Handbook of Medical Textiles

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 Contents

Contributor contact details xiii

Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xvii
Preface xxiii

Part I Types and properties of medical textiles 1

1 Modern textiles and biomaterials for healthcare 3
S. PETRULYTE and D. PETRULIS, Kaunas University of
Technology, Lithuania
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The role of textile structures and biomaterials in healthcare 4
1.3 Types of textiles and biomaterials for medical applications 5
1.4 Key properties of medical textile products 9
1.5 Contacting behaviour and transmission phenomenon of
medical-based textiles 14
1.6 Engineering stability and compactness in medical
textile systems 16
1.7 Advanced examples of research and product development 18
1.8 Future of medical textiles and products 22
1.9 Sources of further information and advice 29
1.10 Acknowledgement 29
1.11 References 29

2 Hi-tech textiles for interactive wound therapies 38

S. RAJENDRAN and S. C. ANAND, University of Bolton, UK
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Wounds 39
2.3 Wound dressings 43
2.4 Venous leg ulcers and their treatment 52
2.5 Wound dressing structures 67
2.6 Conclusions 74
2.7 References 75

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3 Reusable medical textiles 80

H. M. ZINS, Howard M. Zins Associates LLC, USA
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 The role of reusable medical textiles: a historical perspective 80
3.3 Advantages of reusable textiles 81
3.4 Types of reusable textiles used for medical applications 86
3.5 Processing procedures 94
3.6 Healthcare costs 97
3.7 Future trends 100
3.8 Conclusions 102
3.9 References 102

4 Nonwoven materials and technologies for

medical applications 106
J. R. AJMERI and C. JOSHI AJMERI, Sarvajanik College of
Engineering and Technology, India
4.1 Introduction 106
4.2 Key issues of nonwovens 107
4.3 Main types of nonwovens and technologies for medical
applications 111
4.4 Strengths and limitations of nonwoven materials
(NMs) for medical applications 116
4.5 Applications of nonwovens in medicine 117
4.6 Future trends 125
4.7 Sources of further information and advice 126
4.8 References 126

5 Textiles for implants and regenerative medicine 132

M. DOSER and H. PLANCK, German Institutes for Textile and
Fiber Research Denkendorf (DITF), Germany
5.1 Introduction 132
5.2 Textiles as implants 133
5.3 Textiles for regenerative medicine 142
5.4 Testing of implants and materials for regenerative medicine 149
5.5 Sources of further information 150
5.6 References 150

6 Textiles with cosmetic effects 153

R. MATHIS and A. MEHLING, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH,
Germany
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 Application and release technologies 154
6.3 Functionalities of cosmetotextiles and performance testing 160
6.4 Safety evaluation and other regulatory aspects 169

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6.5 Future trends 170

6.6 References 171

7 Drug-releasing textiles 173

U. S. TOTI, S. G. KUMBAR, C. T. LAURENCIN, R. MATHEW and
D. BALASUBRAMANIAM, University of Connecticut Health Center,
USA
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Classification of drug-releasing textiles 175
7.3 Fabrication and characterization 176
7.4 Applications of drug-releasing textiles 184
7.5 Conclusions 189
7.6 Future trends 190
7.7 Acknowledgments 191
7.8 Sources of further information and advice 191
7.9 References 191

8 Medical textiles and thermal comfort 198

G. SONG, University of Alberta, Canada, W. CAO, California
State University, Northridge, USA and R. M. CLOUD, Baylor
University, USA
8.1 Fundamentals of thermal comfort 198
8.2 Healthcare workers and patients in the hospital environment 201
8.3 Thermal comfort of medical textiles: surgical gowns 205
8.4 Evaluation and testing of thermal properties for
medical textiles 212
8.5 Future trends 214
8.6 Sources of further information and advice 215
8.7 References 215

Part II Textiles and the skin 219

9 Contact sensations of medical textiles on the skin 221

V. T. BARTELS, Bartels Scientific Consulting GmbH, Germany
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Skin contact sensations 223
9.3 Textile properties influencing skin contact sensations 227
9.4 Examples of applications 236
9.5 Future trends 241
9.6 Conclusions 242
9.7 Sources of further information 243
9.8 Acknowledgment 243
9.9 References 244

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10 Mechanical skin irritations due to textiles 248

U. WOLLINA, Academic Teaching Hospital
Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Germany
10.1 Introduction 248
10.2 Human skin 248
10.3 Skin irritation 250
10.4 Skin responses to mechanical forces 251
10.5 Measurement of irritating mechanical factors 254
10.6 Factors causing a textile to be mechanically irritating 258
10.7 References 263

