DOCTRINAL THEORIES

Doctrine (उपदे श/सिद्धान्त):

❑ Something that is taught
❑ A principle or position or the body of principles
in a branch of knowledge or system of belief
❑ Doctrine (from Latin: doctrina, meaning
teaching, instruction or doctrine) is
a codification of beliefs or a body
of teachings or instructions, taught principles or
positions as the essence of teachings in a given
branch of knowledge or in a belief system.
(Wikipedia)
Doctrinal Theories: DOCTRINAL THEORIES

❑ Theory of principles of beliefs established by early

experience, teachings, or learning.
❑ Philosophical theories or branch of knowledge making in a
belief system by past experiences, skilled, trained, or
learning.
Doctrinal theories of architecture and design thinking:
❑ Philosophical knowledge or principles of Architectural
theories and its design thinking, making understand by
past experiences, instructions, teachings or demonstration.
❑ Vitruvian: De “Architectura libri decem, The Five Principles of
Le Corbusier, Functionalism of BauHaus, Palladio theory of
order and symmetry, Personal styles Art Nouveau.
DEFINITION OF DESIGN:

• Do or plan (something) with a specific purpose in mind.

• A plan or drawing produced to show the look and

function or workings of a building, garment, or other
object before it is made.

• The art or action of conceiving of and producing a plan

or drawing of something before it is made.

• The arrangement of the features of an artifact, as

produced from following a plan or drawing.

• A preliminary sketch or outline showing the main

features of something to be executed.

• Design always implies mental formulation and

sometimes graphic representation plans for a house.
DEFINITION OF DESIGN:
• Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the
construction of an object, system or measurable human
interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering
drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams,
and sewing patterns).

• Design has different connotations(meaning) in different

fields. In some cases, the direct construction of an
object (as in pottery, engineering, management, coding,
and graphic design) is also considered to use design
thinking.
DEFINITION OF DESIGN:

• Designing often necessitates considering

the aesthetic, functional, economic, and sociopolitical
dimensions of both the design object and design
process.
• It may involve considerable research, thought, modeling,
interactive adjustment, and re-design. Meanwhile,
diverse kinds of objects may be designed
including clothing, graphical user
interfaces, skyscrapers, corporate identities, business
processes, and even methods or processes of designing.
THE DESIGN TYPES:

• Design is virtual product of artifact so to achieve essential

goal use different types of design. The subject of design types
in order to develop an understanding about different
approaches in design. Then it will review different types of
thinking involved in producing a design solution by studying
different design strategies. Professor Broadbent puts forward
that Types of design include:

1. Pragmatic design

2. Typological design

3. Analogical design

4. Syntactic/ Canonic design

1. Pragmatic design (व्यावहारिक डिजाइन):

By pragmatic design, Professor Broadbent means mechanical Igloo

processes in which one piles ‘stone-on-stone’, to see if a structure

can be made to ''work''. In a "Pragmatic Design" approach,
materials, climate and other physical factors are used as the basis
for proceeding, by trial-and-error, to see what can be made to
'work'. The pragmatic design as a method which most architects
could use by involving research in the forms of experiments and/or
observations to understand and measure the behavior of the users
and the environment they are designing for. Ex. Bauhaus design
“function first not Aesthetic”
2. Typological design:
Typology is the study and classification of object types.
In a "Typologic Design" - his former Iconic - it means pre-
established solutions, from the scale of a door-knob to that
of a kitchen-plan, an apartment-plan, an apartment-block
plan, a neighborhood, or the strategic plan for a city. The
typology as referring to the classification of built forms
according to the type of behavior they exhibit according to
the similarity of their purposes and/or their formal
structure (i.e., residential buildings, office buildings). This
type of design could help architects to establish a
foundation in their design solutions by reviewing what is
typically accepted by the users.

House typologies
3. Analogic design:

In an "Analogic Design" the use of images from nature,

painting and sculpture, existing buildings and so on is
implemented to 'trigger' ideas in the designer's mind. The
most parts of an analogic design come from the past (visual)
experiences of the designers. Metaphoric excursions are used
to encourage new insights, and the discussion of analogies
practiced as a way of introducing spontaneous thinking to the
problem. Le Corbusier's roof for Ronchamp that looks like a
crab shell; Rietvelds' s elevations that look like Mondrian Rietvelds' s elevations

paintings etc., are some examples of Analogic design which

Professor Broadbent explained in 1999.

