Transport in Plants

SHOTS- _
?> The long distance transport occurring through vascular tissues, xylem and phloem is called
translocation. Passage of materials into and out of the cells is carried out by a number
of methods - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport.

Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport

c Along concentration o Along concentration gradient o Against concentration
gradient o Passive transport gradient
o Passive transport c No energy is utilized Employ ATP
o No energy is utilized o Through fixed membrane ~ Uphill transport
transport proteins o Faster than passive

17 -#
Carrier proteins Channel proteins
c Bind the particular solute to be transported o Allow diffusion of the solutes
Some allow lvilO type of molecules move across
the membrane called cotransport ,~ v
Jon channel Porins
o Allow passage of o They are large
specific ions. protein pores.
Symport Antiport Uniport
a Often gated-voltage, e Allow even small
c Both molecules cross 0 Both molecules A molecule move
mechanical and sized proteins tc
the membrane in movein cpposlte across independent
ligand gated. pass through.
same direction direction of other molecule

Flowchart: Means of transport

Water potential (\jfw) is the difference between the free energy of water molecules in
pure water and the energy of water in any other system e.g., water in a solution or in a
plant cell or tissue. At atmospheric pressure, pure water has a water potential of zero.
The presence of solute reduces the free energy of water and thus decreases the water
potential (negative value). Therefore, the water potential of a solution is always less than
zero. Water always moves from the area of high water potential or high energy to the
area of low water potential or low energy. Water potential in a plant cell or tissue can be
written as ljfw = ljfm + \jfs + \jfp where,
Biology I Transport in Plants 243

» Significance of transpiration- Controls the rate of absorption of water from soil; helps in absorption of mineral
salts; responsible for ascent of sap; regulates the plant temperature by contributing to cooling of leaves and also
the surroundings; protects the leaves from heat injury, particularly under conditions of high temperature and intense
sunlight.

Transpiration causes loss of huge amount of water absorbed by plants and leads to wilting and injury in plants. It
also checks photosynthesis, reduces growth and if too severe may causes death from desiccation. Inspite of various
detrimental disadvantages the plants cannot avoid transpiration due to their peculiar structure of leaves which is
basically meant for gaseous exchange during respiration and photosynthesis. Also, transpiration pull developed as a
result of transpiration serves as major factor for ascent of sap. Therefore, transpiration is also regarded as necessary
II

evil" by Curtis (1926) or "unavoidable evil" by Steward (1959).

Guttation : Loss or excretion of water in the form of liquid droplets from the tips and margins of leaves is called
guttation. It was first studied by Bergerstein in 1887. All plants do not show guttation. It is restricted to about 345
genera of herbaceous and some woody plants. In general, guttation occurs when transpiration rate is very low as
compared to rate of water absorption. Due to this, root pressure is developed and water is pushed out through
specialized pores at vein endings called hydathodes. So guttation is not due to activity of hydathodes but due to root
pressure.

Unlike water, all minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots. Two factors account for this (i) minerals are present
in the soil as charged particles (ions) which cannot move across cell membranes and (ii) the concentration of minerals in
the soil is usually lower than the concentration of minerals in the root. Therefore, most minerals must enter the root by
active absorption into the cytoplasm of epidermal cells. This needs energy in the form of ATP. The active uptake of ions
is partly responsible for the water potential gradient in roots, and therefore for the uptake of water by osmosis. Specific
proteins in the membranes of root hair cells actively pump ions from the soil into the cytoplasms of the epidermal cells.
Transport proteins of endodermal celis are control points, where a plant adjusts the quantity and types of solutes that
reach the xylem.
> After the ions have reached xylem of the roots through active or passive uptake, or a combination of the two, their
further transport up the stem to all parts of the plants is through the transpiration stream. The chief sinks for
the mineral elements are the growing regions of the plants, such as the apical and lateral meristems, young leaves,
developing flowers, fruits and seeds and the storage organs. Unloading of mineral ions occurs at the fine vein endings
through diffusion and active uptake by these cells.