11 Allergies caused by textiles 267

R. WECKMANN, Dr Rainer Weckmann Textile Consulting, Germany
11.1 Introduction 267
11.2 Types of allergies 267
11.3 Main types of allergies caused by textiles 268
11.4 Ways to minimise or avoid allergies caused by textiles 270
11.5 Testing for allergy-causing substances 275
11.6 Medical textile applications 277
11.7 Sources of further information and advice 278
11.8 References 278

12 Biofunctional textiles based on cellulose and

their approaches for therapy and prevention of
atopic eczema 280
U-C. HIPLER and C. WIEGAND, Friedrich Schiller University
of Jena, Germany
12.1 Introduction 280
12.2 The role of microbial infections in atopic dermatitis 281
12.3 Skin barrier function and increased sensitivity
to irritants 283
12.4 Lyocell fibers for antimicrobial therapy 284
12.5 SeaCell® textiles for antimicrobial therapy 286
12.6 Future trends and conclusions 289
12.7 References 290

Part III Textiles for hygiene 295

13 Infection prevention and control and the role of

medical textiles 297
R. JAMES, University of Nottingham, UK
13.1 Introduction 297
13.2 Superbugs and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) 303

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13.3 Principles and practice of infection prevention and

control in hospitals 306
13.4 The role of textiles in infection prevention and control 309
13.5 Future challenges 310
13.6 A holistic approach to preventing infections 312
13.7 Sources of further information 313
13.8 References 313

14 Absorbent products for personal health care

and hygiene 316
F. WIESEMANN and R. ADAM, Procter & Gamble Service
GmbH, Germany
14.1 Introduction 316
14.2 Different types of absorbent products for personal
health and hygiene 316
14.3 Key issues of absorbent hygiene products 319
14.4 Testing of absorbent hygiene products 325
14.5 Application example: diapers – adapting products
from premature babies to toilet training 329
14.6 Future trends 330
14.7 Sources of further information and advice 333
14.8 Acknowledgements 333
14.9 References 333

15 Bio-functional textiles 336

S. LIU, University of Manitoba, Canada and G. SUN,
University of California, Davis, USA
15.1 Introduction 336
15.2 Types of bio-functional textiles 336
15.3 Evaluation of bio-functional effects and safety 343
15.4 Applications of bio-functional textiles 344
15.5 Manufacturing of bio-functional textiles 346
15.6 Future trends 353
15.7 Sources of further information 354
15.8 References 354

16 Hospital laundries and their role in medical textiles 360

J. BERINGER and J. KURZ, Hohenstein Institutes, Germany
16.1 Introduction 360
16.2 Key issues of hospital laundries 361
16.3 Impact of hospital laundries on the hygiene of
medical textiles 369
16.4 Testing and quality control of hygienic properties
in hospital laundries 378

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16.5 State of the art in hospital laundries 381

16.6 Future trends 382
16.7 Sources of further information and advice 382
16.8 Further reading 382
16.9 Appendix: additional information 383

17 Odour control of medical textiles 387

R. H. MCQUEEN, University of Alberta, Canada
17.1 Introduction 387
17.2 Measurement of odour 388
17.3 Key issues of odour control in medical applications 396
17.4 Control of odour with textiles 401
17.5 Future trends 410
17.6 Acknowledgement 411
17.7 References 411

Part IV Medical textile case studies and applications 417

18 Textiles for medical filters 419

W. ZHONG, University of Manitoba, Canada
18.1 Introduction 419
18.2 Key issues of medical filters 419
18.3 Application of hollow fiber bioreactors 423
18.4 Evaluation and characterization of medical filters 425
18.5 Future trends 430
18.6 References 431

19 Textiles for patient heat preservation during

operations 434
U. MÖHRING, D. SCHWABE and S. HANUS, Textile Research
Institute Thuringia-Vogtlande. V., Germany
19.1 Key issues and importance of preventing cold stress
in patients during operations 434
19.2 Main types of textiles used to maintain patient
temperature during operations 435
19.3 Applications of textiles in maintaining patient temperature 435
19.4 Future trends 437
19.5 Sources of further information and advice 440
19.6 References 441

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20 Evaluation of occupational clothing for surgeons:

achieving comfort and avoiding physiological
stress through suitable gowns 443
W. NOCKER, Consultant, Germany
20.1 Historical background 443
20.2 Surgical gowns 444
20.3 Influences on wear properties 444
20.4 Elements of comfort 447
20.5 Evaluation of parameters relevant for comfortable textiles 447
20.6 Sweating as an effect of physiological stress 448
20.7 Controlled wear tests 451
20.8 Purchasing criteria 456
20.9 Conclusions and recommendations 458
20.10 References 459