Mondrian paintings
4. Syntactic/ Canonic design:
In a "Syntactic Design" approach - formerly Canonic Design - one
works by some rule based system, often, but not always,
geometric. by example Peter Eisenman who, in his early houses,
uses rules derived from Chomsky's Syntactic Structures to suggest rules for
generating 3-dimensional, geometric, architectural forms." Broadbent's view of
syntactic design one step farther to include rule-base thoughts and systems
which pertain to designers theoretical perspectives.

The grammar model discussed in Noam Peter Eisenman his early houses
Chomsky's Syntactic Structures (1957)
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN THINKING
Design Thinking: It is specific cognitive activities in design that
designer apply during the process of designing. Design thinking comes
to be defined as combining Empathy (समानभ
ु तु ि) for the context of
problem, Creatively (रचनात्मक) in the generation of insight and
solutions and Rationality (िककसंगि) in analyzing and fitting various
solutions to the problem context.

Origins of the term

Design is way of thinking to
solve the Well defined, ill
defined and wicked problem
as in systematic manner
addressing the appropriate
solution.
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN THINKING (DESIGN PROBLEM)
Well-defined (well-structured) problems: are those that contain a clear
specification of three elements of the problem space: the initial state
(the problem situation), the set of operators (rules and strategies) to
solve the problem, and the goal state (the solution). Well-defined
problems tend to have a single, convergent, absolutely correct, and
knowable solution.

Ill-defined problems: lack all or most of the information required to reach a

solution, i.e., they leave at least one of the three elements (initial state,
solution operators, or goal state) not clearly specified. Solving an ill-
defined problem often involves exploration and experimentation along with
developing, evaluating, and selecting a solution from a set of multiple
ideas generated in the course of the problem solving process.
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN THINKING (DESIGN PROBLEM)

Wicked problem: it means that the nature of the problem is highly

ambiguous. Thinking of it as highly complex problem, where there are
many known and unknown. Wicked problems are problems with many
interdependent factors making them seem impossible to solve.
Because the factors are often incomplete in flux, and difficult to define,
solving wicked problems requires deep understanding of the
stakeholders involved, and an innovative approach provided by design
thinking. Complex issues such as healthcare and education are
examples of wicked problems
THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
▪ Designers' thinking process during the act of designing ought to
be looked at more closely. Some studies already indicate that there
are reasons to believe that understanding more about the human
mind and his thinking process, would lead to a better
understanding of events during the design process.
Contribution of Psychology
• The ancient Greeks. Plato and Aristotle, in their discussions of the
nature and origin of knowledge, speculated on memory and
thought.
• The two positions were "empiricism",(अनुभववाद) which held that all
knowledge comes from experience, and rationalism (िककवाद).
• Thinking is an activity that has long intrigued psychologists and
philosophers. The application of thinking in architectural design is
involved in problem-solving, decision making, and designing.
THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
Associationism (संघवाद)
Associationism is a theory in philosophy or psychology which
regards the simple association or co-occurrence of ideas or
sensations as the primary basis of meaning, thought, or learning.
The compares associationism theories with the fact that designers
associate certain architectural spaces with their existing pictures from
those spaces in their minds. For example, in designing an
amphitheatre, designers would automatically recall the great theatres
of Roman period, with or without, considering the actual activities
involved in those theatres
THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
The Wurazburg School
• A school of psychological thought that flourished under the
leadership of the Latvian-born German psychologist Oswald
Külpe (1862–1915) . School of thought was began to replace the
doctrine of associationism and suggested that problem-solving,
can arrive at answers without any accompanying imagery or other
sensations.
• Suggests Wurzburg's influence on architectural design could
have originated the “form follows Function of Sullivan”. When an
architect is asked to design a space, one will most likely start by
analysing the function of that space and generating ideas around
those activities in order to design architecture.
THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
The Gestalt Movement
• Gestalt psychology, school of psychology founded in the 20th
century that provided the foundation for the modern study of
perception. Gestalt theory emphasizes that ”the whole of anything
is greater than its parts”. That is, the attributes of the whole are
not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation.
• Gestalt theory focused especially on perception, rather than on
thinking or learning, and the importance of perceptual
organisation was particularly stressed and Gestalt psychology is
''wholeness'' theory in architectural design.
Gestalt Psychology
• Tries to understand the laws of our ability to
acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions
in an apparently chaotic world.