> Food is mostly synthesized in the leaves and also in young stems. The leaves therefore serve as the 'source', The
synthesized food is translocated to the growing regions and also to the storage organs of the plant. So, these regions
serve as 'sink', But, the source and sink may be reversed depending on the season, or the plant's needs. Since the
source-sink relationship is variable, the direction of movement in the phloem can be upwards or downwards, i.e.,
bidirectional. This contrasts with that of the xylem where the movement is always unidirectional, i.e.,
upwards.
The accepted mechanism for the translocation of sugars from source to sink is called the pressure flow hypothesis.
As glucose is prepared at the source i.e., in leaves (by photosynthesis), it is converted to sucrose (a disaccharide). The
sugar is then moved in the form of sucrose into companion cells and then into the sieve tube cells by active transport.
This process of loading at the source produces a hypertonic condition in the phloem. Water in the adjacent xylem moves
into the phloem by osmosis. As osmotic pressure builds up, the phloem sap vvill move to areas of lower pressure. At
the sink, osmotic pressure must be reduced. Again active transport is necessary to move the sucrose out of the phloem
sap and into the cells which will use the sugar converting it into energy, starch or cellulose. As sugars are removed, the
osmotic pressure of the phloem decreases and water moves out of the phloem.
242 Objective NCERTat your Fingertips

Breaking of the seed coat in germinating seeds is due to greater imbibitional swelling of the seed kernel (starch
and protein) as compared to seed coverings (cellulose). Seedling is able to come out of soil due to development of
imbibition pressure. Jamming of wooden frames during rains is caused by swelling of wood due to imbibition.

of water
p The upward movement of water with dissolved mineral (sap) from roots towards the tips of stem branches and their
leaves is called ascent of sap. Many theories have been put forward to explain the upward movement of water.
.l> Root pressure theory was put forward by Priestley (1916). Root pressure is a positive pressure that develops in
the xylem sap of the root of some plants and is a manifestation of active water absorption. Root pressure is maximum
during rainy season (in tropical region) and spring season (in temperate zone). It is retarded or absent under conditions
of starvation, low temperature, drought and reduced availability of oxygen. This theory can account for the ascent of
sap only in the herbaceous plants. In the tall trees the magnitude of pressure developed is too small to push the water
to the apical regions.
p Cohesion-Tension or transpiration pull theory was put forward by Dixon and Jolly in 1894. According to
this theory there is a continuous column of water from root through the stem and into the leaves. Water molecules
remain attached to one another by a strong mutual force of attraction called cohesion force. This is due to hydrogen
bonds formed amongst adjacent water molecules. There is another force called adhesion force between the walls
of tracheary elements and water molecules. It produces surface tension that accounts for high capillarity through
tracheids and vessels.
}> Intercellular spaces present amongst mesophyll cells of the leaves are always saturated with water vapours and
connected to the outside air through stomata. Outside air has a lower water potential than the moist air present
inside the leaf, thus water vapours diffuse out of the leaves. As a result, the turgor pressure of mesophyll cells
decreases and the diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) increases. Now these cells take water from adjoining cells
and the turgor of those adjoining cells decreases.This process is repeated and ultimately water is absorbed from nearest
xylem vessels of leaf. As there is a continuous water column inside the xylem elements, a tension or transpiration
pull is transmitted down and finally transmitted to root, resulting in the upward movements of water.

During day time (light) During night (dark)

» Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of vapours from CO2 concentration decreases CO2 concentration increases

the living tissues of aerial parts of the plant. Depending upon the ~ ~
transpiring surface it can be stomatal, cuticular, lenticular and Malic acid formed in Due to decreased pH of
guard cells guard cells. ABA released to
bark transpiration. Usually the lower surface of a dorsiventral stop the K+ exchange
(often dicotyledonous) leaf has a greater number of stomata ~
Dissociates into malate
while in an isobilateral (often monocotyledonous) leaf they are ions and W
Malate ions present in the
about equal in number on both surfaces. Stomatal transpiration "f
I guard ceil cytoplasm
constitutes 50-97% of total transpiration. .l HDl W are transported out of the combine with W to form
/-_.ib.~ guard cells and K+ are taken into malic acid.
» Opening and dosing of stomata are governed by change the guard cells (ion exchange) !
in O.P. or turgidity of guard cells. Different theories about the ~ +
K+ ions transported back into
mechanism of stomatal movements have been proposed. Malate O.P. of guard cells increased (due
to entry of K+ and malate ions) subsidiary cells resulting in
or K+ ion pump hypothesis is the most accepted one which decreased O.P. of guard cells
I

was initially given by Fujino (1959) and later modified by Levitt t ~

Endosmosis into guard ce!ls
Exosmosis from guard cells
(1974). It is also known as hormonal regulation theory (due
to ABA secretion) and is represented in the given flowchart. t
Guard cells turgid
~
Guard cells flaccid
Transpiration is affected by several external factors: temperature,
~
light, humidity, wind speed. Plant factors that affect transpiration Stomata open Stomata close
include number and distribution of stomata, number of stomata Flowchart: Opening and closing of stomata
open, water status of the plant, canopy structure ete.
 CORNER
ssessment is complementary part of the learning process. It gives you a total insight whether
A the learning outcomes have been achieved or not. After going through the corresponding NCERT
Textbook chapter, attempt these questions in exam like environment. Give yourself four marks for
correct answer and deduct one mark for wrong answer.A table is given at the end, that will help you
plan your next step. All the Best! 0

MEANS OF TRANSPORT Refer to the given figure. What does it represent?

