.6- India, Pakistan and Burma
.mossambicus tilapia (1/5);A.3/11; C.16; L.I.-33; L.tr.
(Peters) 31/2/31/2
62 Oreochromis Koi Nile tilapia D.28 (17+11); P.14; V.6 (1/5); India, Pakistan and Burma
niloticus C.16; L.I.-30; L.tr. 3/10
(Linnaeus)
Family - Anabantidae
63 Anabas testudineus Kevai Climbing D.26 (18+9); P.15; V.6 (1/5); India, Pakistan and Burma, Bangladesh
(Bloch) perch A.18; C.16; L.I.29; L.tr. 4/8
Family - Belontidae
64 Colisa fasciatus Bandel Gourami D.28 (12+16); P.10-12; V.1; A. Northern India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sind
(Bl. & Schm). colisa 31(16/15); L.I.30; L.tr 5/12 Bangladesh, Burma.
65 Colisa lalia (Ham.- Colisa Dwarf D.24 (16+8); P.8-10; V.1; A. Northern India, Nepal, Pakistan, Burma
Buch) gourami 37(18/19); L.I.30; L.tr 5/10 and Bangladesh
Family - Gobiidae
66 Glossogobius Bhokwa Bareyed goby D. (6/1+10); P.18; V.6 (1/5); India, Pakistan, Ceylon, China, Burma,
giuris (Ham) A.10 (1/9); C.15; L.-I 32; Ltr. 12 Japan and Philippines
Order - Osteoglossiformes, Family - Notopteridae
67 Notopterus Patola Feather back D.8 (1/7); P.17; V.6; A100; Fresh water and brackish waters of India,
54

Cont………
Cont………

notopterus (Ham.) C.18; L.1-200; Vert. 25/50 Pakistan, Burma, Siam and Philippines
68 Notopterus Chitala Patola Humped D.9 (1/8); P.15; V.6; A.110; Fresh water and brackish waters of India,
(Ham.) feather C.12; L.I-160 Pakistan, Burma, Siam & Philippines
Order – Cyprinodontiformes (Old name – Atheriniformes), Family -Belonidae
69 Xenentodon Suja Fresh water D.16; P.11; V.6; A.17; C.15 India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma
cancila (Hamilton) gar fish
Order - Synbranchiformes (Old name – Mastacembeliformes), Family – Mastacembelidae
70 Mastacembelus Bawari Spiny eel D.37/73; P.22; V. abst; A.3/75; India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal, Burma
armatus C.20 (confluent with dorsal and and Malaya
(Lacepede) anal)
71 Mastacembelus Bawari Spiny eel D.25/32; P.19-20; V. abst; India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal and
pancalus (Ham.) A.3/40; C.12 Burma
72 Macrognathus Bami One-stripe D.(16-23/44-45);A.(3/44- India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal, Burma
aral(Bloch.) spinyeel 52);P.19-24;C-15 and Malaya
Family - Synbranchidae
73 Monopterus cuchia Kuchiya Cuchia D. very rudimentary; P1. P2. A. India , Bangladesh
(Ham.) and C. absent.
Order - Anguilliformes, Family - Anguillidae
74 Anguilla bicolor Dudum Shortfin eel Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Kenya
(McClelland) soft rays (total): 240 - 245;
Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays:
200 - 220; Vertebrae: 105 - 115
A : Anal fin, C : Caudal fin, D : Dorsal fin, P : Pectoral fin, V : Ventral fin or pelvic fin, L.I : Lateral line of perforated scales, L.tr. :

Lateral transverse row of scales, B : Barbels

55
 Family: Cyprinidae

Amblypharyngodon mola Barilius barila Barilius bendelisis

Catla catla Cirrhinus mrigala Cirrhinus reba

Ctenopharyngodon idella Cyprinus carpio Esomus danricus

Garra mullya Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Labeo dero Labeo rohita Labeo calbasu

Labeo boga
Labeo gonius Labeo bata

Labeo fimbriatus Labeo boggut Osteobrama cotio

Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of
Bastar district
 Family: Cyprinidae cont…………….

Parluciosoma daniconius Puntius sarana Puntius sophore

Puntius conchonius Puntius amphibius Puntius ticto

Puntius chola Salmostoma bacaila Salmostoma phulo

Tor tor

Family: Balitoridae

Noemacheilus botia Schistura denisoni Indoreonectus evezardi

Family: Cobitidae Family: Siluridae

Ompok pabda Ompok bimaculatus

Lepidocephalichthys guntea

Wallago attu Silonia silondia

Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of

Bastar district
Family: Bagridae

Mystus bleekeri Mystus cavasius Mystus tengara

Sperata seenghala
Sperata aor Mystus vittatus

Rita rita Rita chrysea

Family: Bagridae Family - Pangasiidae Family - Heteropneustidae

Bagarius bagarius Pangasius pangasius Heteropneustes fossils

Family - Clariidae

Clarias batrachus Clarias gariepinus

Family – Channidae

Channa punctatus
Channa orientalis Channa striatus

Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of

Bastar district
 Family – Channidae Cont.......

Channa marulius Channa gachua

Family – Ambassidae

Chanda nama Pseudambassis ranga

Family - Nandidae Family - Cichlidea

Nandus nandus Oreochromis mossambica Oreochromis niloticus

Family - Anabantidae Family - Belontidae

Anabas testudineus Colisa lalia Colisa fasciatus

Family - Notopteridae
Family -Gobiidae

Notopterus chitala
Glossogobius giuris Notopterus notopterus

Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of

Bastar district
 Family – Belonidae

Xenentodon cancila

Family – Mastacembelidae

Macrognathus aral Mastacembelus puncalus

Mastacembelus armatus

Monopterus cuchia

Family – Anguillidae

Anguilla bicolor

Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of

Bastar district
 Fig. 4.1: Fish species contributed by different Orders and Families in
Bastar district

6% Cypriniformes
19%
47% Siluriformes

1% Cyprinodontiformes

3% Osteoglossiformes
1%
Anguilliformes

Perciformes
23%
Synbranchiformes

(4.1.1) Percentage of fish species contribution to different orders

35
31
30

25
No. of species

20

15

10 8

5
5 4
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
Families
Cyprinidae Balitoridae Cobitidae
Siluridae Sisoridae Bagridae
Pangasiidae Heteropneustidae Claridae
Notopteridae Belonidae Chanidae
Ambassidae Nanidae Cichlidae
Anabantidae Gobiidae Belontidae
Mastacembelidae Sybranchidae Anguillidae

(4.1.2) Number of fish species contributed by different Families

 Order: Cypriniformes Order: Siluriformes

1
3 2
4 Siluridae
1
Sisoridae
Cyprinidae 1 Bagridae
Balitridae 1 Pangasiidae
Cobitidae
Heteropneustidae
Claridae
31
8

Order: Perciformes Order: Synbranchiformes

1
2
Chanidae
5
Ambassidae
Nanidae Mastacembelidae

1 Cichlidae Sybranchidae
Anabantidae
Benontidae
3
2 Gobidae
2
1

Order: Cyprinodontiformes Order: Osteoglossiformes

Belonidae Notopteridae

1 2

Order-Anguilliformes

Anguillidae

(4.1.3) Contribution of fish species in respective orders and families

 56

Table: 4.3 Frequency of availability of fish species in different rivers on the basis number
of sampling sites.

Frequency Distribution (%)

S.No. Fish species
Indravati Narangi Markandey Mungabahar
1 Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) 87.5 50.0 66.6 100.0

2 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) 50.0 50.0 66.6 00.0

3 Anguilla bicolor (McClelland) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

4 Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

5 Barilius barila (Ham.-Bush.) 75.0 00.0 00 100.0

6 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) 25.0 100.0 33.3 100.0

7 Catla catla (Ham.) 100.0 100.0 66.6 100.0

8 Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) 25.0 100.0 100.0 00.0

9 Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) 62.5 00.0 66.6 00.0

10 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) 62.5 100.0 66.6 00.0

11 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

12 Channa gachua (Ham.) 75.0 100.0 66.6 100.0

13 Channa orientalis (Ham.) 37.5 00.0 33.3 00.0

14 Channa marulius (Ham.) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

15 Channa punctatus (Bloch) 100.0 100.0 66.6 100.0

16 Channa striatus (Bloch) 50.0 50.0 100.0 100.0

17 Chanda nama (Ham.) 87.5 50.0 66.6 100.0

18 Chanda ranga (Ham.) 75.0 50.0 66.6 100.0

19 Clarias batrachus (Linn) 75.0 50.0 33.3 100.0

20 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) 50.0 00.0 33.3 00.0

21 Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.) 50.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

Cont………
 Conti…… 57

Frequency Distribution (%)

S.No. Fish species
Indravati Narangi Markandey Mungabahar
22 Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch) 50.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

23 Esomus danricus (Ham.) 62.5 00.0 00.0 100.0

24 Garra mullya (Sykes) 25.0 00.0 00.0 100.0

25 Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) 100.0 50.0 66.6 100.0

26 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0

27 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 50.0 50.0 33.3 00.0

(Val.)

28 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 37.5 00.0 33.3 00.0

(Rich.)

29 Indoreonectus evezardi 00.0 00.0 00.0 100.0

30 Labeo bata (Ham.) 100.0 00.0 66.6 100.0

31 Labeo boga (Bloch) 50.0 00.0 33.3 00.0

32 Labeo boggut (Sykes.) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

33 Labeo calbasu (Ham.) 50.0 00.0 33.3 00.0

34 Labeo dero (Sykes) 25.0 50.0 33.3 00.0

35 Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

36 Labeo gonius (Ham.-Boch.) 25.0 00.0 00.0 100.0

37 Labeo rohita (Ham.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

38 Lepidocephalichthys guntea 75.0 50.0 66.6 100.0

(Ham.)