21 Occupational clothing for nurses: combining

improved comfort with economic efficiency 461
M. WALZ, Eschler Textil GmbH, Germany
21.1 Introduction 461
21.2 Materials and methods 463
21.3 Cleanliness 464
21.4 Improving comfort in nurses’ occupational clothing 464
21.5 Improving durability of nurses’ clothing in
industrial laundering processes 468
21.6 Possible savings in resources, washing and drying,
durability and nosocomial infections 475
21.7 Applications of knitted microfibre fabrics 476
21.8 Future trends 477
21.9 Sources of further information and advice 479
21.10 Acknowledgement 479
21.11 References 480

22 Medical bandages and stockings with enhanced

patient acceptance 481
C. ROTSCH, H. OSCHATZ, D. SCHWABE, M. WEISER and U. MÖHRING,
Textile Research Institute Thuringia-Vogtlande., V. Germany
22.1 Introduction 481
22.2 Key issues and the role of medical bandages and stockings 482
22.3 Improving patient acceptance of medical bandages
and stockings 492
22.4 Conclusions 500
22.5 References 501

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23 Superabsorbents and their medical applications 505

G. BARTKOWIAK, Central Institute for Labour Protection – National
Research Institute, Poland and I. FRYDRYCH, Central Institute for
Labour Protection – National Research Institute, Poland and Technical
University of Lodz, Poland
23.1 Introduction 505
23.2 Methods of obtaining superabsorbent polymers and
their chemical structure 506
23.3 Forms of superabsorbents and their properties 510
23.4 Development stages of superabsorbent materials
according to appropriate patents 516
23.5 Applications of superabsorbents in medicine 518
23.6 Applications of superabsorbents in hygiene products
and medical textiles 520
23.7 Applications of superabsorbents for comfort improvement 525
23.8 Ergonomic tests 534
23.9 Application of superabsorbent materials in half masks 542
23.10 Conclusions 543
23.11 References 544

24 Nanofibrous textiles in medical applications 547

L. VAN DER SCHUEREN and K. DE CLERCK, Ghent University, Belgium
24.1 Introduction 547
24.2 Nanofibrous textiles 547
24.3 Applications of nanofibres in the medical field 551
24.4 Future trends 559
24.5 Sources of further information and advice 560
24.6 References 560

Index 567

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 Contributor contact details

(* = main contact)

Editor and Chapter 9 Chapter 3

V. T. Bartels H. M. Zins
Bartels Scientific Consulting GmbH Howard M. Zins Associates LLC
Heidestrasse 26 810 Rotherham Drive
74336 Brackenheim Ballwin
Germany MO 63011
E-mail: [email protected] USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 1
S. Petrulyte* and D. Petrulis Chapter 4
Department of Textile Technology J. R. Ajmeri* and C. Joshi Ajmeri
Kaunas University of Technology Department of Textile Technology
Studentu 56 Sarvajanik College of Engineering
LT-51424 and Technology
Kaunas Dr R. K. Desai Marg
Lithuania Athwalines
E-mail: [email protected]; Surat – 395 001
[email protected] Gujarat
India
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 2
S. Rajendran* and S. C. Anand
Institute for Materials Research and
Innovation
University of Bolton
Bolton
BL3 5AB
UK
E-mail: [email protected]

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xiv Contributor contact details

Chapter 5 University of Connecticut Health

Center
M. Doser* and H. Planck
263 Farmington Avenue
Department of Biomedical
Farmington
Engineering
CT 06030
Institute of Textile Technology and
USA
Process Engineering (ITV)
E-mail: [email protected]
German Institutes for Textile and
Fiber Research Denkendorf
(DITF) Chapter 8
Koerschtalstrasse 26 G. Song*
73770 Denkendorf Department of Human Ecology
Germany University of Alberta
E-mail: [email protected]
Edmonton, AB
T6G 2N1
Chapter 6 Canada
E-mail: [email protected]
R. Mathis*
BASF Personal Care and Nutrition
GmbH W. Cao
Rheinpromenade 1 Department of Family and
40789 Monheim Consumer Sciences
Germany California State University –
E-mail: [email protected] Northridge
18111 Nordhoff Street
Northridge, CA
A. Mehling
91330-8309
BASF Personal Care and Nutrition
USA
GmbH
E-mail: [email protected]
Henkelstrasse 67
40551 Düsseldorf
Germany R. M. Cloud
E-mail: [email protected] Family and Consumer Sciences
Baylor University
One Baylor Place 97346
Chapter 7 Waco, TX
U. S. Toti, S. G. Kumbar*, C. T. 76798-7346
Laurencin, R. Mathew and D. USA
Balasubramaniam E-mail: [email protected]
Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery
Department of Chemical, Materials
and Biomolecular Engineering