Read the given statements and select the correct option.

: The process of diffusion does not require
any input of energy.
Diffusion involves movement of particles
from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration.
(a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct. Inner Outer
(b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect. side of side of
(i) cell cell (ii)
(c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct.
(d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. (a) Simple diffusion (b) Facilitated diffusion
(c) Osmosis (d) Active transport
Movement of the molecules of solids, gases or liquids
from the region of their higher concentration to the When transport proteins simultaneously move two
region of their lower concentration is known as molecules across a membrane in the same direction, the
(a) diffusion (b) osmosis process is called
(c) imbibition (d) active transport. (a) uniport (b) anti port
(c) symport (d) diffusive port.
The process of diffusion is involved in
(a) respiration (b) photosynthesis In passive transport across a membrane, when two
(c) transpiration (d) all of these. protein molecules move in opposite direction it is called
as
The type of diffusion in which substances move across (b) antiport
(a) uniport
the membrane along their concentration gradient in the (c) symport (d) co-port.
presence of certain carriers or transport proteins is called
as The given figure shows transport of two molecules A and
(a) simple diffusion (b) facilitated diffusion 8 through three different modes of facilitated diffusion.
(c) osmosis (d) active transport. Select the correct option regarding it.

Facilitated diffusion
(a) needs a carrier protein
(b) is an active process
A [ill
(c) occurs against the concentration gradient B
(d) needs ATP.
[ill]
Select the incorrect statement regarding facilitated
diffusion.
(a) It is a very specific process.
---
Cell membrane
II III
(b) It is a passive process.
(a) Uniport Symport Antiport
(c) It helps the hydrophilic substances to be transported
(b) Uniport Antiport Symport
across the membrane.
(c) Antiport Uniport Symport
(d) It is faster than active process.
(d) Antiport Symport Uniport
 HD
High Definition

Movement upward
Symplast and Endodermis
Xylem
Apoplast
Pathway
Symplast pathway interconnected cytoplasm
of living cells, water passes from cell to cell
through their protoplasm connected through
plasmodesmata. It does not enter cell vacuoles.

Water and
dissolved mineral
nutrients

Apoplast pathway interconnected cell-wall spaces, water passes through

the walls of intervening cells without crossino any membrane or cytoplasm.

Stomatal Movements Stomatal opening

High CO2 and Stomatal closure
high proton
concentration
in guard cell Cytoplasm
High
cytoplasm.
Low pH
~ St~ch So pH is low -J..
Potassium G·1 (5.0) G-1-Ph
malate .!-
Guard cells decreases Starch
-J..
become turgid f-t---------,-- '¥wof
and pore opens guard cell No malic acid
J . synthesised
Endosmosis
occurs
in
H+ in
out lYa.:clioj€]
K+ '\...H 0
CI 2

Low CO2 and low proton

concentration in guard cell
cytoplasm, so pH is high (7.0) a~dli~~~cd~S~S

Translocation of Organic Substances According to Mass Flow Hypothesis

Phloem
Xylem
2 Source cells load sucrose into companion
cells. The sucrose actively enters phloem
sieve tubes. A high osmotic concentration
develops in sieve tubes, i.e., their water
1
potential reduces.
Transpiration pull lifts
water up xylem vessels.
3
Sieve tubes absorb water from the xylem
by osmosis thereby raising their turgor
pressure.

4
Internal pressure differences drive the
phloem sap along the sieve tube to
sink cells which maintain a low turgor
pressure by converting soluble organic
substances into insol uble form.

5
Sucrose is unloaded into sink cells,
6 consequently the water potential
Water moves back from sieve tube in the sieve tube increases.
into the xylem by osmosis.
Biology I Transport in Plants 247

