0% found this document useful (0 votes)

1 views

U4workbook

The OxfordAQA PHYSICS Unit 4 Workbook contains various chapters covering topics such as state and internal energy, ideal gas laws, nuclear physics, and energy sources like wind, solar, and hydro. The workbook includes numerous questions and problems related to these topics, focusing on concepts like specific heat capacity, energy transfer, and thermal conductivity. It serves as a resource for students to practice and enhance their understanding of physics principles.

Uploaded by

356975708

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

1 views

U4workbook

Uploaded by

356975708

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 363

OxfordAQA PHYSICS Unit 4 Workbook

Ch22_1 State and Internal energy1................................................................................................................................... 2

Ch22_1
_ State and Internal energy2................................................................................................................................. 3 3
Ch22_2 Conductuion and U..............................................................................................................................................48
Ch23_1 Ideal Gas.....................................................................................................................................................................59
Ch23_2 Ideal Gas...................................................................................................................................................................108
Ch24_1 Nuclear physics....................................................................................................................................................124
Ch24_2 Nuclear physics................................................................................................................................................. . 158
Ch24_3 Nuclear physics................................................................................................................................................... 205
Ch25_1 Angular mechanics............................................................................................................................................223
Ch25_2 Angular mechanics............................................................................................................................................ 275
Ch26_1 Wind energy........................................................................................................................................................... 316
Ch26_2 Solar energy.......................................................................................................................................................... 332
Ch26_3 Hydro......................................................................................................................................................................... 352

1
Ch22_1State and Internal energy1

Which process will increase the kinetic energies of the particles involved?
1.
A boiling a liquid at its boiling point

B compressing a gas without heat transfer

C expanding a gas without heat transfer

D melting a solid at its melting point

(Total 1 mark)

Energy is transferred at the rate of 6.0 kW to a water sample of mass 4.0 kg.
2. The water does not boil.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ kg−1 K−1.

What is the initial rate of temperature rise of the water?

A 3.6 × 10−4 K s−1

B 1.3 × 103 K h−1

C 1.3 K h−1

D 3.6 × 103 K s−1

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about the equation ΔU = Q + W

3.
What are Q and W?

Q W

A energy input to the system work done by the system

by heating

B energy input to the system work done on the system

by heating

C energy output from the work done by the system

system by heating

D energy output from the work done on the system

system by heating

(Total 1 mark)

2
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 31
This question is about the equation ΔU = Q + W
4.
What is a unit for where t is time?

A K

B K s−1

C W

D W s−1

(Total 1 mark)

The diagram shows a liquid passing through a heater at a steady mass flow rate m.
5.
The rate of energy supply is P1 and the rate of energy loss is P2. The temperature rise of the
liquid is ΔT.

Which set of conditions will result in a temperature rise of 2ΔT?

Rate of energy Rate of energy Mass flow rate

supply loss

A 2P1 2P2 m

B 2P1 0.5P2 m

C P1 0.5P2 0.5m

D P1 2P2 0.5m

(Total 1 mark)

3
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 31
An experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a material is performed.
6. Energy losses are negligible.

Which measurements for the material and for the heater are sufficient to calculate the specific
heat capacity?

Measurements for the Measurements for the

material heater

A Initial and final temperature Power supplied

Mass

B Initial and final temperature Energy suppliedEnergy

Volume supplied

C Initial and final temperature Voltage Current

Mass

D Initial and final temperature Energy supplied

Volume Density

(Total 1 mark)

Which is the fundamental (base) unit for specific heat capacity?

7.
A m2 s−4 K−1

B kg m2 s−2 K−1

C kg−1 m2 s−2 K−1

D m2 s−2 K−1

(Total 1 mark)

4
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 31
A liquid is heated at its boiling point and at time T the liquid has completely boiled
8.
away.
The gas continues to be heated.

Which pair of graphs shows the variation with time t of the mean molecular kinetic
energy Ek and the mean molecular potential energy Ep?

(Total 1 mark)

5
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 31
Which row will always result in an increase in the internal energy of a system?
9.
Energy input to the Work done on the
system by heating system

A Negative Positive

B Positive Negative

C Negative Negative

D Positive Positive

(Total 1 mark)

A fixed mass of a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a constant temperature.

10.
Which row indicates what happens to the sums of the kinetic energies and potential energies of
the molecules of the substance?

Sum of potential
Sum of kinetic energies
energies

A Remains constant Increases

B Remains constant Remains constant

C Increases Increases

D Increases Decreases

(Total 1 mark)

6
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 31
A 9.5 kW heater in an electric shower heats water from 15 °C to 50 °C. Thermal energy transfer
11. to the surroundings is negligible.

What volume of water can be heated by the shower in 1.0 minute when operating under these
conditions?

specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 K–1

density of water = 1000 kg m–3

A 4.4 × 10–4 m3

B 2.7 × 10–3 m3

C 3.9 × 10–3 m3

D 2.3 × 10–1 m3

(Total 1 mark)

What is the unit of specific latent heat in fundamental (base) units?

12.
A J kg–1

B m2 s–2 K–1

C m2 s–2

D kg m2 s–2

(Total 1 mark)

Brownian motion can be studied using smoke in air.

13.
What is observed through a microscope during this study?

A Vibration of air molecules

B Random motion of smoke particles

C Vibration of smoke particles

D Random motion of air molecules

(Total 1 mark)

7
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 31
The diagram shows a hollow cube of external dimension 27 cm.
14.
The walls and lid of the cube are made from an insulating material which is 1.0 cm thick.

The cube is filled with 14.3 kg of ice at 0 °C.

The outer surface of the cube is maintained at 25 °C.

It takes 2 days for all the ice to melt.

The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 334 kJ kg–1

(a) Show that the energy needed to melt the ice is about 5 × 106 J.

energy = ____________________ J
(1)

(b) Calculate the thermal conductivity of the insulating material used to make the cube.

thermal conductivity = ____________________ W m–1 K–1

(4)

8
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 31
(c) After the ice has melted, the cube is left in the same conditions for 2 more days.

Sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the temperature of the contents of the
cube over the 4-day period.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

The molecular mass of carbon dioxide is 44

15.
How many molecules are in 2.4 kg of carbon dioxide?

A 1.1 × 1021

B 3.3 × 1022

C 1.1 × 1025

D 3.3 × 1025

(Total 1 mark)

Which process would cause the internal energy of a gas to change by – 40 J?

16.
A The gas is cooled losing 120 J of energy and expands doing 80 J of
work.

B The gas is cooled losing 120 J of energy and 80 J of work is done

on the gas by compressing it.

C The gas is heated gaining 120 J of energy and expands doing 80 J

of work.

D The gas is heated gaining 120 J of energy and 80 J of work is done

on the gas by compressing it.

(Total 1 mark)

9
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 31
An insulated tube of negligible heat capacity contains 100 identical lead pellets. The tube is
17. turned upside down so that the pellets fall from the top to the bottom through the same vertical
distance. It is found that after 220 turns of the tube the temperature of the pellets has increased
by 5 °C.

The experiment is repeated with 400 of these lead pellets in the tube.

How many turns of the tube are needed to increase the temperature of 400 pellets by 5 °C?

A 55

B 220

C 440

D 880

(Total 1 mark)

An electrical shower has a power of 10.5 kW. Water of specific heat capacity 4200 J kg–1 K–1
18.
passes through the shower at a rate of 9.3 × 10–2 kg s–1. The water enters the shower at 20 °C
and leaves at 45 °C.

Some energy is wasted in heating the components of the shower.

How much energy is wasted in one second?

A 0.74 kJ

B 3.5 kJ

C 2.7 kJ

D 9.8 kJ

(Total 1 mark)

10
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 31
A liquid flows continuously through a chamber that contains an electric heater. When the steady
19. state is reached, the liquid leaving the chamber is at a higher temperature than the liquid entering
the chamber. The difference in temperature is Δt.

Which of the following will increase Δt with no other change?

A Increasing the volume flow rate of the liquid

B Changing the liquid to one with a lower specific heat capacity

C Using a heating element with a higher resistance

D Changing the liquid to one that has a higher density

(Total 1 mark)

The temperature of a hot liquid in a container falls at a rate of 2 K per minute just before it begins
20. to solidify. The temperature then remains steady for 20 minutes by which time all the liquid has all
solidified.

What is the quantity ?

C 10 K–1

D 40 K–1

(Total 1 mark)

(a) Define the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

21.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

11
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 31
(b) An insulated copper can of mass 20 g contains 50 g of water both at a temperature of
84 °C. A block of copper of mass 47 g at a temperature of 990 °C is lowered into the water
as shown in the figure below. As a result, the temperature of the can and its contents
reaches 100 °C and some of the water turns to steam.

specific heat capacity of copper = 390 J kg–1 K–1

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1
specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.3 × 106 J kg–1

Before placement After placement

(i) Calculate how much thermal energy is transferred from the copper block as it cools to
100 °C.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

thermal energy transferred ____________________ J

(2)

12
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 31
(ii) Calculate how much of this thermal energy is available to make steam.
Assume no heat is lost to the surroundings.

available thermal energy ____________________ J

(2)

(iii) Calculate the maximum mass of steam that may be produced.

mass ____________________ kg
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

A cola drink of mass 0.200 kg at a temperature of 3.0 °C is poured into a glass beaker. The
22. beaker has a mass of 0.250 kg and is initially at a temperature of 30.0 °C.

specific heat capacity of glass = 840 J kg–1K–1

specific heat capacity of cola = 4190 J kg–1K–1

(i) Show that the final temperature, Tf, of the cola drink is about 8 °C when it reaches thermal
equilibrium with the beaker.
Assume no heat is gained from or lost to the surroundings.

(2)

13
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 31
(ii) The cola drink and beaker are cooled from Tf to a temperature of 3.0 °C by adding ice at a
temperature of 0 °C.
Calculate the mass of ice added.
Assume no heat is gained from or lost to the surroundings.

specific heat capacity of water = 4190 J kg–1 K–1

specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 105 J kg–1

mass ____________________ kg
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

An electrical immersion heater supplies 8.5 kJ of energy every second. Water flows through the
23.
heater at a rate of 0.12 kg s–1 as shown in the figure below.

(a) Assuming all the energy is transferred to the water, calculate the rise in temperature of the
water as it flows through the heater.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

answer = ____________________ K
(2)

14
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 31
(b) The water suddenly stops flowing at the instant when its average temperature is 26 °C.
The mass of water trapped in the heater is 0.41 kg.
Calculate the time taken for the water to reach 100 °C if the immersion heater continues
supplying energy at the same rate.

answer = ____________________ s
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

An electrical heater is placed in an insulated container holding 100 g of ice at a temperature of

24. –14 °C. The heater supplies energy at a rate of 98 joules per second.

(a) After an interval of 30 s, all the ice has reached a temperature of 0 °C. Calculate the
specific heat capacity of ice.

answer = ______________________J kg–1K–1

(2)

(b) Show that the final temperature of the water formed when the heater is left on for a further
500 s is about 40 °C.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1K–1

specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.3 × 105 J kg–1

(3)

15
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 31
(c) The whole procedure is repeated in an uninsulated container in a room at a temperature of
25 °C.

State and explain whether the final temperature of the water formed would be higher or
lower than that calculated in part (b).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Molten lead at its melting temperature of 327°C is poured into an iron mould where it solidifies.
25. The temperature of the iron mould rises from 27°C to 84°C, at which the mould is in thermal
equilibrium with the now solid lead.

mass of lead = 1.20 kg

specific latent heat of fusion of lead = 2.5 × 104 J kg–1
mass of iron mould = 3.00 kg
specific heat capacity of iron = 440 J kg–1K–1

(a) Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the iron mould.

answer = ______________________ J
(2)

(b) Calculate the heat energy given out by the lead while it is changing state.

answer = ______________________ J
(1)

16
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 31
(c) Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.

answer = ______________________ J kg–1 K–1

(3)

(d) State one reason why the answer to part (c) is only an approximation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) Calculate the energy released when 1.5 kg of water at 18 °C cools to 0 °C and then freezes
26. to form ice, also at 0 °C.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 105 J kg–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Explain why it is more effective to cool cans of drinks by placing them in a bucket full of
melting ice rather than in a bucket of water at an initial temperature of 0 °C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

17
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 31
In an experiment to measure the temperature of the flame of a Bunsen burner, a lump of copper
27. of mass 0.12 kg is heated in the flame for several minutes. The copper is then transferred quickly
to a beaker, of negligible heat capacity, containing 0.45 kg of water, and the temperature rise of
the water measured.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

specific heat capacity of copper = 390 J kg–1 K–1

(a) If the temperature of the water rises from 15 °C to 35 °C, calculate the thermal energy
gained by the water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) State the thermal energy lost by the copper, assuming no heat is lost during its
transfer.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the fall in temperature of the copper.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Hence calculate the temperature reached by the copper while in the flame.

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

18
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 31
In a geothermal power station, water is pumped through pipes into an underground region of hot
28. rocks. The thermal energy of the rocks heats the water and turns it to steam at high pressure.
The steam then drives a turbine at the surface to produce electricity.

(a) Water at 21°C is pumped into the hot rocks and steam at 100°C is produced at a rate of
190 kg s–1.

(i) Show that the energy per second transferred from the hot rocks to the power station
in this process is at least 500 MW.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

specific latent heat of steam = 2.3 × 106 J kg–1

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The hot rocks are estimated to have a volume of 4.0 × 106 m3. Estimate the fall of
temperature of these rocks in one day if thermal energy is removed from them at the
rate calculated in part (i) without any thermal energy gain from deeper underground.

specific heat capacity of the rocks = 850 J kg–1 K–1

density of the rocks = 3200 kg m–3

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)

19
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 31
(b) Geothermal energy originates as energy released in the radioactive decay of the
uranium isotope U deep inside the Earth. Each nucleus that decays releases 4.2 MeV.
Calculate the mass of U that would release energy at a rate of 500 MW.

half-life of U = 4.5 × 109 years

molar mass of U = 0.238 kg mol–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

(a) Suggest two reasons why an α particle causes more ionisation than a β particle of the
29. same initial kinetic energy.

You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

20
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 31
(b) A radioactive source has an activity of 3.2 × 109 Bq and emits α particles, each with kinetic
energy of 5.2 Me V. The source is enclosed in a small aluminium container of mass
2.0 × 10–4 kg which absorbs the radiation completely.

(i) Calculate the energy, in J, absorbed from the source each second by the aluminium
container.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Estimate the temperature rise of the aluminium container in 1 minute, assuming no
energy is lost from the aluminium.

specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg–1 K–1

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

A female runner of mass 60 kg generates thermal energy at a rate of 800 W.

30.
(a) Assuming that she loses no energy to the surroundings and that the average specific heat
capacity of her body is 3900 J kg–1K–1, calculate

(i) the thermal energy generated in one minute,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the temperature rise of her body in one minute.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

21
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 31
(b) In practice it is desirable for a runner to maintain a constant temperature. This may be
achieved partly by the evaporation of sweat. The runner in part (a) loses energy at a rate of
500 Wby this process.

Calculate the mass of sweat evaporated in one minute.

specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.3 × 106 J kg–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

(a) A 2.0 kW heater is used to heat a room from 5 °C to 20 °C. The mass of air in the room
31.
is 30 kg. Under these conditions the specific heat capacity of air = 1000 J kg–1 K–1.

Calculate

(i) the gain in thermal energy of the air,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the minimum time required to heat the room.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

22
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 21 of 31
(b) State and explain one reason why the actual time taken to heat the room is longer than the
value calculated in part (a)(ii).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

An electric shower heats the water flowing through it from 10°C to 42°C when the volume flow
32.
rate is 5.2 × 10−5 m3 s−1.

(a) (i) Calculate the mass of water flowing through the shower each second.

density of water = 1000 kg m−3

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the power supplied to the shower, assuming all the electrical energy
supplied to it is gained by the water as thermal energy.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg−1 K−1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

23
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 22 of 31
(b) A jet of water emerges horizontally at a speed of 2.5 m s−1 from a hole in the shower head.
The hole is 2.0 m above the floor of the shower. Calculate the horizontal distance travelled
by this jet. Assume air resistance is negligible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

A bicycle and its rider have a total mass of 95 kg. The bicycle is travelling along a horizontal road
33.
at a constant speed of 8.0 m s–1.

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The brakes are applied until the bicycle and rider come to rest. During braking, 60% of the
kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider is converted to thermal energy in the brake blocks.
The brake blocks have a total mass of 0.12 kg and the material from which they are made
has a specific heat capacity of 1200 J kg–1 K–1.

(i) Calculate the maximum rise in temperature of the brake blocks.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) State an assumption you have made in part (b)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
24
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 23 of 31
(a) A 3.0 kW electric kettle heats 2.4 kg of water from 16°C to 100°C in 320 seconds.
34.
(i) Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the kettle.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the heat energy supplied to the water.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Give one reason why not all the electrical energy supplied to the kettle is transferred
to the water.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The potential difference supplied to the kettle in part (a) is 230 V.

(i) Calculate the resistance of the heating element of the kettle.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The heating element consists of an insulated conductor of length 0.25 m and
diameter 0.65 mm. Calculate the resistivity of the conductor.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

25
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 24 of 31
A tray containing 0.20 kg of water at 20 °C is placed in a freezer.
35.
(a) The temperature of the water drops to 0 °C in 10 minutes.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

Calculate

(i) the energy lost by the water as it cools to 0 °C,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the average rate at which the water is losing energy, in J s–1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Estimate the time taken for the water at 0 °C to turn completely into ice.

specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.3 × 105 J kg–1

______________________________________________________________

(ii) State any assumptions you make.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

26
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 25 of 31
(a) An electric shower heats water from 15°C to 47°C when water flows through it at a rate of
36.
0.045 kg s–1.

(i) Calculate the energy supplied to the water each second by the heating element in the
shower.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Show that the power of the heating element is 6.0 kW. Assume there is no heat loss
to the surroundings.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) The heating element in part (a) is connected to an alternating supply at 230 V rms.
Calculate the rms current passing through the heating element in normal operation.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The live wire and the neutral wire in the connecting cable are insulated copper wires
of diameter 2.4 mm. Calculate the resistance per metre length of copper wire of this
diameter.

resistivity of copper = 1.7 × 10−8 Ωm

______________________________________________________________

27
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 26 of 31
(iii) Show that in normal operation, the potential drop per metre along the cable is
0.20 V m–1.

______________________________________________________________

(iv) Electrical safety regulations require the potential drop along the cable to be less than
6.0 V.
Calculate the maximum safe distance along the cable from the distribution board to
the heating element.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(9)
(Total 12 marks)

(a) A student immerses a 2.0 kW electric heater in an insulated beaker of water. The heater is
37. switched on and after 120 s the water reaches boiling point.

The table below gives data collected during the experiment.

initial mass of beaker 25 g

initial mass of beaker and water 750 g
initial temperature of water 20 °C
final temperature of water 100 °C

Calculate the specific heat capacity of water if the thermal capacity of the beaker is
negligible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The student in part (a) continues to heat the water so that it boils for 105 s. When the mass
of the beaker and water is measured again, it is found that it has decreased by 94 g.

(i) Calculate a value for the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

______________________________________________________________

28
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 27 of 31
(ii) State two assumptions made in your calculation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Use the following data to answer the question below.

38.
specific latent heat of fusion of lead = 23 kJ kg–1
molar mass of lead = 0.21 kg mol–1

(a) Estimate the mass of a lead atom.

___________________________________________________________________

(b) Estimate the energy supplied to an atom of lead when solid lead melts.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(Total 5 marks)

An electrical heater is used to heat a 1.0 kg block of metal, which is well lagged. The table shows
39. how the temperature of the block increased with time.

temp / °C 20.1 23.0 26.9 30.0 33.1 36.9

time / s 0 60 120 180 240 300

29
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 28 of 31
(a) Plot a graph of temperature against time on the grid provided.

(3)

(b) Determine the gradient of the graph.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

30
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 29 of 31
(c) The heater provides thermal energy at the rate of 48 W. Use your value for the gradient of
the graph to determine a value for the specific heat capacity of the metal in the block.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The heater in part (c) is placed in some crushed ice that has been placed in a funnel as
shown.

The heater is switched on for 200 s and 32 g of ice are found to have melted during this
time. Use this information to calculate a value for the specific latent heat of fusion for water,
stating one assumption made.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) The first law of thermodynamics can be written ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW

40.
State the usual meaning of each term in the equation.

ΔQ _______________________________________________________________

ΔU _______________________________________________________________

ΔW _______________________________________________________________
(3)

31
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 30 of 31
(b) A fixed mass of gas in a cylinder is heated in two stages:

stage 1 at constant volume, when 10.0 kJ of heat is supplied,

stage 2 when it expands isothermally and does 6.0 kJ of work.

Apply the first law of thermodynamics to each of these processes and complete the table to
show, for each process, the values of ΔQ, ΔU and ΔW.

ΔQ ΔU ΔW

stage 1
+10.0 kJ
constant volume

stage 2
+6.0 kJ
isothermal

(4)
(Total 7 marks)

32
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 31 of 31
Ch22_1State and Internal energy2

The following data refer to a dishwasher.

1.
power of heating element 2.5 kW

time to heat water 360 s

mass of water used 3.0 kg

initial temperature of water 20°C

final temperature of water 60°C

(a) Taking the specific heat capacity of water to be 4200 J kg–1 K–1, calculate

(i) the energy provided by the heating element,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the energy required to heat the water.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Give two reasons why your answers in part (a) differ from each other.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

(a) State the principle of conservation of linear momentum for two colliding bodies.
2.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

33
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 15
(b)

A bullet of mass 0.010 kg travelling at a speed of 200 m s–1 strikes a block of wood of mass
0.390 kg hanging at rest from a long string. The bullet enters the block and lodges in the
block. Calculate

(i) the linear momentum of the bullet before it strikes the block,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the speed with which the block first moves from rest after the bullet strikes it.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) During the collision of the bullet and block, kinetic energy is converted into internal energy
which results in a temperature rise.

(i) Show that the kinetic energy of the bullet before it strikes the block is 200 J.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Show that the kinetic energy of the combined block and bullet immediately after the
bullet has lodged in the block is 5.0 J.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) The material from which the bullet is made has a specific heat capacity of
250 J kg–1 K–1. Assuming that all the lost kinetic energy becomes internal energy in
the bullet, calculate its temperature rise during the collision.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

34
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 15
(d) The bullet lodges at the centre of mass G of the block. Calculate the vertical height h
through which the block rises after the collision.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

(a) Explain what is meant by

3.
(i) the specific heat capacity of water,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A sample of solid material, which has a mass of 0.15 kg, is supplied with energy at a
constant rate. The specific heat capacity of the material is 1200 J kg–1 K–1 when in the solid
state. During heating, its temperature is recorded at various times and the following graph
is plotted.

35
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 15
Assume there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.

(i) Show that energy is supplied to the material at a rate of 24 W.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of the material.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the material when in the liquid state.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the specific latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid.
4.
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Suggest why the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is much greater than the
specific latent heat of fusion of water.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

36
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 15
(b) A cup contains 0.25 kg of water at a temperature of 15 °C. The water is heated by passing
steam at 100 °C into it.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.3 × 106 J kg–1

boiling point of water = 100 °C

(i) Use the above data to calculate the minimum mass of water that is in the cup when
the temperature of the water reaches its boiling point.

(ii) Explain why there is likely to be a greater mass of water in the cup than you have
calculated in part (b)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) A 500 µF capacitor and a 1000 µF capacitor are connected in series. Calculate the total
5. capacitance of the combination.

(2)

37
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 15
(b) The figure below shows a diagram of an arrangement used to investigate the energy stored
by a capacitor.

The bundle of constantan wire has a resistance of 8.5 Ω. The capacitor is initially charged
to a potential difference of 9.0 V by closing S1.

(i) Calculate the charge stored by the 0.25 F capacitor.

(ii) Calculate the energy stored by the capacitor.

(iii) Switch S1 is now opened and S2 is closed so that the capacitor discharges through
the constantan wire. Calculate the time taken for the potential difference across the
capacitor to fall to 0.10 V.

(7)

38
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 15
(c) The volume of constantan wire in the bundle in the figure above is 2.2 × 10–7 m3.

density of constantan = 8900 kg m–3

specific heat capacity of constantan = 420 J kg–1 K–1

(i) Assume that all the energy stored by the capacitor is used to raise the temperature of
the wire. Use your answer to part (b)(ii) to calculate the expected temperature rise
when the capacitor is discharged through the constantan wire.

(ii) Give two reasons why, in practice, the final temperature will be lower than that
calculated in part (c)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 14 marks)

(a) Explain the meaning of the statement the specific heat capacity of ice is 2100 J kg –1K–1.
6.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

39
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 15
(b) An engineer is designing an ice-making machine. Water will enter the device at 18°C and
the ice cubes are to be cooled to –5°C before release.

(i) Show that about 0.4 MJ of energy must be removed from 1.0 kg of water at 18°C to
change it into ice at –5°C.

Set out the stages in your answer clearly.

specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 ×103 J kg–1 K–1

specific heat capacity of ice = 2.1 ×103 J kg–1 K–1
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 ×105 J kg–1

(3)

(ii) The design brief requires that 1.5 kg of water is frozen in 300 s. Calculate the rate at
which energy must be removed by the machine.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

40
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 15
In a power station, water is heated in a boiler to create steam. This steam is passed through a
7. turbine before being cooled by river water to condense it back into the liquid state. The cooled
water is then pumped back to the boiler for re-use.