39 Macrognathus aral (Bloch.) 62.5 50.0 33.3 100.0

40 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.) 75.0 50.0 66.6 100.0

41 Mastacembelus armatus 62.5 50.0 33.3 100.0

(Lacepede)

42 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.) 25.0 50.0 33.3 00.0

Conti……
Conti……
58

Frequency Distribution (%)

S.No. Fish species
Indravati Narangi Markandey Mungabahar
43 Sperata aor (Ham.) 87.5 50.0 66.6 00.0

44 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) 87.5 50.0 100.0 100.0

45 Mystus bleekeri (Day) 62.5 50.0 33.3 00.0

46 Mystus tengara (Ham.) 00.0 100.0 66.6 00.0

47 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) 62.5 00.0 66.6 100.0

48 Mystus cavassius (Ham.) 50.0 50.0 33.3 100.0

49 Nandus nandus (Ham.) 50.0 50.0 66.6 00.0

50 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) 62.5 50.0 66.6 100.0

51 Notopterus chitala (Ham.) 25.0 00.0 33.3 00.0

52 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) 62.5 50.0 33.3 100.0

53 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) 75.0 00.0 100.0 00.0

54 Ompak pabda (Ham.) 00.0 00.0 66.6 00.0

55 Oreochromis mossambica 50.0 50.0 100.0 00.0

(Peters)

56 Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) 50.0 00.0 33.3 00.0

57 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) 50.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

58 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) 25.0 50.0 33.3 00.0

59 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- 75.0 50.0 00.0 100.0

Buch.)

60 Puntius sarana (Ham.) 100.0 50.0 100.0 100.0

61 Puntius sophore (Ham.) 100.0 100.0 66.66 100.0

62 Puntius ticto (Ham.) 50.0 00.0 66.6 100.0

63 Puntius chola (Ham.) 75.0 50.0 33.3 100.0

64 Puntius conchonius (Ham.) 37.5 100.0 66.6 100.0

Conti……
 Conti……
59

Frequency Distribution (%)

S.No. Fish species
Indravati Narangi Markandey Mungabahar
65 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) 50.0 50.0 33.3 00.0

66 Rita rita (Ham.) 37.5 00.0 00.0 00.0

67 Rita chrysea (Day.) 37.5 00.0 00.0 00.0

68 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) 75.0 50.0 66.6 100.0

69 Salmophasia phulo (Ham.) 62.5 00.0 00.0 100.0

70 Schistura denisoni (Day.) 00.0 50.0 00.0 00.0

71 Silonia silondia (Ham.) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

72 Tor tor (Ham.- Bush) 25.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

73 Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.) 37.5 50.0 66.6 00.0

74 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) 37.5 50.0 33.3 00.0

Total 70.0 43.0 54.0 36.0

 60

Mystus cavassius (Ham.), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus

(Pallas), Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius

sophore (Ham.), Puntius ticto (Ham.), Puntius sarana (Ham.), Puntius conchonius

(Ham.), Salmophasia phulo (Ham.), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.). Thirty eight species

are found missing in the Mungabahar basin out of 74 species recorded in Bastar

district (Table 4.3).

4.5 Comparison of icthyofauna of river Indravati, Narangi, Markandey, and

Mungabahar basins of Bastar district.

The fish fauna of four river basins of Bastar district [(i) Indravati basin (ii)

Narangi basin (iii) Markandey basin and (iv) Mungabahar basin] are exhibited in

Table 4.4.

Out of the total 74 species recorded in the present study, 70 species were

found in Indravati River. Four species Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.), Mystus tengra

(Ham.), Ompok pabda (Ham.) and Schistura denisoni (Day.) were absent in Indravati

basin but Mystus tengra and Schistura denisoni are seen in Narangi basin and Ompok

pabda was recorded in Markandey basin and Indoreonectus evezardi was found in

Mungabahar river basin (Table 4.4).

A Total 43 species were reported in Narangi basin from two sampling sites

and 31 species were absent in Narangi river from the total recorded (74) in this study.

They are: Anguilla bicolor, (McClelland), Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Barilius barila

(Ham.-Bush.), Cirrhinus reba (Ham.), Channa orientalis (Ham.), Channa marulius

(Ham.), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch), Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.), Colisa lalia

(Ham.-Buch), Esomus danricus (Ham.), Garra mullya (Sykes), Hypophthalmichthys

nobilis (Rich.), Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.), Labeo bata (Ham.), Labeo boga
Table: 4.4 Comparison of Icthyofauna in Basin of Indravati, Narangi, Markandey, and Mungabahar.

S. Fish species Indravati Basin Narangi Basin Markandey Basin Mungabahar

NO. Basin
1 Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) + + + +
2 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) + + + -
3 Anguilla bicolor (McClelland) + - - -
4 Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) + - - -
5 Barilius barila (Ham.-Bush.) + - - +
6 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) + + + +
7 Catla catla (Ham.) + + + +
8 Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) + + + -
9 Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) + - + -
10 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) + + + -
11 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) + + + +
12 Channa gachua + + + +
13 Channa orientalis (Ham.) + - + -
14 Channa marulius (Ham.) + - - -
15 Channa punctatus (Bloch) + + + +
16 Channa striatus (Bloch) + + + +
17 Chanda nama (Ham.) + + + +
18 Chanda ranga (Ham.) + + + +
19 Clarias batrachus (Linn) + + + +
20 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) + - + -
21 Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.) + - - -
22 Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch) + - - -
23 Esomus danricus (Ham.) + - - +
24 Garra mullya (Sykes) + - - +
25 Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) + + + +
26 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) + + + +
61

Conti………….
Conti………….

S. Fish species Indravati Basin Narangi Basin Markandey Basin Mungabahar

NO. Basin
27 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix + + + -
(Val.)
28 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis + - + -
(Rich.)
29 Indoreonectus evezardi(Day.) - - - +
30 Labeo bata (Ham.) + - + +
31 Labeo boga (Bloch) + - + -
32 Labeo boggut (Sykes.) + - - -
33 Labeo calbasu (Ham.) + - + -
34 Labeo dero (Sykes) + + + -
35 Labeo fimbriatus(Bloch.) + - - -
36 Labeo gonius(Ham.-Boch.) + - - +
37 Labeo rohita (Ham.) + + + +
38 Lepidocephalichthys guntea + + + +
(Ham.)
39 Macrognathus aral(Bloch.) + + + +
40 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.) + + + +
41 Mastacembelus armatus + + + +
(Lacepede)
42 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.) + + + -
43 Sperata aor (Ham.) + + + -
44 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) + + + +
45 Mystus bleekeri (Day) + + + -
46 Mystus tengara (Ham.) - + + -
47 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) + - + +
48 Mystus cavassius (Ham.) + + + +
49 Nandus nandus (Ham.) + + + -
50 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) + + + +
62

Conti………….
 Conti………….

S. Fish species Indravati Basin Narangi Basin Markandey Basin Mungabahar

NO. Basin
51 Notopterus chitala (Ham.) + - + -
52 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) + + + +
53 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) + - + -
54 Ompak pabda (Ham.) - - + -
55 Oreochromis mossambica + + + -
(Peters)
56 Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) + - + -
57 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) + - - -
58 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) + + + -
59 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- + + - +
Buch.)
60 Puntius sarana (Ham.) + + + +
61 Puntius sophore (Ham.) + + + +
62 Puntius ticto (Ham.) + - + +
63 Puntius chola (Ham.) + + + +
64 Puntius conchonius (Ham.) + + + +
65 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) + + + -
66 Rita rita (Ham.) + - - -
67 Rita chrysea (Day.) + - - -
68 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) + + + +
69 Salmophasia phulo (Ham.) + - - -
70 Schistura denisoni (Day.) - + - +
71 Silonia silondia (Ham.) + - - -
72 Tor tor (Ham.- Bush) + - - -
73 Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.) + + + -
74 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) + + + -
Total 70 43 54 36
63
 64

(Bloch), Labeo boggut (Sykes.), Labeo calbasu (Ham.), Labeo gonius (Ham.-Boch.),

Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.), Mystus vittatus (Bloch), Notopterus chitala (Ham.),

Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch), Ompak pabda (Ham.), Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.),

Osteobrama cotio (Ham.), Puntius ticto (Ham.), Rita rita (Ham.), Rita chrysea (Day.),

Salmophasia phulo (Ham.), Silonia silondia (Ham.) and Tor tor (Ham.- Bush).

Fifty four species were found in Markandey basin and 20 species were absent

from the total recorded in this study (Table 4.4) Viz., Anguilla bicolor (McClelland),

Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Barilius barila (Ham.-Bush.), Channa marulius (Ham.),

Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.), Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch), Esomus danricus (Ham.),

Garra mullya (Sykes), Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.), Labeo boggut (Sykes.), Labeo

gonius (Ham.-Boch.), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.), Osteobrama cotio (Ham.),

Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.), Rita rita (Ham.), Rita chrysea (Day.),

Salmophasia phulo (Ham.), Schistura denisoni (Day.), Silonia silondia (Ham.), and

Tor tor (Ham.- Bush).

Thirty six species were reported in Mungabahar basin from only one sampling

site. Out of 74 species recorded in present study, 38 species were not found in

Mungabahar basin (Table 4.4) Viz., Anabas testudineus (Bloch), Anguilla bicolor

(McClelland), Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), Cirrhinus reba

(Ham.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Channa orientalis (Ham.), Channa marulius

(Ham.), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch), Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch), Colisa faciatus (Bloch

& Schn.), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.),

Labeo boga (Bloch), Labeo dero (Sykes), Labeo boggut (Sykes.), Labeo calbasu

(Ham.), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.), Monopterus cuchia (Ham.), Sperata aor (Ham.),

Mystus bleekeri (Day), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.), Notopterus

chitala (Ham.), Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch), Ompak pabda (Ham.), Oreochromis

 65

mossambica (Peters), Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Osteobrama cotio (Ham.),

Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius amphibius (Val.), Rita chrysea (Day.), Rita rita

(Ham.), Schistura denisoni (Day.) Silonia silondia (Ham.), Tor tor (Ham.- Bush),

Wallago attu (Bl. and Schn.), and Xenentodon cancila (Ham.).

4.6 Comparison of riverine ichthyofauna as reported by different workers in the

Indravati river system with present study.

Here, comparision is made between the present study and studies done by

earlier workers in Indravati river system (Table 4.5). It is observed that 6 species are

commonly reported by all studies in Indravati till date and they are Parluciosoma

daniconius (Ham-Buch), Puntius sarana (Ham-Buch), Puntius ticto (Ham),

Indoreonectus evezardi (Day), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) and Mastacembelus

armatus (Lacepede).