Water passes into a cell due to Refer to the given figure and select the correct statement.
(a) OP (b) DPD A B
(c) turgor pressure (d) diffusion.
• • •
Which out of the four plant cells (P, Q, Rand S)would not
exhibit any wall pressure?
Solute molecule
• ••
•• .-
Q • • •• •••
Water
• •
Semi-permeable membrane
(a) Solution of chamber 8 has a lower water potential
S than chamber A.
(a) P and Q (b) Q and S (b) Solution of chamber A has lower solute potential
(c) P and R (d) Rand S than chamber B.
In a fully turgid cell (c) Solution of chamber B has lower solute potential
(a) '¥ w = '¥s+ '¥p (b) '¥w = zero than chamber A.
(c) '¥w=-'¥s-'¥p (d) '¥ w= '¥s= '¥p. (d) Both (a) and (c)
Cell wall of plant cell is Refer to the given figure and select the correct option
(a) semi-permeable (b) selectively permeable regarding this.
Pressure
(c) fully permeable (d) impermeable.
Read the given statements and select the correct ones.
(i) A membrane which permits the passage of pure
solvent molecules to pass through it and not the
solute particles is called semi-permeable.
(ii) A membrane which allows some substances to pass
through it more readily than others is known as
selectively/ differentially permeable.
(iii) All living biological membranes are perfectly semi-
permeable.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) (a) Water will diffuse across the membrane to raise the
level of solution in the funnel.
Which of the following biological membranes is semi-
(b) Pressure can be applied to raise the water movement
permeable?
into the funnel.
(a) Fish and animal bladders
(c) Sucrose solution is an osmotically active solution
(b) Egg membrane
which cannot absorb water.
(c) Plasma membrane of cell
(d) All of these
(d) All of these
Given figure represents demonstration of osmosis by egg
The plant cell cytoplasm is surrounded by both cell
membrane osmoscope.
wall and cell membrane. The specificity of transport of
substances is mostly across the cell membrane, because
(a) cell membrane is impermeable
(b) cell membrane is selectively permeable
(c) cell membrane is fully permeable
(d) cell wall is impermeable.
Movement of solvent molecule from a region of its higher
concentration to a region of its lower concentration
through a semi-permeable membrane, is referred to as ~+-- Sucrose solution
Water
(a) simple diffusion (b) facilitated diffusion .,;:,j--il-- Egg membrane

(c) osmosis (d) active transport.

246 Objective NCERT at your Fingertips

Smaller, lipid soluble molecules diffuse faster through cell PLANT-WATER RELATIONS
membrane, but the movement of hydrophilic substances
is facilitated by certain transporters which are chemically Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, through which
(a) proteins (b) carbohydrates water diffuses across the cell membrane. The rate and
(c) lipids (d) phospholipids. direction of osmosis depends upon
Active transport (a) pressure gradient (b) concentration gradient
(a) uses energy to pump molecules against (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these.
concentration gradient The given table shows properties of four cells systems
(b) is an active process A, B, C and D. The maximum rate of inward diffusion of
(c) is carried out by membrane proteins water will be observed in which of these systems?
(d) all of these.

Uphill transport i.e., movement of substances from their

System concentration of
lower concentration to their higher concentration occurs
in
(a) simple diffusion (b) facilitated diffusion
(c) active transport (d) both (b) and (c).

Refer to the given figure and identify P, Q, Rand S.

Channel
protein Carrier (a) System A (b) System B
o proteins? (c) System C (d) System D
~
If some solute is dissolved in pure water, its water potential
I '. I) lmlmm1n Membrane (a) remains same
. 'ffi (b) increases
• l /~ \. ADP + Pi (c) decreases
o o 0 ATP 0
p Q (d) first decreases then increases.

R 5 Read the following statements and select the correct option.

P Q R S (i) Pure water has the highest water potential, i.e.,
(a) Facilitated Simple Active Passive zero.
diffusion diffusion transport transport (ii) Process of diffusion does not require any input of
(b) Simple Facilitated Passive Active energy.
diffusion diffusion transport transport
(iii) Water moves from the system containing water at higher
(c) Simple Faciiitated Active Passive
water potential to the one having lower water potential.
diffusion diffusion transport transport
(a) Statements (i) and (ii) are correct.
(d) Facilitated Simple Passive Active
diffusion diffusion transport transport (b) Statements (ii) and (iii) are correct.
(c) Statements (i) and (iii) are correct.
Refer to the given table and select the option that
(d) Statements (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct.
correctly fills the bianks in it.
- -------------- ----", ----.~- .. '-'--'---'--'~---'--'.-'----

Simple Facilitated Active If '¥ w = water potential; '¥s = solute potential; '¥p =
Property pressure potential, then select the correct equation
_~____~ d_if!usi~~Jr~~s~()rt_!'"~I1~E,!rt
Highly selective. A Yes B showing their inter-relation.
Uphill transport No C Yes (a) '¥w='¥s-'¥p
--.-----.----.~----.,.----"--~,---.---.-.----:--- -.-----.---,--"
..

Requires ATP No D Yes (b) '¥w= '¥s+'¥p

,----.".-----------"-- ..-- ~----------.~-.- ---.---.-
...