(a) The cooling water enters the condenser at 16°C and is returned to the river at 40°C. Every
second, 35 × 103 kg of water are removed from the river.

Calculate the power required to heat this water.

Specific heat capacity of water, c, = 4200 J kg−1 K−1

(2)

(b) Assume that all the energy transferred by the river water came from steam changing to
water without a change in temperature.

Calculate the mass of steam passing through the turbine per second.

Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.4 × 106 J kg−1

(2)

(c) The turbine is linked to a generator that produces 800 MW of electrical power. Calculate the
efficiency of conversion of the internal energy of the steam into electrical energy.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

41
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 15
A meteorite of mass 1.2 × 104 kg enters the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of 2.5 km s–1.
8.
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the meteorite as it enters the atmosphere.

(2)

(b) The meteorite is initially at a temperature of 25°C. It is made of iron of specific heat
capacity 110 J kg–1 K–1 and of melting point 1810°C. As the meteorite travels through the
Earth’s atmosphere friction causes its temperature to rise. Calculate the energy needed to
raise the temperature of the meteorite to its melting point. You should assume that the
specific heat capacity of iron remains constant.

(3)

(c) When it reaches the surface of the Earth the mass of the meteorite has fallen to
5.5 × 103 kg and its speed to 150 m s–1 so that its kinetic energy is only 6.2 × 107 J. On
striking the Earth this mass penetrates the Earth’s crust and is brought to rest in a distance
of 25 m. Calculate:

(i) the average force acting on the meteorite as it penetrates the Earth’s crust;

(2)

42
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 15
(ii) the time it takes for the meteorite to be brought to rest by the Earth’s crust;

(2)

(iii) the rate at which the meteorite dissipates energy in this time.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

The mass of a car and its passengers is 950 kg. When the brakes are applied the car
9.
decelerates uniformly from a speed of 25 m s–1 to a speed of 15 m s–1 in 2.5 s.

(a) Calculate the decelerating force developed by the brakes.

(2)

(b) Calculate the work done in decelerating the car.

(3)

43
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 15
(c) Calculate the rate of energy dissipation by the brakes.

(2)

(d) There are four brake discs, each of mass 1.2 kg. The material from which the discs are
made has a specific heat capacity of 510 J kg–1 K–1.

(i) Assuming that all the energy dissipated during braking is converted into internal
energy of the brake discs equally, calculate the temperature rise of the discs.
(3)

(ii) State and explain the effect on the temperature rise of one factor that has not been
taken into account in the assumption in part (i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

A car of mass M travelling at speed V comes to rest using its brakes. Energy is dissipated in the
10.
brake discs of total mass m and specific heat capacity c. The rise in temperature of the brake
discs can be estimated from

(Total 1 mark)

44
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 15
A raindrop of mass m falls to the ground at its terminal speed v. The specific heat capacity of
11.
water is c and the acceleration of free fall is g. Given that 25% of the energy is retained in the
raindrop when it strikes the ground, what is the rise in temperature of the raindrop?

(Total 1 mark)

A room is heated by a heat pump which has a mechanism similar to that of a refrigerator. The
12.
pump in the diagram below circulates a refrigerant, of specific latent heat 180 kJ kg–1, at the rate
of 8.1 × 10–3 kg s–1. The refrigerant evaporates in the pipes at O. Energy is dissipated into the
room from the pump and its motor and from the cooling fins at I.

45
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 15
(a) Assuming that the energy change of the refrigerant is all latent heat, show that the rate of
energy dissipation to the room is approximately 1700 W.

(3)

(b) The room is maintained at a constant temperature, 15K higher than the outside
temperature. Consider the room, with the exception of the pipes of the heat pump, to be
one system. State the values of ΔU, Q and W for that system.

ΔU _______ Q _ W _________

(1)

(c) (i) Consider a second system to be defined as the refrigerant which goes round the
pipes of the heat pump in one second. For this system, state where heating and
working occur. State the directions of these processes and give a numerical value for
each of them.

Heating _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Working _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

46
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 15
(ii) State the value of the change in internal energy of the refrigerant as it makes one
complete circuit of this system.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

A 1.0 kΩ resistor is thermally insulated and a potential difference of 6.0 V is applied to it for 2.0
13.
minutes. The thermal capacity of the resistor is 9.0 J K–1. The rise in temperature, in K, is

A 1.3 × 10–3

B 8.0 × 10–3

C 0.48

D 0.80
(Total 1 mark)

A thermometer has a thermal capacity of 1.3 J K–1. The initial temperature of the thermometer is
14.
20°C. When used to measure the temperature of 40 g of water, it measures 37°C.

(a) Determine the energy absorbed by the thermometer when it is placed in the water.

(2)

(b) Calculate the temperature change of the water as a result of introducing the thermometer.

specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 K–1

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

47
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 15
Ch22_2 Conductuion and U

Two materials X and Y of equal cross-sectional area are joined together.

1.
The left-hand surface of X is at a temperature of 100 °C. The right-hand surface of Y is at a
temperature of 0 °C.

The rates of heat transfer through X and Y are the same.

Insulation prevents heat transfers from the top, bottom and sides of each material so that heat
transfer occurs only in the direction shown.

The thermal conductivity of X is a quarter of the thermal conductivity of Y.

The thickness of X is twice the thickness of Y.

What is the temperature at the junction between X and Y?

A 11 °C

B 25 °C

C 75 °C

D 89 °C

(Total 1 mark)

48
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 11
Figure 1 shows the main parts of a refrigerator.
2. A fluid is pumped continuously around pipes inside and at the back of the refrigerator.
The fluid transfers energy from inside the refrigerator to the surroundings.

Figure 1

• The fluid is a liquid as it reaches the expansion valve. It enters the evaporator where it
changes into a cool gas and expands.
• The cool gas absorbs energy from the refrigerator contents by thermal conduction through
the walls of the pipe.
• The gas turns back into a warm liquid when it is pumped into the condenser.
• This liquid cools as it travels through the condenser and energy is transferred to the
surroundings.

(a) Explain why there is an energy transfer to the fluid as it changes state in the evaporator.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

49
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 11
(b) The temperature of the refrigerator’s surroundings varies throughout the day.
Figure 2 shows the variation of temperature with time for the surroundings.
The normal operating temperature inside the refrigerator is a constant 5.0 °C.

Figure 2

Figure 3 shows the dimensions of the refrigerator.

Figure 3

50
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 11
All faces of the refrigerator have a U-value of 0.66 W m−2 K−1.

Show that the average rate of energy conduction into the refrigerator from the surroundings
is approximately 20 W.

(3)

(c) 6.5 kg of food is put into the refrigerator.

The food is at an initial temperature of 21 ° and has an average specific heat capacity of
3900 J kg−1 K−1.
The temperature of the food decreases to 5.0 ° in 4.0 h.

Calculate, in W, the average rate of heat transfer from the food.

average rate of heat transfer = ____________________ W

(2)

51
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 11
(d) Figure 4 shows the refrigerator. The total internal energy of the refrigerator is affected in
three ways:

• work is done by the pump on the fluid in the pipes at the rate of 60 W
• energy is transferred into the refrigerator through its walls
• energy is transferred from the refrigerator to the surroundings by the condenser.

Figure 4

Calculate the total rate of energy transfer from the condenser to the surroundings as the
refrigerator is cooling the food to 5.0 °.

rate of energy transfer = ____________________ W

(2)

52
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 11
(e) An engineer suggests heating a house using a reversed refrigerator system.
He suggests that the evaporator is in the ground outside the house and the condenser is
inside the house as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

The engineer thinks that using this system will be more energy efficient than using normal
electrical heating for the house.

Discuss whether the engineer is correct.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

53
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 11
A wall P has thickness t and area A. The rate of heat transfer through P is W.
3.
A second wall Q has thickness 2t, area and twice the U-value of P.

The temperature difference across each wall is the same.

The rate of heat transfer through Q is

B W

C 2W

D 4W

(Total 1 mark)

Which is the correct unit for U-value?

4.
A J m–2 K–1

B J K–1

C W m–2 K–1

D W2 K–1

(Total 1 mark)

The diagram shows a hollow cube of external dimension 27 cm.

5.
The walls and lid of the cube are made from an insulating material which is 1.0 cm thick.

54
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 11
The cube is filled with 14.3 kg of ice at 0 °C.

The outer surface of the cube is maintained at 25 °C.

It takes 2 days for all the ice to melt.

The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 334 kJ kg–1

(a) Show that the energy needed to melt the ice is about 5 × 106 J.

energy = ____________________ J
(1)

(b) Calculate the thermal conductivity of the insulating material used to make the cube.

thermal conductivity = ____________________ W m–1 K–1

(4)

55
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 11
(c) After the ice has melted, the cube is left in the same conditions for 2 more days.

Sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the temperature of the contents of the
cube over the 4-day period.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Two thermal insulation boards X and Y have the same dimensions.

6.
Board X has U-value U.
Board Y has a rate of heat transfer that is 50% more than that of board X for the same
temperature difference.

What is the U-value of board Y?

C 2U

D 3U

(Total 1 mark)

56
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 11
An exterior brick wall of a building has an area of 11 m2. The internal temperature of the building
7.
is 15°C while the external temperature is 25°C.
Calculate the U-value of this wall if the rate of heat flow through it is 50 W.

U-value _______________ W m–2 K–1

(Total 2 marks)

The diagram below shows a garden shed with no windows that is constructed from timber.
8.

The shed has a total surface area (including the floor and roof) of 24 m2. An electric heater rated
at 2.5 kW is placed inside the shed. The outside air temperature is 3.0 °C.

U-value for the shed timber = 2.4 W m‑2 K–1

(a) (i) State the factors that determine the U-value of the timber used in constructing the
shed.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The interior of the shed reaches an equilibrium temperature when the rate at which
energy is supplied by the heater is equal to the rate at which heat is lost from the
shed. Estimate the equilibrium temperature of the interior of the shed.

equilibrium temperature ______________

(3)

57
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 11
(b) Suggest two reasons why the temperature inside the shed is likely to be different from your
estimate in part (a)(ii).

First reason _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Second reason ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

58
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 11
Ch23_1 Ideal Gas

A gas has a density of 12 kg m−3 when its temperature is 860 K and its pressure is 2.1 × 107 Pa.
1.
(a) Show that 60 kg of the gas contains approximately 9 × 1027 particles.

(3)

(b) Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

State an appropriate unit for your answer.

molar mass = ______________________________

unit = ______________________________
(3)

59
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 49
(c) The gas is heated at a rate of 75 MW as it flows through a pipe.
A mass of 60 kg of gas flows through the pipe each second.
The gas enters the pipe at a temperature of 860 K.

Calculate the temperature of the gas as it leaves the pipe.

specific heat capacity of the gas = 4.9 × 103 J kg−1 K−1

temperature of the gas = ______________________________ K

(3)

(d) The hot gas now enters a cool turbine, forcing the turbine to rotate.

Discuss how the first law of thermodynamics applies to the gas as it forces the turbine to
rotate.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

60
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 49
At absolute zero, an ideal gas will
2.

A condense to a liquid.

B exert zero pressure.

C have maximum potential energy.

D have zero electrical resistance.

(Total 1 mark)

A student plans an experiment to test Charles’s law for a gas.

3.
Which quantities of the gas must be measured and which must be kept constant?

Quantities to be measured Quantities to be kept constant

A pressure and temperature volume and mass

B pressure and temperature volume

C volume and temperature pressure and mass

D volume and temperature pressure

(Total 1 mark)

Bulb X and bulb Y are connected by a tube with a tap.

61
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 49
X has a volume of 2.0 m3 and contains an ideal gas at an initial pressure of 4.0 × 105 Pa and an
initial temperature of 30 °C.

Y has a volume of 4.0 m3 and initially contains no gas.

The tap is opened so that the gas in X and the gas in Y reach equilibrium.

How many gas particles are in Y?

A 6.4 × 1025

B 9.6 × 1025

C 1.3 × 1026

D 1.9 × 1026

(Total 1 mark)

An ideal gas goes through a cycle of changes XYZX as shown in the pressure–volume graph.
5.

62
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 49
What is the net work done during the cycle XYZX?

A 1.2 × 108 J on the gas

B 1.2 × 108 J by the gas

C 1.5 × 108 J on the gas

D 1.5 × 108 J by the gas

(Total 1 mark)

Nailers are designed to force nails into wood.

6.
Figure 1 shows the main parts of a nailer that is operated by compressed air.

Figure 1

9.8 × 10−3 mol of air is fed into the compressed air chamber through a valve. The valve then
closes.
The air is now at a temperature of 295 K and a pressure of 8.0 × 105 Pa.
When the trigger is pressed, this air expands rapidly, pushing the driver forward.
The driver hits the nail, breaking it free from the strip and forcing the nail into the wood.

63
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 49
Figure 2 is a p−V diagram for the compressed air as it expands.

Figure 2

(a) Show that the energy available to the driver as the compressed air expands is
approximately 23 J.

(3)

64
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 49
(b) Only 40% of the energy available from the expanding air is transferred to the nail. 1.9 J of
the energy transferred to the nail is used to separate the nail from the strip.
The nail is driven 3.5 cm into the wood.

average resistance force = ____________________________ N

(3)

temperature = ____________________________ K
(2)

(d) The pressure of the air in the compressed air chamber decreases as its volume increases.

Explain this decrease, with reference to the kinetic theory model.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

65
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 49
Figure 3 shows another type of nailer.
This nailer uses the energy stored in a compressed spring.

Figure 3

The spring stores an energy of 25 J when it is fully compressed.

When the trigger is pressed, the spring transfers this energy to the nail, forcing it into the
wood.
An electric motor then automatically compresses the spring ready for the next nail.
The motor has a power output of 190 W. The motor is powered by an 18 V, 1.5 A h battery.
The battery has negligible internal resistance.

(e) Calculate the minimum time between one nail being delivered and the next.

minimum time = ____________________________ s

(1)

66
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 49
(f) Estimate the number of nails that can be delivered using a freshly charged battery before it
needs to be recharged.
Assume that the motor is 100% efficient.

number of nails = ____________________________

(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Which row gives the measured variables and the controlled variable for Boyle’s law or Charles’s
7. law?

Law Measured variables Controlled variable

A Boyle’s law pressure and volume

temperature

B Boyle’s law volume and pressure

temperature

C Charles’s law pressure and volume

temperature

D Charles’s law volume and pressure

temperature

(Total 1 mark)

A spherical flask is filled with an ideal gas and has a diameter of 1.66 m.
8.
The gas has a pressure of 1.43 × 105 Pa and a temperature of 15 °C.

What is the quantity of gas in the flask?

A 1.43 × 102 mol

B 1.15 × 103 mol

C 2.75 × 103 mol

D 2.20 × 105 mol

(Total 1 mark)
67
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 49
9. What is the unit for

A J mol−1 K−1

B J K−1

C J m−3 K−1

D J kg−1 K−1

(Total 1 mark)

The graph shows the variation of pressure with volume for a fixed mass of gas as it changes from
10. condition X to condition Y.

Which row is correct for the change from X to Y?

Expansion or compression Temperature of the system

A expansion constant

B expansion increase

C compression constant

D compression increase

(Total 1 mark)

68
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 49
Which set of processes could be carried out at constant temperature on an ideal gas?
11.
A compression and heat transfer to the gas

B compression and heat transfer from the gas

C expansion and no heat transfer

D expansion and heat transfer from the gas

(Total 1 mark)

Figure 1 shows the variation of pressure p with volume V of a fixed mass of gas as it is
12.
compressed from a volume of V1 to a volume of V2.
There is no transfer of heat energy between the gas and its surroundings during this
compression.

Figure 1

69
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 49
(a) Estimate the work done on the gas during the compression from V1 to V2.

work done = ____________________ J

(3)

(b) The density of the gas is 0.179 kg m–3 when the volume is V1.

Calculate the number of moles of gas present.

mass of 1 mol of the gas = 4.00 × 10–3 kg

number of moles = ____________________ mol

(2)

increase in temperature = ____________________ K

(3)

70
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 49
(d) Explain in terms of the movement of particles why the pressure of the gas increases when
it is compressed from V1 to V2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a pressure p and volume V.

13.
Which graph shows the relationship between pV and the temperature T, in K, for the fixed mass
of ideal gas?

71
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 49
A

(Total 1 mark)

Two containers X and Y each contain an ideal gas at the same pressure.
14. The volume of X is twice the volume of Y.
The temperature of the gas in X is 150 K.
The temperature of the gas in Y is 300 K.
The number of molecules in X is N.

What is the number of molecules in Y?

C N

D 2N

(Total 1 mark)

72
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 49
Gravitational waves can be produced when black holes collide. The length of
15. structures can change as gravitational waves pass the Earth.

The diagram below is a plan view of a gravitational wave detector called the Laser
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).

Laser light is split to produce two separate beams. Each beam travels down a 5
different tube before reflecting from mirror P or Q. The two tubes are over 4 km
long and are at 90° to each other. Partially-reflecting mirrors R and S make
each light beam travel backwards and forwards along the tubes 280 times
before the light beams finally meet at the detector.

When distances PR and QS are exactly the same, the beams produce 10
destructive interference when they meet at the detector.

When a gravitational wave changes the length of one tube, the path difference
between the beams changes, creating an interference pattern. This allows small
changes in PR and QS to be measured.

The interior of the LIGO is maintained at a very low pressure to prevent any 15
disturbance to the mirrors. There are also damping systems that reduce
unwanted vibrations from local industry, traffic and seismic activity.

73
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 49
(a) The internal gas pressure is reduced by heating the LIGO from its normal temperature of
20 °C to 160 °C.
A valve is opened to allow some of the gas to escape.

Use the first law of thermodynamics to explain what happens to the internal energy of the
gas that is heated and escapes through the valve.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The valve is then closed and the LIGO cools to 20 °C. The pressure in the LIGO is further
reduced by another method until it is 1.33 × 10–7 Pa. The volume of the LIGO is 1.00 × 104
m3.

Calculate the number of gas molecules remaining in the LIGO.

number of gas molecules = ____________________

(3)

(c) State one assumption made in your calculation in question (b).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

74
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 49
(d) In order to measure very small changes in length, it is important that the LIGO’s mirrors are
not disturbed at all.

Suggest two reasons why removing the air from the LIGO tubes would reduce disturbance
to the mirrors.

Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) A gravitational wave goes through the LIGO. It causes the tube containing mirrors P and R
to change in length. This change in length results in the light beams meeting at the detector
to produce constructive interference.
Assume that only the distance PR changes.

Explain how an increase in distance PR causes constructive interference at the detector.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) The LIGO uses infrared radiation of wavelength 1.06 × 10–6 m.

Calculate the minimum increase in distance PR that would cause constructive interference
to occur at the detector.
Assume the distance QS does not change.

minimum increase in PR = ____________________ m

(2)
75
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 49
(g) Damping systems are used to reduce disturbance of the LIGO due to vibrations
(lines 16−17).

Explain what is meant by damping.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(h) There are two LIGOs, 3000 km apart in the USA.

Suggest how measurements from the two LIGOs could help to improve the validity of
measurements when a gravitational wave passes the Earth.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 18 marks)

The molecular mass of carbon dioxide is 44

16.
How many molecules are in 2.4 kg of carbon dioxide?

A 1.1 × 1021

B 3.3 × 1022

C 1.1 × 1025

D 3.3 × 1025

(Total 1 mark)

76
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 49
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is at pressure p. The volume of the gas is increased by 50% and its
17.
absolute temperature is halved.

What is the new pressure of the gas?

C p

D 3p

(Total 1 mark)

A fixed mass of an ideal gas is at a constant pressure.

18.
Which graph shows the variation of volume with temperature in °C?

77
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 49
A

(Total 1 mark)

Flask X has a volume V.

19.
Flask Y has a volume 2V.

The flasks are connected by a tube of volume with a uniform cross-section.

There is a closed tap in the middle of the tube.

A gas at pressure p occupies the left hand side of the system as shown in the diagram.

The tap is then opened.

What is the new pressure of the gas?

Assume that the temperature remains constant.

78
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 49
A

(Total 1 mark)

(a) State two assumptions made about the motion of the molecules in a gas in the derivation
20. of the kinetic theory of gases equation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain why the pressure inside a football increases
when the temperature of the air inside it rises. Assume that the volume of the ball remains
constant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

79
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 21 of 49
(c) The ‘laws of football’ require the ball to have a circumference between 680 mm and
700 mm. The pressure of the air in the ball is required to be between 0.60 × 105 Pa and
1.10 × 105 Pa above atmospheric pressure.

A ball is inflated when the atmospheric pressure is 1.00 × 105 Pa and the temperature is 17
°C. When inflated the mass of air inside the ball is 11.4 g and the circumference of the ball
is 690 mm.

Assume that air behaves as an ideal gas and that the thickness of the material used for the
ball is negligible.

Deduce if the inflated ball satisfies the law of football about the pressure.

molar mass of air = 29 g mol–1

(6)
(Total 11 marks)

80
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 22 of 49
21. X and Y are two gas bottles that are connected by a tube that has negligible volume compared
with the volume of each bottle.

Initially the valve W is closed.

X has a volume 2V and contains hydrogen at a pressure of p.

Y has a volume V and contains hydrogen at a pressure of 2p.
X and Y are both initially at the same temperature.

W is now opened. Assuming that there is no change in temperature, what is the new gas
pressure?

(Total 1 mark)

(a) Define the Avogadro constant.

22.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

81
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 23 of 49
(b) (i) Calculate the mean kinetic energy of krypton atoms in a sample of gas at a
temperature of 22 °C.

mean kinetic energy ____________________ J

(1)

(ii) Calculate the mean-square speed, (crms)2, of krypton atoms in a sample of gas at a
temperature of 22 °C.
State an appropriate unit for your answer.

mass of 1 mole of krypton = 0.084 kg

mean-square speed__________ unit _

(3)

(c) A sample of gas consists of a mixture of krypton and argon atoms.

The mass of a krypton atom is greater than that of an argon atom.
State and explain how the mean-square speed of krypton atoms in the gas compares with
that of the argon atoms at the same temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) Outline what is meant by an ideal gas.

23.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
82
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 24 of 49
(b) An ideal gas at a temperature of 22 °C is trapped in a metal cylinder of volume 0.20 m3 at a
pressure of 1.6 × 106 Pa.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of gas contained in the cylinder.

number of moles ____________________ mol

(2)

(ii) The gas has a molar mass of 4.3 × 10–2 kg mol–1.

Calculate the density of the gas in the cylinder.

State an appropriate unit for your answer.

density __________ unit _

(3)

(iii) The cylinder is taken to high altitude where the temperature is −50 °C and the
pressure is 3.6 × 104 Pa. A valve on the cylinder is opened to allow gas to escape.

Calculate the mass of gas remaining in the cylinder when it reaches equilibrium with
its surroundings.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

mass ____________________ kg
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
83
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 25 of 49
(a) The pressure inside a bicycle tyre of volume 1.90 × 10–3 m3 is 3.20 × 105 Pa when the
24.
temperature is 285 K.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of air in the tyre.

answer = ____________________ mol

(1)

(ii) After the bicycle has been ridden the temperature of the air in the tyre is 295 K.
Calculate the new pressure in the tyre assuming the volume is unchanged.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

answer = ____________________ Pa
(3)

(b) Describe one way in which the motion of the molecules of air inside the bicycle tyre is
similar and one way in which it is different at the two temperatures.

similar _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

different ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

84
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 26 of 49
The Sun’s energy is produced by the fusion of protons. Near the Sun’s surface the protons have
25. a mean kinetic energy of 0.75 eV which is too low for fusion to take place. The core, however,
has a temperature of about 1.5 × 106 K and a pressure of about 1.0 × 1016 Pa. This core consists
of a plasma of (mainly) protons. Within the core the density, pressure and temperature of the
proton plasma are sufficiently high for nuclear fusion to occur.
The energy is thought to be produced mainly by a cycle called the hydrogen cycle. The overall
effect in one cycle is that 4 protons fuse to form a helium nucleus. The total mass of hydrogen
that fuses each second is 7.0 × 1011 kg of which about 5.0 × 109 kg per second is converted into
energy that is radiated.

When answering the following questions assume, where necessary, that the plasma behaves like
an ideal gas.

(a) (i) Use the mean value of the kinetic energy of protons near the Sun’s surface to
calculate the temperature near its surface.

temperature near the Sun’s surface ____________________ K

(3)

85
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 27 of 49
(ii) Calculate the closest distance of approach for two protons near the Sun’s surface.

closest distance of approach ____________________ m

(3)

(iii) Explain why fusion cannot occur near the surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Calculate the number of protons in each cubic metre of the Sun’s core.

number of protons ____________________

(3)

86
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 28 of 49
(ii) Calculate the density of the Sun’s core.

density of the Sun’s core ____________________ kg m –3

(2)

(c) (i) Show that the data given in the passage in question (a) suggest that every second,
about 4 × 1038 protons fuse to form helium nuclei.

(2)

(ii) The total binding energy of a helium nucleus is 4.5 × 10–12 J.

Determine with an appropriate calculation whether the mass that is converted into
radiant energy, stated in the passage, is consistent with this value.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 20 marks)

87
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 29 of 49
In the research into nuclear fusion one of the most promising reactions is between deuterons
26.
and tritium nuclei in a gaseous plasma. Although deuterons can be relatively easily
extracted from sea water, tritium is difficult to produce. It can, however, be produced by
bombarding lithium-6 with neutrons. The two reactions are summarised as:

+ energy

Masses of reactants:

= 1.008665u

= 2.013553u

= 3.016049u

= 4.002603u

= 6.015122u

1u is equivalent to 1.66 × 10–27 kg or 931 MeV

(a) (i) Explain why the atomic mass unit, u, may be quoted in kg or MeV.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

88
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 30 of 49
(ii) Calculate the maximum amount of energy, in MeV, released when 1.0 kg of lithium-6
is bombarded by neutrons.