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 Contributor contact details xv

Chapter 10 Chapter 14
U. Wollina F. Wiesemann* and R. Adam
Department of Dermatology and Procter & Gamble Service GmbH
Allergology Sulzbacher Strasse 40
Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt 65824 Schwalbach am Taunus
Academic Teaching Hospital of the Germany
Technical University of Dresden E-mail: [email protected];
Friedrichstrasse 41 [email protected]
01067 Dresden
Germany Chapter 15
E-mail: [email protected]
S. Liu
Chapter 11 Department of Textile Sciences
University of Manitoba
R. Weckmann Winnipeg
Dr Rainer Weckmann Textile Manitoba R3T 2N2
Consulting Canada
Sulzbergring 14 E-mail: [email protected]
74336 Brackenheim
Germany G. Sun*
E-mail: [email protected] Division of Textiles and Clothing
University of California, Davis
Chapter 12 CA 95616
U-C. Hipler* and C. Wiegand USA
Department of Dermatology and E-mail: [email protected]
Allergology
Friedrich Schiller University Chapter 16
Hospital Jena J. Beringer* and J. Kurz
Erfurter Str. 35 Hohenstein Institute
07740 Jena Schloss Hohenstein
Germany 74357 Bönnigheim
E-mail: [email protected] Germany
E-mail: [email protected];
Chapter 13 [email protected]
R. James
Centre for Healthcare Associated Chapter 17
Infections
R. H. McQueen
University of Nottingham
Department of Human Ecology
CBS Building
University of Alberta
University Park
Edmonton, AB
Nottingham
T6G 2N1
NG7 2RD
Canada
UK
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]

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xvi Contributor contact details

Chapter 18
TITV Greiz -
W. Zhong
Textilforschungsinstitut
Department of Textile Sciences
Thüringen-Vogtland e. V
Faculty of Human Ecology
Zeulenrodaerstrasse 42–44
University of Manitoba
07973 Greiz
R3T 2N2
Germany
Canada
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]

Chapter 19 Chapter 23
G. Bartkowiak* and I. Frydrych
U. Möhring, D. Schwabe* and S.
Central Institute for Labour
Hanus
Protection
TITV Greiz -
National Research Institute
Textilforschungsinstitut
Department of Personal Protective
Thüringen-Vogtland e. V
Equipment
Zeulenrodaerstrasse 42–44
Wierzbowa 48
07973 Greiz
90-133 Łódź
Germany
Poland
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]

Chapter 20 I. Frydrych
W. Nocker Technical University of Lodz
Consultant 90-924 Łódź
Roseggerstrasse 9 Żwirki 36
85521 Ottobrunn Poland
Germany E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 24
Chapter 21 L. Van der Schueren* and K. De
M. Walz Clerck
Eschler Textil GmbH Department of Textiles
Max-Planck-Str. 10 Ghent University
72336 Balingen Technologiepark 907
Germany 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent)
E-mail: [email protected] Belgium
E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
Chapter 22
C. Rotsch, H. Oschatz*,
D. Schwabe, M. Weiser and
U. Möhring

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

1 Watson’s textile design and colour Seventh edition

Edited by Z. Grosicki
2 Watson’s advanced textile design
Edited by Z. Grosicki
3 Weaving Second edition
P. R. Lord and M. H. Mohamed
4 Handbook of textile fibres Vol 1: Natural fibres
J. Gordon Cook
5 Handbook of textile fibres Vol 2: Man-made fibres
J. Gordon Cook
6 Recycling textile and plastic waste
Edited by A. R. Horrocks
7 New fibers Second edition
T. Hongu and G. O. Phillips
8 Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles Second edition
J. W. S. Hearle, B. Lomas and W. D. Cooke
9 Ecotextile ’98
Edited by A. R. Horrocks
10 Physical testing of textiles
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11 Geometric symmetry in patterns and tilings
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12 Handbook of technical textiles
Edited by A. R. Horrocks and S. C. Anand
13 Textiles in automotive engineering
W. Fung and J. M. Hardcastle
14 Handbook of textile design
J. Wilson
15 High-performance fibres
Edited by J. W. S. Hearle
16 Knitting technology Third edition
D. J. Spencer
17 Medical textiles
Edited by S. C. Anand
18 Regenerated cellulose fibres
Edited by C. Woodings
19 Silk, mohair, cashmere and other luxury fibres
Edited by R. R. Franck

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