(c) '¥s= '¥w+ '¥p

A B C D
(d) '¥w='¥s='¥p
(a) No Yes No No
(b) Yes Yes Yes No Water potential of a flaccid cell will be
(c) No No No Yes (a) '¥ w = '¥s (b) '¥s = '¥p
(d) No Yes Yes Yes (c) '¥w=O (d) '¥w='¥s-'¥p·
Biology I Transport in Plants 249

Refer to the given figure and identify cells A, Band C. (i) (ii) (iii)
(a) Incipient Limiting Evident
plasmolysis plasmolysis plasmolysis
(b) Limiting Incipient Evident
plasmolysis plasmolysis plasmolysis
(c) Limiting Evident Incipient
plasmolysis plasmolysis plasmolysis
ABC
(d) Evident Incipient Limiting
(a) A - Plasmolysed ; B - Flaccid; ( - Turgid
plasmolysis plasmolysis plasmolysis
(b) A - Flaccid; B - Turgid; ( - Plasmolysed
(c) A - Turgid; B - Plasmolysed ; ( - Flaccid Pressure exerted by cell wall to balance turgor pressure is
called
(d) A - Turgid; B - Flaccid; ( - Plasmolysed
(a) wall pressure (b) DPD
Read the given statements and select the correct option. (c) water potential (d) osmotic pressure.
Plant cells do not rupture when placed in The hydrostatic pressure developed inside the cellon the
distilled water. cell wall due to endosmosis is cailed
Animal cells rupture when placed in (a) osmotic potential (b) diffusion pressure
distilled water. (c) wall pressure (d) turgor pressure.
(a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct. Absorption of water from soil by seeds increases the
(b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect. ___ thus helping seedlings to come out of soil.
(c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct. (a) DPD (b) diffusion pressure
(c) imbibition pressure (d) solute potential
(d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
(a) (ells shrink in hypertonic solution and swell in
Plasmolysis is bursting of cell membrane hypotonic solution.
when a cell is kept in a hypertonic solution. (b) Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water
Hypertonic solution causes endosmosis. is absorbed by non living parts.
(a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct. (c) Most of water flow in the roots occur via the
apoplast.
(b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
(d) All of these
(c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct.
The practice of breaking of rocks during rainy season
(d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
by inserting wooden pegs in them is based on the
A plasmolysed cell can be deplasmolysed by placing it in phenomenon of
(a) pure water or hypotonic solution (a) imbibition pressure (b) turgor pressure
(b) hypertonic solution (c) osmotic pressure (d) wall pressure.
(c) isotonic solution Which of the following statements is correct?
(d) saturated solution. (a) Bacteria do not survive in salted pickles because
they get plasmolysed in hypertonic medium.
The restoration of turgidity in a plasmolysed cell, when
(b) Osmotic potential is numerically equal to the osmotic
placed in a hypotonic solution is caused by pressure but is negative in sign.
(a) hydration (b) electrolysis (c) Kneading of wheat flour is accompanied by release
(c) plasmolysis (d) deplasmolysis. of heat which is due to imbibition.
Read the given statements that refer to different stages (d) All of these
of plasmolysis. Select the correct option regarding them. Select the incorrect statement regarding imbibition.
(i) First stage of plasmolysis,when osmotic concentration (a) Imbibition is the phenomenon of aclsorption of
water or any other liquid without forming solution.
of cell sap isjust equivalent to that of external solution.
(b) The liquid which is imbibed is called as imbibate.
(ij) Protoplast withdraws itself from corners of the cell (c) There occurs a decrease in volume of imbibant
wall. during imbibition,
(iii) Protoplast gets detached from the cell wall and (d) Water is absorbed by germinating seeds through
attains a spherical shape. imbibition,
248 Wl;i:;& Objective N(ERTat your Fingertips