______________________________________________________________

energy released ______________________ MeV

(5)

(iii) Suggest why the lithium-6 reaction could be thought to be self-sustaining once the
deuteron-tritium reaction is underway.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) In order to fuse, a deuteron and a tritium nucleus must approach one another to
within approximately 1.5 × 10–15 m.
Calculate the minimum total initial kinetic energy that these nuclei must have.

______________________________________________________________

minimum total kinetic energy of nuclei ______________________ J

(3)

89
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 31 of 49
(ii) Show that a temperature of approximately 4 × 109 K would be sufficient to enable this
fusion to occur in a gaseous plasma.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) Explain in terms of the forces acting on nuclei why the deuteron-tritium mixture must
be so hot in order to achieve the fusion reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

Figure 1
27.

Figure 1 shows a cylinder, fitted with a gas-tight piston, containing an ideal gas at a constant
temperature of 290 K. When the pressure, p, in the cylinder is 20 × 104 Pa the volume, V, is
0.5 × 10–3 m3.

90
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 32 of 49
Figure 2 shows this data plotted.

Figure 2

(a) By plotting two or three additional points draw a graph, on the axes given in Figure 2, to
show the relationship between pressure and volume as the piston is slowly pulled out.
The temperature of the gas remains constant.
(3)

(b) (i) Calculate the number of gas molecules in the cylinder.

answer = ______________________ molecules

(2)

91
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 33 of 49
(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the gas molecules.

answer = ______________________ J
(3)

(i) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iv) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

A life jacket inflates using gas released from a small carbon dioxide cylinder. The arrangement is
28. shown in the following figure.

92
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 34 of 49
(a) The cylinder initially contains 1.7 × 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide at a temperature of
12 °C and occupying a volume of 3.0 × 10−5 m3.

(i) Calculate the initial pressure, in Pa, in the carbon dioxide cylinder.

(2)

(ii) When the life jacket inflates, the pressure falls to 1.9 × 105 Pa and the final
temperature is the same as the initial temperature. Calculate the new volume of the
gas.

(2)

(iii) Calculate the mean molecular kinetic energy, in J, of the carbon dioxide in the
cylinder.

(2)

(b) (i) Explain, in terms of the kinetic theory model, why the pressure drops when the
carbon dioxide is released into the life jacket.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

93
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 35 of 49
(ii) Explain why the kinetic theory model would apply more accurately to the gas in the
inflated life jacket compared with the gas in the small cylinder.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Explain, in terms of the first law of thermodynamics, how the temperature of the gas in the
system can be the same at the beginning and the end of the process.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 16 marks)

The number of molecules in one cubic metre of air decreases as altitude increases. The table
29. shows how the pressure and temperature of air compare at sea-level and at an altitude of
10 000 m.

altitude pressure/Pa temperature/K

sea-level 1.0 × 105 300

10 000 m 2.2 × 104 270

(a) Calculate the number of moles of air in a cubic metre of air at

(i) sea-level,

______________________________________________________________

94
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 36 of 49
(ii) 10 000 m.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) In air, 23% of the molecules are oxygen molecules. Calculate the number of extra oxygen
molecules there are per cubic metre at sea-level compared with a cubic metre of air at an
altitude of 10 000 m.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

The graph shows how the pressure of an ideal gas varies with its volume when the mass and
30. temperature of the gas are constant.

(a) On the same axes, sketch two additional curves A and B, if the following changes are
made.

(i) The same mass of gas at a lower constant temperature (label this A).

(ii) A greater mass of gas at the original constant temperature (label this B).
(2)

95
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 37 of 49
(b) A cylinder of volume 0.20 m3 contains an ideal gas at a pressure of 130 kPa and a
temperature of 290 K. Calculate

(i) the amount of gas, in moles, in the cylinder,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the average kinetic energy of a molecule of gas in the cylinder,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the cylinder.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) (i) One of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases is that molecules make elastic
31. collisions. State what is meant by an elastic collision.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) State two more assumptions that are made in the kinetic theory of gases.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

96
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 38 of 49
(b) One mole of hydrogen at a temperature of 420 K is mixed with one mole of oxygen at
320 K. After a short period of time the mixture is in thermal equilibrium.

(i) Explain what happens as the two gases approach and then reach thermal
equilibrium.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the average kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecules before they are
mixed with the oxygen molecules.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) The air in a room of volume 27.0 m3 is at a temperature of 22 °C and a pressure of

32.
105 kPa.

Calculate

(i) the temperature, in K, of the air,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the number of moles of air in the room,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the number of gas molecules in the room.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

97
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 39 of 49
(b) The temperature of an ideal gas in a sealed container falls. State, with a reason, what
happens to the

(i) mean square speed of the gas molecules,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) pressure of the gas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) (i) Write down the equation of state for n moles of an ideal gas.
33.
______________________________________________________________

(ii) The molecular kinetic theory leads to the derivation of the equation

pV =
,

where the symbols have their usual meaning.

State three assumptions that are made in this derivation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

98
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 40 of 49
(b) Calculate the average kinetic energy of a gas molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature
of 20 °C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Two different gases at the same temperature have molecules with different mean square
speeds.
Explain why this is possible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) A cylinder of fixed volume contains 15 mol of an ideal gas at a pressure of 500 kPa and a
34. temperature of 290 K.

(i) Show that the volume of the cylinder is 7.2 × 10–2 m3.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the average kinetic energy of a gas molecule in the cylinder.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A quantity of gas is removed from the cylinder and the pressure of the remaining gas falls
to 420 kPa. If the temperature of the gas is unchanged, calculate the amount, in mol, of gas
remaining in the cylinder.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

99
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 41 of 49
(c) Explain in terms of the kinetic theory why the pressure of the gas in the cylinder falls when
gas is removed from the cylinder.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) State two quantities which increase when the temperature of a given mass of gas is
35. increased at constant volume.

(i) ______________________________________________________________

(ii) ______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A car tyre of volume 1.0 × 10–2 m3 contains air at a pressure of 300 kPa and a temperature
of 290K. The mass of one mole of air is 2.9 × 10–2 kg. Assuming that the air behaves as an
ideal gas, calculate

(i) n, the amount, in mol, of air,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the mass of the air,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the density of the air.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

100
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 42 of 49
(c) Air contains oxygen and nitrogen molecules. State, with a reason, whether the following are
the same for oxygen and nitrogen molecules in air at a given temperature.

(i) The average kinetic energy per molecule

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The r.m.s. speed

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

(a) Write down four assumptions about the properties and behaviour of gas molecules which
36. are used in the kinetic theory to derive an expression for the pressure of an ideal gas.

Assumption 1 ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Assumption 2 ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Assumption 3 ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Assumption 4 ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

101
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 43 of 49
(b) (i) A cylinder, fitted with a pressure gauge, contains an ideal gas and is stored in a cold
room. When the cylinder is moved to a warmer room the pressure of the gas is seen
to increase. Explain in terms of the kinetic theory why this increase in pressure is
expected.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) After a time, the pressure of the gas stops rising and remains steady at its new value.
The air temperature in the warmer room is 27°C. Calculate the mean kinetic energy
of a gas molecule in the cylinder.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 10 marks)

102
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 44 of 49
(a) The diagram shows curves (not to scale) relating pressure p, and volume, V, for a fixed
37.
mass of an ideal monatomic gas at 300K and 500K. The gas is in a container which is
closed by a piston which can move with negligible friction.

molar gas constant, R, = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1

(i) Show that the number of moles of gas in the container is 6.4 × 10–2.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the volume of the gas at point C on the graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Give an expression for the total kinetic energy of the molecules in one mole of an
ideal gas at kelvin temperature T.

______________________________________________________________

103
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 45 of 49
(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the gas in the container at point
A on the graph.

Explain why this equals the total internal energy for an ideal gas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Defining the terms used, explain how the first law of thermodynamics, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW,
applies to the changes on the graph

(i) at constant volume from A to B,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) at constant pressure from A to C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(d) Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the gas in the change

(i) from A to B,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) from A to C

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

104
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 46 of 49
The pressure exerted by an ideal gas in a container of volume 1.2 × 10–5 m3 is 1.5 × 105 Pa at a
38.
temperature of 50°C.

(a) Calculate the number of molecules of gas in the container.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The pressure of the gas is measured at different temperatures whilst the volume of the
container and the mass of the gas remain constant. Draw a graph on the grid to show how
the pressure varies with the temperature.

(3)

(c) The container described in part (a) has a release valve that allows gas to escape when the
pressure exceeds 2.0 × 105 Pa. Calculate the number of gas molecules that escape when
the temperature of the gas is raised to 300°C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain why

39.

105
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 47 of 49
(i) the pressure exerted by an ideal gas increases when it is heated at constant volume.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the volume occupied by an ideal gas increases when it is heated at constant
pressure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A quantity of 0.25 mol of air enters a diesel engine at a pressure of 1.05 × 105 Pa and a
temperature of 27°C. Assume the gas to be ideal.

(i) Calculate the volume occupied by the gas.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) When the gas is compressed to one twentieth of its original volume the pressure rises
to 7.0 × 106 Pa. Calculate the temperature of the gas immediately after the
compression.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

106
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 48 of 49
(a) (i) State what is meant by thermal equilibrium.
40.
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain thermal equilibrium by reference to the behaviour of the molecules when a
sample of hot gas is mixed with a sample of cooler gas and thermal equilibrium is
reached.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) A sealed container holds a mixture of nitrogen molecules and helium molecules at a
temperature of 290 K. The total pressure exerted by the gas on the container is 120 kPa.

molar mass of helium = 4.00 × 10–3 kg mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

(i) Calculate the root mean square speed of the helium molecules.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the average kinetic energy of a nitrogen molecule.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) If there are twice as many helium molecules as nitrogen molecules in the container,
calculate the pressure exerted on the container by the helium molecules.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 9 marks)
107
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 49 of 49
Ch23_2 Ideal Gas

Most cars manufactured in recent years have been fitted with air bags as a safety feature. In a
1. collision the bag inflates automatically to protect the driver as air is released from a compressed
air cylinder.

(a) Explain why the driver would be less seriously injured in a collision if the air bag inflates
than he would be if unrestrained.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Why is the driver of a car fitted only with seat belts more likely to be injured than if an air
bag was fitted? Ignore the different deceleration times and the difference in the materials
used.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

108
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 23
When a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus overcome their Coulomb barrier and fuse
2.
together they may be considered as charged spheres in contact. The constant ro which relates
the nuclear radius, R, to the cube root of the mass number A may be assumed to be 1.3 fm.

(a) (i) Calculate the radius of the deuterium nucleus and, R, the radius of the tritium nucleus
before fusion.

RD ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

RT ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the minimum energy, in MeV, which must be supplied to the deuterium
nucleus and the tritium nucleus when they fuse together.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Estimate the temperature at which deuterium and tritium nuclei would have enough kinetic
energy to undergo fusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

109
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 23
The graph in the figure below shows the best fit line for the results of an experiment in which the
3. volume of a fixed mass of gas was measured over a temperature range from 20°C to 100°C. The
pressure of the gas remained constant throughout the experiment.

(a) Use the graph in the figure to calculate a value for the absolute zero of temperature in °C.
Show clearly your method of working.

(4)

110
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 23
(b) Use data from the graph in the figure to calculate the mass of gas used in the experiment.
You may assume that the gas behaved like an ideal gas throughout the experiment.

gas pressure throughout the experiment = 1.0 × 105 Pa

molar gas constant = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1

molar mass of the gas used = 0.044 kg mol–1

(5)
(Total 9 marks)

111
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 23
Figure 1 shows a p–V graph that you are to use to illustrate the process of a gas undergoing two
4. changes.
In its initial state, the gas has a pressure of 50 kPa and a volume of 1.5 m3; this is plotted on the
graph.
First, the gas undergoes an isothermal change from an initial volume of 1.5 m3 to 0.85 m3
followed by a compression at constant pressure to a volume of 0.35 m3.

Figure 1

(a) Show that the final pressure of the gas is about 90 kPa.

(2)

(b) Complete the graph in Figure 1 to show both changes.

(2)

112
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 23
(c) (i) Use your graph to estimate the work done during the whole process.

(3)

(ii) State and explain whether the work in part (c)(i) is done on or by the gas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

The diagram below shows a number of smoke particles suspended in air. The arrows indicate the
5. directions in which the particles are moving at a particular time.

(a) (i) Explain why the smoke particles are observed to move.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Smoke particles are observed to move in a random way. State two conclusions about
air molecules and their motion resulting from this observation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

113
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 23
(b) A sample of air has a density of 1.24 kg m–3 at a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa and a
temperature of 300 K.

the Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

(i) Calculate the mean kinetic energy of an air molecule under these conditions.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the mean square speed for the air molecules.

(3)

(iii) Explain why, when the temperature of the air is increased to 320 K, some of the
molecules will have speeds much less than that suggested by the value you
calculated in part (b)(ii).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

114
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 23
Which one of the graphs below shows the relationship between the internal energy of an ideal
6.
gas (y-axis) and the absolute temperature of the gas (x-axis)?

(Total 1 mark)

The diagram shows the p-V diagram of an ideal hot-air engine. WX and YZ are isothermal
7.
changes.

Which line of the table below correctly indicates the nature of the work done on or by the air in
each part of the cycle?

WX XY YZ ZW

A zero by zero on

B by zero on zero

C zero on zero by

D on zero by zero

(Total 1 mark)
115
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 23
The temperature of a room increases from 283K to 293K. The r.m.s. speed of the air molecules
8. in the room increases by a factor of

A 1.02

B 1.04

C 1.41

D 2.00

(Total 1 mark)

A fixed mass of an ideal gas initially has a volume V and an absolute temperature T. Its initial
9.
pressure could be doubled by changing its volume and temperature to

A V/2 and 4T

B V/4 and T/2

C 2V and T/4

D 4V and 2T

(Total 1 mark)

The diagram shows a p-V graph for a fixed mass of gas. The volume increases from V1 to V2
10.
while the pressure falls from p1 to p2.

Which one of the paths A, B, C or D will result in the greatest amount of work being done by the
gas?
(Total 1 mark)

116
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 23
In the diagram the dashed line X shows the variation of pressure, p, with absolute temperature,
11.
T, for 1 mol of an ideal gas in a container of fixed volume.

Which line, A, B, C or D shows the variation for 2 mol of the gas in the same container?

(Total 1 mark)

Nitrogen at 20°C and a pressure of 1.1 × 105 Pa is held in a glass gas syringe as shown in
12.
Figure 1. The gas, of original volume 8.5 × 10–5 m3, is compressed to a volume of 5.8 × 10–5 m3
by placing a mass on to the plunger of the syringe. The change in pressure of the gas is
adiabatic. The new pressure of the gas is 1.9 × 105 Pa.

Figure 1

117
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 23
(a) (i) Calculate the new temperature of the nitrogen. Give your answer in °C.

(3)

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen present in the syringe.

molar gas constant, R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1

(3)

(iii) The mass of the nitrogen in the syringe is 1.1 × 10–4 kg. Calculate the mean square
speed of the molecules when the gas has been compressed.

(2)

118
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 23
(iv) Explain why the change in pressure of the nitrogen is adiabatic.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(v) Explain, in terms of the behaviour of the nitrogen molecules, how the gas exerts a
greater pressure than it did before it was compressed.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) After the adiabatic compression, the nitrogen is allowed to cool at constant volume.
Figure 2 shows the variation of pressure with volume for the adiabatic compression and
the subsequent cooling. The dotted line represents the isothermal compression that would
have achieved the same final state.

Figure 2

(i) Draw arrows on the graph to show the directions of the changes. Label your arrows
adiabatic compression and cooling as appropriate.
(1)

(ii) State the significance of the shaded area of the graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
119
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 23
The graph shows the relation between the product pressure × volume, pV, and temperature, θ, in
13.
degrees celsius for 1 mol of an ideal gas for which the molar gas constant is R.

Which one of the following expressions gives the gradient of this graph?

D R
(Total 1 mark)

At a certain temperature, the root-mean-square speed of the molecules of a fixed volume of an

14.
ideal gas is c. The temperature of the gas is changed so that the pressure is halved. The
root-mean-square speed of the molecules becomes

D 2c
(Total 1 mark)

120
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 23
The diagram below shows an apparatus used to demonstrate that electron beams possess
15. energy and momentum.

Electrons are accelerated by the electron gun and travel through the space in the tube which has
been evacuated to a low pressure. They collide with the mica wheel and cause it to rotate.

(a) (i) Explain how the electrons would lose energy if the tube were not evacuated.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) The pressure of the gas in the tube is 0.20 Pa when the room temperature is 300 K.
The volume of the tube is 3.5 × 10–2 m3. Determine the number of moles of gas in the
tube.

universal gas constant, R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1

(2)

121
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 23
(iii) The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol–1.

How many gas molecules are there in the tube?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In the electron gun, the electrons of mass 9.1 × 10–31 kg and charge 1.6 × 10–19 C are
accelerated to a speed of 2.7 × 107 m s–1. The beam current is 5.0 mA.

(i) Calculate, in J, the energy of each electron in the beam.

(1)

(ii) Use the definition of the volt to determine the potential difference through which the
electrons are accelerated.

(2)

(iii) How many electrons are accelerated each second?

(2)

(iv) What happens to the energy of the electrons when they strike the mica target?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

122
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 23
(v) Determine the force exerted on the paddle wheel by the electrons. Assume that the
electrons are brought to rest when they collide.

(3)

(vi) The moment of this force about the axle of the paddle causes rotational acceleration
of the paddle. What is the magnitude of this moment?

(2)
(Total 18 marks)

123
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 23
Ch24_1 Nuclear physics

A nucleus has a diameter of 1.26 × 10–14 m.

1.
What is the density of a neutron in this nucleus?

A 4.1 × 1016 kg m–3

B 1.3 × 1017 kg m–3

C 2.0 × 1017 kg m–3

D 3.3 × 1017 kg m–3

(Total 1 mark)

2. Americium-241 ( Am) is a common laboratory source of alpha radiation. It decays

spontaneously to neptunium (Np) with a decay constant of 4.8 × 10–11 s–1.

A school laboratory source has an activity due to the presence of americium of 3.7 × 104 Bq
when purchased.

Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1

one year = 3.2 × 107 s

(a) (i) Calculate the half-life, in years, of americium-241.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the number of radioactive americium atoms in the laboratory source when it
was purchased.

(2)

124
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 46
(iii) Calculate the activity of the americium in the laboratory source 50 years after being
purchased.

(3)

(iv) Suggest why the actual activity of the sources is likely to be greater than your answer
to part (iii).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

125
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 46
(b) (i) Use the following data to deduce the energy released in the decay of one
americium-241 nucleus.

mass of americium-241 nucleus = 4.00171 × 10–25 kg

mass of an alpha particle = 0.06644 × 10–25 kg
mass of neptunium nucleus = 3.93517 × 10–25 kg
speed of electromagnetic radiation = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
in free space

(3)

126
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 46
(ii) Explain what is meant by decays spontaneously and how consideration of the
masses of particles involved in a proposed decay helps in deciding whether the
decay is possible.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

3. The mass of a nucleus of californium-252 is 252.03 u.

(a) Calculate, in kg, the mass defect of a nucleus of californium-252.

mass defect = ______________________________ kg

(3)

(b) Spontaneous fission of a californium-252 nucleus produces a

xenon-140 nucleus, a ruthenium-108 nucleus and four neutrons.

127
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 46
The table below gives the mass of each nuclide.

Nuclide Mass / u

252.03

139.89

107.88

Calculate, in MeV, the amount of energy released in this fission.

energy released = ______________________________ MeV

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

4. Some proposed fusion reactors will use a fuel of deuterium and tritium .

The fusion reaction produces helium-4 and a neutron.

128
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 46
(a) Explain why this reaction will occur only when the fuel is at a very high temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The temperature of the fuel in one reactor is 1.2 GK.

Calculate the average kinetic energy of a deuterium nucleus in the fuel.

Assume that the fuel behaves as an ideal gas.

average kinetic energy = ______________________________ J

(1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

129
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 46
(d) An estimate of the closest approach between a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus
can be made using the answers to part (b) and (c).

Explain how this estimate can be made.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) The table below shows the binding energy per nucleon for two nuclides involved in the
fusion reaction.

The energy released in this fusion reaction is 17.589 MeV.

Nuclide Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

1.1123

7.0739

130
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 46
Calculate, in J, the binding energy of the tritium nuclide.

binding energy = ______________________________ J

(3)

(f) The fusion of a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus initially produces a helium-5
nucleus. This nucleus quickly decays into an unexcited helium-4 nucleus and a neutron.

Show that the kinetic energy of the neutron is four times greater than the kinetic energy of
the helium-4 nucleus.

Assume that the helium-5 nucleus is stationary before it decays.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

131
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 46
(g) Designers of fusion reactors have to consider the risks associated with neutrons which
have high kinetic energies.

Suggest one of these risks.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

A graph shows the relationship between nuclear radius R and atomic number A.
5.
Which pair of axes will produce a graph with a straight line of gradient 3?

x-axis y-axis

A ln A ln R

B ln R

C ln R

D ln R ln A

(Total 1 mark)

The purpose of the moderator in a nuclear reactor is to

A absorb all the heat produced.

B decrease the neutron speeds.

C absorb excess neutrons.

D prevent the reactor becoming critical.

(Total 1 mark)

132
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 46
Which reaction is part of the hydrogen cycle in the Sun?
7.

(Total 1 mark)

Hydroelectric power is used for electricity generation. Energy for the process comes
8. from the Sun.

(a) Describe the energy transfers in this process, starting with energy transfers in the Sun.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

133
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 46
(b) Compare the environmental impacts of hydroelectric power with the
environmental impacts of power generation using nuclear fission.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

The two stages of an induced fission reaction are shown below.

(a) Complete the equation.

(2)

(b) The table shows the masses of the reactants and products of the reaction.

mass / 10−27 kg

390.40797

n 1.67493

239.07118

Rb 149.34849

134
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 46
Calculate the energy released during this fission reaction.

energy released = ____________________ J

(3)

Show that the speed of the neutron is approximately 2 × 107 m s−1.

(2)

135
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 46
(d) In one nuclear reactor, the moderator is heavy water that contains deuterium nuclei.

The neutron in Question (c) has a head-on collision with a stationary deuterium nucleus.
After the collision, the deuterium nucleus has a speed of 1.31 × 107 m s−1.

Determine the speed of the neutron immediately after the collision.

mass of a deuterium nucleus = 3.34 × 10−27 kg

speed = ____________________ m s−1

(2)

(e) Explain why there is a range of neutron speeds after neutrons have had one collision with a
deuterium nucleus.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

136
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 46
An alpha particle is directed at a target nucleus.
10.
The initial velocity of the alpha particle is v.

The distance of closest approach of the alpha particle to the nucleus is

A directly proportional to

B directly proportional to v2

C inversely proportional to

D inversely proportional to v2

(Total 1 mark)

11.
What is ?

A 1.48

B 1.52

C 1.80

D 1.87

(Total 1 mark)

12. The nuclear radius of is 3.6 fm.

What is the density of the nucleus of ?

A 9.4 × 107 kg m−3

B 2.0 × 108 kg m−3

C 9.4 × 1016 kg m−3

D 2.0 × 1017 kg m−3

(Total 1 mark)

137
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 46
What is the equivalent of 1 meV?
13.
A 1.1 × 103 u

B 1.1 × 10−3 u

C 1.1 × 10−12 u

D 1.1 × 10−16 u

(Total 1 mark)

The equation shows a fission reaction for uranium−235.

14.

Which shows the positive value for the change in mass for the reaction?

mU = mass of U

mn = mass of n

mB = mass of Ba

mK = mass of Kr

A mB + mK – mU – 3mn

B mB + mK – mU – 2mn

C mU - mB – mK – 2mn

D mU - mB – mK – 3mn
(Total 1 mark)

138
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 46
Pu undergoes fission to form Xe and Zr.
15.
What is the energy released in this fission reaction?

binding energy per nucleon of Pu = 7.56 MeV

binding energy per nucleon of Xe = 8.41 MeV

binding energy per nucleon of Zr = 8.43 MeV

A 86 MeV

B 107 MeV

C 188 MeV

D 2200 MeV

(Total 1 mark)

Which is the most accurate representation of a plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon against
16.
nucleon number A?

139
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 46
A

(Total 1 mark)

These statements are about mass changes in fusion and induced fission reactions in which there
17. is a net release of energy.

Which statement is correct?

A In induced fission, the total mass of the fission products is less than
the mass of the fissile nucleus.

B In induced fission, the total mass of the fission products is greater

than the total mass of the reactants.

C In fusion, the total mass of the products is less than the total mass
of the reactants.

D In fusion, the total mass of the products is greater than the total
mass of the reactants.

(Total 1 mark)

Which creates a significant risk from ionising radiation in the operation of a nuclear fusion
18. reactor?

A beta emitters produced by neutron absorption

B the nuclei produced in the fusion reaction

C alpha particles emitted in fusion

D beta particles emitted in fusion

(Total 1 mark)

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an experimental nuclear fusion

19. reactor.

The ITER is designed to create a high-temperature plasma of deuterium and tritium

in its reaction vessel. This leads to the fusion of tritium and deuterium nuclei.