The Present study when compared with the work of Hora (1938), 3 species

were not found in present study of 2013 but prevailed in 1938’, they are: Danio

aequipinnatus, Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Annandale) and Glypothorax

dekhanenis (Gunther). It was also observed that 64 species including some

commercially important cultivable fish species which are not enlisted by Hora (1938)

are reported in the present study (Table 4.5). They are: Amblypharyngodon mola

(Ham.), Barilius bendelesis (Ham.), Barilius barila (Ham.- Bush.), Catla catla

(Ham.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn), Cirrhinus reba (Ham), Ctenopharyngodon idella

(Val.), Cirrihinus mrigala (Ham.), Esomos danricus (Ham.), Hypophthalmichthys

molitrix (Val.), Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bloch), Labeo boggut (Sykes), Labeo

gonius (Ham.), Labeo dero (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham- Buch), Labeo calbasu (Ham-

Buch), Labeo bata (Ham.), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.), Labeo boga (Bloch),

Osteobrama cotio (Ham.-Buch), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius conchonius (Ham.),

 Table: 4.5 Comparison of riverine ichthyofauna as reported by different workers in the Indravati river system.

S. Fish species Hora (1938) Vardia (1991) Kar (2008) Present study
No. (2013)

Order - Cypriniformes, Family - Cyprinidae

1 Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) - + + +
2 Aspidoparia morar (Ham.) - - + -
3 Barilius barna (Ham.) - - + -
4 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) - - + +
5 Barilius barila (Ham.- Bush.) - - + +
6 Barilius vagra (Ham.) - - + -
7 Barilius shacra - - + -
8 Catla catla (Ham.) - + - +
9 Cirrihinus mrigala (Ham.) - + - +
10 Cirrhinus reba (Ham) - + - +
11 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) - - - +N
12 Cyprinus carpio (Linn) - - - +N
13 Crossocheilus latius (Ham.) - - + -
14 Danio aequipinnatus + - + -
15 Danio devario (Ham.-Buch.) - - + -
16 Esomos danricus (Ham.) - + + +
17 Garra mcclellandi (Jerdon) - + - -
18 Garra mullya (Sykes) + - - +
19 Garra gotyla (Gray) - - + -
20 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) - - - +N
21 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bloch) - - - +N
22 Labeo boggut (Sykes) - + + +
66

Conti………….
 Conti………….

S. Fish species Hora (1938) Vardia (1991) Kar (2008) Present study
No. (2013)
23 Labeo gonius (Ham.) - + + +
24 Labeo dero (Ham.) - - + +
25 Labeo dyocheilus (Mc Clelland) - - + -
26 Labeo rohita (Ham- Buch) - + - +
27 Labeo calbasu (Ham-Buch) - + - +
28 Labeo bata (Ham.) - + + +
29 Labeo boga (Bloch) - - + +
30 Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.) - + + +
31 Labeo pangusia - + + -
32 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.-Buch) - + - +
33 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham-Buch) + + + +
34 Puntius chola (Ham.) - - + +
35 Puntius gelius (Ham.) - - + -
36 Puntius sarana (Ham-Buch) + + + +
37 Puntius sophore (Ham.) - + + +
38 Purtius conchonius (Ham.) - + + +
39 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) + - - +
40 Puntius ticto (Ham) + + + +
41 Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Annandale) + - + -
42 Salmophasia phulo (Ham.) - - + +
43 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) - + + +
44 Tor tor (Ham.- Buch.) - + + +
Family – Cobitidae
45 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.) - + + +
Family – Balitoridae
67

Conti………….
 Conti………….

S. Fish species Hora (1938) Vardia (1991) Kar (2008) Present study
No. (2013)
46 Indoreonectus evezardi (Day) + + + +
47 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) + + + +
48 Noemacheilus denisoni (Day) + - + +
49 Schistura dayi (Day.) - - + -
Order - Siluriformes, Family – Siluridae
50 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) - - + +
51 Ompok pabda (Ham.) - + - +
52 Wallago attu (Schneider) - + + +
53 Silonia silondia (Ham.) - + - +
Family- Sisoridae
54 Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) - + - +
55 Glypothorax dekhanenis (Gunther) + - - -
Family – Bagridae
56 Mystus bleekeri (Day) - + + +
57 Mystus cavasius (Ham.) - - + +
58 Mystus tengara (Ham.) - - - +N
59 Sperata aor (Ham.) - + + +
60 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) - + + +
61 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) - + + +
62 Rita rita (Ham.) - + + +
63 Rita chrysea (Day) - + - +
64 Rita kuturnee (Vale.) - + - -
Family – Pangasiidae
65 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) - - - +N
Family – Heteropneustidae
68

Conti………….
 Conti………….

S. Fish species Hora (1938) Vardia (1991) Kar (2008) Present study
No. (2013)
66 Heteropneutes fossilis (Bloch) - - + +
Family – Clariidae
67 Clarias batrachas (Linn.) - - + +
68 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) - - - +N
Order - Perciformes, Family – Channidae
69 Channa orientalis (Ham.) - - - +N
70 Channa punctatus (Bloch) - + + +
71 Channa striatus (Bloch) - - + +
72 Channa marulius (Ham.) - - + +
73 Channa gachua (Ham.) + + - +
Family – Ambassidae
74 Chanda nama (Ham.) - + - +
75 Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.) - + - +
Family – Nandidae
76 Nandus nandus (Ham.-Buch) - + - +
Family – Cichlidea
77 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) - - - +N
78 Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) - - - +N
Family – Anabantidae
79 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) - - + +
Family – Belontidae
80 Colisa fasciatus (Bl. & Schm). - - - +N
81 Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch) - - - +N
Family – Gobiidae
82 Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) - + + +
69

Conti………….
 Conti………….

S. Fish species Hora (1938) Vardia (1991) Kar (2008) Present study
No. (2013)
Order Mugilformes, Family- Mugilidae
83 Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) - + - -
Order - Osteoglossiformes, Family – Notopteridae
84 Notopterus notopterus (Ham.) - + - +
85 Notopterus Chitala (Ham.) - + - +
Order – Cyprinodontiformes, Family -Belonidae
86 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) - + + +
Order - Synbranchiformes, Family – Mastacembelidae
87 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) + + + +
88 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.) - + + +
89 Macrognathus aral (Bloch) - + + +
Family-Synbranchidae
90 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.) - - - +N
Order – Anguilliformes, Family- Anguillidae
91 Anguilla bicolor (McClelland) - + - +
Total 13 49 55 74

(+) = Reported, (-) = Not reported, (+N) = New reports in this study
70
 71

Puntius sophore (Ham.), Salmophasia phulo (Ham.), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.),

Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.), Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch), Silonia silondia

(Ham.), Wallago attu (Schneider), Ompok pabda (Ham.), Bagarius bagarius (Ham.),

Mystus bleekeri (Day), Mystus cavasius (Ham.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.),

Sperata aor (Ham.), Mystus vittatus (Bloch), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Rita rita

(Ham.), Rita chrysea (Day), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Heteropneutes fossilis (Bloch),

Clarias batrachas (Linn.), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch), Channa orientalis (Ham.),

Channa marulius (Ham.), Channa striatus (Bloch), Channa punctatus (Bloch),

Chanda nama (Ham.), Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.-Buch),

Glossogobius giuris (Ham.), Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), Anabas testudineus

(Bloch), Colisa fasciatus (Bl. & Schm)., Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch), Oreochromis

mossambicus (Peters), Anguilla bicolor (McClelland), Notopterus Chitala (Ham.),

Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch), Monopterus cuchia

(Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Ham.), Tor tor (Ham.- Buch.) and Xenentodon

cancila (Ham.)

Similarly the species which were absent in the listing of Vardia (1991) as

against 29 species found in the present study are: Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Barilius

barila (Ham.- Bush.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn),

Garra mullya (Sykes), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Hypophthalmichthys

nobilis (Bloch), Labeo dero (Ham.), Labeo boga (Bloch), Puntius chola (Ham.),

Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes), Salmophasia phulo (Ham.), Mystus tengara

(Ham.), Mystus cavasius (Ham.), Noemacheilus denisoni (Day), Ompok bimaculatus

(Bloch), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Heteropneutes fossilis (Bloch), Clarias

batrachas (Linn.), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch), Channa orientalis (Ham.), Channa

striatus (Bloch), Channa marulius (Ham.), Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters),

 72

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), Anabas testudineus (Bloch), Colisa lalia (Ham.-

Buch), Colisa fasciatus (Bl. & Schm) and Monopterus cuchia (Ham.)

When comparative study was made between the fish fauna of the present study

(2013) and Kar (2008), it was observed that thirty two species were not recorded by

Kar (2008). They are: Catla catla (Ham.), Cirrihinus mrigala (Ham.), Cirrhinus reba

(Ham), Cyprinus carpio (Linn), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Garra mullya

(Sykes), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bloch),

Labeo rohita (Ham- Buch), Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes), Osteobrama cotio

(Ham.-Buch), Labeo calbasu (Ham-Buch), Ompok pabda (Ham.), Silonia silondia

(Ham.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Rita chrysea (Day),

Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) , Channa orientalis (Ham.),

Channa gachua (Ham.), Chanda nama (Ham.), Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.),

Nandus nandus (Ham.-Buch), Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), Oreochromis

niloticus (Linnaeus), Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch), Colisa fasciatus (Bl. & Schm),

Notopterus notopterus (Ham.), Anguilla bicolor (McClelland), Monopterus cuchia

(Ham.) and Notopterus Chitala (Ham.).

A total of 91 species were recorded by different researcher’s viz., Hora (1938),

Vardia (1991) and Kar (2008) who enlisted 13, 49 and 55 fish species respectively in

the Indravati river system of Chhattisgarh including the present study as shown in

Table: 4.5.

4.7 Comparison of ichthyofauna as reported by different workers in the

reservoirs of Chhattisgarh.

Studies on ecology and fishery of Ravishankar Sagar reservoir (Gangrel) were

conducted by CIFRI from 1987 to 1993 (Desai and Shrivastava, 2004) and fish fauna
Table: 4.6 Comparison of icthyofauna reported by different worker in the reservoirs of C.G. with the reservoirs of present study
(Bastar district).

