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RPL PROTOCOL

RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks) is designed for resource-constrained wireless networks, particularly for IoT devices, utilizing a tree-like structure called Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG). It operates in two modes: storing mode, where all nodes maintain a complete routing table, and non-storing mode, where only border routers hold the full table. RPL ensures efficient communication through features like scalability, multipoint-to-point traffic, quality of service, adaptability, and security.

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5 views

RPL PROTOCOL

RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks) is designed for resource-constrained wireless networks, particularly for IoT devices, utilizing a tree-like structure called Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG). It operates in two modes: storing mode, where all nodes maintain a complete routing table, and non-storing mode, where only border routers hold the full table. RPL ensures efficient communication through features like scalability, multipoint-to-point traffic, quality of service, adaptability, and security.

Uploaded by

naveen2014sai
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RPL (IPv6 Routing protocol):

What is RPL (IPv6 Routing protocol)?

• RPL stands for Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks for
heterogeneous traffic networks.
• Low power and lossy networks(LLN)are resource constrained.routers are usually
limited in terms of processing power,battery and memory .
• It is a routing protocol for Wireless Networks.
• This protocol is based on the same standard as by Zigbee and 6 Lowpan is IEEE
802.15.4 It holds both many-to-one and one-to-one communication.
• It is a Distance Vector Routing Protocol that creates a tree-like routing topology
called the Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG), rooted towards one
or more nodes called the root node or sink node.

The Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are created based on user-specified specific Objective
Function (OF). The OF defines the method to find the best-optimized route among the
number of sensor devices.

RPL TOPOLOGY:

DODAG(Destination Oriented Direct Acyclic Graph):


DODAG Root:

The DODAG root is the DAG root of the DODAG.The DAG root may act as a border router for the
DODAG.

FORWARDING AND ROUTING:

• Uprouter towards nodes of decreasing rank and Down router towards nodes of increasing
rank.
• All routers go upwards and /or downwards along a DODAG.

Directed Acyclic Graph:

• This new Distance Vector Routing Protocol was named the IPv6 Routing Protocol for
Low power and Lossy networks(RPL).
• The RPL specification was published as RFC 6550 by the ROLL working group.
• In an RPL Network, each node acts as a router and becomes part of a mesh network.
• Routing is performed at the IP Layer.
• Each node examines every received IPv6 packet and determines the next-hop
destination based on the information contained in the IPv6 header.
• No information from the MAC layer header is needed to perform the next
determination.

Modes of RPL:

This protocol defines two modes:

1. Storing mode

All modes contain the entire routing table of the RPL domain. Every node knows how to
reach every other node directly.

2. Non-Storing mode

Only the border router(s) of the RPL domain contain(s) the full routing table. All other nodes
in the domain maintain their list of parents only and use this as a list of default routes
towards the border router. The abbreviated routing table saves memory space and CPU.
When communicating in non-storing mode, a node always forwards its packet to the border
router, which knows how to ultimately reach the final destination.

RPL is based on the concept of a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). A DAG is Directed Graph
where no cycle exists.

A basic RPL process involves building a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph
(DODAG). A DODAG is a DAG rooted in one destination. border router known as the DODAG
root.

Implementation of RPL Protocol:


• The RPL protocol is implemented using the Contiki Operating system.
• This Operating System majorly focuses on IoT devices, more specifically Low Power
Wireless IoT devices.
• It is an Open source Model and was first bought into the picture by Adam Dunkels.
• The RPL protocol mostly occurs in wireless sensors and networks. Other similar
Operating Systems include T-Kernel, EyeOS, LiteOS, etc.

RPL control messages:

DIO-DODAG Information object.

DIS-DODAG Information soliciatation.

DAO-Destination Advertisement Object

DAO ACK-DAO Acknowledgement.

CC-Consistency Check(check for consistency in the messages).

Main Features and Advantages of RPL

The IPv6 Routing Protocol for RPL, is an efficient and effective protocol for data routing in
resource-constrained scenarios, such Internet of Things devices as per requirement. Its many
essential features include the below points:

• Scalability: The protocol can accommodate such type of big networks with low power
and lossy connectivity, which makes it appropriate for a range of Internet of Things
applications.

• Multipoint-to-point traffic generation: RPL offers a way to send data to a single


destination point from several devices within the LLN as per requirement.

• Quality of Service (QoS) – The protocol guarantees QoS by offering various types of
hmethods for reliable packet delivery system and congestion control system.

• Adaptive – RPL modifies the required routes in response to link quality and energy
availability changes in the network environment or system.

• Security system: To guarantee various types of secure communication within the LLN
as per requirement, RPL incorporates techniques for integrity protection,
authentication, confidentiality, and encryption for better performance.

Conclusion

RPL (IPv6 Routing protocol) is a routing protocol designed for wireless networks, especially
those with IoT devices that have limited power and unreliable connections. It helps devices
communicate efficiently, forming a network structure called a Destination Oriented Directed
Acyclic Graph (DODAG)RPL was developed to meet the needs of smart devices using the
Internet Protocol (IP), and it was standardized by the IETF’s ROLLworking
group.Thisprotocolmakes sure each device can act as a router, forming a mesh network that
improves communication reliability.

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