The plasma is contained using strong magnetic fields.

140
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 46
(a) Explain why the nuclear fusion reaction can be sustained only when the reactants are at a
very high temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The plasma in the ITER has a high pressure as well as a high temperature.

Explain why the kinetic theory of gases cannot be applied to this plasma.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

141
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 46
(c) The most common nuclear fusion reaction in the ITER is

The table gives the binding energies per nucleon of the nuclei involved.

Binding energy per

Nucleus
nucleon / MeV

1.11

2.83

7.07

Show that the energy released per fusion in this reaction is approximately 3 × 10–12 J.

(3)

(d) The ITER is expected to transfer 500 MW of power from all of the reactions between nuclei
of deuterium and tritium.

Calculate, in kg s–1, the mean rate of use of fuel by the ITER.

mean rate = ____________________ kg s–1

(3)
142
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 46
(e) The kinetic energy of neutrons leaving the reaction vessel is used to generate electricity.

Suggest why neutrons will leave the reaction vessel but helium ions will not.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

A plasma containing nuclei of two isotopes of hydrogen, and , is considered to be a

20.
possible fuel for fusion reactors in the future. The plasma must be heated to a high temperature
to provide the nuclei with the minimum kinetic energy to enable the fusion reaction to occur.

(a) Explain why the nuclei in the plasma require a minimum kinetic energy for this fusion
reaction to occur.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The radius of a nucleus is 1.51 × 10–15 m.

Show that the distance between the centre of a nucleus and the centre of a
nucleus is about 3.2 × 10–15 m when they are just in contact.

(3)

143
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 46
(c) Assume that the and nuclei fuse when they are just in contact.

Calculate the minimum total kinetic energy that would allow a nucleus and a
nucleus to fuse.

minimum total kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(3)

(d) The equation for this fusion reaction is

The table shows the mass of each particle involved.

Particle Mass / u

1.008665

2.013553

3.016049

4.002603

144
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 21 of 46
Calculate, in J, the energy released when this fusion reaction takes place.

energy released = ____________________ J

(3)

(e) Plasmas are contained using magnetic fields.

Explain how magnetic containment can be made to be more energy-efficient.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

A stationary uranium-235 nucleus ( ) decays to a thorium-231 nucleus ( ) by emitting an

21.
alpha particle ( ).

98% of the total energy released in the decay is transferred to the emitted alpha particle as
kinetic energy.

145
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 22 of 46
(a) Explain, in terms of the masses of the nuclei, why the total binding energy of the nuclei
must increase as a result of this decay.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The table shows the binding energy per nucleon of nuclei involved in the decay.

Nucleus Binding energy per nucleon / pJ

1.215

1.219

1.132

Calculate the speed of the alpha particle just after it is emitted.

mass of alpha particle = 6.648 × 10–27 kg

speed of the alpha particle = ____________________ m s–1

(4)
(Total 7 marks)

146
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 23 of 46
The most accurate determination of the radius of a nucleus is found from:
22.
A the diffraction of high-energy electrons by the nucleus.

B the distance of closest approach of low-energy alpha particles to the

nucleus.

C the distance of closest approach of high-energy alpha particles to

the nucleus.

D the diffraction of low-energy electrons by the nucleus.

(Total 1 mark)

The graph shows the variation of average binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number.
23.

What is the binding energy of a nucleus of ?

A 3.3 × 10–17 J

B 7.9 × 10–17 J

C 3.3 × 10–11 J

D 7.9 × 10–11 J

(Total 1 mark)

147
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 24 of 46
An example of nuclear fission is:
24.

What is the number of neutrons in nucleus X?

A 85

B 86

C 106

D 142

(Total 1 mark)

Which combination of materials can be used for moderators and control rods in nuclear reactors?
25.
Moderator Control rod

A Water Graphite

B Water Boron

C Cadmium Boron

D Cadmium Graphite

(Total 1 mark)

A fissile material produces an average of 2.4 neutrons per fission.

26.
For a critical mass of the material, how many neutrons per fission, on average, will not induce
further fissions?

A 2.4

B 1.4

C 1.2

D 0

(Total 1 mark)

148
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 25 of 46
Used fuel rods are stored in water for several months after they are removed from a nuclear
27. reactor.

This is because used fuel rods:

A emit gamma radiation which is completely absorbed by the water.

B continue to generate energy and are cooled by the water.

C undergo a chemical reaction with the water which reduces their

radioactivity.

D can generate steam from the water to drive a turbine.

(Total 1 mark)

What does the equation E = mc2 suggest?

28.

A The mass of a substance is increased when it is heated.

B The mass of a nucleus is greater than the mass of its constituent

parts.

C The total mass of a nucleus is converted into kinetic energy when

the nucleus decays.

D Energy is required to initiate proton–antiproton annihilation.

(Total 1 mark)

Which equation summarises the hydrogen cycle in the Sun?

29.

(Total 1 mark)

149
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 26 of 46
(a) An alpha particle, with an initial kinetic energy of 8.0 MeV, approaches the centre of a
30.
nucleus of gold–197 ( ).

Calculate the distance of closest approach between the alpha particle and the nucleus.

distance = ____________________ m
(3)

(b) The table shows the nuclear radii R of three stable nuclides measured using electron
diffraction.

Nuclide R / fm

2.52

2.79

3.02

A model of the nucleus predicts that the nuclear radius is proportional to the cube root of
the nucleon number.

Comment on the degree to which the data in the table are consistent with this prediction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

150
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 27 of 46
(c) Discuss why electron diffraction gives a more accurate value of nuclear radius than using
the distance of closest approach of alpha particles.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

The graph is a plot showing the variation with nucleon number of the binding energy per nucleon.
31.

151
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 28 of 46
(a) Explain with reference to the graph why nuclear fusion can lead to the release of energy.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) A uranium–235 nucleus undergoes induced fission to form two nuclei of equal mass.

Calculate, using the graph, the energy in J released by this fission event.

energy released = ____________________ J

(5)

152
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 29 of 46
(c) Describe, with reference to their energy, the role of neutrons in a thermal nuclear reactor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Describe the function of the control rods in a thermal nuclear reactor.

Your answer should include one example of a suitable material for a control rod and its
properties.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

153
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 30 of 46
The nucleus has a mass defect ∆m.
32.
mass of a proton = mp

mass of a neutron = mn

mass of nucleus = mx

Which expression is correct?

A ∆m = mx – (Zmn + (A–Z)mp)

B ∆m = ((A–Z)mn + Zmp) – mx

C ∆m = (Amn + (A–Z)mp) – mx

D ∆m = mx – (Amn + (A–Z)mp)

(Total 1 mark)

The mass defect of a nucleus exists because

33.
A protons in the nucleus repel each other.

B neutrons have a greater mass than protons.

C work must be done to separate a nucleus into its constituent

nucleons.

D large nuclei are always more stable than small nuclei.

(Total 1 mark)

Which is not a difficulty in a nuclear fusion reactor?

34.
A Confining the plasma.

B Dealing with highly radioactive waste.

C Heating the plasma.

D Sustaining fusion over a period of time.

(Total 1 mark)

154
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 31 of 46
The mass of an alpha particle is 6.644 × 10–27 kg.
35.
What is the binding energy of an alpha particle?

A 3.2 × 10–12 J

B 4.3 × 10–12 J

C 4.7 × 10–12 J

D 5.0 × 10–12 J

(Total 1 mark)

Which graph shows the variation of nuclear density ρ with nucleon number A?
36.

(Total 1 mark)

155
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 32 of 46
A thermal nuclear reactor maintains a steady chain reaction.
37. The average number of neutrons emitted per fission is 3.

Which row shows possible average numbers of neutrons absorbed by control rods and lost from
the reactor without causing fission?

Average number of neutrons Average number of neutrons lost

absorbed by control rods from the reactor without causing
fission

A 2 1

B 1 0

C 1 1

D 0 1

(Total 1 mark)

The atomic mass unit is:

38.
A the mass of a hydrogen atom.

B the average of the mass of a free proton and the mass of a free
neutron.

C one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon–12 atom.

D one-quarter of the mass of an alpha particle.

(Total 1 mark)

39. Which of the following is equal to ?

A 1.19

B 1.25

C 1.33

D 1.40

(Total 1 mark)
156
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 33 of 46
The graph shows how the binding energy per nucleon varies with the nucleon number for stable
40. nuclei.

What is the approximate total binding energy for a nucleus of ?

A 1.28 pJ

B 94.7 pJ

C 103 pJ

D 230 pJ

(Total 1 mark)

157
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 34 of 46
Ch24_2 Nuclear physics

(a) State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.

1.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) When a nucleus absorbs a slow-moving neutron and undergoes fission one

possible pair of fission fragments is technetium and indium .

Complete the following equation to represent this fission process.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the energy released, in MeV, when a single nucleus undergoes
fission in this way.

binding energy per nucleon of = 7.59 MeV

binding energy per nucleon of = 8.36 MeV

binding energy per nucleon of = 8.51 MeV

energy released ____________________ MeV

(3)

158
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 71
(iii) Calculate the loss of mass when a nucleus undergoes fission in this way.

loss of mass ____________________ kg

(2)

proton number, Z
(1)

159
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 71
(ii) With reference to the figure, explain why fission fragments are unstable and explain
what type of radiation they are likely to emit initially.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

(a) (i) Define the atomic mass unit.

2.
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State and explain how the mass of a nucleus is different from the total mass of
its protons and neutrons when separated.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

160
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 71
(b) Explain why nuclei in a star have to be at a high temperature for fusion to take place.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) (i) In massive stars, nuclei of hydrogen are processed into nuclei of helium
through a series of interactions involving carbon, nitrogen and oxygen called the
CNO cycle.

Complete the nuclear equations below that represent the last two reactions in the
series.

(3)

161
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 71
(ii) The whole series of reactions is summarised by the following equation.

Calculate the energy, in Me V, that is released.

nuclear mass of = 4.00150 u

energy ____________________ Me V
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

(a) Describe the changes made inside a nuclear reactor to reduce its power output and explain
3. the process involved.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) State the main source of the highly radioactive waste from a nuclear reactor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

162
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 71
(c) In a nuclear reactor, neutrons are released with high energies. The first few collisions of a
neutron with the moderator transfer sufficient energy to excite nuclei of the moderator.

(i) Describe and explain the nature of the radiation that may be emitted from an excited
nucleus of the moderator.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The subsequent collisions of a neutron with the moderator are elastic.

Describe what happens to the neutrons as a result of these subsequent collisions

with the moderator.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

163
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 71
The figure below shows the variation in binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number.
4.

(a) A uranium-235, 235U, nucleus fissions into two approximately equally sized products. Use
data from the graph to show that the energy released as a result of the fission is
approximately 4 × 10–11J.
Show on the graph how you have used the data.

(4)

164
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 71
(b) Using the data below, show that the energy available from the fusion of two hydrogen-2,2H,
nuclei to make a helium-4,4He, nucleus is approximately 3.7 × 10–12 J.

mass of 2H = 2.0135 u
mass of 4He = 4.0026 u

(4)

(c) Compare the energy available from the complete fission of 1 kg of uranium-235 with the
energy available from the fusion of 1 kg of hydrogen-2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Fission and fusion reactions release different amounts of energy. Discuss other reasons
why it would be preferable to use fusion rather than fission for the production of electricity,
assuming that the technical problems associated with fusion could be overcome.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

165
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 71
The isotope of uranium, , decays into a stable isotope of lead, , by means of a series
5.
of α and β– decays.

(a) In this series of decays, α decay occurs 8 times and β– decay occurs n times.
Calculate n.

answer = ____________________
(1)

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

166
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 71
(ii) Figure 1 shows the binding energy per nucleon for some stable nuclides.

Figure 1

Use Figure 1 to estimate the binding energy, in MeV, of the nucleus.

answer = ____________________ MeV

(1)

167
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 71
(c) The half-life of is 4.5 × 109 years, which is much larger than all the other half-lives of
the decays in the series.

A rock sample when formed originally contained 3.0 × 1022 atoms of and no
atoms.

At any given time most of the atoms are either or with a negligible number of
atoms in other forms in the decay series.

(i) Sketch on Figure 2 graphs to show how the number of atoms and the number
of atoms in the rock sample vary over a period of 1.0 × 1010 years from its
formation.
Label your graphs U and Pb.

Figure 2

(2)

(ii) A certain time, t, after its formation the sample contained twice as many atoms
as atoms.
Show that the number of atoms in the rock sample at time t was 2.0 × 1022.

(1)

168
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 71
(ii) Calculate t in years.

answer = ____________________ years

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

169
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 71
The Sun’s energy is produced by the fusion of protons. Near the Sun’s surface the protons have
6. a mean kinetic energy of 0.75 eV which is too low for fusion to take place. The core, however,
has a temperature of about 1.5 × 106 K and a pressure of about 1.0 × 1016 Pa. This core consists
of a plasma of (mainly) protons. Within the core the density, pressure and temperature of the
proton plasma are sufficiently high for nuclear fusion to occur.
The energy is thought to be produced mainly by a cycle called the hydrogen cycle. The overall
effect in one cycle is that 4 protons fuse to form a helium nucleus. The total mass of hydrogen
that fuses each second is 7.0 × 1011 kg of which about 5.0 × 109 kg per second is converted into
energy that is radiated.

When answering the following questions assume, where necessary, that the plasma behaves like
an ideal gas.

(a) (i) Use the mean value of the kinetic energy of protons near the Sun’s surface to
calculate the temperature near its surface.

temperature near the Sun’s surface ____________________ K

(3)

170
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 71
(ii) Calculate the closest distance of approach for two protons near the Sun’s surface.

closest distance of approach ____________________ m

(3)

(iii) Explain why fusion cannot occur near the surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Calculate the number of protons in each cubic metre of the Sun’s core.

number of protons ____________________

(3)

171
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 71
(ii) Calculate the density of the Sun’s core.

density of the Sun’s core ____________________ kg m –3

(2)

(c) (i) Show that the data given in the passage in question (a) suggest that every second,
about 4 × 1038 protons fuse to form helium nuclei.

(2)

(ii) The total binding energy of a helium nucleus is 4.5 × 10–12 J.

Determine with an appropriate calculation whether the mass that is converted into
radiant energy, stated in the passage, is consistent with this value.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 20 marks)

172
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 71
The table shows the binding energy per nucleon for two nuclei.
7.
binding energy per
nucleus
nucleon/10–12J

helium-4 1.1332417

beryllium-8 1.1314027

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the total binding energy of a nucleus.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) It is more usual to quote binding energies of nucleons in MeV rather than J.
Calculate the total binding energy, in MeV, of a beryllium-8 nucleus.

binding energy ______________________MeV

(3)

(b) (i) Calculate the change in mass that occurs when two helium-4 nuclei fuse to form a
beryllium-8 nucleus.

mass change ______________________kg

(2)

173
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 71
(ii) Two helium-4 nuclei are initially separated by a large distance and are travelling
toward one another. The helium nuclei become influenced by the strong force when
their centres are separated by a distance of 3.82 × 10–15 m.
Calculate the total initial kinetic energy of the nuclei needed for them to reach this
separation.

kinetic energy ______________________J

(3)

(iii) Explain why the kinetic energy calculated in part (b)(ii) will not enable the helium
nuclei to fuse and produce a beryllium-8 nucleus.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

174
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 71
In a nuclear reactor the mean energy produced by each uranium-235 nucleus that undergoes
8.
induced fission is 3.0 × 10–11 J. In one pressurised water reactor, PWR, the fuel rods in the
reactor contain 2.0 × 104 kg of uranium-235 and 40% of the energy produced per second is
converted to 500 MW of electrical output power. It is assumed that all the energy produced in the
reactor core is removed by pressurised water in the coolant system. The pressure of the water is
approximately 150 times greater than normal atmospheric pressure. The water enters the reactor
at a temperature of 275 °C ad leaves at a temperature of 315 °C. Under the operational
conditions of the reactor the mean density of water in the coolant circuit is 730 kg m–3 and the
specific heat capacity of water is approximately 5000 J kg–1 K–1.

normal atmospheric pressure = 1.0 × 105 Pa

molar mass of uranium-235 = 0.235 kg

(a) The equation below gives one induced fission reaction that takes place in a reactor.

(i) State the name of the particle represented by X.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State the proton and nucleon numbers represented by p and n.

p ______________________

n ______________________
(2)

(b) (i) Calculate the number of fission reactions that occur in the reactor each second.

number of fission reactions per second ______________________

(2)

175
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 71
(ii) The reactor fuel rods contain 2.0 × 104 kg of uranium-235. Assume that all this
uranium-235 could be used.
Calculate the maximum time, in years, for which the reactor could operate.

time ______________________years
(4)

(iii) Suggest why it is not possible to use all the uranium-235 in the reactor fuel rods.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

force ______________________N
(2)

(d) Calculate, in m3 s–1, the flow rate of the water through the PWR reactor.
You will need to use data from the passage at the beginning of the question.

flow rate ______________________ m3 s–1

(4)

176
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 71
(e) In a PWR the cooling water also acts as the moderator in the reactor and boron rods are
used to control the power output. Describe the physical processes that take place in the
moderator and control rods.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 21 marks)

9. The fissile isotope of uranium, , has been used in some nuclear reactors. It is normally

produced by neutron irradiation of thorium-232. An irradiated thorium nucleus emits a β− particle

to become an isotope of protactinium.

This isotope of protactinium may undergo β− decay to become .

(a) Complete the following equation to show the β− decay of protactinium.

Pa → β– + … … . .
+
(2)

177
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 71
(b) Two other nuclei, P and Q, can also decay into .

P decays by β+ decay to produce .

Q decays by α emission to produce .

The figure below shows a grid of neutron number against proton number with the

position of the isotope shown.

On the grid label the positions of the nuclei P and Q.

178
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 21 of 71
(2)

(c) A typical fission reaction in the reactor is represented by

+ → + + x neutrons

(i) Calculate the number of neutrons, x.

answer = ______________________neutrons
(1)

(ii) Calculate the energy released, in MeV, in the fission reaction above.

mass of neutron = 1.00867 u

mass of nucleus = 232.98915 u

mass of nucleus = 90.90368 u

mass of nucleus = 138.87810 u

answer = ______________________MeV
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

179
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 22 of 71
10. The first artificially produced isotope, phosphorus , was formed by bombarding an aluminium

isotope, , with an α particle.

(a) Complete the following nuclear equation by identifying the missing particle.

(1)

(b) For the reaction to take place the α particle must come within a distance, d, from the centre
of the aluminium nucleus. Calculate d if the nuclear reaction occurs when the α particle is
given an initial kinetic energy of at least 2.18 × 10–12 J.

The electrostatic potential energy between two point charges Q1 and Q2 is equal

to where r is the separation of the charges and ε0 is the permittivity of free space.

answer = ______________________m
(3)
(Total 4 marks)

180
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 23 of 71
(a) Sketch a graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number for the naturally
11. occurring nuclides on the axes given in the figure below. Add values and a unit to the
binding energy per nucleon axis.

(4)

(b) Use the graph to explain how energy is released when some nuclides undergo fission and
when other nuclides undergo fusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

181
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 24 of 71
In the research into nuclear fusion one of the most promising reactions is between deuterons
12.
and tritium nuclei in a gaseous plasma. Although deuterons can be relatively easily
extracted from sea water, tritium is difficult to produce. It can, however, be produced by
bombarding lithium-6 with neutrons. The two reactions are summarised as:

+ energy

Masses of reactants:

= 1.008665u

= 2.013553u

= 3.016049u

= 4.002603u

= 6.015122u

1u is equivalent to 1.66 × 10–27 kg or 931 MeV

(a) (i) Explain why the atomic mass unit, u, may be quoted in kg or MeV.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

182
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 25 of 71
(ii) Calculate the maximum amount of energy, in MeV, released when 1.0 kg of lithium-6
is bombarded by neutrons.

______________________________________________________________

energy released ______________________ MeV

(5)

(iii) Suggest why the lithium-6 reaction could be thought to be self-sustaining once the
deuteron-tritium reaction is underway.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

______________________________________________________________

minimum total kinetic energy of nuclei ______________________ J

(3)

183
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 26 of 71
(ii) Show that a temperature of approximately 4 × 109 K would be sufficient to enable this
fusion to occur in a gaseous plasma.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) Explain in terms of the forces acting on nuclei why the deuteron-tritium mixture must
be so hot in order to achieve the fusion reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

184
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 27 of 71
13. In the reaction shown, a proton and a deuterium nucleus, , fuse together to form a helium

nucleus,

What is the value of Q, the energy released in this reaction?

mass of a proton = 1.00728 u

mass of a nucleus = 2.01355 u

mass of a nucleus = 3.01493 u

A 5.0 MeV

B 5.5 MeV

C 6.0 MeV

D 6.5 MeV
(Total 1 mark)

For a nuclear reactor in which the fission rate is constant, which one of the following statements
14. is correct?

A There is a critical mass of fuel in the reactor.

B For every fission event, there is, on average, one further fission event.

C A single neutron is released in every fission event.

D No neutrons escape from the reactor.

(Total 1 mark)

(a) When a nucleus of uranium -235 fissions into barium -141 and krypton -92, the change in
15.
mass is 3.1 × 10–28 kg. Calculate how many nuclei must undergo fission in order to release
1.0 J of energy by this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

185
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 28 of 71
(b) A nuclear power station produces an electrical output power of 600 MW. If the overall
efficiency of the station is 35%, calculate the decrease in the mass of the fuel rods,
because of the release of energy, during one week of continuous operation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

16. (a) Calculate the radius of the U nucleus.

r0 = 1.3 × 10–15 m

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) At a distance of 30 mm from a point source of rays the corrected count rate is C.
Calculate the distance from the source at which the corrected count rate is 0.10 C,
assuming that there is no absorption.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

186
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 29 of 71
(c) The activity of a source of b particles falls to 85% of its initial value in 52 s.
Calculate the decay constant of the source.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Explain why the isotope of technetium, 99Tc m, is often chosen as a suitable source of
radiation for use in medical diagnosis.

You may be awarded additional marks to those shown in brackets for the quality of written
communication in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

187
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 30 of 71
In a geothermal power station, water is pumped through pipes into an underground region of hot
17. rocks. The thermal energy of the rocks heats the water and turns it to steam at high pressure.
The steam then drives a turbine at the surface to produce electricity.

(a) Water at 21°C is pumped into the hot rocks and steam at 100°C is produced at a rate of
190 kg s–1.

(i) Show that the energy per second transferred from the hot rocks to the power station
in this process is at least 500 MW.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

specific latent heat of steam = 2.3 × 106 J kg–1

______________________________________________________________

specific heat capacity of the rocks = 850 J kg–1 K–1

density of the rocks = 3200 kg m–3

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)

188
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 31 of 71
(b) Geothermal energy originates as energy released in the radioactive decay of the
uranium isotope U deep inside the Earth. Each nucleus that decays releases 4.2 MeV.
Calculate the mass of U that would release energy at a rate of 500 MW.

half-life of U = 4.5 × 109 years

molar mass of U = 0.238 kg mol–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

18. The reaction shown below occurs when a proton and a deuterium nucleus, H, fuse to form a

helium nucleus, He.

P + H He + Q

If the energy released, Q, is 5.49 MeV, what is the mass of the helium nucleus?

mass of H nucleus = 2.01355 u

mass of proton = 1.00728 u
1u is equivalent to 931.3 Me V

A 0.00589 u

B 3.01494 u

C 3.02083 u

D 3.02323 u
(Total 1 mark)
189
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 32 of 71
Which line, A to D, in the table gives a combination of materials that is commonly used for
19. moderating, controlling and shielding respectively in a nuclear reactor?

moderating controlling shielding

A graphite carbon lead

B cadmium carbon concrete

C cadmium boron lead

D graphite boron concrete

(Total 1 mark)

Which one of the following statements is not true about the control rods used in a nuclear
20. reactor?

A They must absorb neutrons.

B They must slow down neutrons to thermal speeds.

C They must retain their shape at high temperatures.

D The length of rod in the reactor must be variable.

(Total 1 mark)

21. (a) The mass of a nucleus is M.

(i) If the mass of a proton is mp, and the mass of a neutron is mn, give an expression for
the mass difference ∆m of this nucleus.

∆m = ________________________________________________________

(ii) Give an expression for the binding energy per nucleon of this nucleus, taking the
speed of light to be c.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

190
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 33 of 71
(b) The figure below shows an enlarged portion of a graph indicating how the binding energy
per nucleon of various nuclides varies with their nucleon number.

(i) State the value of the nucleon number for the nuclides that are most likely to be
stable. Give your reasoning.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) When fission of uranium 235 takes place, the nucleus splits into two roughly equal
parts and approximately 200 Me V of energy is released. Use information from the
figure above to justify this figure, explaining how you arrive at your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

191
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 34 of 71
22. The mass of the beryllium nucleus, Be , is 7.01473 u. What is the binding energy per nucleon
of this nucleus?

Use the following data:

mass of proton = 1.00728 u

mass of neutron = 1.00867 u
1u = 931.3 MeV

A 1.6 MeV nucleon−1

B 5.4 MeV nucleon−1

C 9.4 MeV nucleon−1

D 12.5 MeV nucleon−1

(Total 1 mark)

The fusion of two deuterium nuclei produces a nuclide of helium plus a neutron and liberates
23. 3.27 MeV of energy. How does the mass of the two deuterium nuclei compare with the combined
mass of the helium nucleus and neutron?

A It is 5.8 × 10−30 kg greater before fusion.