S. Fish species *Earlier study 2004-2012 **Present study 2013

No. Ravishankar Dudhawa Kedar Mongra Kosarteda Dalpatsagar
Reservoir (2004) Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir
(2005) (2012) (2012) (2013) (2013)
1 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) - + + + - +
2 Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) + + - + + +
3 Aspidoparia morar (Ham.) + - - - - -
4 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) + + - - + +
5 Barilius barila (Ham.- Bush.) + - - - - -
6 Catla catla (Ham. ) + + + + - +
7 Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham) + + + + + +
8 Cirrhinus reba(Ham.) + + + + + -
9 Chela (Laubuca) laubuca (Ham.) + + - - - -
10 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) - - - + + +
11 Channa gachua (Ham.) - - - - + +
12 Channa orientalis(Bloch and Schn.) + - - - - -
13 Channa punctatus (Bloch) - + - + + +
14 Channa striatus (Bloch) + + - + + -
15 Chanda nama (Ham.) + + - + + +
16 Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.) + + - + + +
17 Clarias batrachus(Linn) - + + + - +
18 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) - - - - - +
19 Clupisoma bastari (Datta and Karmakar) + - - - - -
20 Colisa faciatus (Bl. & Schn.) - - - + - +
21 Colisa lalia (Ham-Buch.) - - - + - +
22 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) - - - + + +
23 Danio devario (Ham.) + + - - - -
24 Esomos danricus (Ham.) + - - - - +
73

25 Garra mullya (Sykes) - - - + - -

Contin………
Contin………

S. Fish species *Earlier study 2004-2012 **Present study 2013

No. Ravishankar Dudhawa Kedar Mongra Kosarteda Dalpatsagar
Reservoir (2004) Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir
(2005) (2012) (2012) (2013) (2013)
26 Garra gotyla (Gray) + + - + - -
27 Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) + + - + + +
28 Gudusia chapra (Ham.) + - + - - -
29 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) - + + + + +
30 Labeo dero (Sykes) - - - + + -
31 Labeo bata (Ham. ) + + - + + +
32 Labeo boga (Bloch) - + + + + +
33 Labeo boggut (Sykes) - + - - - -
34 Labeo calbasu (Ham.) + + + + + -
35 Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) + - + - - -
36 Labeo gonius (Ham.) + + + - - -
37 Labeo rohita (Ham.) + + - + + +
38 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.) + + - + + +
39 Macrognathus aral (Bloch) - + - - + +
40 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.) + + - + + +
41 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) + + - + + -
42 Sperata aor (Ham.) + + + + + +
43 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) + + + + + +
44 Mystus bleekeri (Day) + - - + - +
45 Mystus tengara (Ham.) - + - + + -
46 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) + - - + + +
47 Mystus cavassius (Ham.) + + + - - -
48 Nandus nandus (Ham.) + + - - + +
49 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) - + - + + +
50 Noemacheilus denisonnii (Day) + - - - - -
51 Notopterus chitala (Ham.) - - - + - +
52 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) + + - + - +
74

53 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) + + - + + +

Contin………
 Contin………

S. Fish species *Earlier study 2004-2012 **Present study 2013

No. Ravishankar Dudhawa Kedar Mongra Kosarteda Dalpatsagar
Reservoir (2004) Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir
(2005) (2012) (2012) (2013) (2013)
54 Ompok pabda (Ham.) - - - + + -
55 Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) - - - + + +
56 Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) - - - - - +
57 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) + + - + - +
58 Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes) + - - - - -
59 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) - - + - - -
60 Pseudeotropius atherinoides (Bloch) - - - + - -
61 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.) + + - + - +
62 Puntius chola (Ham.) - + - - - +
63 Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon) + + - - - -
64 Puntius guganio (Ham.) + - - - - -
65 Puntius phutunio (Ham.-Buch.) + - - - - -
66 Puntius sarana (Ham.) + + + + + +
67 Puntius sophore (Ham.) + + - + + +
68 Puntius ticto (Ham.) + + - + + +
69 Puntius conchonius (Ham.) - - - - + -
70 Rita rita (Ham.) - + + - - -
71 Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) + - - - - -
72 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) + + - + + +
73 Salmostoma phulo (Ham.- Bush) + - - - - +
74 Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.) + + + + + -
75 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) + - - + - -
Total 49 44 18 46 37 43
Recorded = (+); Not recorded = (-)
* = Earlier study in reservoirs from 2004-2012 and ** = Present study in reservoirs (2013)
75
 76

of Dudhawa reservoir conducted by kumar (2005) both enlisted 49 and 44 species

respectively (Table: 4.6). Studies of Kedar reservoir by Patel (2012) and Mongra

reservoir by Kolhe (2012) enlisted 18 and 46 species respectively (Table: 4.6).

While comparing the icthyofauna of reservoirs between present and earlier

studies by several workers in Chhattisgarh, it was observed that 8 species reported by

Desai and Srivastava (2004) in Ravishankar Sagar reservoir could not be found in the

present study. They are: Aspidoparia morar (Ham.), Barilius barila (Ham.- Bush.),

Clupisoma bastari (Datta and Karmakar), Noemacheilus denisonnii (Day),

Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes), Puntius guganio (Ham.), Puntius phutunio (Ham.-

Buch.), and Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) (Table: 4.6).

Likewise Danio devario (Ham.), Labeo boguut (Sykes.) and Puntius dorsalis

(Jerdon.) reported by kumar (2005) in Dudhawa reservoir was not recorded in any

reservoir in Bastar.

Gudusia chapra (Ham.), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch), Mystus cavassius (Ham.),

Labeo gonius (Ham.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) and Rita rita (Ham.) enlisted in

Kedar reservoir by Patel (2012) could not found in reservoir of present study (2013).

Garra mullya (Sykes), Garra gotyla (Gray), Pseudeotropius atherinoides

(Bloch) and Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) enlisted in Mongra reservoir by Kolhe (2012)

was not found in reservoir of present study (2013).

Anabas testudineus (Bloch), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Channa gachua

(Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Clarias gariepinus

(Bloch), Colisa faciatus (Bl. & Schn.), Colisa lalia (Ham-Buch.), Clarias

batrachus(Linn), Labeo boggut (Sykes), Labeo boga (Bloch), Labeo dero (Sykes),

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Macrognathus aral (Bloch), Mystus tengara (Ham.),

 77

Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Notopterus chitala (Ham.), Ompok pabda (Ham.),

Oreochromis mossambica (Peters), Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Pangasius

pangasius (Ham.), Rita rita (Ham.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius conchonius (Ham.)

and Pseudeotropius atherinoides (Bloch) are not enlisted in Ravishankar Sagar

reservoir by Desai and Srivastava (2004) but found in later studies done in other

reservoirs by Manoj kumar (2005), Patel and Kolhe (2012 ) and present study (2013).

A total of 37 and 43 species found in Kosarteda and Dalpatsagar reservoir of

Bastar district respectively. Eight species are common with the earlier study in

Ravishankar, Dudhawa, Kedar and Mongra reservoir. They are: Catla catla (Ham.),

Cirrhinus reba(Ham.), Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham), Labeo calbasu (Ham.), Sperata

seenghala (Sykes), Sperata aor (Ham.), Puntius sarana (Ham.) and Wallago attu (Bl.

and Schn.). Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in Dalpat sagar reservoir

enlisted in the Present study (2013) could not be recorded in earlier studies done in

other reservoirs (Table 4.6).

4.8 Comparison of Icthyofauna in the Godavari and Mahanadi river system.

When comparing the fishes of different river systems with the present study

(Table 4.7) it was observed that sixty five species were commonly recorded in

Godavari and Mahanadi river systems till date. They are: Anabas testudineus,

Amblypharyngodon mola, Barilius bendelesis, Bagarius bagarius, Catla catla,

Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Channa marulius,

Channa gachua, Channa punctatus, Channa orientalis, Pseudambassis ranga,

Chanda nama, Pseudambassis lala, Channa striatus, Clarias batrachus, Clarias

gariepinus, Colisa lalia, Colisa faciatus, Cyprinus carpio, Crossocheilus latius,

Glossogobius giuris, Garra mullya, Garra gotyla, Heteropneustes fossilis,

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Labeo angra, Labeo bata,

Table: 4.7 Comparison of Ichthyofauna in the Godavari and Mahanadi river systems.
S. Fish species Godavari river system Mahanadi river
No. Present study Earlier studies* system**
1 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) + + +
2 Anabas oligolepis (Bleeker) - - +
3 Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) + + +
4 Ailia coila (Ham.-Buch) - - +
5 Anguilla bicolour (McClelland) + + -
6 Aspidoparia morar - + -
7 Bagarius bagarius + + +
8 Barilius barila + + -
9 Barilius barna - + -
10 Barilius shacra - + -
11 Barilius vagra - + -
12 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) + + +
13 Catla catla (Ham.) + + +
14 Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) + + +
15 Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) + + +
16 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) + - +
17 Channa gachua (Ham.) + + +
18 Channa marulius (Ham.) + + +
19 Channa punctatus (Bloch) + + +
20 Channa striatus (Bloch) + + +
21 Channa orientalis (Bloch) + + +
22 Chanda nama (Ham.) + - +
23 Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.) + + +
24 Pseudambassis lala (Ham.) - + +
78

25 Clarias batrachus (Linn) + + +

Contin………
Contin………

S. Fish species Godavari river system Mahanadi river

No. Present study Earlier studies* system**
26 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) + - +
27 Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.) + - +
28 Colisa lalia (Bloch & Schn.) + - +
29 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) + - +
30 Crossocheilus latius (Ham.) - + +
31 Danio devario (Ham.) - + -
32 Danio aequentinetus - + -
33 Eutropiichthys vacha (Ham.-Buch) - - +
34 Eutropiichthys muris (Ham.-Buch) - - +
35 Esomus danricus + + -
36 Gagata gagata - - +
37 Garra mcclellandi (Jer.) - + -
38 Garra mullya (Sykes) + + +
39 Garra gotyla (Gray) - + +
40 Gudusia chapra (Ham.) - - +
41 Gonialosa manmina (Ham.) - - +
42 Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) + + +

43 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) + + +

44 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) + - +
45 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.) + - +
46 Indoreonectus evezardi + + -
47 Johnius gangeticus - - +
48 Labeo angra (Ham.) - + +
49 Labeo bata (Ham.) + + +
50 Labeo boga (Bloch) + + +
79