After few days, which of the following would have The given figure shows set up of potato osmoscope
occurred? experiment. Select the option that correctly identifies the
(a) A rise in level X and a drop in level Y. labels A, Band C.
(b) A drop in level X and a drop in level Y. !------Pin
(c) A rise in level X and a rise in level Y.
(d) A drop in level X and a rise in level y,
If DPD represents diffusion pressure deficit, OP is the
osmotic pressure and TP is the turgor pressure, then
which of the following equations is correct?
A B C
(a) DPD = OP = TP (b) DPD = OP + TP
(a) Peeledpotato Water Sugar solution
(c) DPD = OP - TP (d) DPD = OP
(b) Peeledpotato Sugar solution Water
Water moves from a cell with DPD to a cell with (c) Unpeeled potato Sugar solution Water
DPD.
(d) Unpeeled potato Water Sugar solution
(a) higher, lower (b) lower, higher
Which of the following occupies the space between the
(c) lower, lower (d) higher, higher
cell wall and the shrunken protoplast in a plasmolysed
Two adjacent cells A and B are being studied. (ell A has cell ?
OP of 10 atm and TP of 6 atm. (ell B has OP of 10 atm (a) Isotonic solution (b) Hypotonic solution
and TP of 4 atm. (c) Hypertonic solution (d) Water
Movement of water will occur from Match column I with column II and select the correct
(a) cell A to cell B option from the codes given below.
~-~--l-~--·-----~~' ------r----------------------------l
(b) cell B to cell A Ic----j,---~--~~~__r__
: ColumnI! ! ColumnII -----------j
(c) no movement of water i A. i Hypotonic I (i) I No net flow of water I
~--~-----I------,-----------~---~--~'
(d) cannot be determined. ~~--lrJypertoni~li Water moves int~!~~~ __.•
If a cell A with DPD = 5 bars is connected to cells B,( and ,L_~
C. l lsotonic , IL~(iii) I Water moves out ~ of the cell
~ __ j~
0, whose OP and TP are respectively 5 and 5, 10 and 4, (a) A-(ii), B-(iii), (-(i) (b) A-(iii), B-(ii), (-(i)
and 8 and 3, the flow of water will be (c) A-(i), B-(ii), (-(iii) (d) ,l\-(ii), B-(i), (-(iii)
(a) (to A, Band 0 A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and
(b) A and 0 to Band ( irrigated. Urea is added in high amounts to make the
(c) A to B, ( and 0 plant grow faster, but after some time the plant died. This
(d) B to A, ( and D. may be due to _
(a) exosmosis (b) endosmosis
Which option is true for a fully turgid cell ?
(c) water logging (d) suffocation
(a) OP = DPD (b) OP = Zero
The concentration of solute in four cells is 0.4 M. They are
(c) DPD = Zero (d) TP = Zero
placed in four separatecontainers I, II, III and IV,filled with
If cell A with DPD 5 atm is surrounded by many cells with saline water of concentrations 0.1 M, 0.4 M, 2 M and 3M
DPD 4 atm then respectively.In which containerwill the cell swell ?
(a) the net movement of water will be from cell A to the (a) I (b) II
surrounding cells (c) III (d) IV
(b) net movement of water will be from the surrounding Use of excessivefertilisers causeswilting due to
cells to cell A (a) endosmosis (b) exosmosis
(c) water will not move at all (c) imbibition (d) none of these.
(d) water movement will depend on other unknown To initiate cell plasmolysis, the salt solution should be
factors. (a) isotonic (b) hypertonic
The cell A has an osmotic potential of -20 bars and a (c) hypotonic (d) none of these.
pressure potential of + 6 bars. What will be its water Salt is added to preserve meat, pickles, etc. because
potential? salting kills bacteria by the process of
(a) - 14 bars (b) +14bars (a) dissolution (b) distillation
(c) - 20 bars (d) - 26 bars (c) plasmolysis (d) imbibition.
Biology I Transport in Plants 251

(b) A - Apoplastic path; B - Symplastic path; C-Cortex; (a) transpiration (b) guttation
D - Endodermis; E-Casparian strips; F-Pericycle; (c) bleeding (d) precipitation.
G - Xylem; H - Phloem
Refer to the given figure.
(c) A - Apoplastic path; B - Symplastic path; C-Cortex;
D - Endodermis; E-Casparian strips; F-Pericycle;
G - Phloem; H - Xylem
A--I-----Alf<.,,'
(d) A - Symplastic path; B - Apoplastic path; C-Cortex: B --I---+-l:::0i1
D - Endodermis; E-Casparian strips; F-Pericycle;
C-+~---'
G - Phloem; H - Xylem
In submerged hydrophytes, the absorption of water takes
Select the correct statement regarding the labelled parts
place through A-C.
(a) root (b) stem
(a) The inner wall of B towards C is thick and elastic.
(c) leaf (d) general surface of plant.
(b) The opening and closing of the stomata is due to
If a soft stemmed plant is cut horizontally near the base of change in the turgidity of B.
its stem with a sharp blade on early morning of a humid (c) The opening of the stoma is aided due to the
day, drops of solution ooze through cut stem. This is due orientation of A in the cell walls of B.
to (d) All of these
(a) guttation (b) bleeding
Amphistomatic leaf, with stomata distributed equally on
(c) transpiration pull (d) root pressure.
both the surfaces, is an example of
Loss or excretion of water in the form of liquid droplets (a) isobilateralleaf (b) dorsiventralleaf
from the margins and tips of leaves is called (c) xerophytic leaf (d) hydrophytic leaf.
(a) transpiration (b) guttation
The given figure shows two states of a stomata.
(c) bleeding (d) precipitation.