B It is 5.8 × 10−30 kg greater after fusion.

C It is 5.8 × 10−36 kg greater before fusion.

D It is 5.8 × 10−36 kg greater after fusion.

(Total 1 mark)

192
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 35 of 71
The high energy electron diffraction apparatus represented in Figure 1 can be used to determine
24. nuclear radii. The intensity of the electron beam received by the detector is measured at various
diffraction angles, θ.

Figure 1

(a) Sketch on the axes below a graph of the results expected from such an electron diffraction
experiment.

(2)

193
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 36 of 71
(b) (i) Use the data in the table to plot a straight line graph that confirms the relationship

radius of nucleon
element nucleus, number; A
R 10–15m

lead 6.66 208

tin 5.49 120

iron 4.35 56

silicon 3.43 28

carbon 2.66 12

(ii) Estimate the value of r0 from the graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

The mass of the nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor decreases at a rate of 1.2 × 10−5 kg per hour.
25.
Assuming 100% efficiency in the reactor what is the power output of the reactor?

A 100 MW

B 150 MW

C 200 MW

D 300 MW
(Total 1 mark)

194
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 37 of 71
Why is a moderator required in a thermal nuclear reactor?
26.
A to prevent overheating of the nuclear core

B to absorb surplus uranium nuclei

C to shield the surroundings from gamma radiation

D to reduce the kinetic energy of fission neutrons

(Total 1 mark)

27. The sodium isotope Na is a radioactive isotope that can be produced by bombarding the
aluminium isotope Al with neutrons. Which line, A to D, in the table correctly represents the
production of Na from the aluminium isotope Al and its subsequent decay?

production decay

(Total 1 mark)

You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication provided in your answers to
28. part (a)

(a) In the context of an atomic nucleus,

(i) state what is meant by binding energy, and explain how it arises,

______________________________________________________________

195
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 38 of 71
(ii) state what is meant by mass difference,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) state the relationship between binding energy and mass difference.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Calculate the average binding energy per nucleon, in MeV nucleon–1, of the zinc nucleus

mass of atom = 63.92915 u

mass of proton = 1.00728 u

mass of neutron = 1.00867 u

mass of electron = 0.00055 u

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

196
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 39 of 71
(c) Why would you expect the zinc nucleus to be very stable?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

29. What is the binding energy of the nucleus U?

Use the following data:

mass of a proton =1.00728 u

mass of a neutron = 1.00867 u

mass of a U nucleus = 238.05076 u

1u = 931.3 MeV

A 1685 MeV

B 1732 MeV

C 1755 MeV

D 1802 MeV
(Total 1 mark)

A thermal nuclear reactor is shut down by inserting the control rods fully into the core. Which line,
30. A to D, shows correctly the effect of this action on the fission neutrons in the reactor?

number of fission average kinetic energy

neutrons of fission neutrons

A reduced reduced
B reduced unchanged
C unchanged reduced
D unchanged unchanged

(Total 1 mark)

197
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 40 of 71
31. In a thermal reactor, induced fission is caused by the nucleus capturing a neutron,
undergoing fission and producing more neutrons. Which one of the following statements is true?

A To sustain the reaction a large number of neutrons is required per fission.

B The purpose of the moderator is to absorb all the heat produced.

C The neutrons required for induced fission of should be slow neutrons.

D The purpose of the control rods is to slow down neutrons to thermal speeds.
(Total 1 mark)

Artificial radioactive nuclides are manufactured by placing naturally-occurring nuclides in a

32. nuclear reactor. They are made radioactive in the reactor as a consequence of bombardment by

A α particles.

B β particles.

C protons.

D neutrons.
(Total 1 mark)

The nuclear fuel, which provides the power output in a nuclear reactor, decreases in mass at a
33.
rate of 6.0 × 10−6 kg per hour. What is the maximum possible power output of the reactor?

A 42 kW

B 75 MW

C 150 MW

D 300 MW
(Total 1 mark)

(a) In the reactor at a nuclear power station, uranium nuclei undergo induced fission with
34. thermal neutrons. Explain what is meant by each of the terms in italics.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

198
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 41 of 71
(b) A typical fission reaction in the reactor is represented by

(i) Calculate N.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) How do the neutrons produced by this reaction differ from the initial neutron that goes
into the reaction?

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Calculate the energy released in MeV when one uranium nucleus undergoes fission
in this reaction. Use the following data.

mass of neutron = 1.00867 u

mass of 235U nucleus = 234.99333 u
mass of 92Kr nucleus = 91.90645 u
mass of 141Ba nucleus = 140.88354 u
1 u is equivalent to 931 MeV

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

35. What is the mass difference of the Li nucleus?

Use the following data:

mass of a proton = 1.00728 u
mass of a neutron = 1.00867 u
mass of Li nucleus = 7.01436 u

A 0.93912 u

B 0.04051 u

C 0.04077 u

D 0.04216 u
(Total 1 mark)

199
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 42 of 71
The moderator in a nuclear reactor is sometimes made of graphite. What is the purpose of the
36. graphite?

A to absorb all the heat produced

B to decrease the neutron speeds

C to absorb α and γ radiations

D to prevent the reactor from going critical

(Total 1 mark)

37.

(a) On the axes above, sketch a graph to show how the average binding energy per nucleon
depends on the nucleon number, A, for the naturally occurring nuclides. Show appropriate
values for A on the horizontal axis of the graph.
(3)

(b) (i) Briefly explain what is meant by nuclear fission and by nuclear fusion.

______________________________________________________________

200
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 43 of 71
(ii) Describe how the graph in part (a) indicates that large amounts of energy are
available from both the fission and the fusion processes.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

The moderator in a nuclear reactor is sometimes made of graphite. What is the purpose of the
38. graphite?

A to absorb all the heat produced

B to decrease the neutron speeds

C to absorb the α and γ radiations

D to prevent the reactor from going critical

(Total 1 mark)

39. (a) The unstable uranium nucleus is produced in a nuclear reactor.

(i) Complete the equation which shows the formation of .

(ii) can decay by nuclear fission in many different ways. Complete the equation
which shows one possible decay channel.

(2)

201
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 44 of 71
(b) Calculate the energy released, in MeV, in the fission reaction.

atomic mass of = 144.92694 u

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

The radius of a nucleus, R, is related to its nucleon number, A, by

40.

, where r0 is a constant.

The table lists values of nuclear radius for various isotopes.

Element R/10–15 m A

carbon 2.66 12

silicon 3.43 28

iron 4.35 56

tin 5.49 120

lead 6.66 208

(a) Use the data to plot a straight line graph and use it to estimate the value of r0.

___________________________________________________________________

202
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 45 of 71
(8)

(b) Assuming that the mass of a nucleon is 1.67 × 10–27 kg, calculate the approximate density
of nuclear matter, stating one assumption you have made.

203
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 46 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

204
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 47 of 71
Ch24_3 Nuclear physics

(a) Ancient rocks can be dated by measuring the proportion of trapped argon gas to the
1. radioactive isotope potassium-40. Potassium-40 produces argon as a result of electron
capture. The gas is trapped in the molten rock when the rock solidifies.

(i) Write down an equation to represent the process of electron capture by a potassium
nucleus.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The atomic masses of potassium-40 and argon-40 are 39.96401 u and 39.96238 u,
respectively. Calculate the energy released, in MeV, when the process given in part
(a)(i) occurs.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) An argon atom formed in this way subsequently releases an X-ray photon. Explain
how this occurs.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Potassium-40 also decays by beta emission to form calcium-40.

(i) Write down an equation to represent this beta decay.

______________________________________________________________

205
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 28
(ii) This process is eight times more probable than electron capture. A rock sample is
found to contain 1 atom of argon-40 for every 5 atoms of potassium-40. The half-life
of potassium-40 is 1250 million years. Calculate the age of this rock.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) Nuclear fission can occur when a neutron is absorbed by a nucleus of uranium-235. An
2. incomplete equation for a typical fission reaction is given below.

(i) State the nuclear composition of X.

proton number __________________________________________________

neutron number _________________________________________________

(ii) Name the element of which X is an isotope.

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) In a small nuclear power plant one fifth of the fission energy is converted into a useful
output power of 10 MW. If the average energy released per fission is 3.2 × 10–11 J,
calculate the number of uranium-235 nuclei which will undergo fission per day.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

206
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 28
A space probe contains a small fission reactor, fuelled by plutonium, which is designed to
3. produce an average of 300 W of useful power for 100 years. If the overall efficiency of the reactor
is 10%, calculate the minimum mass of plutonium required.

energy released by the fission of one nucleus of = 3.2 × 10–11J

the Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 7 marks)

(a) (i) Complete the equation below which represents the induced fission of a nucleus of
4.
uranium .

207
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 28
(ii) The graph shows the binding energy per nucleon plotted against nucleon number A.

Mark on the graph the position of each of the three nuclei in the equation.

(iii) Hence determine the energy released in the fission process represented by the
equation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) (i) Use your answer to part (a)(iii) to estimate the energy released when 1.0 kg of
uranium, containing 3% by mass of , undergoes fission.

208
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 28
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Oil releases approximately 50 MJ of heat per kg when it is burned in air. State and
explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using nuclear fuel to produce
electricity.

advantage _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

disadvantage ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

5. Natural uranium consists of 99.3% and 0.7% In many nuclear reactors, the fuel
consists of enriched uranium enclosed in sealed metal containers.

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by enriched uranium.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Why is enriched uranium rather than natural uranium used in many nuclear reactors?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

209
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 28
(b) (i) By considering the neutrons involved in the fission process, explain how the rate of
production of heat in a nuclear reactor is controlled.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why all the fuel in a nuclear reactor is not placed in a single fuel rod.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

210
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 28
(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term binding energy for a nucleus.
6.
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Sketch on the axes a graph of the average binding energy per nucleon against
nucleon number A, giving approximate values of the scale on each axis.

(5)

(b) Use your graph to explain why energy is released when a neutron collides with a
nucleus causing fission.
(2)

(c) Neutrons are released when nuclear fission occurs in . Some of these neutrons induce
further fission, others are absorbed without further fission and others escape from the
surface of the material. The average number of neutrons released per fission is 2.5, of
which at least one must produce further fission if a chain reaction is to be sustained.

Explain how a chain reaction can occur only if the piece of uranium has a certain minimum
mass (the critical mass).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

211
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 28
(a) (i) Sketch a graph to show how the neutron number, N, varies with the proton number,
7.
Z, for naturally occurring stable nuclei over the range Z = 0 to Z = 90. Show values of
N and Z on the axes of your graph and draw the N = Z line.

(ii) On your graph mark points, one for each, to indicate the position of an unstable
nuclide which would be likely to be

an α emitter, labelling it A,

a β– emitter, labelling it B.
(5)

(b) State the changes in N and Z which are produced in the emission of

(i) an α particle,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) a β– particle.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

212
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 28
(c) The results of electron scattering experiments using different target elements show that

where A is the nucleon number and r0 is a constant.

Use this equation to show that the density of a nucleus is independent of its mass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

8. Americium-241 ( Am) is a common laboratory source of alpha radiation. It decays

spontaneously to neptunium (Np) with a decay constant of 4.8 × 10–11 s–1.

A school laboratory source has an activity due to the presence of americium of 3.7 × 104 Bq
when purchased.

Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1

one year = 3.2 × 107 s

(a) (i) Calculate the half-life, in years, of americium-241.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the number of radioactive americium atoms in the laboratory source when it
was purchased.

(2)

213
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 28
(iii) Calculate the activity of the americium in the laboratory source 50 years after being
purchased.

(3)

(iv) Suggest why the actual activity of the sources is likely to be greater than your answer
to part (iii).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

214
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 28
(b) (i) Use the following data to deduce the energy released in the decay of one
americium-241 nucleus.

mass of americium-241 nucleus = 4.00171 × 10–25 kg

mass of an alpha particle = 0.06644 × 10–25 kg
mass of neptunium nucleus = 3.93517 × 10–25 kg
speed of electromagnetic radiation = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
in free space

(3)

215
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 28
(ii) Explain what is meant by decays spontaneously and how consideration of the
masses of particles involved in a proposed decay helps in deciding whether the
decay is possible.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Potassium-42 decays with a half-life of 12 hours. When potassium-42 decays it emits β– particles
9.
and gamma rays. One freshly prepared source has an activity of 3.0 × 107 Bq.

(a) To determine the dose received by a scientist working with the source the number of
gamma ray photons incident on each cm2 of the body has to be known.

One in every five of the decaying nuclei produces a gamma ray photon. A scientist is
initially working 1.50 m from the fresh source with no shielding. Show that at this time
approximately 21 gamma ray photons per second are incident on each cm2 of the
scientist's body.

(2)

216
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 28
(b) The scientist returns 6 hours later and works at the same distance from the source.

(i) Calculate the new number of gamma ray photons incident per second on each cm2 of
the scientist's body.

(3)

(ii) At what distance from the source could the scientist now work and receive the original
dose of 21 photons per second per cm2?

(2)

(c) Explain why it is not necessary to consider the beta particle emission when determining the
dose of radiation the scientist receives.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

217
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 28
Nuclear binding energy is
10.
the energy required to overcome the electrostatic force between the protons in the
A
nucleus

B energy equivalent of the mass of the protons in the nucleus

C the energy equivalent of the mass of all the nucleons in the nucleus

the energy equivalent of the difference between the total mass of the individual
D
nucleons and their mass when they are contained in the nucleus

(Total 1 mark)

(a) Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission to thorium-234. The table shows the masses in
11.
atomic mass units, u, of the nuclei of uranium-238 ( ), thorium-234, and an alpha
particle (helium-4).

Element Nuclear mass/u

Uranium-238 238.0002

Thorium-234 233.9941

Helium-4, alpha particle 4.0015

1 atomic mass unit, u = 1.7 × 10–27 kg

speed of electromagnetic radiation, c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
the Planck constant, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s

(i) How many neutrons are there in a uranium-238 nucleus?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) How many protons are there in a nucleus of thorium?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Determine the mass change in kg when a nucleus of uranium-238 decays by alpha
emission to thorium-234.

(2)

218
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 28
(ii) Determine the increase in kinetic energy of the system when a uranium-238 nucleus
decays by alpha emission to thorium-234.

(2)

(c) Wave particle duality suggests that a moving alpha particle (mass 6.8 × 10–27 kg) has a
wavelength associated with it. One alpha particle has an energy of 7.0 × 10–13 J.

Calculate:

(i) the momentum of the alpha particle;

(2)

(ii) the wavelength associated with the alpha particle.

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

12. A small portion of the hydrogen in air is the isotope tritium . This is continually being formed in
the upper atmosphere by cosmic radiation so that the tritium content of air is constant. Tritium is
a beta emitter with a half-life of 12.3 years.

(a) (i) Write down the symbols for the two isotopes of hydrogen, the atoms of which have
lower masses than those of tritium.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

219
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 28
(ii) Write down the nuclear equation that represents the decay of tritium using the symbol
X for the daughter nucleus.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Calculate the decay constant for tritium in year–1.

(1)

(b) When wine is sealed in a bottle no new tritium forms and the activity of the tritium content
of the wine gradually decreases with time. At one time the activity of the tritium in an old
bottle of wine is found to be 12% of that in a new bottle. Calculate the approximate age of
the old wine.

(3)

(c)
mass of a tritium nucleus = 3.016050 u
mass of a proton = 1.007277 u
mass of a neutron = 1.008665 u
atomic mass unit, u = 1.660566 × 10–27 kg
speed of electromagnetic radiation in free space = 3.0 × 108 m s–1

Calculate:

(i) the mass change, in kg, when a tritium nucleus is formed from its component parts,

(2)

220
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 28
(ii) the binding energy, in J, of a tritium nucleus.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

13. Deuterium ( ) and tritium ( ) nuclei will fuse together, as illustrated in the equation below.

(a) State the nucleon number and the proton number for the product of the reaction which has
been written as X in the equation.

nucleon number ____________________

proton number ____________________

(2)

(b) The masses of the particles involved in the reaction are:

mass of = 3.34250 × 10–27 kg

mass of = 5.00573 × 10–27 kg

mass of = 6.62609 × 10–27 kg

mass of neutron = 1.67438 × 10–27 kg

(i) Explain why energy is released during this reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

221
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 28
(ii) Calculate the amount of energy released when a deuterium nucleus fuses with a
tritium nucleus.

The speed of electromagnetic radiation, c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

222
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 28
Ch25_1 Angular mechanics

The figure below shows the equipment a student uses to find the moment of inertia of a disc. The
1. student wraps a string of negligible mass several times around the disc. The student attaches a
mass hanger to the free end of the string. The hanger is released from rest and falls. The disc
rotates with a constant angular acceleration.

(a) The disc makes exactly three rotations in a time of 2.2 s.

Show that the angular acceleration α of the disc is approximately 8 rad s−2.

(3)

223
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 68
The tension in the string exerts a torque on the disc.
The hanger has a mass m. It falls with a linear acceleration A.

(b) Show that, in the absence of frictional forces,

torque on the disc = m(g – A)r

where r is the radius of the disc.

(2)

(c) The linear acceleration A is related to the angular acceleration α by

A=αr

Determine, using the experimental data, the moment of inertia of the disc.

r = 2.0 cm

m = 0.10 kg

moment of inertia = ______________________________ kg m2

(3)

224
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 68
(d) In practice, frictional forces act on the disc as it rotates.

These frictional forces affect the accuracy of the experimental value for the moment of
inertia of the disc.

Discuss why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

225
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 68
A disc rotates at a constant angular speed of 8.0 rad s−1 for a time of 4.0 s.
2.
After the 4.0 s, a torque is applied to the disc. The disc has a constant angular acceleration of
−4.0 rad s−2.

Which graph shows the variation of angular displacement θ with time?

226
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 68
A

(Total 1 mark)

A wheel completes 4.5 revolutions as its angular speed changes from 3.6 rad s−1 to 8.2 rad s−1.
3.
The angular acceleration is constant.

What is the angular acceleration of the wheel?

A 0.081 rad s−2

B 0.96 rad s−2

C 1.9 rad s−2

D 6.0 rad s−2

(Total 1 mark)

A flywheel with moment of inertia I rotates at an initial angular speed ω.

4.
A constant torque T on the flywheel increases the angular speed to 2ω in a time t.
The angular displacement of the flywheel increases by θ.

What is the work done on the flywheel?

C ωTt

(Total 1 mark)

227
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 68
The figure below shows the apparatus used to investigate the motion of a small solid sphere.
5.
The sphere, of mass m, is released from rest. It rolls, without slipping, down an inclined track
through a vertical distance h.

As the sphere leaves the track it has a linear velocity v and an angular speed ω.

The sphere then falls freely. It hits the floor a horizontal distance d from the end of the track.

(a) The principle of conservation of energy suggests that

The moment of inertia of the sphere where r is the radius of the sphere.

Show that

(2)

228
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 68
(b) A student suggests that d is directly proportional to h.

Describe an experiment, using the apparatus in the figure in part (a), to test this
suggestion.

Your answer should include details of:

• any other apparatus required

• the measurements required
• the procedure needed to find accurate values for d
• the analysis of the data.

You may add to the figure to support your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

229
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 68
Figure 1 shows a drone that has four motor-propeller units. Each propeller P, Q, R and S is
6. driven by its own motor.
The drone has a mass of 1.6 kg.

Figure 1

Initially, the drone hovers in one place at a constant height and does not rotate about its vertical
axis.

(a) Explain why it is necessary to have two propellers rotating clockwise and two propellers
rotating anti-clockwise.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

230
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 68
Figure 2 shows the variation of thrust F with current I for one motor-propeller unit up to its
maximum current of 21 A.

Figure 2

Figure 3 shows how each motor is connected in parallel with a 12 V battery.

The current in each motor can be varied using a variable resistor.

Figure 3

231
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 68
(b) Show that F is approximately 4 N when the drone is hovering.

(1)

(c) Determine the total power delivered by the battery when the drone is hovering.
Assume that the internal resistance of the battery is negligible.

total power = ____________________________ W

(3)

(d) Explain how Figure 2 shows that the internal resistance of the battery must be small.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

232
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 68
(e) The drone operator now makes the drone climb through a height change of 200 m.

Calculate, using data from Figure 2, the minimum time required for this height change.

minimum time = ____________________________ s

(4)

233
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 68
(f) The operator makes the drone hover at its new height.
Figure 4 shows the variation of F with the rotational speed of one propeller.

Figure 4

Calculate, in rad s−1, the angular speed of a propeller when the drone is hovering.

angular speed of propeller = ____________________________ rad s−1

(2)

234
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 68
(g) The drone operator wants to rotate the drone about its vertical axis. To do this, the angular
speeds of propellers P and R are decreased by 100 rad s−1 and the angular speeds of
propellers Q and S are increased by 100 rad s−1.

Calculate the angular speed gained by the drone.

moment of inertia of the drone = 0.021 kg m2

moment of inertia of a propeller = 4.8 × 10-5 kg m2

angular speed = ____________________________ rad s−1

(2)

(h) On another occasion, when the drone is hovering, the drone operator angles one motor-
propeller unit to the left as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

Discuss how the change in angle of the motor-propeller unit will affect the motion of the
drone.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 18 marks)

235
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 68
In athletics, a hammer is a steel ball on a light chain. The athlete spins about a vertical axis
7. through his body with increasing angular speed before releasing the hammer.

The diagram shows the athlete at the instant the hammer is released.

(a) The athlete starts from rest and exerts a constant torque of 55 N m for 7.1 s before
releasing the hammer.

The average combined moment of inertia of the athlete and hammer is 37 kg m2.

Show that the athlete’s angular speed about the vertical axis at the instant of
release is approximately 11 rad s−1.

(3)

236
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 68
(b) Calculate the angular momentum of the athlete and hammer at the instant of release.

State an appropriate unit for your answer.

angular momentum = ____________________

unit = ____________________
(2)

(c) From the instant the hammer is released, the athlete no longer exerts any torque.
Assume that there is no other external torque.

State and explain what happens to the angular speed of the athlete at the instant the
hammer is released.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

237
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 68
A disc rotates at a constant speed with no external torque acting.
8. A mass falls onto the rotating disc and sticks to it.

What is conserved when the mass falls onto the disc?

A rotational kinetic energy

B angular momentum

C both rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum

D neither rotational kinetic energy nor angular momentum

(Total 1 mark)

238
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 68
This question relates to the racing car shown in the diagram.
9.
The front wheels each have a radius of r and a mass of m.
The rear wheels each have a radius of 2r and a mass of 8m.
The wheels have similar mass distributions.

When the car is moving without the wheels slipping, the angular velocity of the front wheels is ω.

What is the angular velocity of the rear wheels?

C 2ω

D 4ω

(Total 1 mark)

239
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 68
This question relates to the racing car shown in the diagram.
10.
The front wheels each have a radius of r and a mass of m.
The rear wheels each have a radius of 2r and a mass of 8m.
The wheels have similar mass distributions.

The moment of inertia of a front wheel is I.

What is the moment of inertia of a rear wheel?

A 4I

B 16I

C 32I

D 64I

(Total 1 mark)

240
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 68
An automatic belay system (ABS) is a device used in climbing. The ABS makes sure that a
11. climber is lowered safely to the ground if he falls.
Figure 1 shows a climber attached to an ABS during his climb.

Figure 1

241
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 68
Figure 2 shows one type of ABS. The climbing rope is attached to the climber and to the axle of
the ABS. As the climber moves upwards, the rope wraps around the axle.
The thickness of the rope is negligible compared with the diameter of the axle.

Figure 2

If the climber falls, the rope turns the axle and friction pads clockwise and the friction pads move
outwards until they rub on the fixed drum.
The friction between the pads and the fixed drum slows the climber’s descent.

(a) The ABS has an axle of diameter 8.9 cm.

The climber falls and the ABS lets him descend at a constant speed of 2.9 m s–1.

Show that the axle rotates at an angular speed of approximately 65 rad s–1.

(2)

242
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 68
(b) Figure 3 shows the friction pads rubbing on the fixed drum as the climber descends at a
constant speed.

Figure 3

C is the normal contact force between the friction pad and the fixed drum.
W is the weight of the friction pad.
C and W are shown on Figure 3.

Draw two more arrows on the friction pad in Figure 3 to indicate the other two forces
acting on the pad.
Label the forces.
(2)

243
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 21 of 68
(c) When the axle is rotating at 65 rad s–1 the extension in the springs is 8.0 mm. The normal
contact force exerted by the drum on each friction pad is 360 N.

Each friction pad has a mass of 0.75 kg. The centre of mass of each friction pad is 12 cm
from the centre of the axle when the friction pad is rubbing on the fixed drum.

By considering the centripetal force on a friction pad, calculate the spring constant of the
spring.

spring constant = ____________________ N m–1

(4)

244
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 22 of 68
(d) The frictional forces between the friction pads and the fixed drum let the climber descend at
a slow constant speed.

The average frictional force on each pad is 140 N. The internal radius of the fixed drum is
13 cm.

The diameter of the axle is 8.9 cm.

The weight of the rope is negligible.

Calculate the tension in the rope attached to the climber.

tension = ____________________ N
(2)

(e) State the magnitude of the weight of the climber and explain your answer.

weight = ____________________ N

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

245
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 23 of 68
(f) Figure 4 shows a magnetic type of ABS.

Figure 4

In a magnetic ABS the axle is attached to a copper disc positioned between two strong
magnets. When the climber falls, the axle makes the disc spin, leading to eddy currents in
the disc.