Contin………
Contin………

S. Fish species Gogavari river system Mahanadi river

No. Present study Earlier studies* system**
51 Labeo boggut (Sykes) + + -
52 Labeo calbasu (Ham.) + + +
53 Labeo dero (Ham. - Buch.) + + +
54 Labeo dyocheilus (Mc Clelland) - + +
55 Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) + + -
56 Labeo gonius (Ham.) + + +
57 Labeo rohita (Ham.) + + +
58 Labeo pangusia - + -
59 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.) + + +
60 Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch) - + -
61 Macrognathus aral (Bloch) + + -
62 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.) + + +
63 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) + + +
64 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.) + - -
65 Mugil cephalus - + -
66 Sperata aor (Ham.) + + +
67 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) + + +
68 Mystus bleekeri (Day) + + +
69 Mystus tengara (Ham.) + - +
70 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) + + +
71 Mystus cavassius (Ham.) + + +
72 Nandus nandus (Ham.) + + +
73 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) + + +
74 Noemacheilus dayi - + -
80

75 Notopterus chitala (Ham.) + + +

Contin………
 Contin………

S. Fish species Godavari river system Mahanadi river

No. Present study Earlier studies* system**
76 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) + + +
77 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) + + +
78 Ompok Pabda (Ham.- Buch.) + + +
79 Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) + - +
80 Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) + - +
81 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) + + +
82 Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Annandale) - + -
83 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) + - +
84 Pseudeotropius atherinoides (Bloch) - - +
85 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.) + + +
86 Puntius chola (Ham.) + + -
87 Puntius sarana (Ham.) + + +
88 Puntius sophore (Ham.) + + +
89 Puntius ticto (Ham.) + + +
90 Puntius conchonius (Ham.) + + +
91 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) + + +
92 Rita rita (Ham.) + + +
93 Rita chrysea + + -
94 Rita kuturnee (Vale.) - + -
95 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) + + +
96 Salmostoma phulo (Ham.) + + -
97 Schistura denisoni + + -
98 Silonia silondia (Ham. - Buch.) + + -
99 Tor putitora - - +
100 Tor tor (Ham. - Buch.) + + +
101 Wallago attu (Bloch And Schn.) + + +
81

Contin………
Contin………

S. Fish species Godavari river system Mahanadi river

No. Present study Earlier studies* system**
102 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) + + +
Recorded = (+), Not recorded = (-),
*= Jhingran (1991), Vardia (1991) and Kar (2008)
**= Omprakash (2004), Singh (2004), Dev (2008) Dahire (2008), Patel (2012) and Kolhe (2012)
82
 83

Labeo boga, Labeo calbasu, Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus, Labeo gonius, Labeo

rohita, Lepidocephalichthys guntea, Mastacembelus pancalus, Mastacembelus

armatus, Sperata aor, Sperata seenghala, Mystus bleekeri, Mystus tengara, Mystus

vittatus, Mystus cavassius, Nandus nandus, Noemacheilus botia, Notopterus

notopterus, Notopterus chitala, Osteobrama cotio, Ompok Pabda, Ompok

bimaculatus, Oreochromis mossambnica, Pangasius pangasius, Parluciosoma

daniconius, Puntius sarana, Puntius sophore, Puntius ticto, Puntius conchonius,

Puntius amphibius, Rita rita, Salmostoma bacaila, Tor tor, Wallago attu and

Xenentodon cancila.

Likewise Anabas oligolepis, Ailia coila, Eutropiichthys vacha, Eutropiichthys

muris, Gagata gagata, Gudusia chapara, Gonialosa manmina, Johnius gangeticus,

Pseudeotropius atherinoides and Tor putitora were reported in Mahandi river systems

were could not be recorded in the Godavari river systems (including present study).

Pseudambassis lala, Crossocheilus latius,Garra gotyla, Labeo dyocheilus and

Labeo angra could not be found in the present study (Table 4.7) as reported in earlier

work done in the Godavari and Mahanadi river systems.

Aspidoparia morar, Barilius vagra, Barilius barna, Barilius shacra,

Pseudambassis lala, Crossocheilus latius, Danio devario, Danio aequentinetus,

Garra mcclellandi, Garra gotyla, Labeo angra, Labeo dyocheilus, Macrognathus

aculeatus, Labeo pangusia, Mugil cephalus, Noemacheilus dayi, Parapsilorhynchus

tentaculatus and Rita kuturnee earlier recorded in the Godavari river system were not

recorded in the present study (Table 4.7).

 84

4.9 Classification of fishes according to their feeding habits.

It is generally agreed that fishes are either herbivores, omnivores or carnivores,

but most of them are highly adaptable to their feeding habits and utilize the readily

available feed. Only a few species of fishes are strictly herbivores or carnivores.

Otherwise vast majority of them take in what is available to them. However, based on

feed type fishes may be herbivores, omnivores and carnivores.

Out of 74 species recorded in the present study twelve species are herbivores

based on feeding habits. Twenty seven species which are carnivores and thirty five

species are omnivores as shown in Table: 4.8.

4.10 Conservation status of fish fauna in the water recourses of Bastar district as

per NBFGR criteria (2010).

The National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow in 2010 came out

with a revised list of 120 threatened freshwater fishes of India which include only two

categories: 72 endangered and 48 vulnerable species.

Out of 74 species recorded in the present study 11 species were assessed for

threat as per NBFGR criteria, they are three endangered species Tor tor, Rita chrysea

and Notopterus Chitala and eight vulnerable species, Puntius sarana, Puntius chola,

Ompok pabda, Sperata aor, Pangasius pangasius, Heteropneutes fossilis, Bagarius

bagarius and Silonia silondia. In the present study Puntius sarana and Heteropneutes

fossilis were dominant species, likewise Sperata aor and Puntius chola was abundant

but Bagarius bagarius, Notopterus chitala, Ompok pabda, Pangasius pangasius, Rita

chrysea, Silonia silondia and Tor tor were rare species based on frequency occurrence

studies in this region (Table 4.9).

 85
Table: 4.8 Classification of fishes according to their feeding habits.

Herbivores
S. No. Fish species
1 Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.)
2 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.)
3 Garra mullya (Sykes)
4 Labeo bata (Ham.)
5 Labeo boga (Bloch)
6 Labeo boggut (Sykes.)
7 Labeo calbasu (Ham.)
8 Labeo dero (Sykes)
9 Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.)
10 Labeo gonius (Ham.-Boch.)
11 Labeo rohita (Ham.)
12 Oreochromis mossambica
(Peters)
Carnivores
13 Anguilla bicolor (McClelland)
14 Channa gachua (Ham.)
15 Channa orientalis (Ham.)
16 Channa marulius (Ham.)
17 Channa punctatus (Bloch)
18 Channa striatus (Bloch)
19 Chanda nama (Ham.)
20 Chanda ranga (Ham.)
21 Glossogobius giuris (Ham.)
22 Macrognathus aral (Bloch.)
23 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.)
24 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede)
25 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.)
26 Sperata aor (Ham.)
27 Sperata seenghala (Sykes)
28 Mystus bleekeri (Day)
29 Mystus tengara (Ham.)
30 Mystus vittatus (Bloch)
31 Mystus cavassius (Ham.)
32 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.)
33 Notopterus chitala (Ham.)
34 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas)
35 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.)
36 Rita rita (Ham.)
37 Rita chrysea (Day.)
38 Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.)
39 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.)
Omnivores
40 Anabas testudineus (Bloch)

Cont………
 86
Cont………

41 Bagarius bagarius (Ham.)

42 Barilius barila (Ham.-Bush.)
43 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.)
44 Catla catla (Ham.)
45 Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.)
46 Cirrhinus reba (Ham.)
47 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.)
48 Clarias batrachus (Linn)
49 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch)
50 Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.)
51 Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch)
52 Esomus danricus (Ham.)
53 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
54 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.)
55 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.)
56 Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.)
57 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.)
58 Nandus nandus (Ham.)
59 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch)
60 Ompak pabda (Ham.)
61 Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.)
62 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.)
63 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.)
64 Puntius sarana (Ham.)
65 Puntius sophore (Ham.)
66 Puntius ticto (Ham.)
67 Puntius chola (Ham.)
68 Puntius conchonius (Ham.)
69 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes)
70 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.)
71 Salmophasia phulo (Ham.)
72 Schistura denisoni (Day.)
73 Silonia silondia (Ham.)
74 Tor tor (Ham.- Bush)
 87

Table: 4.9 List of fish species in the water resources of Bastar district under

threatened category (EN, VU) as per NBFGR criteria, India (2010).

S. Fish species IUCN

No. Status
(2010)
Family - Cyprinidae
1 Puntius sarana (Ham-Buch) VU
2 Puntius chola VU
3 Tor tor (Ham.- Buch.) EN
Family - Siluridae
4 Ompok pabda (Ham.) VU
Family – Bagridae
5 Rita chrysea EN
6 Sperata aor (Ham.) VU
Family – Pangasiidae
7 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) VU
Family – Heteropneustidae
8 Heteropneutes fossilis (Bloch) VU
Family – Sisoridae
9 Bagarius bagarius VU
Family – Notopteridae
10 Notopterus chitala (Ham.) EN
Family - Sisoridae
11 Silonia silondia VU

IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

VU = Vulnerable, (-), EN = Endangered.

 88

4.11 Physico-chemical parameters of water in selected Aquatic resources of

Bastar district.

The water quality parameters in selected Aquatic resources of Bastar district

are presented in Table: 4.10. Among the physical parameters, water temperature was

almost same with minor fluctuations (25.7 to 27.50C) being maximum in Narangi

river and minimum in Indravati river in winter month.

The Secchi disc reading was the lowest (25 cm) in Gangamunda reservoir due

to suspended particles which got stabilized and highest (72 cm) in Kosarteda reservoir

in winter months.

Waters were near neutral at all the study areas. Maximum pH 8.3 was

observed in Gangamunda reservoir while minimum pH 7.2 in Kosarteda reservoir.

Dissolved oxygen (DO), the prime important critical factor in natural waters both as

regulator of metabolic processes of plant and animal community and as an indicator

of water health condition was the minimum (5.0 mg/l) in Karanji talab and maximum

(8.4 mg/l) in Indravati river.