• The central principle of gestalt psychology is that

the mind forms a global whole with self-
organizing tendencies.

• This principle maintains that when the human

mind (perceptual system) forms a percept or
gestalt, the whole has a reality of its own,
independent of the parts.

• "The whole is other than the sum of the

parts” by Kurt Koffka

• The Founders of Gestalt Psychology: Max

Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang
Köhler. Created in 1912
THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
BEHAVIOURISM (आचरण)
• Behaviourism, also known as behavioural psychology, is a theory of
learning based on the idea that all behaviours are acquired through
conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the
environment. Behaviourists believe that our responses to
environmental stimuli shape our actions.
• Human behaviour is understood as forming the architecture but also
architecture can shape human behaviour. Humans build buildings in order
to meet its own needs, then building that shape the behaviour of people
who live in the building. The building, designed by humans that was
originally built to meet human needs.
• Human behaviour itself is understood as a set of behaviours that
possessed by humans and influenced by the customs, attitudes,
emotions, values, aesthetics, power, persuasion (believe) and genetics.
THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
COGNITIVISM (संज्ञानात्मकवाद)
• Cognitivism is the study in
psychology that focuses on mental
processes, including how people
perceive, think, remember, learn,
solve problems, and direct their
attention to one stimulus rather than
another.
• Cognitive architecture is the theory
about the structures of the human
mind and how they work together to
manage intelligent behaviour in any
complex environment. A goal of
cognitive architecture is to use the
research of cognitive psychology to
create a complete physical
environment with contextual setting.
• These five cognitive processes include thinking,
knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. These are
higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language,
imagination, perception, and planning.
THINKING AND CREATIVITY
THINKING
• Thinking is the process of considering or reasoning about
something.
• using thought or rational judgement; intelligent.
• Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts,
engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions.
Plato's five ways of thinking as:
• The Intelligible World: The world of the intellect in which ideas can be
developed-as in geometry- by the sheer exercise of reasoned
thinking .
• The Sensible World: the world of the senses in which we gain from
experience of the world around us. But the senses may be deceived by
optical illusions, hallucinations, conjuring tricks and so on,
therefore we cannot trust them.
• Divine Revelation: the belief in some kind of God, possessed of all
knowledge and maker of all that exists in the world.
• Pragmatics: the use of models or other mechanical devices.
THINKING AND CREATIVITY
THINKING IN DESIGN
Thinking skills:
• Divergent thinking:
Divergent thinking involves finding many
possible solutions in the first stance. This is
the essence of design thinking process. The
design thinkers are required to think of as many
solutions as strike their brain, even if some of
them don’t look viable.
• Convergent thinking:
Convergent thinking is a method of
narrowing the available solutions to a final
solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to
come up with various unique ideas adherent to
a single theme. Convergent thinking is the
ability to find the correct solution to the given
problem. Design thinking explores on
divergent thinking in the beginning to ideate
many solutions and then resort to
convergent thinking to zero-in on the best
THINKING AND CREATIVITY
THINKING IN DESIGN
• Critical thinking:
Critical thinking is the intellectually
disciplined process of actively and skilfully
conceptualizing, applying, analyzing,
synthesizing, and/or evaluating information
gathered from, or generated by,
observation, experience, reflection,
reasoning, or communication, as a guide to
belief and action with steps by steps.
(Linear thinking)
• Creative thinking:
Creative thinking is a skill which lets you
consider things from a fresh perspective
and different angles. It's an inventive thought
process which results in surprising
conclusions and new ways of doing things.
Creative thinking can be aided by
brainstorming or lateral thinking to generate
ideas.
THINKING AND CREATIVITY
THINKING IN DESIGN
• Lateral Thinking:
Lateral thinking is the ability to use your
imagination to look at a problem in a
fresh way and come up with a new
solution. Lateral thinking means taking a
creative approach to a problem or
challenge. It's a great skill to have at work
and generating several alternative
solutions for a problem or parts of a
problem.
• Visual Thinking:
Visual thinking is the phenomenon of
cognition through visual processing.
Visual thinking is often described as seeing
words as a series of pictures. ... Visual
thinking refers to a way for learners to
externalize their internal thinking
processes, making them more explicit and
actionable.
THINKING AND CREATIVITY
CREATIVITY
▪ The use of imagination or original ideas to create something;
inventiveness.
▪ Creativity is the ability of a person or group to make something
new and useful or valuable, or the process of making something
new and useful or valuable. It happens in all areas of life -
science, art, literature and music.