Explain how the eddy currents are formed and how this process lets the climber descend at
a slow constant speed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

246
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 24 of 68
(g) A second climber of mass 65 kg descends from rest through a distance of 8.0 m and is
travelling at 2.5 m s–1 at the end of the descent.
The copper disc has a mass of 0.62 kg and a specific heat capacity of 385 J kg–1 K–1.
The rotational kinetic energy of the copper disc is negligible.

Calculate the maximum possible increase in temperature of the copper disc due to the
energy lost by the climber during his descent.

increase in temperature = ____________________ K

(5)
(Total 20 marks)

247
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 25 of 68
The diagram shows a playground roundabout that is being turned by a child pushing at 90° to
12. one of the bars.

The moment of inertia of the roundabout about its axle is 320 kg m2.

There is a constant frictional torque of 45 N m acting on the roundabout when it is turning.

248
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 26 of 68
(a) The child pushes with a horizontal force F of constant magnitude at a distance of 1.6 m
from the centre of the axle. The roundabout accelerates from rest to an angular velocity of
2.9 rad s–1 in 11 s.

Calculate F.

F = ____________________ N
(4)

(b) The child stops pushing and steps onto the roundabout platform at a point 1.3 m from the
centre of the axle.
The mass of the child is 35 kg.

Show that the combined moment of inertia of the child and roundabout about the centre of
the axle is approximately 380 kg m2.

(1)

(c) Show that the angular velocity of the roundabout changes from 2.9 rad s–1 to approximately
2.4 rad s–1 when the child steps onto the roundabout platform.

(2)

249
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 27 of 68
(d) The angular velocity of 2.4 rad s–1 decreases because of the constant frictional torque.
The child remains on the roundabout until the angular velocity has decreased to
0.5 rad s–1.

Calculate the number of rotations of the roundabout as it slows.

number of rotations = ____________________

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Spheres P and Q of equal mass each rotate around an axis through their centres.
13.
The moment of inertia of a sphere rotating about an axis through its centre is where m is

the mass of the sphere and r is the radius of the sphere.

Q has twice the radius of P.

Q has twice the angular velocity of P.
P has rotational kinetic energy E.

What is the rotational kinetic energy of Q?

B E

C 4E

D 16E

(Total 1 mark)

250
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 28 of 68
A flywheel is a rotating disc used to store rotational kinetic energy.
14. The diagram shows the cross-sections of four solid uniform flywheels. Each flywheel has the
same mass. The diagrams are all drawn to the same scale.

Which flywheel has the smallest moment of inertia about the axis shown?

(Total 1 mark)

The table shows the masses of three planets and the radii of their orbits around the Sun.
15.
Planet Mass / × 1024 kg Orbital radius / × 1012 m

Saturn 568 1.4

Uranus 87 2.9

Neptune 102 4.5

Which shows the planets arranged in order of decreasing moment of inertia around the Sun?

A Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

B Saturn, Neptune, Uranus

C Neptune, Saturn, Uranus

D Neptune, Uranus, Saturn

(Total 1 mark)

251
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 29 of 68
A turntable is rotating freely around the axis shown. A mass m is then placed onto the turntable
16. and rotates with it.

Which row identifies whether or not rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum are
conserved when m is placed onto the turntable?

Rotational kinetic energy Angular momentum

A Not conserved Conserved

B Not conserved Not conserved

C Conserved Conserved

D Conserved Not conserved

(Total 1 mark)

252
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 30 of 68
The diagram shows a tidal turbine generator (TTG). The TTG operates in a similar way to a wind
17. turbine generator (WTG). A fluid moves over the turbine blades, making them rotate. The turbine
extracts some of the kinetic energy from the fluid.

The table shows data for a TTG and a WTG.

TTG WTG

Fluid seawater air

Density of fluid, ρ / kg m–3 1030 1.23

Blade length, r / m 8 50

Mean speed of fluid, v / m s–1 3.8 8.5

Mean number of hours per day of

20 18
operation

253
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 31 of 68
(a) The power P available to a TTG or WTG from the moving fluid is given by:

In practice, no more than can be extracted from the fluid by a turbine.

Explain why not all of the kinetic energy of a moving fluid can be extracted by a turbine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Compare the total energy that can be extracted from the moving fluid in one day by the
TTG and the WTG.

Use data from the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

254
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 32 of 68
(c) Tides happen because of the gravitational effect of the Moon.
The radius R of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth is 3.85 × 10 8 m.
High tides in the Earth’s oceans exert a force on the Moon that causes R to increase by 3.8
cm in one year.

Show that the work needed to increase R by 3.8 cm is approximately 8 × 1018 J.

For this calculation, assume that there is no change in the Moon’s kinetic energy.

mass of the Moon = 7.35 × 1022 kg

(3)

(d) Explain the effect of an increase in R on the orbital period of the Moon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) The overall effect of increasing R is to increase the Moon’s angular momentum.

Explain how this will affect the length of an Earth day.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

255
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 33 of 68
The diagram shows a solid sphere of uniform density with a radius R of 0.14 m. The sphere is at
18.
the top of a ramp inclined at 30° to the horizontal. The sphere, initially at rest, is released and
rolls down the ramp without slipping. The frictional torque produces an angular acceleration on
the sphere of 25 rad s–2

The mass M of the sphere is 1.8 kg.

The moment of inertia of a solid sphere is

(a) Calculate the frictional force F.

frictional force = ____________________ N

(3)

(b) Calculate the angular speed of the sphere 1.5 s after its release.

angular speed = ____________________ rad s–1

(1)

256
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 34 of 68
(d) Calculate the reduction in gravitational potential energy of the sphere during the first 1.5 s.

reduction in gravitational potential energy = ____________________ J

(2)

(e) Calculate the increase in the rotational kinetic energy of the sphere during the first 1.5 s.

increase in rotational kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(2)

(f) The sphere is now placed on a similar frictionless ramp.

State and explain how the lack of friction will affect the change in rotational kinetic energy.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

What are the fundamental units of U-value?

19.
A kg m s–2 K–1

B kg m s–3 K–1

C kg s–2 K–1

D kg s–3 K–1

(Total 1 mark)

257
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 35 of 68
The diagrams show an ice skater spinning freely about a fixed vertical axis.
20.

The skater brings his arms in towards his chest.

What happens to his angular velocity and angular momentum?

Angular velocity Angular momentum

A Decreases Decreases

B Increases Decreases

C Decreases Unchanged

D Increases Unchanged

(Total 1 mark)

258
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 36 of 68
The diagram shows a light disc with four point masses attached. The disc rotates about a vertical
21. axis.

The masses of P, Q, R and S are m, 3m, m and respectively.

What is the moment of inertia of the system about the axis shown?

B 4mx2

D 12mx2

(Total 1 mark)

259
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 37 of 68
The diagram shows a light disc with four point masses attached. The disc rotates about a vertical
22. axis.

The masses of P, Q, R and S are m, 3m, m and respectively.

Which two masses have the same angular momentum about the axis?

A P and Q

B P and R

C Q and S

D R and S

(Total 1 mark)

The Moon orbits the Earth with a period of 27 days.

23.
What is the average angular velocity of the Moon about the Earth?

A 4.3 × 10–7 rad s–1

B 2.7 × 10–6 rad s–1

C 6.5 × 10–5 rad s–1

D 2.3 × 10–1 rad s–1

(Total 1 mark)

260
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 38 of 68
A point mass of moment of inertia 8.64 × 10–3 kg m2 rotates about a fixed axis. The initial angular
24.
velocity is 2.51 rad s–1 and the constant angular acceleration is 0.10 rad s–2
The mass makes 2 complete rotations about the axis.

What is the change in angular momentum of the mass?

A 0

B 4.0 × 10–3 kg m2 s–1

C 2.2 × 10–2 kg m2 s–1

D 2.6 × 10–2 kg m2 s–1

(Total 1 mark)

The diagram shows a steam turbine being used to drive a generator. Steam at high temperature
25. and pressure enters the turbine causing fan blades to rotate. The steam expands and cools in
the turbine so that 90% of it condenses. The remaining steam is at a lower temperature and
pressure.

The data for the turbine and generator are:

steam inlet temperature = 500 °C

steam inlet pressure = 100 MPa
rate of supply of steam = 16 kg s–1
output power of the turbine = 16 MW
frequency of rotation of generator = 3000 revolutions per minute

261
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 39 of 68
(a) Calculate the mean molecular kinetic energy of the steam as it enters the turbine.
Assume that the steam behaves as an ideal gas.

mean molecular kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(3)

(b) The mass of one mole of steam is 18 g.

Calculate the total molecular kinetic energy of the steam entering the turbine in one
second.

total molecular kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The work output of the turbine in one second is significantly greater than the total molecular
kinetic energy of the steam entering the turbine in one second.

Explain where the additional energy comes from.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

262
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 40 of 68
(e) Calculate the torque exerted by the turbine on the generator.

torque = ____________________ N m
(3)

(f) The input power to the generator is 16 MW and the generator is 90% efficient.
The generator has three coils, each producing an equal power output.
The rms voltage across each coil is 8500 V.

Calculate the rms current in one of the coils.

rms current = ____________________ A

(3)

263
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 41 of 68
(g) Explain, in terms of electromagnetic induction, why a torque is required to turn the
generator at a constant angular velocity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

264
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 42 of 68
Figure 1 shows a satellite with three solar panels folded in close to the satellite’s axis for the
26. journey into space in the hold of a cargo space craft.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Just before it is released into space, the satellite is spun to rotate at 5.2 rad s–1. Once released,
the solar panels are extended as shown in Figure 2.

moment of inertia of the satellite about its axis with panels folded = 110 kg m2

moment of inertia of the satellite about its axis with panels extended = 230 kg m2

(a) State the law of conservation of angular momentum.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The total mass of the satellite is 390 kg and the solar panels each have a mass of 16 kg.

State what is meant by moment of inertia and explain why extending the solar panels
changes the moment of inertia of the satellite by a large factor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

265
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 43 of 68
(c) Calculate the angular momentum of the satellite when it is rotating at 5.2 rad s–1 with the
solar panels folded. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

angular momentum = __________ unit

(2)

(d) Calculate the angular speed of the satellite after the solar panels have been fully extended.

angular speed = ____________________rad s–1

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

266
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 44 of 68
The figure below shows an experiment to determine the moment of inertia of a bicycle wheel.
27. One end of a length of strong thread is attached to the tyre. The thread is wrapped around the
wheel and a 0.200 kg mass is attached to the free end. The wheel is held so that the mass is at a
height of 1.50 m above the floor. The wheel is released and the time taken for the mass to reach
the floor is measured.

(a) State the energy transfers that take place from the moment the wheel is released until the
mass hits the floor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

267
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 45 of 68
(b) Calculations based on the measurements made show that at the instant the mass hits the
floor:

• the speed of the mass is 2.22 m s –1

• the wheel is rotating at 6.73 rad s –1
• the wheel has turned through an angle of 4.55 rad from the point of release.

A separate experiment shows that a constant frictional torque of 7.50 × 10–3 N m acts on
the wheel when it is rotating.

By considering the energy changes in the system, show that the moment of inertia of the
wheel about its axis is approximately 0.1 kg m2.

(3)

Calculate the angle turned through by the wheel before it comes to rest after the thread is
released.

angle = ____________________ rad

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

268
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 46 of 68
The following figure shows a motor-driven winch for raising loads on a building site. As the motor
28. turns the cable is wound around the drum, raising the load.

The drum, axle and other rotating parts have a moment of inertia about the axis of rotation of
7.4 kg m2, and the mass of the load is 85 kg. The drum has a radius of 0.088 m.

The load is accelerated uniformly from rest to a speed of 2.2 m s–1. When it is accelerating it
rises through a height of 3.5 m. It then continues at the constant speed of 2.2 m s–1.

(a) Show that the drum turns through 40 rad as the load accelerates.

(1)

(b) Calculate the angular speed of the drum when the load is moving at 2.2 m s–1.

angular speed ____________________ rad s–1

(1)

269
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 47 of 68
(c) (i) Show that for the time that the load is accelerating the total increase in energy of the
load and the rotating parts is about 5400 J.

(3)

(ii) A constant frictional torque of 5.2 N m acts at the bearings of the winch.

Calculate the total work done by the motor to accelerate the load.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

total work done ____________________ J

(3)

(d) Calculate the maximum power developed by the motor.

maximum power ____________________ W

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

270
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 48 of 68
The turntable of a microwave oven has a moment of inertia of 8.2 × 10–3 kg m2 about its vertical
29.
axis of rotation.

(a) With the drive disconnected, the turntable is set spinning. Starting at an angular speed of
6.4 rad s–1 it makes 8.3 revolutions before coming to rest.

(i) Calculate the angular deceleration of the turntable, assuming that the deceleration is
uniform. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

angular deceleration __________ unit _

(4)

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the frictional torque acting at the turntable bearings.

torque ____________________ N m
(1)

(b) The turntable drive is reconnected. A circular pie is placed centrally on the turntable. The
power input to the microwave oven is 900 W, and to cook the pie the oven is switched on
for 270 seconds. The turntable reaches its operating speed of 0.78 rad s–1 almost
immediately, and the friction torque is the same as in part (a)(ii).

(i) Calculate the work done to keep the turntable rotating for 270 s at a constant angular
speed of 0.78 rad s–1 as the pie cooks.

work done ____________________ J

(2)

271
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 49 of 68
(ii) Show that the ratio

is of the order of 105.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

272
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 50 of 68
The graph below shows how the moment of inertia I of a diver performing a reverse dive varies
30. with time t from just after he has left the springboard until he enters the water.

The diver starts with his arms extended above his head (position 1), and then brings his legs
towards his chest as he rotates (position 2). After somersaulting in mid-air, he extends his arms
and legs before entering the water (position 3).

(a) Explain how moving the legs towards the chest causes the moment of inertia of the diver
about the axis of rotation to decrease.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

273
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 51 of 68
(b) (i) Explain in terms of angular momentum why the angular velocity of the diver varies
during the dive.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Describe how the angular velocity of the diver varies throughout the dive.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) At time t = 0 the angular velocity of the diver is 4.4 rad s–1 and his moment of inertia about
the axis of rotation is 10.9 kg m2.

With reference to the graph above calculate the maximum angular velocity of the diver
during the dive.

angular velocity ____________________ rad s–1

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

274
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 52 of 68
Ch25_2 Angular mechanics

The figure below shows a type of circular saw. The blade is driven by an electric motor and
1.
rotates at 2600 rev min–1 when cutting a piece of wood. A constant frictional torque of 1.2 Nm
acts at the bearings of the motor and axle.

A horizontal force of 32 N is needed to push a piece of wood into the saw. The force acts on the
blade at an effective radius of 0.15 m.

(a) (i) Calculate the torque on the saw blade resulting from the horizontal force on the
wood.

answer = ____________________ Nm
(1)

(ii) Calculate the output power of the motor when the saw is cutting the wood.

answer = ____________________ W
(3)

275
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 55
(b) Immediately after cutting the wood the motor is switched off. The time taken for the saw
blade to come to rest is 8.5 s. Calculate the moment of inertia of the rotating parts (i.e. the
motor rotor, axle and blade). State an appropriate unit.

answer = __________ unit =

(3)

(c) If the blade is accidentally touched when it is rotating, an electronic safety brake stops the
blade in 5.0 ms. This is fast enough to prevent serious injury. The safety brake works by
forcing a block of aluminium into the saw teeth.

Estimate the rate at which the rotational kinetic energy is dissipated as heat and in
deforming the aluminium when the brake operates.

answer = ____________________ W
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

What is the angular speed of a car wheel of diameter 0.400 m when the speed of the car is
2.
108 km h–1?

A 75 rad s–1

B 150 rad s–1

C 270 rad s–1

D 540 rad s–1

(Total 1 mark)

276
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 55
The diagram shows a disc of diameter 120 mm that can turn about an axis through its centre.
3.

The disc is turned through an angle of 30° in 20 ms. What is the average speed of a point on the
edge of the disc during this time?

A 0.5π m s–1

B π m s–1

C 1.5π m s–1

D 2π m s–1
(Total 1 mark)

The diagram shows two positions, X and Y, on the Earth’s surface.

Which line, A to D, in the table gives correct comparisons at X and Y for gravitational potential
and angular velocity?

gravitational potential at X angular velocity at X

compared with Y compared with Y

A greater greater

B greater same

C greater smaller

D same same

(Total 1 mark)

277
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 55
(a) A playground roundabout has a moment of inertia about its vertical axis of rotation of
5.
82 kg m2. Two children are standing on the roundabout which is rotating freely at
35 revolutions per minute. The children can be considered to be point masses of 39 kg and
28 kg and their distances from the centre are as shown in the figure below.

(i) Calculate the total moment of inertia of the roundabout and children about the axis of
rotation. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

answer = ______________________ kg m2
(3)

(ii) Calculate the total rotational kinetic energy of the roundabout and children.

answer = ______________________ J
(2)

278
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 55
(b) The children move closer to the centre of the roundabout so that they are both at a
distance of 0.36 m from the centre. This changes the total moment of inertia to 91 kg m2.

(i) Explain why the roundabout speeds up as the children move to the centre of the
roundabout.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Calculate the new angular speed of the roundabout. You may assume that the
frictional torque at the roundabout bearing is negligible.

answer = ______________________ rad s–1

(2)

(iii) Calculate the new rotational kinetic energy of the roundabout and children.

answer = ______________________ J
(1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

279
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 55
A grinding wheel is used to sharpen chisels in a school workshop. A chisel is forced against the
6. edge of the grinding wheel so that the tangential force on the wheel is a steady 7.0 N as the
wheel rotates at 120 rad s–1. The diameter of the grinding wheel is 0.15 m.

(a) (i) Calculate the torque on the grinding wheel, giving an appropriate unit.

answer = ______________________
(2)

(ii) Calculate the power required to keep the wheel rotating at 120 rad s–1.

answer = ______________________ W
(1)

(b) When the chisel is removed and the motor is switched off, it takes 6.2 s for the grinding
wheel to come to rest.

Calculate the number of rotations the grinding wheel makes in this time.

answer = ______________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

280
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 55
The figure below shows a remote-control camera used in space for inspecting space stations.
7. The camera can be moved into position and rotated by firing ‘thrusters’ which eject xenon gas at
high speed. The camera is spherical with a diameter of 0.34 m.

In use, the camera develops a spin about its axis of rotation. In order to bring it to rest, the
thrusters on opposite ends of a diameter are fired, as shown in the figure below.

(a) When fired, each thruster provides a constant force of 0.12 N.

(i) Calculate the torque on the camera provided by the thrusters.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The moment of inertia of the camera about its axis of rotation is 0.17 kg m2.
Show that the angular deceleration of the camera whilst the thrusters are firing is
0.24 rad s–2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The initial rotational speed of the camera is 0.92 rad s–1. Calculate

(i) the time for which the thrusters have to be fired to bring the camera to rest,

______________________________________________________________

281
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 55
(ii) the angle turned through by the camera whilst the thrusters are firing.
Express your answer in degrees.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Flywheels store energy very efficiently and are being considered as an alternative to
8. battery power.

(a) A flywheel for an energy storage system has a moment of inertia of 0.60 kg m2 and
a maximum safe angular speed of 22 000 rev min–1.

Show that the energy stored in the flywheel when rotating at its maximum safe speed
is 1.6 MJ.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In a test the flywheel was taken up to maximum safe speed and then allowed to run freely
until it came to rest. The average power dissipated in overcoming friction was 8.7 W.

Calculate

(i) the time taken for the flywheel to come to rest from its maximum speed,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the average frictional torque acting on the flywheel.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

282
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 55
(c) The energy storage capacity of the flywheel can be improved by adding solid discs to the
flywheel as shown in cross-section in A in the figure below, or by adding a hoop or tyre to
the rim of the flywheel as shown in B in the same diagram. The same mass of material is
added in each case. State, with reasons, which arrangement stores the more energy when
rotating at a given angular speed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

‘Low inertia’ motors are used in applications requiring rapid changes of speed and direction of
9. rotation. These motors are designed so that the rotor has a very low moment of inertia about its
axis of rotation.

(a) (i) Explain why a low moment of inertia is desirable when the speed and direction of
rotation must be changed quickly.

______________________________________________________________

283
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 55
(ii) State, giving a reason in each case, two features of rotor design which would lead to
a low moment of inertia about the axis of rotation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) In one application, a rotor of moment of inertia 4.4 × 10–5 kg m2 about its axis of rotation is
required to reverse direction from an angular speed of 120 rad s–1 to the same speed in the
opposite direction in a time of 50 ms. Assuming that the torque acting is constant
throughout the change, calculate

(i) the angular acceleration of the rotor,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the torque needed to achieve this acceleration,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the angular impulse given to the rotor during the time the torque is acting,

______________________________________________________________

(iv) the angle turned through by the rotor in coming to rest momentarily before reversing
direction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

284
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 55
An early form of four-stroke gas engine stores kinetic energy in a large flywheel driven by the
10. crankshaft. The engine is started from rest with its load disconnected and produces a torque
which accelerates the flywheel to its off-load running speed of 110 rev min–1.

(a) The flywheel has a moment of inertia of 150 kg m2 and takes 15 s to accelerate from rest to
an angular speed of 110 rev min–1.

(i) Show that the rotational kinetic energy stored in the flywheel at this speed is
approximately 10 kJ.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the average useful power output of the engine during the acceleration.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to calculate the average net torque acting on the flywheel
during the acceleration.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) When the engine is running at 110 rev min–1 off-load, the gas supply to the engine is
suddenly cut off and the flywheel continues to rotate for a further 35 complete turns before
coming to rest. Calculate the average retarding torque acting on the flywheel.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

285
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 55
Figure 1 shows a ‘firewheel’ used at a firework display. Thrust produced by the captive rockets
11. creates a torque which rotates the beam about a horizontal pivot at its centre. The shower of
brilliant sparks in the exhaust gases of the rapidly orbiting rockets creates the illusion of a solid
wheel.

Figure 1

(a) The rockets are fixed symmetrically about the pivot at distances of 0.50 m and 0.80 m
from the pivot. The initial mass of each rocket is 0.54 kg and the moment of inertia of the
beam about the pivot is 0.14 kg m2.

Show that the initial moment of inertia of the firewheel about the pivot is 1.10 kg m2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The rockets are ignited simultaneously and each produces a constant thrust of 3.5 N.
The frictional torque at the pivot is negligible. Calculate

(i) the total torque about the pivot when all the rockets are producing thrust,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the initial angular acceleration of the firewheel,

______________________________________________________________

286
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 55
(iii) the time taken for the firewheel to make its first complete turn, starting from rest.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) The total thrust exerted by the rockets remains constant as the firewheel accelerates.
Explain why, after a short time, the firewheel is rotating at a constant angular speed
which is maintained until the rocket fuel is exhausted.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

In electrical resistance welding, two steel components are pressed together and a pulse of
12. current passed through the junction between them. Local heating in the junction softens the
metal and the components fuse together. One heavy-duty welding rig uses a rotating flywheel
as the energy source for the welding operation. The flywheel drives a generator which sets up a
current in the junction until the flywheel comes to rest.

(a) The flywheel is driven from rest up to its working angular speed by a motor which
produces an output power of 15 kW for 3.0 minutes. The moment of inertia of the
flywheel is 9.5 kg m2.
Assuming that frictional losses are negligible, show that the working angular speed of
the flywheel is about 750 rad s–1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

287
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 55
(b) When the flywheel reaches an angular speed of 750 rad s–1, it is disconnected from
the motor and connected to the generator. The energy stored in the flywheel is
dissipated as heat in the junction between the steel components and the flywheel
comes to rest in 4.5 s. Assuming that friction can be neglected, calculate

(i) the angular impulse acting on the flywheel during the welding operation,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the average torque acting on the flywheel during the time it takes to come to rest.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The torque is not constant during the retardation but is a maximum just after the
current is established in the junction. The graph below shows the way that the torque
varies with time during any welding operation.

Explain how you could use the graph, if the axes were fully calibrated, to estimate the
average torque acting on the system during a welding operation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
288
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 55
The diagram shows an overhead view of the jib of a tower crane carrying its maximum permitted
13.
load of 9.4 × 104 kg at a distance of 100 m from the pivot of the jib.
The manufacturer states that, under these conditions, at least 2.5 minutes must be allowed
for one complete turn of the jib at constant speed.

(a) The moment of inertia of the unloaded jib about the pivot is 5.3 × 108 kg m2.

(i) Calculate the moment of inertia of the jib when carrying its maximum load, as shown
in the diagram.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the maximum permitted angular speed of the jib, in rad s–1.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Show that the rotational kinetic energy of the jib when rotating at this angular speed
is 1.3 × 106 J.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) When the jib is at maximum loading, the motor used to rotate it accelerates the jib from rest
to its maximum permitted angular speed in 25 s. Assuming that frictional forces can be
neglected, calculate the output power of the motor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

289
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 55
(c) When frictional forces in the bearing are taken into account and the jib is rotating at its
maximum permitted speed, the motor must produce an output power of 3.0 kW to do work
against the frictional torque. Calculate

(i) the frictional torque in the bearings,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the total work done against friction in making one turn.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

After replacing a tyre on a car wheel, the wheel must be ‘balanced’ before refitting on the car to
14. prevent excessive vibration. The wheel is balanced using a wheel-balancing machine which
measures the characteristics of the wheel as it rotates at steady speed. One such machine has a
cycle of operation in which the wheel is accelerated uniformly from rest to an angular speed of 35
rad s–1 during the first 1.7 s. It is kept at constant speed while measurements are made and
finally braked uniformly to rest in the last 3.0 s. The complete cycle takes 12 s.