Similarly electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity and

total hardness were all within limits values ranging from 0.30 to 7.44 mS/cm, 28.2 to

216 mg/l, 38 to 107 mg/l, and 42 to 120 mg/l respectively (Table 4.10).

4.12 Nutrient status of Soil in selected Aquatic resources of Bastar district.

The soil parameters in selected Aquatic resources of Bastar district are

presented in Table: 4.11. Amongst soil characteristics, soil pH controls several

chemical reactions responsible for the growth and survival of biotic communities.

Productive range of soil pH should lie in between 6.5 and 7.5. Soils were near neutral
 Table: 4.10 Physico-chemical Parameters of water in selected Aquatic resources of Bastar district.
Sampling sites
S.No water Parameters Indravati Narangi Kosarteda Dalpatsagar Ganga-munda Mungaba-har Burungpal Karanji Bastar Siwani talab
river river reservoir reservoir reservoir river talab
reservoir talab

25.7 27.5 26.6 26.3 27.1 26.3 26.5 27.0 26.8 26.5
1 Temperature (0C)
(25.6-25.8) (26.8-27.2) (26.6) (26.1-26.5) (26.9-27.3) (26.2-26.4) (26.3-26.7) (27.0) (26.7-26.9) (26.4-26.6)

65 42 72 34 25 45 68 32 35 28
2 Transparency (cm)
(62-68) (41-43) (70-74) (32-36) (23-27) (43-47) (67-69) (31-33) (33-37) (24-32)

7.5 7.8 7.2 7.8 8.3 7.5 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.7
3 pH
(7.4-7.6) (7.7-7.9) (7.1-7.3) (7.7-7.9) (8.3) (7.4-7.6) (7.9-8.1) ((7.8-8.4)) (7.8-8.0) (7.5-7.9)

Dissolved Oxygen 8.4 7.9 6.7 5.2 6.0 7.5 6.3 5.0 5.5 6.2
4
(mg/l) (8.2-8.6) (7.9) (6.5-6.9) (5.1-5.3) (6.0) (7.5) (6.1-6.5) (5.0) (5.4-5.6) (6.1-6.3)

88.7 98.5 28.2 192.1 216.0 79.0 91.5 198.0 186.3 203.0
5 TDS (ppm)
(88.6-88.8) (98.4-98.6) (28.1-28.3) (192.0-192.2) (215-217) (78.9-79.1) (91.4-91.6) (196-200) (186.1-186.5) (200-206)

5.59 7.44 0.47 0.30 0.34 2.38 0.69 0.36 0.35 0.40
6 EC (mS/cm2)
(5.58-5.60) (7.40-7.48) (0.43-0.51) (0.28-0.32) (0.32-0.36) (2.37-2.39) (0.68-0.70) (0.35-0.37) (0.34-0.36) (0.39-0.41)

Total Alkalinity 74 94 38 98 102 94 107 84 86 78

7
(mg/l) (72-76) (90-98) (37-39) (97-99) (98-106) (93-95) (105-109) (83-85) (85-87) (74-82)

Total Hardness 70 114 42 108 98 95 120 80 92 75

8
(mg/l) (65-75) (111-117) (41-43) (106-110) (97-99) (94-96) (115-125) (76-84) (90-94) (73-77)
TDS = Total Dissolved Solids, EC = Electrical Conductivity
89
Table: 4.11 Soil qualities of selected aquatic resources of Bastar district.

S.No. Soil Sampling sites

Parameters Indravati Narangi Kosarteda Dalpatsagar Ganga- Mungaba- Burungpal Karanji Bastar Siwani
river river reservoir reservoir munda har river reservoir talab talab talab
reservoir
1 pH 6.9 6.8 7.2 6.5 7.3 6.7 6.8 7.1 6.9 6.6
2 N (kg/ha) 313.60 250.53 313.60 351.23 295.54 210.14 301.35 269.41 240.41 258.32
3 P (kg/ha) 18.82 17.02 11.65 21.50 19.4 15.16 17.62 16.29 16.5 18.14
4 K (kg/ha) 214.58 321.22 350.11 218.40 242.10 250.79 312.5 215.49 280.44 302.21

Table: 4.12 Soil Test values used for productivity rating of soil (Biradar, 2002).

Classification for pH values

Strongly acid Moderately acid Slightly acid Neutral Slightly alkaline
<5.0 5.0-6.0 6.1-6.5 6.6-7.5 7.6-8.5
Parameters Low Medium High
Av. N (kg ha-1) <280 280-560 >560
Av. P (kg ha-1) <12.5 12.5-25 >25
Av. K (kg ha-1) <135 135-335 >335
90
 91

at the study area. Maximum pH 7.3 was observed in Gangamunda reservoir while

minimum pH 6.5 in Dalpatsagar reservoir.

The soil nitrogen of aquatic resources was low to medium with values ranging

from 210.14 to 351.23 kg/ha, low in Mungabahar river and medium in Dalpatsagar

reservoir. The phosphorus was low 11.65 kg/ha in Kosarteda reservoir and a high of

19.4 kg/ha in Gangamunda reservoir and potassium was low 214.58 kg/ha in Indravati

river and higher 350.11 kg/ha Kosarteda reservoir.

The waters and soils were near neutral in nature and other physic-chemical

conditions of both water and soil were suitable for the growth and survival of fish and

biotic communities.

4.13 Reasons behind occurrence of new entrants species.

The present study recorded 13 new entrants species in water resources of

Bastar region. These were not recorded in any earlier studies conducted in the region.

The reason behind the occurrence of these new species can be manifold.

(i) First, due to the diversification candidate species for aquaculture and

aquarium trade.

(ii) Secondly, due to intentional and accidental transportation by various

stakeholder of the fisheries sector.

(iii) Lastly, due to the construction of canal and dams, the geographical

barriers becomes disrupted and the species gets randomly dispersed into

new region from its normal native area.

 92

4.14 Need of conservation of Icthyofauna diversity in the water resources of

Bastar district.

The freshwater resources of Bastar are currently experiencing an alarming

decline in fish biodiversity due to various anthropogenic activities. Conservation of

fish diversity is essential to maintain ecological/nutritional and socio-economic

equilibrium. Conservation of biodiversity should ultimately aim for the sustainable

utilization of the species. Species diversity and genetic variability are necessary for

the long term maintenance of stable, complex ecosystem and species. According to

recent conservation assessment of NBFGR, a total of 74 freshwater fishes were

included as threatened status of which 3 are Endangered and 8 Vulnerable.

Recent data regarding Fish diversity in Indravati river system and their basin,

will contribute to a better knowledge of the fish diversity in the water resources of

Bastar district and it is expected to act as a tool for conservation planning of aquatic

environments in this region.

Conservation programmes help fish production to be more sustainable while at

the same time maintain diversity. Conserving diversity also improves the likelihood of

maintaining minimal viable populations of rare and late-successional species.

Maintaining ichthyodiversity is important because it is not always possible to identify

which individual species is critical to aquatic ecosystem's sustainability. Many fish

species may provide genetic material and may serve as ecological indicators.

Another aspect that has come into light has been that biodiversity is essential

for stabilization of ecosystem, protection of overall environmental quality and for

understanding the intrinsic worth of all species on the earth. The key factors leading

to the loss of biodiversity are as follows: increasing population, climate change,

 93

habitat alteration, over exploitation, excessive use of pesticides, continuous

development activities, etc

Major threats and conservative management strategies that could be applied in

the river systems and reservoirs of Bastar district are as follows:

1. Identification of unique, rare and endangered species for conservation of

biodiversity.

2. Broodstock maintenance centres and hatcheries should be established

exclusively for indigenous endangered and critically endangered fishes for

their in situ conservation and aqua ranching as a substitute for their natural

recruitment.

3. Restriction on introduction of exotic species without adequate investigation

and Control of overexploitation

4. Adoption of environmental education through formal as well as informal

education;

5. Conservation of environmental awareness into a social movement;

6. Development of a state specific aquaculture and fisheries enhancement model.

7. The conservation policy should promote the management practices that

maintain integrity of aquatic ecosystem, endangerment and enhance recovery

of the threatened species.

8. To maintain fish biodiversity which has immense importance as it is not

always possible to identify individual fish species critically to sustain aquatic

ecosystem.

9. Destructive fishing methods, fishing activity in closed season, lack of fisheries

legislation, entry of exotic species, use of poison and Chemicals, habitat

alteration and water diversion, poor vegetation cover in the river banks,
 94

siltation, water abstraction, and low water velocity have affected the overall

fish diversity to large extent in that region.

10. Information’s regarding local migration, breeding behavior and spawning

ground of threatened fishes should be generated through extensive surveys.

Such a database is inevitable for both ex situ and in situ conservation of these

species.

11. Introduction of exotic and alien species of fishes into the natural water bodies

should be banned strictly. Species like Oreochromis mossambica,

Oreochromis niloticus, Hypopthalmichthys nobilis and Clarius garipenus are

responsible for the ecological destruction and degradation, while they are also

being cultured which unfortunately make their way into rivers and reservoirs

also.

12. Development of culture based capture fisheries in rivers and reservoirs have to

be further promoted for narrowing gap between fish supply and demand by

which to the sustain aquatic ecosystem.

13. A series of reservoirs and dams have been constructed in the river Indravati,

Narangi and their tributaries which has considerably reduced the water flow

and have shown detrimental effects on physical attributes and destruction of

feeding and spawning of fish fauna.

Summary, Conclusion and
Suggestions for Future
WorK
 95

CHAPTER-V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR

FUTURE RESEARCH WORK

SUMMARY

Bastar district of the Chhattisgarh state was selected for the study. There are

four main rivers draining Bastar district, the Indravati, the Narangi, the Markandey

and the Mungabahar. Fish diversity studies were conducted in this area to know the

variations in the ichthyofauna and for this purpose the sampling sites were selected in

the four river basins on the basis of their approachability, along with local fish

markets/village haats where catch of these rivers is marketed.

The collection of specimen was done from July 2012 to April, 2013. The

samples were identified with the help of keys provided by Day (1986), Datta Munshi

and Shrivastava (1988), Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Jayaram (1994), Kar (2008),

Das et al. (2010) and Fish Base (2012).