Developing Creativity
• Left side of brain • Right side of brain
Rational Imaginative
Linear thought Lateral thought
Mathematical Creative
Control speech Controls left side of
Analytical body
Controls right side of body
 DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
• In architecture design process, design elements arranged in patterns,
although process Presented as a linear series steps. The design process is
more often a cyclical ,iterative one in which a sequence of careful analysis,
synthesis and evaluation of available information, insights possible solution is
repeated unit a successful fit between what existing context and what is
desired to achieve.
• It is arriving journey to final destination to achieve “wholesomeness of
Architecture”.
In Architecture three stages of wholesomeness
Analysis:
• A detailed examination of any things complex in order to understand its
nature or to determine its essential feature a thorough study.
• Separation of a whole into its components parts. Ex. Laboratories, canteen,
office, classroom, etc.
Synthesis:
• The composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form, a
whole.
• The complex so formed
• Integrated different spaces to make functional wholesomeness as one body.
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Evaluation:
• Determination of the value,
nature, character or quality of
something or someone.
• Find out the result, whether it
achieve in wholesomeness or
not, goal fix into existing context
or not. Ex. Classroom- not only
classroom have sufficient spaces
for all students but also light,
acoustic comfort, etc are achieve
or not.
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept thinking:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept thinking:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept thinking:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept Generators:
When referring to architecture; a concept is an idea, thought or notion that
forms the backbone and foundation of a design project and one that drives it
forward. It becomes the force and identity behind a projects progress and is
consistently consulted throughout every stage of its development.
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept Generators:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept
Generators:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept
Generators:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept Generators:
DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
Concept Generators:
THE DESIGN PROCESS:

In Architecture design process, design elements arranged in

patterns. Although process presented as a linear series of steps,
the design process is more often a cyclical, iterative one in
which a sequence of careful analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
of available information, insights, possible solution is repeated
until a successful fit between what exists and what is desired to
achieved.
Steps in the design process Analysis
• Define problem
• Formulate Program
• Develop Concept
• Assess Alternative
• Make design Decisions
• Develop and Refine Design
• Implement Design
• Reevaluate Completed Design
THE DESIGN PROCESS:

Define problem:
❑ Identify clients needs (Who, What, When, Where, How, Why?)

❑ Set preliminary goals

• Functional requirements
• Aesthetical image and styles
• Psychological stimulus and meaning

The design problem is first defined.

The ability to define and understand
the nature of the design problem is
an essential part of the solution.
This definition should specify how the
design solution should perform and
what goal and objectives will be met.
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
FORMULATE PROGRAM
“ANALYSIS”

COLLECT ❑ What is exists?

INFORMATION • Collect the analyze relevant information
• Document physical/cultural context
ORGANIZE • Describe existing elements
DATA
❑ What is desired?
• Identify user needs and preferences
INTERPRET
DATA
• Clarify goals
• Develop matrices, charts, and adjacency
diagrams
SUMMARIZE
DATA ❑ What is possible?
• What can be altered……What cannot?
• What can be controlled…What cannot?
FORMULATE • What can allowed………..What is prohibited
PROGRAM • Define limits, time, economic, legal,
and technical
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
An analysis of the problem requires that it be broken
“ANALYSIS”
down into parts, that issues be clarified, and that
OBSERVATIONS values be assigned to the various aspects
Of the problem.
Analysis also involves gathering relevant information
that would help us to understand the nature of the
problem and develop appropriate responses. From the
outset, it is worthwhile to know the limitations
HYPOTHESIS That will help share the design solution Any give
What can change and what cannot be altered should
be determined. Any financial constraints that will
impinge on the design solution should be noted.
IF NOT CONSISTENT
PREDICATIONS Through the design process,
MODIFY HYPOTHESIS
a clearer understanding of
the problem should emerge. Now information may
IF CONSISTENT, develop that could alter our perception of the problem
FORMULATE and its solution. The analysis of problem, therefore,
THEORY often continues throughout the design process.
THE DESIGN PROCESS:

