4024 Mathematics Quick Revision Notes

Numbers & Sets

●​ Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, ...​

●​ Whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...​

●​ Integers: ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...​

●​ Rational numbers: Can be expressed as a/b​

●​ Irrational numbers: Cannot be written as a fraction (e.g., √2, pi)​

●​ Real numbers = Rational + Irrational​

●​ Prime numbers: Only divisible by 1 and itself (2 is the only even prime)​

●​ HCF: Highest number that divides two or more numbers​

●​ LCM: Lowest multiple common to two or more numbers​

●​ Set notation: {}, ∪ (union), ∩ (intersection), complement​

●​ Venn diagrams: Used to represent sets visually​

Fractions, Decimals, Percentages

●​ 1/4 = 0.25 = 25%​

●​ Percent = "out of 100"​

●​ To convert:​

○​ Fraction → Decimal: divide​

○​ Decimal → Percent: ×100​

○​ Percent → Fraction: divide by 100 and simplify​

Order of Operations

●​ Use BODMAS:​

○​ Brackets​
 ○​ Orders (powers/roots)​

○​ Division & Multiplication​

○​ Addition & Subtraction​

Indices & Standard Form

●​ a^m × a^n = a^(m+n)​

●​ a^m ÷ a^n = a^(m−n)​

●​ (a^m)^n = a^(mn)​

●​ a^0 = 1 (a ≠ 0)​

●​ Negative index: a^−n = 1/a^n​

●​ Standard Form:​

○​ Large: 500,000 = 5 × 10^5​

○​ Small: 0.00042 = 4.2 × 10^−4​

Estimation & Rounding

●​ Round to:​

○​ Decimal Places (DP): e.g., 3.768 → 3.77 (2 DP)​

○​ Significant Figures (SF): e.g., 0.03456 → 0.035 (2 SF)​

●​ Useful to:​

○​ Estimate calculations​

○​ Check reasonableness​

Surds

●​ Surd: √ number that can’t be simplified to a rational number​

●​ Example: √50 = √(25×2) = 5√2​

●​ Rationalize denominators:​
 ○​ 1/√3 × √3/√3 = √3/3​

Algebra

●​ Expression: a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols​

●​ Simplify by collecting like terms​

●​ Expand brackets: a(b + c) = ab + ac​

●​ Expand double brackets: (x + a)(x + b) = x^2 + (a + b)x + ab​

●​ Factorizing: reverse of expanding​

●​ Solve equations by isolating the variable​

●​ Inequalities: use >, <, ≥, ≤​

●​ Flip inequality sign when multiplying/dividing by a negative​

●​ Simultaneous equations: solve using elimination or substitution​

●​ Formula: algebraic rule with variables​

●​ Rearranging formula: make a different variable the subject​

●​ Sequences:​

○​ Arithmetic: common difference (e.g., 2, 5, 8, 11)​

○​ nth term: a + (n − 1)d​

○​ Geometric: common ratio​

Graphs & Coordinate Geometry

●​ Coordinate: (x, y)​

●​ Distance between two points: √[(x2 − x1)^2 + (y2 − y1)^2]​

●​ Midpoint: ((x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2)​

●​ Gradient (m): change in y / change in x​

●​ Equation of line: y = mx + c​
 ●​ Parallel lines: same gradient​

●​ Perpendicular lines: gradients multiply to −1​

Geometry

●​ Angles:​

○​ Acute < 90°, Right = 90°, Obtuse > 90° < 180°, Reflex > 180°​

○​ Complementary: add to 90°​

○​ Supplementary: add to 180°​

●​ Triangle: interior angles sum to 180°​

●​ Types of triangles: equilateral, isosceles, scalene, right-angled​

●​ Quadrilaterals: square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus, trapezium​