In the present study a total 74 fish species were colleted from 14 sampling

sites, belonging to 43 genera 21 families and 7 orders. Out of 74 species 35 belong to

the order Cypriniformes dominating with (31 species of Cyprinidae, 1 species of

Cobitidae and 3 species of Balitoridae) followed by the order Siluriformes with 17

species (4 species of Siluridae, 8 species of Bagridae, 2 species of Clariidae and one

species each of Sisoridae, Pangasiidae and Heteropneustidae), fourteen belong to the

order Perciformes (5 species of Channidae, 2 specics of Ambassidae, 2 species of

Cichlidae, 2 species of Belontidae and one species each of Nandidae, Anabantidae

and Gobiidae), two belong to the order Osteoglossiformes (2 species of Notopteridae),

4 belong to the order Synbranchiformes (3 species of Mastacembelidae and 1 species

 96

of Sybranchidae), 1 belong to the order Anguilliformes (1 species of Anguillidae) and

one to the order Cyprinodontiformes (1 species of Belonidae).

The present study recorded 13 new entrants which were not reported earlier by

Hora, 1938, Vardia, 1991 and Kar, 2008 in the water resources of Bastar district.

Among the 13 species, 6 species were indigenous viz., Monopterus cuchia, Mystus

tengara, Pangasius pangasius, Channa orientalis, Colisa fasciatus and Colisa lalia

and 7 species were exotic viz., Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio,

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Clarias gariepinus,

Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus.

When comparing the present study with studies done by earlier researchers in

Indravati river system it is observed that 6 species are commonly enlisted by all

studies till date and they are Parluciosoma daniconius, Puntius sarana, Puntius ticto,

Indoreonectus evezardi, Noemacheilus botia and Mastacembelus armatus.

While comparing the present study with Hora (1938), 3 species could not be

found in the present study (2013) and 64 species were not found by Hora (1938) as

has been recorded in the present study.

Similarly 29 species, were absent in the enlisting of Vardia (1991) but

recorded in the present study and 5 species were absent in present study which were

reported by Vardia (1991).

When Comparative study was made between the fish fauna of the present

study (2013) and Kar (2008), it was observed that thirty two species were not

recorded by Kar (2008).

Studies on ecology and fishery of Ravishankar Sagar reservoir (Gangrel) were

conducted by CIFRI from 1987 to 1993 (Desai and Shrivastava, 2004) who enlisted
 97

49 species. Similarly fish fauna of Dudhawa reservoir was conducted by kumar

(2005) enlisting 44 species. Studies of Kedar reservoir by Patel (2012) and Mongra

reservoir by Kolhe (2012) enlisted 18 and 46 species respectively.While there has

been no earlier studies on icthyofaunal biodiversity of Kosarteda and Dalpatsagar

reservoir, the present study enlisted 37 species in Kosarteda reservoir and 43 species

in Dalpatsagar reservoirs. When the present study was compared with the data of

earlier studies on different reservoir of Chhattisgarh, two new entrants species were

recorded (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus).

CONCLUSION

During the entire study period different fish varieties were observed in the

water resources of Bastar district and the results show that the area is rich and

diversified with icthyofauna.

1. A total of 74 species were recorded from the Indravati, Narangi,

Markandey and Mungabahar river basins, belonging to 7 orders, 21

families and 43 genera from 14 sampling sites.

2. The family Cyprinidae with 35 species forms the largest single group

among the icthyofauna of that region.

3. Contribution by the orders Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Perciforme,

Synbranchiformes, Osteoglossiformes, Cyprinodontiformes and

Anguilliformes contributed 47, 23, 19, 6, 3, 1 and 1% respectively to the

fish diversity in Bastar.

4. Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Monopterus cuchia, Mystus tengara,

Pangasius pangasius, Clarias gariepinus, Channa orientalis, Oreochromis

 98

mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Colisa fasciatus and Colisa lalia

were recorded for the first time in the water resources of Bastar district.

5. Zoogeographically most of the fishes are widely distributed which show a

mixture of Gangetic and peninsular species.

SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE WORK

The measures suggested for future work for the fresh water fish biodiversity

are as follows:

1. To conduct periodical studies for enlisting or delisting of the species, their

criterion discussed for geographical distribution of threatened, endangered

and endemic species.

2. Simulation of habitat of critically endangered species for transplantation to

conserve germplasm.

3. Information regarding migration, breeding behavior and spawning ground

of threatened fishes should be generated through extensive surveys. Such a

database is inevitable for both ex situ and in situ conservation of these

species.

4. Introduction of exotic and alien species of fishes into the natural water

bodies should be monitored strictly and eliminated to avoid the destruction

of natural ecosystem.

5. In Kosarteda reservoir, due to the presence of submerged terrestrial

vegetation netting operation is often difficult to perform. In such cases,

culture of fishes within floating cages can prove to be a promising and

convenient alternative.
 99

6. Immediate action in the form of aquatic biodiversity conservation

strategies are necessary. In general, aquatic conservation strategies should

support sustainable development by protecting biological resources in

ways that will preserve habitats and ecosystem.

7. Increasing public awareness is one of the most important ways to conserve

aquatic biodiversity. This can be accomplished through educational

programms, incentive programs and volunteer monitoring programs.

8. Regulation of the fishermen and prevention of over fishing will also enable

the species to be conserved in the reservoir.

9. The best approach to the conservation of the species is to disseminate

conservation information,education and practices to fishermen and other

stakeholders about the danger of extinction of the species and the need for

its conservation.
ABSTRACT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 101

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amrutsagar, M.V. and Lohar, P.S. 2011. Diversity of Mollusca and Fish in Gondoor

and Nakane Lakes in Dhulia, Northwest Maharashtra, India. Journal of

Ecobiotechnology, 3(6): 16-20

Anon., 2012. Personal communication from Director of Fisheries, Raipur,

Chhattisgarh.

APHA., 1998. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 20 th Ed.

American Public Health Association, AWWA, WPCA, Washington, D.C.,

U.S.A. 1193 p.

Atkore, V.M., Sivakumar, K. And Johnsingh, A.J.T. 2011. Patterns of diversity and

conservation status of freshwater fishes in the tributaries of River

Ramganga in the Shiwaliks of the Western Himalaya, India. Current

Science, 100(5): 731-736.

Ayyapan, S. 2006. Hand book of fisheries and aquaculture. ICAR Publication, New

Delhi pp. 1-17.

Bhakta, J.N. and Bandyopadhyay, P.K. 2008. Fish biodiversity of Perennial water

bodies in East Midnapore Distric of W.B., India. Int. J. Environ. Res., 2(3):

255-260.

Bhargavan, S.J., Radhakrishnan, T. and Radhakrishnan, S. 2008. A preliminary

account on the fishery resources of Thottappally Spillway Canal, Alappuzha

district, Kerala. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 40(1): 23-31.

Bhat, A. 2003. Diversity and composition of freshwater fishes in river systems of

Central Western Ghats, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes 68: 25–38.

 102

Biradar, R.S. 2002. Course manual fisheries statistics second edition. CIFE (ICAR).

Mumbai.

Chandrasekharaiah, H.N., Rahman M.F. and Raghavan, S.L. 2001. Icthyofauna of

river Bedthi, Uttera Kannada (Karnataka). Fishing chimes, 21(3): 23-25.

Choubey, and Qureshi. 2013. Study of Ichthyofaunal Biodiversity of Rajnandgaon

town, CG, India. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences

ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 2(2), 21-24, February (2013).

Dahire, V. 2008. Fish biodiversity in the riverine resources of Janjgir –Champa

district of C.G., India. M.F.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Fisheries, IGKV, Raipur.

Datta, A.K. and Karmakar, A.K. 1980. “Clupisoma bastari sp. nov. (Pisces:

Schilbeidae) from Bastar, Madhya Pradesh, India”. Bull. Zool. Surv. India,

2 (2 & 3): 193-196.

Datta, S.P.S., Kour, H. and joshi, N. 2003. Icthyofauna of river Tawi and its

Tributaries and important tributary of the river Chenab J.and K. state.

J.Aqua Biol., 18 (2):61-68 p.

Day, F. 1986. The fishes of India, A natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the

seas and fresh waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Vol. I & II , Today &

Tomorrows book Agency, New Delhi. 1-778.

Day, F. 1889. The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma. Fishes. Vol. I: 548; Vol.

II 509. London :Taylor and Francis.

Dev, R. 2008. Fish Biodiversity in the riverine resources of Durg districts of

Chhattisgarh India.M.F.Sc. Thesis (Inland fisheries) Dept. of Fisheries,

IGKV, Raipur.1-75 p.
 103

Dongre, S.D., Bhavsar, C. and Verma, R.G. 2012. Fish Diversity of Tribal District

Satpura Valley, Betul of Madhya Pradesh in India. International Referred

Research Journal 3(37): 18-21.

Dua, A. and Parkas, C. 2009. Distribution and abundance of fish populations in

Harike wetland A Ramsar site in India. J. Environ. Bio. 30(2): 247-251.

Ehrlich, P.R. and Willson, E.O. 1991. Biodiversity studies science and policy science

253:758-762 p.

Fishbase 2012. http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/ScientificName.

Girijakumari, S., Nelson, P.A., Smrithy, R. and Biju kumar, A. 2011. Icthyofaunal

diversity of Sasthamkotta Ramsar Lake, Kerala, India. J. Inland Fish. Soc.

India. 43(1): 96-102.

Heda, N.K. 2009. Fish diversity studies of two rivers of the northeastern Godavari

basin, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1(10): 514-518.

Hora, S.L. 1940. On a collection of fish from the Headwaters of the Mahanadi river,

Raipur district, Central Provinces. Records of the Indian Museum. 42

(20): 365-374.

Hora, S.L. 1938. On a collection of fish from the Bailadila range, Bastar State, Central

Provinces. Records the Indian Museum. 40: 237-241.

Jadhav, B.V., Kharat, S.S., Raut, R.N., Paingankar, M. & Dahanukar, N. 2011.

Freshwater fish fauna of Koyna River, northern Western Ghats, India.

Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(1): 1449-1455.