“SYNTHESIS”
From the analysis of the problem and its parts, we can begin to formulate
possible solutions. This requires synthesizing – bringing together and
integrating responses to the various issues and aspects of the problem
into coherent solutions. Design requires rational thought based on
knowledge and arrived at through experience and research. Evidence
based design seeks to create better design outcomes by basing decisions
on credible research.

There are several approaches one can take to generate ideas and
synthesize possible design solution, including
• Isolate one or more key issues of value or importance, and develop
solution around them.

• Study analogous situations that could serve as models for developing

possible solutions.

• Develop ideal solution for parts of the problem, which could be

integrated into problem and tempered by the reality of what exists.
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
“SYNTHESIS” Design Concept.
❑ Brainstorm ideas
• Diagram major functional and spatial relations
• Assign values to key issues or elements
• Search for ways to combine several good
ideas into a single better one
• Manipulate the parts to see how a change
might affect the whole
• Look at the situation from different points
of view.

❑ Draft a concept statement.

• Verbalize the principle design ideas in
a concise manner

❑ Develop schematic designs.

• Establish major functional and spatial
relationships.
• Show relative sizes and shapes of important features
• Develop several alternatives for comparative study.
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
“Evaluation”
Design requires a critical view of alternative careful weighting of the
strengths and weaknesses of each proposal until the best possible fit
between problem and solution is achieved. Within a range of possible
solutions, each must be evaluated according to the criteria set forth in the
problem statement and further clarified in the problem analysis.
Successive explorations of problem and the evaluation of alternative
solutions should help narrow the choices for design development. While
the initial stages of design process encourage divergent thinking about
the problem, the design development phase requires a convergent focus
on a specific design solution.

❑ Assess Alternatives
• Compare each alternative
with design goals
• Weight the benefits and
strengths each alternative
against the cost and liabilities.
• Rank alternatives in terms of
suitability and effectiveness
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
“Evaluation”
❑ Make Design Decisions
• Combine the best design elements
into the final design.
o Draw preliminary plans.
o Construct scale drawings
o Show important interior architectural details
(e.g. walls, windows, built elements)
Test and Refine ideas.
o Show furniture if appropriate
o Computer design software may combine these steps

• Make preliminary material selections.

o Develop alternative color
and finish schemes.
o Collect material samples

• Make preliminary furniture and

lighting selections
• Prepare a presentation to the client for
feedback and preliminary approval
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
“IMPLEMENTATION”

Once the final decision have been made, the

design proposal is developed, refined, and
prepared for implementation. This includes the
production of construction drawings and
specifications and other services related to
purchasing, construction and supervision.

❑ Develop and Refine Design

• Develop plans, elevations, sections and
details
• Develop specification for interior finish
Materials, furnishings, and lightings.

❑ Implement Design
• Prepare construction drawings
• Finalize specifications, for interior finish
• Materials, furnishings, and lightings.
THE DESIGN PROCESS:

“IMPLEMENTATION”

No design process is complete until a design

solution that has been implemented evaluated for
it effectiveness in solving a given problem. This
critical appraisal of a completed design build up
our knowledge base, sharpen our intuition, and
provide valuable lessons that may be applied in
future work.

❑ Develop and Refine Design

• Develop plans, elevations, sections and
details
• Develop specification for interior finish
Materials, furnishings, and lightings.
THE DESIGN PROCESS:

“IMPLEMENTATION”

❑ Implement Design
• Prepare construction drawings
• Finalize specifications, for interior finish
• Materials, furnishings, and lightings.

❑ Re-evaluation Completed Design

• Perform design review
• Coordinate with architect, engineer, and
consultant.
• Solicit client feedback
• Perform post- occupancy evaluation