(a) Guttation
TRANSPIRATION
Select the option which correctly satisfies the same
relationship.
Stomata: Transpiration: : Hydathode : __ .
(b) Root pressure
(i)
{D (ii)

In which of the conditions (i) and (ii), guard cells will have
(c) Bleeding (d) Oozing higher water content?
Which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) (i) only
(a) Endodermis is impervious to water due to the (b) (ii) only
presence of suberised Casparian strips. (c) Equal in both
(b) Xylem vessels and tracheids, being non-living, are (d) No water content in both
parts of the apoplast.
Refer to the given figure and select the option which
(c) Ascent of sap is best explained by root pressure
correctly identifies A, Band C.
theory.
(d) None of these
Ascent of sap is best explained by
(a) mass (bulk) flow
(b) pulsation theory B
(c) root pressure
(d) cohesion-tension transpiration pull.
The transpiration-driven ascent of xylem sap depends c
Diffusion into surlroUnding air
mainly upon __ property of water. ABC
(a) cohesion (b) adhesion (a) Xylem Phloem Stomatal pore
(c) surface tension (d) all of these (b) Phloem Stomatal pore
Xylem
Loss of water in the form of vapours from the living (c) Phloem Xylem Guard cell
tissues of aerial plant parts is called (d) Xylem Phloem Guard cell
250 Objective NCERTat your Fingertips

Read the given statements and select the correct option. I (ii)] There is little -IS~rTl~r~~i~t~~~~~~~~rsin
It becomes difficult to open and shut the \ I resistance in the i the movement of water
wooden doors and windows during rainy season. I i movement of water. i through symplast.
; Wooden doors and windows imbibe r---r------------t-------------- ---I
i (iii) ! It is slightly slower. lit is faster.
water in rainy season and thus their volume is increased. c--r--------r---------------------
(a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct. i (iv) l Metabol« state of I Metabolic state of root
(b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect. i I root directly affects I does not affect symplast
(c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct. I i apoplast pathway. ! pathway.
-----~--------~,~-------.---.-----,-----.-.- .•..-

(d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. Which of the given differences is/are incorrect?
(a) (iii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only
LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF WATER (c) (iii) and (iv) only (d) (ii) and (iii) only

The most important factor for absorption of water in In __ pathway, water crosses at least two membranes
plants is for each cell in its path (i.e., plasma membrane on
(a) living cell entering and exiting).
(a) apoplast (b) symplast
(b) force of capillarity
(c) transmembrane (d) both (a) and (c)
(c) imbibition
(d) cohesiveforce of water. In the given flow chart, the flow of water is shown from
soil to xylem of the root. Identify the tissues involved in
The given figure shows three different types of pathways steps A and 8.
of intercellular movement of water in plants. Identify A, 8
and C and select the correct option.
Vacuole Plasmodesmata
~~R ~
Metaxylem .~

(a) A- Hypodermis; 8 - Protoxylem

(b) A- Medullary rays; 8 - Phloem
Key: A-----~ B- c~ (c) A- Endodermis; 8 - Phloem
ABC (d) A- Endodermis; 8 - Protoxylem
(a) Apoplast Symplast Vacuolar Water will move from the root hair through cortex if the
(b) Symplast Apoplast Vacuolar water potentials are
(c) Symplast Vacuolar Apoplast Root hair Cortex Xylem
(d) Apoplast Vacuolar Symplast (a) 0 0 0
In apoplast pathway, water moves exclusively through the (b) -2 -1 0
(a) plasmodesmata (b) cell walls (c) 0 - 1 -2
(c) intercellular spaces (d) both (b) and (c). (d) 0 +1 +2.
In which of the following pathways, movement of Refer to the given figure. Identify the labelled parts (A-H)
water occurs from one cell to another cell through and select the correct option.
plasmodesmata? o G
(a) Apoplast pathway
(b) Symplast pathway
(c) Vacuolar pathway
(d) Transmembrane pathway
Following are the differences between apoplast pathway
and symplast pathway.
I-A~pl~~i-pathway-Sy~pia~t
pathw~y--:
'--~, -~-~".---,~-~---~---~- ---"-~-'-"-'------------""--""----'
(i) lit consists of non- . It consists of living
i living parts of plant I parts of plant body, i.e.,
: body, i.e., cell walls I, protoplasts connected by (a) A - Symplastic path; 8 - Apoplastic path; C-Cortex;
! and intercellular i plasmodesmata. D - Endodermis; E-Casparian strips; F-Pericycle;
!
G - Xylem; H - Phloem
J,