Jayaram, K.C. and Majumdar, N 1976. On a collection of fish from the Mahanadi.

Records the Zoological Survey of India. 69: 305-323.

 104

Jayalekshmy, V. and Sanalkumar, M.G. 2012. Bi-Seasonal Variation in the Piscian

Diversity In Relation To Physico-Chemical Parameters of Pallickal River-

Kerala, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research

Publications, Vol. 2(11):1-5.

Jha, B.C., Bose, A.K., Suresh, V.R., Das, A.K., Parasar, A. and Ridhi. 2013. Fishes

of the Middle Stretch of River Tawa, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of

Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences. Vol. 3(1):706-716.

Jihua Wu, Cuizhang Fu, Jiakuan Chen, Qianhong Wu and Guangchun Lei. 2003.

Freshwater fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River basin of China: patterns,

threats and conservation. Biodiversity & Conservation Vol. 12(8): pp

1649-1685.

Job, T.J., David, A. and Das, A.K. 1955. “Fish and fisheries of the Mahanadi in

relation to the Hirakund Dam”. Indian Journal of fisheries. 2 (1): 1-36.

Jaroensutasinee, M., Sutin, S. and Jaroensutasinee, K. 2007. Water Quality and

Freshwater Fish Diversity at Khao Luang National Park, Thailand. World

Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, VOL. 12:1-4.

Joshi, K.D. 1999. Piscine diversity in Kumaun river (Central Himalaya). J. Inland

Fish. Soc. India. 31(2): 20-24.

Joshi, K.D. and Biswas, B.K. 2010. Piscine diversity and fisheries in the river Ken,

Proposed for Inter-river linking. J. Inland Fish. Soc.India. 42(2): 25-31.

Joshi, P.K. and Sakhare, V.B. 2002. Ecology and Icthyofauna of Bori reservoir in

Maharashtra. Fishing chimes. 22(4): 40-4.

Kar, S. 2008. Vertebrate fauna of Kangerghati, Guru Ghasidas and Sanjay National

Parks. Conservation Area Series, Vol. 36: 221-263.

 105

Kar, D.A., Kumar, C., Bohra and Singh, L.K. (2003). Fishes of Barak drainage

Mizoram and Tripura; in Environment pollution and management. APH

publishing corporation ,New Delhi,604:203-211.

Kharat, S.S., Paingankar, M. & Dahanukar, N. (2012). Freshwater fish fauna of

Krishna River at Wai, northern Western Ghats, India. Journal of

Threatened Taxa 4(6): 2644–2652.

Kolhe, P.K. 2012. Fish biodiversity in the water resources of Rajnandgaon district of

Chhattisgarh State. M.F.Sc. Thesis (Aquaculture) Dept. of Fisheries,

IGKV, Raipur.1-100 P.

Koral, A.L., Sahato, G.A., Lasharl, K.H. and Arbanl, S.N. 2008. Biodiversity in

Relation to Physicochemical Properties of Keenjhar Lake, Thatta District,

Sindh, Pakistan. Turkish J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 8: 259-268.

Kulkarni, K.M., Tantarpale, V.T., Joshi, P. S. and Tantarpale, S.A. 2012.

Ichthyological Fauna of Buldhana District, Maharashtra (India). Online

International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, vol 2(2):1-5.

Lakra, W.S., Sarkar, U.K., Kumar, R.S., Pandey, A., Dubey and Gusain. 2010. Fish

diversity, habitat ecology and their conservation and management issues of

a tropical River in Ganga basin, India. Springer Science+Business Media,

LLC 1-14.

Manoj kumar, 2005. Studies on the diversity of fish fauna in Dudhawa reservoir.

M.F.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Fisheries, IGKV, Raipur.

Mathur, B.B.L. 1951. Notes on fishes from Rajasthan, India. Records of the Indian

Museum. 50 : 105-110.
 106

Mohite, S. and Samant, J. 2010. Fish And Fisheries In Warna River Basin.

Development Research, Awareness and Action Institute (DRVRAAI),

Kolhapur. 1-27.

Mohsin, A.B.M. and Haque, E. 2009. Diversity of Fishes of Mahananda River at

Chapai Nawabgonj District, Bangladesh. Research Journal of

Biological Sciences, vol.4(7): 828-831.

Motwani, M, David, A. 1957. Fish of the river Sone with observations on the

zoogeographical significance. Journal of the zoological society of India. 9

(1) : 9-15.

Muchlisin, Z.A. and Azizah, M.N. 2009. Diversity and distribution of freshwater

fishes in Aceh water, northern- sumatra, Indonesia. International journal

of zoological research, 5: 62-79.

NBFGR., 2011. Cataloguing of Fish Genetic resources of India. Annual report paper:

11-16.

Om prakash, 2004. Fish diversity in the water resources of Northern part of Raipur

district of Chhattisgarh state. M.F.Sc. Thesis. Dept. of Fisheries, IGKV,

Raipur.79 P.

Patel, G.S. 2012. Fish biodiversity in aquatic resources of Raigarh district of

Chhattisgarh, India. M.F.Sc. Thesis (Aquaculture) Dept. of Fisheries,

IGKV, Raipur.1-96 P.

Pati, D.K. 2006. Present status of Fish and Fishery in Ansupa lake, Orissa, India. J.

Inland Fish. Soc. India. 40(2): 83-84.

 107

Pathak, V., Shrivashtava, N.B., Chakraborty P.K. and Das, A.K. 2007. Ecological

status and production dynamic of river Mahanadi. Central Inland Fisheries

Research Institute (CIFRI), Kolkata, Bull. No. 149: 1-40.

Patra, A.K. 2010. The diversity of fresh water catfish fauna of the Karala River in

Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. JoTT Short Communication – 3(3):1610-

1614.

Radhakrishnan, K.V. 2003. Biodiversity Status of Fishes Inhabiting Rivers of Kerala

(S. India) With Special Reference to Endemism, Threats And Conservation

Measures. School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science &

Technology,163-180.

Rankhamb, S.V. 2011. Icthyofaunal diversity of Godavari river at Mudgal,

dist.Parbhani. Recent research in science and technology. 3(12): 11-13.

Ridhi, B. C. Jha, A. Parashar, A. K. Das and Bose. 2013. Fishes of Gandhisagar

Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Chemical, Biological and

Physical Sciences. Vol. 3(1):390-398.

Sarwade, J.P. and Khillare, Y.K. 2010. Fish diversity of Ujani wetland, Maharashtra,

India. An Int. quarterly J. of life sciences. 1: 173-179.

Saxena, S. and Shukla, K. S. 2007. Present status of ichthyofaunal diversity of upper

stretch of river Tapti with reference to its habitat diversity. Fresh water

fish diversity of central India, National Bureau Of Fish Genetic

Resources, Lucknow, India. 58-65 pp.

Shinde, S., Pathan, T.S., Raut, K.S., Bhandare, R.Y. and Sonawane, D.L. 2009. Fish

biodiversity of Pravara River at Pravara sangam district of Ahmednagar,

(M.S.) India. World J. of Zoology 4(3): 176-179.

 108

Shinde, S.E., Pathan, T.S., Bhandare R.Y. and Sonawane D.L. 2009. Ichthyofaunal

Diversity of Harsool Savangi Dam, District Aurangabad, (M.S.) India.

World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 1 (3): 141-143.

Shahnawaz, A., Venkateshwarlu, M., Somashekar, D.S. and Santosh, K. 2010. Fish

diversity with relation to water quality of Bhadra River of Western Ghats

(INDIA). 161(1-4):83-91.

Singh, S. and Chari, M. S. 2006. “Ichthyofauna of the river Kharun”. Environment

and Ecology. 24 (4): 844-849.

Singh. S., Om Prakash, Chari, M.S. and Vardia, H.K. (2006) “Diversity of fish fauna

in the catchment of Mahanadi river in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh”

Environment and Ecology 24 (1): 165-169.

Singh, D.M., Shrestha, J. and Saund, 2009. Fish Diversity of Tamor River and Its

Major Tributaries of Eastern Himalayan Region of Nepal. Nepal Journal of

Science and Technology. 10 219-223.

Sonawane, S.R., Ubarhande, S.B and Jagtap, J.T. 2011. Ichthyofanal Diversity from

Ambadi Dam, Taluka Kannad, District –Aurangabad (M.S.). Recent

Research in Science and Technology , 3(6): 34-37.

Talwar, P.K. and Jhingran, A.G. 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries

oxford and I B H publishing co.New Delhi.1,2.

Tamboli, R.K. and Jha, Y.N. 2012. Status of Cat Fish Diversity of river Kelo and

Mand in Raigarh District CG, India. Short communication, ISCA Jouranls

of Biological Science isca J.Biological Sci. Vol. 1(1), 71-73.

 109

Thirumala, S., Kiran, B.R., and Kantaraj, G.S. 2011. Fish diversity in relation to

physico-chemical characteristics of Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka, India.

Advances in Applied Science Research, 2 (5):34-47.

Uchchariya, D.K., Saxena, M. and Saksena, D.N. 2012. Fish biodiversity of Tighra

reservoir of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Fisheries and

Aquaculture, ISSN: 0976-9927 & E-ISSN: 0976-9935, Vol. 3(1), pp.-37-43.

Vardia, H.K. 1991. Pre-impoundment fishery survey of the river Indravati in relation

to Bodhghat Hydel Project. Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Indira

Gandhi Agricultural University, Kumharawand, Jagdalpur Survey

Bulletin-I 1-30.

Vijaylaxmi, C. Rajshekhar, M. and Vijaykumar, K. 2010. Freshwater fishes

distribution and diversity status of Mullameri River, a minor tributary of

Bheema River of Gulbarga District, Karnataka. International Journal of

Systems Biology, vol.2(@):1-9.

Vyas,V., Parashar V., Damde D. and Singh, S. 2009. Fish biodiversity of Narmada in

submergence area of Indira sagar reservior . Deprtment of Limnology,

Barkatullah University , Bhopal. J. Inland Fish. Soc.India 41(2):18-25.

Vyas, V., Damde, D. and Parashar, V. 2012. Fish biodiversity of Betwa River in

Madhya Pradesh, India with special reference to a sacred ghat. Int. J.

Biodvers. Conserv. 4(2): 71-77.