(a) Calculate

(i) the angular acceleration of the wheel during the first part of the cycle,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the torque needed to produce this acceleration in a wheel which has a moment of
inertia of 0.85 kg m2,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the angular impulse applied to this wheel during the first part of the cycle.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

290
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 55
(b) Show that the wheel makes approximately 54 turns during one cycle of operation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

The diagram shows an overhead view of the load carrier of a spinning centrifuge, used to
15. separate solid particles from the liquid in which they are suspended.

(a) When the centrifuge is operated with empty tubes, it reaches its working angular speed of
1100 rad s–1 in a time of 4.2 s, starting from rest. The moment of inertia of this system is
7.6 × 10–4 kg m2. Calculate

(i) the angular acceleration of the system,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the torque required to produce this angular acceleration.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

291
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 55
(b) In normal operation, each of the eight tubes contains 3.0 × 10–3 kg of liquid, whose centre
of mass, when spinning, is 84 mm from the axis of rotation. The torque produced by the
motor is the same as when the tubes are empty.

Show that this system takes approximately 5 s to reach its working speed of 1100 rad s–1,
starting from rest.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) The normal operating cycle of the centrifuge takes a total time of 1 min. The centrifuge
accelerates uniformly during the first 5.0 s to a speed of 1100 rad s–1, after which the speed
remains constant until the final 6.0 s of the cycle, during which it is brought to rest
uniformly.
Calculate the angle turned by a tube during one complete operating cycle.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

An electric motor drives a machine which stamps out washers from a metal sheet. The motor is
16.
coupled to a flywheel of moment of inertia 38 kg m2, which is accelerated until it is rotating at
480 rev min–1. The motor drive to the flywheel is then disconnected and some of the kinetic
energy of the flywheel is used to do work in the stamping operation.

(a) (i) Calculate the angular speed of the flywheel, in rad s–1, when it is rotating at
480 rev min–1.

______________________________________________________________

292
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 55
(ii) Show that the rotational kinetic energy of the flywheel when it is rotating at this speed
is 48 kJ.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) During the stamping operation, the punch is in contact with the metal sheet for 150 ms. The
kinetic energy of the flywheel is reduced by 12 kJ during this time. Calculate

(i) the angular speed of the flywheel immediately after the stamping,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the angular impulse acting on the flywheel during the stamping,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the mean retarding torque acting on the flywheel during the stamping.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

293
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 55
The diagram below shows a series circuit containing resistors and silicon diodes.
17.

(a) Calculate

(i) the voltage between A and C,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the voltage between B and C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

294
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 55
(b) A student connects diode D2 the opposite way round to that shown in the diagram above.

State, giving reasons,

(i) the new voltage between A and C,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the new voltage between B and C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

The diagram below shows a method used in a steel mill to transport steel slabs during the
18. manufacture of steel beams. The slab rests on rollers of radius 0.20 m, each of which is driven by
its own electric motor. In one operation, a slab moving at 3.5 m s–1 along the rollers must be
brought to rest and its direction of motion reversed.

(a) Assuming that no sliding occurs between the surfaces of a loaded roller and the slab,
calculate the angular speed of the roller when the slab is moving at a steady speed of
3.5 m s–1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

295
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 21 of 55
(b) While the slab is moving at 3.5 m s–1, the motor driving each roller exerts a uniform torque
for 4.6 s on its roller such that the direction of motion of the slab is reversed. At the end of
this time, the slab is moving at 3.5 m s–1 in the opposite direction.

Calculate

(i) the angular acceleration of a roller during this reversal,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the uniform torque that its motor must exert to produce this angular acceleration in an
unloaded roller. The moment of inertia of each unloaded roller system is 40 kg m2,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the angular impulse imparted when this torque acts on the system for 4.6 s,

______________________________________________________________

(iv) the number of complete turns made by a loaded roller in bringing the slab
momentarily to rest from a speed of 3.5 m s–1 before reversing its direction of motion.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 7 marks)

296
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 22 of 55
A rotating flower bed forms a novelty feature in the annual display of a horticultural society. The
19. circular platform supporting the plants floats in a water tank and is caused to rotate by means of
four water jets directed at the rim of the platform.

Each of the four jets exerts a tangential force of 0.60 N on the platform at a distance of 1.8 m
from the axis of the rotation. The platform rotates at a steady angular speed, making one
complete revolution in 110 s.

(a) Calculate

(i) the total torque exerted on the platform by the four jets,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the power dissipated by the frictional couple acting on the rotating platform, showing
your reasoning.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

297
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 23 of 55
(b) When the water jets are switched off, all the kinetic energy of the loaded platform is
dissipated as heat by the frictional couple and the platform comes to rest from its normal
steady speed in 12 s.

(i) The kinetic energy of the loaded platform when rotating at its normal steady speed is
1.5 J.
Show that this value is consistent with your answer to part (a)(ii).

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the moment of inertia of the loaded platform.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

The diagram shows a street sign designed to rotate under windy conditions.
20.

(a) On a still day, a gust of wind from a passing vehicle imparts an angular impulse of
1.2 kg m2 rad s–1 to the sign, which accelerates from rest during a time of 2.8 s. The
moment of inertia of the sign about its axis of rotation is 4.8 × 10–2 kg m2. Assuming that
the frictional couple acting on the sign is negligible, calculate

298
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 24 of 55
(i) the angular momentum acquired by the sign as a result of the angular impulse,
showing your reasoning clearly,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the angular speed of the sign immediately after the impulse has been imparted,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the average torque acting on the sign during the time the impulse was imparted.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A second sign, of the same type and with the same moment of inertia, continues to rotate
for 14 s after an impulse has been imparted, before friction brings it to rest from an angular
speed of 30 rad s–1. Calculate the number of complete turns made by the sign during this
time.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

299
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 25 of 55
A spinning flywheel is used for short-term energy storage in a new model of a delivery van. When
21. the van makes one of its many stops, some of the kinetic energy of its forward motion is
transferred to the flywheel instead of being dissipated as heat in the brakes. The rotational
energy stored is recovered when the van re-starts.

(a) When the loaded van comes to rest from a speed of 60 km h–1, 75% of its translational
kinetic energy is transferred to the flywheel. The mass of the loaded van is 1800 kg. The
flywheel is spinning at its maximum safe angular speed of 360 rad s–1.

Calculate

(i) the translational kinetic energy of the van when travelling at 60 km h–1,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the moment of inertia of the flywheel needed to store 75% of this energy.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The diagram shows the cross-section of two flywheels. They have the same moment of
inertia, are made of the same material and are designed to spin at the same maximum
speed.

State one advantage which flywheel B has over flywheel A when used in the delivery van.
Explain the reason for this advantage.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

300
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 26 of 55
Figure 1 shows the speed regulator fly of a clockwork musical box movement. When the
22. movement is switched on, a spring accelerates the fly to a high angular speed which then
remains constant as the spring unwinds. Figure 2 shows how the speed of the fly changes over
the first 800 ms after switching on.

(a) The fly has a moment of inertia of 4.20 × 10–7 kg m2.

Calculate

(i) the angular acceleration of the fly immediately after the movement is switched on,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the torque acting on the fly during this initial acceleration.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

301
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 27 of 55
(b) The torque applied to the fly by the spring is constant during the time it takes the fly to
reach its maximum angular speed.

(i) Explain why the fly initially accelerates uniformly but eventually reaches a steady
angular speed.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the power which the spring must supply to keep the fly rotating at a steady
angular speed of 225 rad s–1.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Estimate the energy which the spring supplies to keep the fly rotating at 225 rad s–1
for 1 minute.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

A flywheel battery can be used in place of lead-acid batteries to provide a short-term electrical
23. power supply when mains power fails. Energy is stored as rotational kinetic energy in a rapidly
spinning rotor, which is driven up to speed by a mains-powered motor. To recover the energy, the
motor is operated in reverse as a generator driven by the spinning rotor.

(a) The rotor of a flywheel battery is a thin-walled circular cylinder of mass 160 kg and mean
radius 0.34 m, which can be rotated at a maximum safe angular speed of 44 000 rev min–1.

Calculate

(i) the moment of inertia of the rotor about its own axis,

______________________________________________________________

302
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 28 of 55
(ii) the rotational kinetic energy stored in the rotating rotor when it spins at
44 000 rev min–1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The manufacturer claims that the power loss due to friction when the rotor is running at its
maximum safe angular speed is 2.0 W and that the mean power loss over the range of
speeds from rest up to the maximum safe angular speed is 0.60 W.

Use the manufacturer’s data to calculate

(i) the frictional torque acting on the rotor when spinning at its maximum safe angular
speed,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the time it takes to come to rest from this angular speed under the action of the
frictional torque alone.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) When it is required to supply electrical power during a mains failure, the flywheel battery
can supply a constant load of 2.5 kW for 17 hours. Calculate the rotor’s angular speed at
the end of this period if it starts at 44 000 rev min–1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

A potter in an African village makes large clay pots on a stone wheel. The wheel rotates freely on
24. a central bearing and is driven by the potter, who applies a tangential force repeatedly to its rim
using his foot until the wheel reaches its normal working angular speed. He then stops driving
and throws a lump of clay onto the centre of the wheel.

303
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 29 of 55
(a) The normal working angular speed of the wheel is 5.0 rad s–1. The moments of inertia of
the wheel and the clay about the axis of rotation are 1.6 kg m2 and 0.25 kg m2,
respectively. When the clay is added, the angular speed of the wheel changes suddenly.
The net angular impulse is zero.

Calculate the angular speed of the wheel immediately after the clay has been added.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The potter now applies a tangential force to the rim of the wheel during one quarter of its
revolution so that the angular speed returns to 5.0 rad s–1. The wheel has a diameter of
0.62 m.

Calculate

(i) the angular acceleration of the wheel,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the average tangential force which must be applied by the potter.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

304
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 30 of 55
An early form of four-stroke gas engine stores kinetic energy in a large flywheel driven by the
25. crankshaft. The engine is started from rest with its load disconnected and produces a torque
which accelerates the flywheel to its off-load running speed of 90 rev min–1.

(a) The flywheel has a moment of inertia of 250 kg m2 and takes 8.0 s to accelerate from rest
to 90 rev min–1.

(i) Show that the angular acceleration of the flywheel is 1.2 rad s–2.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the average accelerating torque acting on the flywheel.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Calculate the rotational kinetic energy stored in the flywheel at the end of its
acceleration.

______________________________________________________________

(iv) Calculate the average useful power output of the engine during this accelerating
period.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

305
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 31 of 55
(b) When the engine is running steadily at 90 rev min–1 off-load, the gas supply is suddenly
shut off and the flywheel continues to rotate for a further 32 complete turns before coming
to rest.

(i) Estimate the average retarding torque acting on the flywheel.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Assuming that the average retarding torque on the flywheel is the same when the
engine is running, estimate the average power which the engine must develop when
running to keep the flywheel turning at 90 rev min–1 off-load.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Shoppers enter and leave a supermarket by a continuously revolving door, as shown in the
26. diagram. The door is fixed to a central column which acts as a drive shaft and extends beneath
the floor to a support bearing and motor drive system.

306
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 32 of 55
During shopping hours the door revolves once every 18 s. When the supermarket closes, the
motor is switched off and the system makes a further 3 complete revolutions whilst decelerating
uniformly to rest. The total moment of inertia of the rotating system is 8.0 × 103 kg m2.

(a) How long does it take for the system to come to rest?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Estimate the average frictional torque acting on the system.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

During its launch from an orbiting spacecraft, a satellite has acquired an unwanted tumbling
27. motion causing it to rotate about an axis through its centre of mass C, as shown in the
diagram.To correct the rotational motion without changing its orbital speed, an astronaut fastens
two identical devices to the satellite, one on each of the end faces X and Y. When triggered
simultaneously, each device produces a thrust of known duration along the plane of the faces.

307
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 33 of 55
(a) Before the devices are triggered the satellite rotates once every 15 minutes. Its moment of
inertia about the axis of rotation is estimated to be 48 kg m2.

(i) Calculate the angular speed ɷ of the satellite.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Estimate its angular momentum L.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Draw, on the diagram, the directions of the thrusts on faces X and Y needed to stop
the rotational motion.

(ii) Explain why a single device fastened to face X would not be satisfactory.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(i) What torque is exerted by the pair of devices about the axis of rotation?

______________________________________________________________

308
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 34 of 55
(ii) By considering the angular momentum of the system, estimate the time for which this
torque should act if the rotational motion of the satellite is to be stopped.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

An alarm carried by soldiers training in jungle terrain produces a sound which repeatedly rises
28. and falls in frequency between 200 Hz and 800 Hz. The sound is produced when a jet of
compressed air from a cylinder flows in a rapid succession of pulses through a series of holes
arranged in a circle near the rim of a rotating metal disc, as shown in Figure 1. The holes are
drilled in such a way that the air from the jet exerts an accelerating torque on the disc. Details of
the decelerating mechanism are not shown. The change of frequency with time during the rising
part of one cycle is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1

309
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 35 of 55
Figure 2

(a) The sound is produced at a frequency equal to the number of pulses of air per second
leaving the disc. When the disc is rotating at 25 rad s–1 a sound of frequency 200 Hz is
emitted.

(i) Use the graph to find the time, t, for the speed of the disc to increase from 25 rad s–1
to 50 rad s–1.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) If the combined moment of inertia of the disc and axle is 6.0 × 10–3 kg m2, calculate
the accelerating torque acting on the disc during time t.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The torque exerted on the disc by the air jet remains constant during the 14 s shown in
Figure 2, yet the increase in disc speed over this time is clearly not uniform. Describe
briefly in terms of its angular speed and acceleration what is happening to the disc during
the periods stated below, and suggest in each case a physical reason for this behaviour.

(i) between 0 and 5 s _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

310
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 36 of 55
(ii) between 5 and 10 s ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) between 10 and 14 s _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

The diagram shows a test rig for assessing the effectiveness of a new material to be used for
29. bicycle brake blocks. The bicycle wheel and concrete discs are fixed firmly to the shaft which is
supported on bearings set in the frame. When the wheel is turning at the required speed, the
motor is switched off and the system continues to rotate freely with negligible friction. The brakes
are then applied to produce a tangential frictional force at the rim of the wheel, and the time for
the system to come to rest is noted.

311
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 37 of 55
(a) (i) The brakes are applied when the angular speed of the wheel is the same as when
travelling at 12 m s–1 on the road. Calculate this angular speed if the outside diameter
of the wheel is 640 mm.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The rotational kinetic energy of the system at this angular speed is equal to the
translational kinetic energy of a bicycle and rider of total mass 80 kg travelling at
12 m s–1. Calculate the rotational kinetic energy which the system must store.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Show that the total moment of inertia of the rotating system must be 8.2 kg m2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

312
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 38 of 55
(b) In one test, the brakes bring the wheel to rest in a time of 5.0 s.

Calculate

(i) the average frictional torque applied by the brakes during this time,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the number of turns made by the wheel in coming to rest, expressed to the nearest
full turn.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

313
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 39 of 55
Figure 1 shows part of the vertical drive-shaft of a 15th century wood-turning lathe, which is
30. rotated by means of a treadle driven by the wood-turner's foot. The two balls are attached by
chains to the shaft, and rotate with it to produce a simple form of flywheel. A long lever is
provided to slide the collar along the drive-shaft to change the effective length of the chains.

(a) Each ball weighs approximately 80 N, which is much greater than the weight of its chain.
When the drive-shaft is rotating at 120 revolutions per minute the balls move in a circular
path, whose radius is estimated to be 350 mm, as shown in Figure 1.

(i) Estimate the moment of inertia of the balls when rotating at 120 revolutions per
minute.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) What is their angular momentum at this speed?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

314
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 40 of 55
(b) When the balls are rotating at 120 revolutions per minute, the collar is lowered quickly to
reduce their effective radius of rotation to 15 cm, as shown in Figure 2.

Explain why this causes the speed of the drive-shaft to increase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

315
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 41 of 55
Ch26 Wind energy

1. The diagram shows a plan view of an arrangement of wind turbines represented by .

The arrows represent four possible wind directions across the wind farm.

Which direction allows the maximum power to be transferred from the wind at any given wind
speed?

(Total 1 mark)

316
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 23
An ideal wind turbine has an output power P when the speed of the wind is v. The
2.
blade length is r.

A second ideal wind turbine operates when the wind speed is and has a blade

length of 3r.

(Total 1 mark)

Wind turbine P has blades of length 5.0 m. It produces an electrical power output of 15 kW when
3.
the wind speed is 30 km hour–1.
Wind turbine Q has blades of length 6.0 m and operates in a wind of speed 25 km hour–1.
Wind turbine Q has the same efficiency as wind turbine P under these conditions.

What is the electrical power output of wind turbine Q?

A 6.0 kW

B 7.2 kW

C 10.4 kW

D 12.5 kW

(Total 1 mark)

317
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 23
The diagram shows a tidal turbine generator (TTG). The TTG operates in a similar way to a wind
4. turbine generator (WTG). A fluid moves over the turbine blades, making them rotate. The turbine
extracts some of the kinetic energy from the fluid.

The table shows data for a TTG and a WTG.

TTG WTG

Fluid seawater air

Density of fluid, ρ / kg m–3 1030 1.23

Blade length, r / m 8 50

Mean speed of fluid, v / m s–1 3.8 8.5

Mean number of hours per day of

20 18
operation

318
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 23
(a) The power P available to a TTG or WTG from the moving fluid is given by:

In practice, no more than can be extracted from the fluid by a turbine.

Explain why not all of the kinetic energy of a moving fluid can be extracted by a turbine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Compare the total energy that can be extracted from the moving fluid in one day by the
TTG and the WTG.

Use data from the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

319
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 23
(c) Tides happen because of the gravitational effect of the Moon.
The radius R of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth is 3.85 × 10 8 m.
High tides in the Earth’s oceans exert a force on the Moon that causes R to increase by 3.8
cm in one year.

Show that the work needed to increase R by 3.8 cm is approximately 8 × 1018 J.

For this calculation, assume that there is no change in the Moon’s kinetic energy.

mass of the Moon = 7.35 × 1022 kg

(3)

(d) Explain the effect of an increase in R on the orbital period of the Moon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) The overall effect of increasing R is to increase the Moon’s angular momentum.

Explain how this will affect the length of an Earth day.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

320
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 23
(a) A farmer uses a wind turbine to provide power. The blades of the turbine sweep out a circle
5. of diameter 3.70 m. At a given instant, the maximum power available from the wind is 7.7
kW.

Calculate the wind speed at this instant.

The density of air is 1.2 kg m–3

wind speed = ____________________ m s–1

(2)

(b) Explain why the electrical power output from the turbine is significantly less than 7.7 kW.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Discuss the factors he should consider when positioning the turbines to optimise their
power output.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

321
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 23
An offshore wind farm located 28 km from the shore has 30 wind turbines. The wind farm delivers
6. electrical power to the shore using an undersea transmission cable.

Figure 1 shows the 30 wind turbines, step-up transformer and undersea transmission cable.

Figure 1

(a) (i) State one advantage and one disadvantage of locating a wind farm offshore.

advantage ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

disadvantage _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) State and explain an advantage of using a step-up transformer for the transmission of
electrical power from this wind farm.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
322
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 23
(b) Each of the 30 wind turbines has a blade length of 45 m. On a particular day, the wind
speed is 9.0 ms–1.

(i) Calculate the mass of air passing through one wind turbine in one second.
density of air = 1.3 kg m–3

mass ________________________ kg
(2)

(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy available each second to the wind farm from the
wind.

total kinetic energy each second _________________ J

(2)

323
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 23
(c) A simplified diagram of a section of the undersea transmission cable is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

The undersea transmission cable is 28 km in length and has a conducting core

consisting of 19 strands of copper wire each with a resistance of 17.3 Ω.

(i) Calculate the cross-sectional area of one of these strands of copper wire.
resistivity of copper = 1. 68 × 10–8 Ω m

cross–sectional area of a strand of wire ____________m2

(3)

(ii) Show that the resistance of the undersea transmission cable is about 0.9 Ω.

(1)

324
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 23
(d) On a different day, the wind speed is greater than 9.0 ms–1 and the wind farm produces
110 MW of electrical power. The transformer steps up the voltage to 150 kV before the
power is transmitted through the undersea transmission cable.

(i) Calculate the current in the undersea transmission cable assuming that the
transformer is 100% efficient.

current ________________________ A
(2)

(ii) Calculate the power loss in the undersea transmission cable due to the current.

power loss ________________________ W

(2)
(Total 17 marks)

(a) A wind turbine sweeps out on an area of 1500 m2. The density of the air is 1.23 kg m–3.
7.
The wind speed is 14 m s–1.
Calculate the maximum power available from the wind moving past the turbine blades.

___________________________________________________________________

maximum power _______________________________ W

(2)
325
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 23
(b) At high tide, a tidal barrage cuts off an area of 7.5 × 107 m2 of water from the sea.
During 5 hours when the tide is going out, the water level drops by 3.4 m. The
water has a density of 1030 kg m–3.

(i) Calculate the reduction in gravitational potential energy of the water during this
5-hour period.

______________________________________________________________

reduction in gravitational potential energy ____________ J

(3)

(ii) Calculate the average power that is available from the water during this
5-hour period.

______________________________________________________________

average power _________________________________ W

(2)

(iii) Suggest why no tidal barrage generation scheme has yet been built in the United
Kingdom.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

326
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 23
The diagram below shows how the maximum electrical power output of a wind turbine varies with
8. wind speed.

The percentage efficiency of a wind turbine is given by

(a) (i) When the wind speed is 16 m s–1 the maximum power available from the wind is
32 MW. Calculate the minimum length of one of the blades in the turbine.

density of air = 1.3 kg m–3

______________________________________________________________

minimum blade length ________________ m

(3)

327
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 23
(ii) Using the diagram above, determine the maximum electrical power output of the wind
turbine when the wind speed is 16 m s–1.

______________________________________________________________

output power ___________________ MW

(1)

(iii) Calculate the percentage efficiency of the wind turbine for a wind speed of
16 m s–1.

______________________________________________________________

percentage efficiency _________________ %

(1)

(b) (i) Suggest why there is no power output from the turbine in region A of the diagram
above.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why the power output falls to zero at high wind speeds.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Wind farms are often located in hilly areas.

State and explain any change in wind speed as air flows over a hill.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

328
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 23
An engineer constructs a turbine using blades of length 22 m. The efficiency of the turbine in
9. converting the wind energy to electrical energy is 15 %.

density of air = 1.3 kg m–3

(i) The engineer assumes an average wind speed of 7.5 m s–1.

Show that the average input power available from the wind is about 420 kW.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the average output power available from the turbine.

average output power ____________________ kW

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

329
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 23
To power a small village at peak times requires a mean power of 450 kW.
10. An engineer suggests two options for providing the power. The first is a wind turbine and the
second is a bank of solar cells.

(a) (i) The efficiency of the wind turbine is 20%. Assuming a wind speed of 8.0 m s–1
calculate the length of the blades of the turbine that would be needed.

density of air = 1.30 kg m–3

length of blades ___________________ m

(4)

(ii) A solar cell has an efficiency of 20%. The average intensity of the Sun’s radiation is
210 W m–2. Assuming that the Sun’s radiation falls normally on the solar cells,
calculate the area of solar cells that would provide a mean power output of 450 kW.

area ________________________ m2
(2)

330
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 23
(b) To provide a useful supply, a bank of solar cells consists of many cells connected in a
series and parallel array. The diagram below shows the principle using a smaller number of
cells than is used in practice.

(i) What is the advantage of connecting the cells in series?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the advantage of connecting the cells in parallel.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Even if both of the proposed supplies are installed and in working order there may still be
no power available.
Explain why this could happen and what might be done to provide suitable back-up power.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

331
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 23
Ch26_2 Solar energy

(a) The figure below shows the current–voltage characteristic for a solar cell.
1.

Estimate the maximum power available from the solar cell.

maximum power = ______________________________ W

(2)

332
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 29
(b) A different type of solar cell has an emf of 0.72 V and an internal resistance of 2.2 Ω when
in use.

An array of solar cells of this type has an emf of 3.6 V and an internal resistance of 5.5 Ω.

Deduce the number and arrangement of solar cells used to make this array.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

The mean distance of Venus from the Sun is approximately twice the mean distance of Mercury
2. from the Sun.

The radius of Venus is approximately 2.5 times the radius of Mercury.

What is the best estimate of

333
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 29
A

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about comparing the surface conditions on Earth with those on K2-18b, a
3. recently discovered planet.

K2-18b orbits the star K2-18. K2-18 is a distance D from Earth.

Table 1 shows data for the planets Earth and K2-18b.

Table 1

Earth K2-18b

Mass of planet / kg 5.98 × 1024 5.33 × 1025

Radius of planet / m 6.37 × 106 1.43 × 107

Orbital radius of planet / m 1.50 × 1011 2.14 × 1010

(a) Show that the gravitational field strength gk at the surface of K2-18b is given by

where
gE is the gravitational field strength at the surface of the Earth
RE is the radius of the Earth
Rk is the radius of K2-18b
ME is the mass of the Earth
Mk is the mass of K2-18b.
(2)

334
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 29
(b) Calculate gk.

gk = ____________________________ N kg−1
(1)

(c) Calculate, in Earth days, the orbital period for K2-18b.

mass of the star K2-18 = 8.22 × 1029 kg

orbital period for K2-18b = ____________________________ Earth days

(3)

Table 2 shows data for the two stars: the Sun and K2-18.

