Solution of assignment 1

Solution 1:
Given:

Initial amount: A0 = 100 grams.

After 5 hours: A = 80 grams.

Amount remaining after 10 hours = ?

Step 1: Write the differential equation.

Since the decay rate is proportional to the amount:

dA / dt = -kA (where k is decay constant)

Step 2: Solve the differential equation.

Separate variables:

dA / A = -kdt

Integrate both sides:

ln A = -kt + C

Exponentiate:

A = Ce-kt

At t = 0, A = A0 = 100:

100 = Ce0 ⇒ C = 100

So, A = 100e-kt

Step 3: Find k using the given data.

80 = 100e-5k

Step 3: Find k using the given data.

At t = 5, A = 80:

80 = 100e-5k

Divide both sides by 100:

0.8 = e-5k

Take the natural log:

ln 0.8 = -5k

k = - ln 0.8 / 5

ln 0.8 ≈ -0.2231

k = 0.2231 / 5 = 0.04462

Step 4: Find amount after 10 hours.

Now find A when t = 10:

A = 100e-0.04462x10

A = 100e-0.4462

Compute e-0.4462 :

e-0.4462 ≈ 0.639

A = 100 x 0.639 = 63.9 grams

Final answer : 63.9 grams

This is a nonlinear differential equation because of the y3 term, but we can solve it using the
Bernoulli equation method.

Step 1: Recognize Bernoulli’s equation:

A Bernoulli equation has the form:

ⅆy
+ P ( x ) y = Q ( x ) yn
ⅆx

Compare with:

ⅆy 2
+ y = y3
ⅆx x

2
Here: P ( x ) = , Q ( x ) = 1, n = 3
x

Step 2: Substitute v = y1-n1

We substitute:

v = y1-3 = y-2

Differentiate both sides w.r.t x:

ⅆv ⅆy
= -2y-3
ⅆx ⅆx

ⅆy
Solve for :
ⅆx
 ⅆy 1 ⅆv
= - y3
ⅆx 2 ⅆx

Step 3: Substitute into original equation:

Original equation:

ⅆy 2
+ y = y3
ⅆx x

ⅆy
Substitute and y-2 = v:
ⅆx

1 3 ⅆv 2
- y + y = y3
2 ⅆx x

Divide through y3 to simplify:

1 ⅆv 2 1
- + . =1
2 ⅆx x y 2

1
Since 2 = v:
y

1 ⅆv 2
- + v=1
2 ⅆx x

Multiply through by -2 to simplify:

ⅆv 4
- v = -2
ⅆx x
Step 4: Solve the linear equation:

Now we have a linear first-order equation:

ⅆv 4
- v = -2
ⅆx x

Find the integrating factor (I.F.):

4
I.F. = e^ ∫ - ⅆx = e-4 ln x = eln x ^-4 = x-4
x

Multiply through by I.F.:

ⅆv 4 -4
x-4 - x v = -2x-4
ⅆx x

ⅆ -4
(vx ) = -2x-4
ⅆx

Integrate both sides:

vx-4 = ∫ -2x-4 ⅆx

2 -3
vx-4 = x +C
3

Multiply through by x4:

2 1
v= x + Cx4
3

2
v= x + Cx4
3

Step 5: Substitute back v = y-2:

2
y-2 = x + Cx4
3
Take reciprocal:

1
y=
√ 2
3
x +C x
4

1
Final answer: y =
√ 2
3
x +C x
4

Solution 3: this is a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with constant

Given:

y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 0

Step 1: Write the characteristic equation:

For a differential equation like:

y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 0

We assume a solution of the form:

y = ert

Substitute into the equation:

r2 ert – 3rert + 2ert = 0

factor out ert (which is never 0):

r2 – 3r + 2 = 0

This is the characteristic equation.

r2 – 3r + 2 = 0

Factor it:

(r–1)(r–2)=0

So the roots are:

r = 1 and r = 2

Step 3: write the general solution:

Since we have two distinct real roots, the general solution is:

y = C1 er1x + C2 er2x

Substitute r1 = 1 and r1 = 2:

y = C1 ex + C2 e2x

Final answer: y = C1 ex + C2 e2x

Solution 4: Given differential equation:

This is of the form:

M(x,y) ⅆx + N (x,y) ⅆy = 0

Where

M(x,y) = 2xy + y2
N (x,y) = x2 + 2xy

Step 1: check if equation is exact:

For exactness, check if:

∂ M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x

Compute the partial derivatives:

∂M ∂
= (2xy + y2 ) = 2x +2y
∂y ∂y

∂N ∂ 2
∂ x ∂ x (x + 2xy) = 2x + 2y
=

Since:

∂ M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x

The equation is exact.

Step 2: find the potential function Ψ (x,y):

We want to find Ψ (x,y) such that:

∂Ψ
= M = 2xy + y2
∂x

∂Ψ
= N = x2 + 2xy
∂y

Integrate M with respect to x:

where h(y) is a function of y only (constant w.r.t x).

Step 3: differentiate Ψ (x,y) w.r.t. y:

∂Ψ
= x2 + 2xy + h’(y)
∂y

But from step 2:

∂Ψ
= N = x2 + 2xy
∂y

So,

x2 + 2xy + h’(y) = x2 +2xy

h’(y) =0

h (y) = C

Step 4: Final solution:

The potential function is:

Ψ (x,y) = x2y + xy2 = C

Thus the solution is:

x2y + xy2 = C
Final answer: x2y + xy2 = C

Solution 5: Given:

Differential equation:

y’’ + y = 0

one known solution:

y1 = sin(x)

We are to find a second, linearly independent solution y2 using reduction of order.

Step 1: General form of reduction of order:

We assume:

y2 = v(x) . y1 = v(x) . sin(x) (where v(x) is an unknown function to be found.)

compute the derivatives:

y’2 = v’ sin(x) + v cos(x)

y’’2 = v’’ sin(x) + 2v’ cos(x) – v sin(x)

Step 2: substitute into the original equation:

y’’ + y = 0

(v’’ sin (x) + 2v’ cos(x) –v sin(x)) +v sin(x) = 0

Simplify:

v’’ sin (x) + 2v’ cos(x) = 0

Step 3: simplify the equation:

v’’ sin (x) + 2v’ cos(x) = 0

let:

v’ = w

solve for w:

w’ sin(x) = -2w cos(x)

'
w
= - 2 cot(x)
w

Integrate both sides:

'
w
∫ ⅆx = ∫ - 2 cot(x) ⅆx
w

ln |w| = -2 ln | sin (x) | + C

ln |w| = ln | sin (x)-2 | + C

exponentiate:
 w = K sin-2 (x) where K = eC

Step 4: find v:

Recall:

w = v’ = K csc2 (x)

integrate to find v:

v = K ∫ csc2 (x) ⅆx

v = -K cot(x) + C1

Step 5: find y2:

Recall:

y2 = v.sin(x)

substitute v:

y2 =-K cot(x) + C1 .sin (x)

y2 =-K cot(x) sin (x) +C1 sin (x)

but:

cot(x) sin(x) = cos(x)

so,

y2 =-K cos(x) +C1 sin (x)

y2 = cos(x)

Final answer: y2 = cos(x)

Thus the general solution is: y = C1 sin(x) + C2 cos (x)