●​ Interior angles of polygon: (n − 2) × 180°​

●​ Congruent: same shape and size​

●​ Similar: same shape, proportional size​

●​ Symmetry: line and rotational​

●​ Construction: use compass and straightedge​

Mensuration

●​ Perimeter: total distance around shape​

●​ Area:​

○​ Rectangle = l × w​

○​ Triangle = 1/2 × base × height​

○​ Parallelogram = base × height​

○​ Trapezium = 1/2 × (a + b) × h​

○​ Circle = pi × r^2​
 ●​ Circumference: 2 × pi × r​

●​ Sector area = (θ/360) × pi × r^2​

●​ Arc length = (θ/360) × 2 × pi × r​

●​ Volume:​

○​ Cube = a^3, Cuboid = l × w × h​

○​ Cylinder = pi × r^2 × h​

○​ Cone = (1/3) × pi × r^2 × h​

○​ Sphere = (4/3) × pi × r^3​

●​ Surface area: total area of all faces​

Trigonometry

●​ Right triangle ratios:​

○​ sin = opposite/hypotenuse​

○​ cos = adjacent/hypotenuse​

○​ tan = opposite/adjacent​

●​ Use SOH CAH TOA​

●​ Inverse trig to find angle​

●​ Sine Rule: a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC​

●​ Cosine Rule: c^2 = a^2 + b^2 − 2ab cosC​

●​ Pythagoras: a^2 + b^2 = c^2​

●​ Angles of elevation and depression form right triangles​

●​ Trig graphs:​

○​ Sine & Cosine: wave shape, repeat every 360°​

○​ Tangent: repeats every 180°​

●​ Radians: pi radians = 180°

Transformation

●​ Translation: shift using vector (x, y)​

●​ Reflection: flip over a line​

●​ Rotation: turn about a point​

●​ Enlargement: change size by scale factor​

Vectors

●​ Represented as (x, y)​

●​ Addition/subtraction: combine components​

●​ Scalar multiplication: multiply each part​

●​ AB = position vector from A to B​

●​ Parallel vectors: multiples of each other​

Functions

●​ f(x): rule applied to input x​

●​ Composite: f(g(x))​

●​ Inverse: reverses the function​

●​ Swap x and y, solve for y​

●​ Transform graphs: shift, reflect, stretch​

Probability

●​ Probability = success outcomes / total outcomes​

●​ Between 0 and 1​

●​ Mutually exclusive: can’t happen together​

●​ Use tree diagrams​

●​ P(not A) = 1 − P(A)​

Statistics

●​ Present data: table, bar chart, pie chart, histogram​

●​ Mean: total ÷ number of values​

●​ Median: middle value​

●​ Mode: most frequent​

●​ Range: largest − smallest​

●​ Grouped data: use midpoints for mean​

●​ Cumulative frequency: running total​

●​ Box plot: min, Q1, median, Q3, max​

●​ Scatter diagram: correlation + line of best fit​

Proportion

●​ Direct: y ∝ x → y = kx​

●​ Inverse: y ∝ 1/x → y = k/x​

●​ Use given values to find constant k​

Graphs

●​ Linear: y = mx + c​

●​ Quadratic: y = ax^2 + bx + c (U shape)​

●​ Cubic: y = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d​

●​ Reciprocal: y = 1/x​

●​ Exponential: y = a^x​
 ●​ Real-life graphs: distance-time, speed-time​

Sequences

●​ Arithmetic: common difference​

●​ Geometric: common ratio​

●​ Special: square, triangular, Fibonacci​

●​ nth term for arithmetic: a + (n−1)d​

Interest

●​ Simple: I = P × R × T / 100​

●​ Compound: A = P(1 + R/100)^T​

Ratios

●​ Compare parts of a whole​

●​ Divide amount: find total parts, then share accordingly​

●​ Simplify: divide both parts​

●​ Convert to form 1:n​

Bounds

●​ Rounded value ± 0.5 of smallest unit​

●​ Lower bound: smallest value that rounds up​

●​ Upper bound: smallest value that rounds to next​

●​ Use bounds for max/min results​

Recurring Decimals

●​ Use algebra to convert to fractions​

●​ x = 0.333... → 10x − x = 9x = 3 → x = 1/3​