Table 2

Sun K2-18

Radius of star / m 6.96 × 108 3.26 × 108

Power output of star / W 3.85 × 1026 9.01 × 1024

335
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 29
(d) Compare the intensity of the radiation received by planet K2-18b from its star K2-18 with
the intensity of the solar radiation received by the Earth from the Sun.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) The figure below shows two rays of light from the Sun arriving at a point E on Earth.
The Sun subtends an angle of θ1 at point E.

336
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 29
θ2 is the angle subtended at point E on Earth by the star K2-18.

= 1.67 × 107

Calculate the distance D between the Earth and star K2-18.

D = ____________________________ m
(3)

(f) Light from K2-18 passes through the atmosphere of K2-18b. This light is detected and
analysed when it arrives at the Earth.

State how the wavelengths present in this light can be determined. Go on to explain how
this gives information about the elements present in the atmosphere of K2-18b.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

337
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 29
Hydroelectric power is used for electricity generation. Energy for the process comes
4. from the Sun.

(a) Describe the energy transfers in this process, starting with energy transfers in the Sun.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Compare the environmental impacts of hydroelectric power with the

environmental impacts of power generation using nuclear fission.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

338
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 29
20 solar cells are connected together in the solar array shown.
5. Each cell has an output of 13 V and 3.0 A.

What is the potential difference and the current output of the array?

Potential difference / V Current output / A

A 52 12

B 52 15

C 65 12

D 65 15

(Total 1 mark)

An array of solar panels is used to generate electrical power. Each panel has an area of 2.2 m2
6.
and a constant efficiency of 18%.

At midday in midsummer, solar energy has an intensity of 630 W m–2 at the surface of the Earth.

Figure 1 shows a panel mounted in a fixed position at an angle of 15° to the Earth’s surface so
that at midday the solar energy arrives at 90° to the surface of the panel.

Figure 1

339
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 29
(a) Calculate the number of panels needed to deliver a power output of 150 kW at midday in
midsummer.

number of panels = ____________________

(3)

(b) At midday in midwinter, solar energy has an intensity of 310 W m–2 at the Earth’s surface,
and arrives at 52° to the horizontal, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

340
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 29
There are two possible ways of installing the panels.

• The panel is fixed and remains at 15° to the horizontal throughout the year.
• There is a tracking system that changes the angle of the panel so that solar
energy always falls onto the panel at 90°.

Calculate the additional power that can be generated by one panel at midday in midwinter
using the tracking system instead of a fixed panel.

additional power = ____________________ W

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

7. The mean distance of Mars from the Sun is where d is the mean distance of the Earth from

the Sun. The radius of Mars is approximately half the radius of the Earth.

What is ?

(Total 1 mark)

341
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 29
A solar panel generates 60 W of electrical power at a current of 5.0 A.
8. 12 of these solar panels are connected in an array.

Which is not a possible output from this array?

Output voltage / V Output current / A

A 12 60

B 18 40

C 36 20

D 144 5.0

(Total 1 mark)

The graph shows the V–I characteristic for an array of solar panels.
9.

Which row gives the correct emf and maximum power available for the array?

Emf / V Maximum power available / W

A 16 66

B 16 103

C 21 66

D 21 103

(Total 1 mark)

342
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 29
The graph shows the variation of the current in a solar cell with the pd across the cell.
10.

At which point does the solar cell have maximum power output?

(Total 1 mark)

The table shows data measured for the Sun.

11.
Power output / W 3.83 × 1026

Maximum distance from Mars / km 2.49 × 108

Minimum distance from Mars / km 2.06 × 108

What is the maximum intensity of the Sun’s radiation at the orbit of Mars?

A 492 W m–2

B 718 W m–2

C 6180 W m–2

D 9030 W m–2

(Total 1 mark)
343
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 29
The diagram shows an experiment in which a light sensor can be moved along the line PQR from
12.
a fixed light source. The intensity of light at Q is I.

What is the intensity at P?

(Total 1 mark)

The intensity of the Sun’s energy arriving at the Earth’s atmosphere is 1400W m −2.
13.
The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1.5 × 1011 m.
Calculate the total energy emitted by the Sun in one day.
Assume that the Sun radiates energy equally in all directions.

total energy ______________________ J

(Total 4 marks)

344
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 13 of 29
The figure below shows data for a photovoltaic cell when the load resistance is varied. The
14. intensity of the energy from the Sun incident on the surface of the photovoltaic cell is constant.

(a) Using data from the figure above, calculate the current in the load at the peak power.

___________________________________________________________________

current ___________________ A
(3)

(b) The active area of the photovoltaic cell has dimensions 60 mm × 60 mm. The intensity of
the Sun’s radiation incident on the photovoltaic cell is 730 W m –2.

When the cell delivers its peak power, calculate

___________________________________________________________________

answer __________________
(4)
345
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 14 of 29
(c) The measurements of the data in the figure above were carried out at noon with the
photovoltaic cell in a fixed position.
State two reasons why the cell will yield lower peak values at other times of day.

reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

To power a small village at peak times requires a mean power of 450 kW.
15. An engineer suggests two options for providing the power. The first is a wind turbine and the
second is a bank of solar cells.

(a) (i) The efficiency of the wind turbine is 20%. Assuming a wind speed of 8.0 m s–1
calculate the length of the blades of the turbine that would be needed.

density of air = 1.30 kg m–3

length of blades ___________________ m

(4)

346
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 15 of 29
(ii) A solar cell has an efficiency of 20%. The average intensity of the Sun’s radiation is
210 W m–2. Assuming that the Sun’s radiation falls normally on the solar cells,
calculate the area of solar cells that would provide a mean power output of 450 kW.

area ________________________ m2
(2)

(b) To provide a useful supply, a bank of solar cells consists of many cells connected in a
series and parallel array. The diagram below shows the principle using a smaller number of
cells than is used in practice.

(i) What is the advantage of connecting the cells in series?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the advantage of connecting the cells in parallel.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

347
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 16 of 29
(c) Even if both of the proposed supplies are installed and in working order there may still be
no power available.
Explain why this could happen and what might be done to provide suitable back-up power.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

(a) A solar panel of area 2.5 m2 is fitted to a satellite in orbit above the Earth. The panel
16.
produces a current of 2.4 A at a potential difference of 20 V when solar radiation is incident
normally on it.

(i) Calculate the electrical power output of the panel.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Solar radiation on the satellite has an intensity of 1.4 kW m–2. Calculate the efficiency
of the panel.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

348
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 17 of 29
(b) The back-up power system in the satellite is provided by a radioactive isotope enclosed in
a sealed container which absorbs the radiation from the isotope. Energy from the radiation
is converted to electrical energy by means of a thermoelectric module.

(i) The isotope has an activity of 1.1 × 1014 Bq and produces α particles of energy
5.1 MeV. Show that the container absorbs energy from the α particles at a rate of
90 J s–1.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The isotope has a half-life of 90 years. Calculate the decay constant λ of this isotope.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) The mass number of the isotope is 239.

Calculate the mass of isotope needed for an activity of 1.1 × 1014 Bq.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 11 marks)

349
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 18 of 29
A square metre of the Moon’s surface that is perpendicular to sunlight receives 1.4 kJ of energy
17. every second from the Sun. Estimate the total energy radiated by the Sun every second
assuming that the Sun acts as a point source.

mean distance of the Moon from the Sun = 1.5 × 1011 m

Total energy radiated ____________________

(Total 3 marks)

The electrical energy for a small village of 155 houses is to be generated by a bank of solar cells.
18. The average power used by each house, taken over a year, is 800 W.

The average power per square metre arriving at the surface of the Earth from the Sun is 650 W.
The efficiency of the conversion of solar energy to electrical energy is 15%.

(a) (i) Calculate the average power the solar cells need to provide for the whole village.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the total area of solar cells needed to provide the power in (i).

(3)

(iii) Give one reason why, in practice, a greater area will need to be covered by solar
cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

350
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 19 of 29
(iv) Suggest two problems, other than the large area needed for solar cells, that occur
using solar power alone to provide the supply to the village.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The emf of the bank of solar cells is 230 V.

(i) Calculate the supply current when the village is using 75 kW, assuming the cells have
no internal resistance.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the potential difference delivered to the villagers' electrical equipment when
the current calculated in (i) is produced in a bank of cells with an internal resistance
of 0.050 Ω.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

351
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 20 of 29
Ch26_3 Hydro

The figure below shows a pumped storage system (PSS). Electricity is generated when water
1. flows through a pipe from the upper reservoir to drive a turbine and a generator.

The water level in the upper reservoir is initially 140 m above the turbine.
The PSS generates electrical energy for an operating time T.
During this operating time:

• the water level decreases by 20 m

• 30 TJ of gravitational potential energy is transferred
• there is a constant electrical power output of 1.8 GW.

(a) Calculate the mass of water that leaves the upper reservoir when the water level decreases
by 20 m.

mass = ______________________________ kg
(2)

352
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 1 of 20
(b) The efficiency of the transfer from gravitational potential energy to electrical energy is 82%.

Calculate T in hours.

T = ______________________________ hours
(3)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Describe the benefits of using a PSS in an electrical power network.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

353
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 2 of 20
A pumped storage system has an upper reservoir at a vertical height of 75 m above the pumps.
2. The pumps are supplied with a power of 1.7 MW.
The density of water is 1000 kg m–3.

What is the maximum volume of water that the pumps can deliver every hour into the upper
reservoir?

A 2.3 m3

B 2300 m3

C 8300 m3

D 8 300 000 m3

(Total 1 mark)

What is an advantage of pumped storage systems?

3.
A They have efficiencies greater than one because they use energy that
would otherwise be wasted.

B Electricity can be generated rapidly by the system at times of peak demand.

C Sites for development of pumped storage systems are available in most

geographical locations.

D Response times for starting and stopping production are similar to those of
nuclear power stations.

(Total 1 mark)

A pumped storage station contains six turbines a vertical distance h below its upper reservoir.
4.
The rate of flow of water through each turbine is 2.3 × 104 kg s–1 when the station is generating
an output of 75 MW. The pumped storage system converts the water’s gravitational potential
energy to electrical energy with an efficiency of 0.92

What is h?

A 51 m

B 60 m

C 310 m

D 361 m

(Total 1 mark)

354
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 3 of 20
In a particular design of pumped storage station, water is pumped from a lower reservoir to an
5. upper reservoir, both of fixed volume. The table shows data for two such stations, X and Y.

Station X Station Y

Volume of lower reservoir 2V 5V

Volume of upper reservoir 3V 4V

Vertical distance between upper and lower

2h h
reservoir

Maximum energy that can be stored by

pumping water from the lower reservoir to EX EY
the upper

What is the ratio ?

C 1

D 2

(Total 1 mark)

(a) A conventional hydroelectric power station has a power output of 9.0 × 107 W.
6.
The height difference between its reservoir and its turbine unit is 610 m.
Assuming that the generation process is 95% efficient, calculate the mass of water passing
through the turbine unit per second.

mass per second ____________ kg s–1

(4)

355
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 4 of 20
(b) (i) The power station has an average annual output of 180GW h of electrical energy.
Calculate, in hours, the average time during which the power station is in operation
per day.

average time _______________ hours

(3)

(ii) Without considering energy losses, explain why this power station is unable to
produce significantly more than 180GW h of electrical energy per year.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

356
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 5 of 20
(c) The UK’s first pumped storage hydroelectric power station was opened fifty years ago.
Outline the main arguments scientists used to support the development of pumped storage
hydroelectric power stations.
Your discussion should include a description of:

• how pumped storage systems function

• the benefits of pumped storage systems

• the problems that have limited the development of pumped storage systems in
the UK.

The quality of your written communication will be assessed in this question.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 14 marks)

357
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 6 of 20
To power a small village at peak times requires a mean power of 450 kW.
7. An engineer suggests two options for providing the power. The first is a wind turbine and the
second is a bank of solar cells.

(a) (i) The efficiency of the wind turbine is 20%. Assuming a wind speed of 8.0 m s–1
calculate the length of the blades of the turbine that would be needed.

density of air = 1.30 kg m–3

length of blades ___________________ m

(4)

area ________________________ m2
(2)

358
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 7 of 20
(b) To provide a useful supply, a bank of solar cells consists of many cells connected in a
series and parallel array. The diagram below shows the principle using a smaller number of
cells than is used in practice.

(i) What is the advantage of connecting the cells in series?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the advantage of connecting the cells in parallel.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

359
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 8 of 20
A hydroelectric power station has a power output of 2.0 MW when water passes through its
8.
turbines at a rate of 1.4 m3 s–1 . The water is supplied from a reservoir which is 750 m above the
power station turbines, as shown in the diagram below.

density of water = 1000 kg m–3

(a) Calculate

(i) the mass of water passing through the turbines each second,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the loss of potential energy per second of the water flowing between the reservoir and
the power station turbines,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the efficiency of the power station.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

360
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 9 of 20
(b) The turbines drive generators that produce alternating current at an rms potential difference
of 25 kV which is then stepped up to an rms potential difference of 275 kV by means of a
transformer.

(i) Calculate the rms current supplied by the generators to the transformer when the
power output of the generators is 2.0 MW.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The transformer has an efficiency of 95%. Calculate the output current of the
transformer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

361
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 10 of 20
The diagram below shows the principle of a hydroelectric pumped storage plant. During times
9. when there is a low demand for electricity, the spare capacity of other power stations is used to
pump water from the lake into the reservoir. The potential energy of the water is then converted
into electricity when needed to satisfy peak demands.

For this plant the water falls a mean distance of 370 m between the reservoir and the generator.
The mass of water stored in the reservoir when it is full is 1.0 × 1010 kg.

gravitational field strength g = 9.8 N kg-1

(a) (i) Show that the useful gravitational potential energy stored when the reservoir is full is
about 4 × 1013 J.

(2)

362
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 11 of 20
(ii) Calculate the speed of the water as it reaches the generator assuming that no energy
is lost as the water falls.

Speed of water ____________________

(2)

(iii) The pumped storage plant has four 100 MW generators. Calculate the longest time,
in hours, for which the stored energy alone could provide power at maximum output.
Assume that all the stored gravitational potential energy can be converted into
electrical energy.

Time ____________________
(3)

(b) In practice not all the stored energy that is put into the system during the night can be
retrieved as electrical energy during the day. State and explain how energy is lost in the
system.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

363
Shanghai International High School of Britain Australia & New Zealand. Page 12 of 20

Mission 1: The Evolution Lab
No ratings yet
Mission 1: The Evolution Lab
4 pages
Lab 5 Lake Fred Water Quality Tina Gupta Envl 4300
No ratings yet
Lab 5 Lake Fred Water Quality Tina Gupta Envl 4300
16 pages
Final - Report Hydroelectric Power Plant
No ratings yet
Final - Report Hydroelectric Power Plant
39 pages
Topic3 SL Answers
No ratings yet
Topic3 SL Answers
11 pages
3 Markscheme SL Paper2
No ratings yet
3 Markscheme SL Paper2
41 pages
9702 P4 Thermal Properties All Completed
100% (1)
9702 P4 Thermal Properties All Completed
28 pages
ACFrOgAr1Mkl83SgiaPn6V7W6Q6OWniLwsXG56ZoqrMBKXAzQZXhi-4OCeo-yefipOjPgY3MFWyVO_VyCHbt4BidPtS23auBDiMyJYZGXoW7uh2I0Y0VtGROTyW614-Cu8yn9X_M064KnW091vPYzLplQ9NwygMIldklogDFhw==
No ratings yet
ACFrOgAr1Mkl83SgiaPn6V7W6Q6OWniLwsXG56ZoqrMBKXAzQZXhi-4OCeo-yefipOjPgY3MFWyVO_VyCHbt4BidPtS23auBDiMyJYZGXoW7uh2I0Y0VtGROTyW614-Cu8yn9X_M064KnW091vPYzLplQ9NwygMIldklogDFhw==
10 pages
14 Thermal Workbook
No ratings yet
14 Thermal Workbook
20 pages
YEAR 9 SCIENCE Exam Sample Quesyions On SHC
No ratings yet
YEAR 9 SCIENCE Exam Sample Quesyions On SHC
13 pages
uploadedBrislingtonCurriculumSchool Closure ResourcesWeek 5specialist CentreYear 9
No ratings yet
uploadedBrislingtonCurriculumSchool Closure ResourcesWeek 5specialist CentreYear 9
13 pages
Heat Capacities
No ratings yet
Heat Capacities
9 pages
T - Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat - Questions
No ratings yet
T - Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat - Questions
12 pages
10 Specific Heat Capacity: Answers To Exam Practice Questions
No ratings yet
10 Specific Heat Capacity: Answers To Exam Practice Questions
5 pages
Topic 3 Past Paper: Markscheme
100% (1)
Topic 3 Past Paper: Markscheme
10 pages
T - Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat - Solutions
No ratings yet
T - Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat - Solutions
6 pages
Topic 3 Past Paper: Markscheme
No ratings yet
Topic 3 Past Paper: Markscheme
10 pages
Paper Test For Thermal Physics
No ratings yet
Paper Test For Thermal Physics
8 pages
Heat Capacity: Markscheme
No ratings yet
Heat Capacity: Markscheme
8 pages
EOCQ Ans 21
No ratings yet
EOCQ Ans 21
2 pages
Physics 5054: MCM Nkana Secondary School End of Topic Test 1
No ratings yet
Physics 5054: MCM Nkana Secondary School End of Topic Test 1
10 pages
2017 - S3 - Mid (Post) Physics
No ratings yet
2017 - S3 - Mid (Post) Physics
8 pages
3.1 MS (1)
No ratings yet
3.1 MS (1)
17 pages
PHYS163 Test1
No ratings yet
PHYS163 Test1
11 pages
Latent and Specific Heat - QP
No ratings yet
Latent and Specific Heat - QP
17 pages
Specific and Latent Heat Ms
No ratings yet
Specific and Latent Heat Ms
6 pages
09 Thermal Physics_250412_220034
No ratings yet
09 Thermal Physics_250412_220034
28 pages
Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat Questions - A2 Physics
No ratings yet
Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat Questions - A2 Physics
5 pages
SHC QUN
No ratings yet
SHC QUN
3 pages
Specific and Latent Heat: Markscheme
No ratings yet
Specific and Latent Heat: Markscheme
6 pages
Thermal Measurements PPQ
100% (1)
Thermal Measurements PPQ
4 pages
Thermal Physics 1 - SOLUTIONS
No ratings yet
Thermal Physics 1 - SOLUTIONS
12 pages
3.9 Quantity of Heat
100% (1)
3.9 Quantity of Heat
38 pages
Heat Presentation
No ratings yet
Heat Presentation
60 pages
Thermal& Optica Physics Mid Term Fall 2022 Answers
No ratings yet
Thermal& Optica Physics Mid Term Fall 2022 Answers
3 pages
B.1 Revision-2
No ratings yet
B.1 Revision-2
32 pages
Homework 1 - Specific Heat Capacity and Specific Latent Heat
No ratings yet
Homework 1 - Specific Heat Capacity and Specific Latent Heat
7 pages
3-1-thermal-concepts-qV
No ratings yet
3-1-thermal-concepts-qV
20 pages
Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy
No ratings yet
Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy
20 pages
CH03 WorkedSolutions
No ratings yet
CH03 WorkedSolutions
5 pages
Thermal Physics L2 - Specific and Latent heat (1)
No ratings yet
Thermal Physics L2 - Specific and Latent heat (1)
48 pages
Thermal 1
No ratings yet
Thermal 1
8 pages
AQA Physics Chapter 19 Answers
No ratings yet
AQA Physics Chapter 19 Answers
4 pages
18 Thermal Physics
No ratings yet
18 Thermal Physics
18 pages
UNIT 1 PHYS Kinetic Theory, Heat Transfer
No ratings yet
UNIT 1 PHYS Kinetic Theory, Heat Transfer
16 pages
Thermaltransferwithmultiplechoice
No ratings yet
Thermaltransferwithmultiplechoice
23 pages
Detailed Notes - Section 06 Thermal Physics - AQA Physics A-Level
No ratings yet
Detailed Notes - Section 06 Thermal Physics - AQA Physics A-Level
9 pages
Cet 8th Edition Unit 2 Solution PDF
100% (1)
Cet 8th Edition Unit 2 Solution PDF
78 pages
Practice+Paper+1+-+Thermal+energy+exchange
No ratings yet
Practice+Paper+1+-+Thermal+energy+exchange
5 pages
Latent-Specific Heat-Gas Pressure - Review
No ratings yet
Latent-Specific Heat-Gas Pressure - Review
58 pages
IB Physics Answers ThemeB
No ratings yet
IB Physics Answers ThemeB
18 pages
Thermal Energy Transfer QP
No ratings yet
Thermal Energy Transfer QP
9 pages
Hkdse Notes (Physics)
No ratings yet
Hkdse Notes (Physics)
111 pages
P3 Matter Revision Questions 2 8 9
No ratings yet
P3 Matter Revision Questions 2 8 9
17 pages
Phy_QuestionOnly_Eng_
No ratings yet
Phy_QuestionOnly_Eng_
11 pages
02 Exercise Solutions - e
No ratings yet
02 Exercise Solutions - e
14 pages
F.3-PHY-QC-Half-Yearly Exam-16-17 (Solution) (3)
No ratings yet
F.3-PHY-QC-Half-Yearly Exam-16-17 (Solution) (3)
25 pages
Sol Cap 3 PhysSL - WS - Ch03
No ratings yet
Sol Cap 3 PhysSL - WS - Ch03
5 pages
Topic 3 Markscheme
No ratings yet
Topic 3 Markscheme
5 pages
Applied Heat Full
100% (1)
Applied Heat Full
125 pages
Thermal
No ratings yet
Thermal
12 pages
Download Chemical Principles 5th Edition Atkins Test Bank immediately (PDF)
100% (13)
Download Chemical Principles 5th Edition Atkins Test Bank immediately (PDF)
52 pages
Heat: The Nature of Temperature and Most Other Physics
From Everand
Heat: The Nature of Temperature and Most Other Physics
Marc E. King
No ratings yet
Practice Makes Perfect in Chemistry: The Physical Behavior of Matter
From Everand
Practice Makes Perfect in Chemistry: The Physical Behavior of Matter
John Parnell
5/5 (1)
DR Gargi Singh - One Page Notes - Biodiversity 2
No ratings yet
DR Gargi Singh - One Page Notes - Biodiversity 2
11 pages
Sound, Calormetry, Modern Phy Numericals Part IV (42 - 47)
No ratings yet
Sound, Calormetry, Modern Phy Numericals Part IV (42 - 47)
6 pages
Test 5 R&UoE p1-4
100% (1)
Test 5 R&UoE p1-4
2 pages
This Is All Wrong, Greta Thunberg Tells World Leaders at U.N. Climate Sessi - 20241101 - 145843 - 0000
No ratings yet
This Is All Wrong, Greta Thunberg Tells World Leaders at U.N. Climate Sessi - 20241101 - 145843 - 0000
1 page
CH412 Problems 0007
100% (1)
CH412 Problems 0007
1 page
Additional Numerical of Air Pollution With Box Model
No ratings yet
Additional Numerical of Air Pollution With Box Model
8 pages
IV-i Solar & Wind Electrical Systems Digital Notes 1
No ratings yet
IV-i Solar & Wind Electrical Systems Digital Notes 1
167 pages
Chapter 2 RRL
No ratings yet
Chapter 2 RRL
5 pages
07.glaciers Deserts and Wind
No ratings yet
07.glaciers Deserts and Wind
33 pages
RPP Mekanika Terapan
No ratings yet
RPP Mekanika Terapan
6 pages
Multiple Effect Evaporator Lecture
No ratings yet
Multiple Effect Evaporator Lecture
19 pages
Work, Power and Energy - DPP 01 (Manish Raj Sir) - Lakshya NEET 2024
No ratings yet
Work, Power and Energy - DPP 01 (Manish Raj Sir) - Lakshya NEET 2024
8 pages
Electricity and Gas Statement: - Estimated
No ratings yet
Electricity and Gas Statement: - Estimated
2 pages
Interactive Textbook1 2 Pproperties of Matter
No ratings yet
Interactive Textbook1 2 Pproperties of Matter
7 pages
CVE471 Lecture Notes 9 - Hydroelectric Power
No ratings yet
CVE471 Lecture Notes 9 - Hydroelectric Power
28 pages
University of Cambridge International Examinations General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
No ratings yet
University of Cambridge International Examinations General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
24 pages
Project file-DG Placement
No ratings yet
Project file-DG Placement
32 pages
Lesson 2.3 - Energy For Life
No ratings yet
Lesson 2.3 - Energy For Life
3 pages
Why Urban Lakes Are Different
No ratings yet
Why Urban Lakes Are Different
4 pages
T.Ackermann Evaluation of Electrical Transmission Concept
No ratings yet
T.Ackermann Evaluation of Electrical Transmission Concept
10 pages
Seasons Earth Moon Sun Se
0% (1)
Seasons Earth Moon Sun Se
6 pages
SMS Solar d2d
No ratings yet
SMS Solar d2d
37 pages
PPD (Report)
No ratings yet
PPD (Report)
5 pages
Group2 - Final Revised Paper
No ratings yet
Group2 - Final Revised Paper
15 pages
Population and Climate
No ratings yet
Population and Climate
6 pages
Variation and Selection Naotes
No ratings yet
Variation and Selection Naotes
11 pages
Power 101 - Flue Gas Heat Recovery in Power Plants, Part III
No ratings yet
Power 101 - Flue Gas Heat Recovery in Power Plants, Part III
3 pages