i.. j spaces.
Biology I Transport in Plants 253
(a) 1~ 4 ~ 2 -d (b) 6~ 5~2~3 (c) A-Xylem; 8-Sugars leave sieve tube; (-Sugars enter
(c) 1 ~ 4~ 5~ 6 (d) 6~ 5~4~ 1 sieve tube
Mass flow hypothesis was first described by (d) A-Phloem; 8-Sugars leave sieve tube; (-Sugars enter
(a) Swanson (b) Buchman sieve tube
(c) Kursanov (d) Munch. Organic substances such as sugars are translocated in the
Refer to the given figure representing mechanism of phloem. It can be demonstrated by
translocation and select the option which correctly (a) ringing the stem (b) root pressure
identifies A, Band C. (c) grafting (d) defoliation.
Sugars leave sieve tubes; A girdled plant (upto bast) may survive for some time but
follows by osmosis
it will eventually die, because
Tip of stem
(a) water will not move downwards
B (b) water will not move upwards
(c) sugars and other organic materials will not move
pressure downwards
(d) sugars and other organic materials will not move
Water follows
by osmosis upwards.
Ringing/girdling experiments demonstrate
(a) A-Phloem; 8-Sugars enter sieve tube; (-Sugars (a) phloem is responsible for translocation of food
leave sieve tube (b) xylem is responsible for ascent of sap
(b) A-Xylem; B-Sugars enter sieve tube; (-Sugars leave (c) transpiration pull
sieve tube (d) both (a) and (b).

Check your score! If your score is

-;goo/~--"l . Move on to the next chapter. You mastered this chapter. Concepts are on your
fingertips.
· Move on to the next chapter. You have a good command over this chapter.
· Move on to the next chapter, But don't forget to revise a~ain after 10 days and
extract more from this chapter.
· Still a wide scope to gain more from this chapter. Revise again!
· Go back to the chapter and read it thoroughly.
252 Objective NCERTat your Fingertips

Match column I with column " and select the correct (d) Most minerals enter the root by passive transport
option from the codes given below. into the cytoplasm of epidermal cells.
:--'-fOiu-mn,--r -CoJumn-"- -----, Which of the following elements are most readily
!----,--;---------t-----;------------------------------)
1A. i Dlxo~_rld Joll4Ji) Root2!~ssur~ ! J mobilised?
~~tomata _ I (ii) [Only water availa~~Jo plants I (a) Phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen and potassium
!C. : Manometer --+(iii) I Transpiration ----- __ J (b) Calcium, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus
lJ2:~apiliary water I (iv) I Transpiration pull_ ---J (c) Phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen and calcium
(d) Potassium, sulphur, nitrogen and calcium
!Ll£otometer lJ'11 Rate_oftra~spiril!io~ J
(a) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(v), D-(ii), E-(i)
PHLOEM TRANSPORT: FLOW FROM SOURCE
(b) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(ii), E-(v)
TO SINK
(c) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii), E-(v)
(d) A-(v), B-(iv), C-Oii), D-Oi), E-(i) Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of Xylem transport is unidirectional.
20 m height, the tip receives water within two hours. ; Phloem transport is bi-directional.
The most important physiological phenomenon which (a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
is responsible for the upward movement of water is (b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
(c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct.
(a) guttation (b) evaporation (d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
(c) transpiration (d) none of these
Unidirectional flow of water, minerals, some organic
The bulliform cells of leaves lose their turgidity during nitrogen and hormones occurs through
excessive (a) xylem
(a) assimilation (b) transpiration (b) phloem
(c) photosynthesis (d) respiration. (c) root
Match column I with column " and select the correct (d) vascular tissue.
option from the codes given below. The manufactured food in a green plant moves from the
---~IColU-mnT-·----~'-·------~----~-----~Colu-mn'1-1------'-------1 leaves to other parts through
----- -- - - - - -- - T - ,-- ---- - ---I
(a) xylem (b) phloem
~~:f~el~~~~rlg-- --JJiL lIri3_rlspiE~tlgn___1 (c) cortex (d) pith.
!B. Necessaryevil
i
---+----- --- -------------------1,----------------
(ii) I Osmosis
I
---------------1
i

iC. : Semi-permeable membrane i (iii) i Transpiration pull i Multi-directional flow of a variety of organic and inorganic
----j-------------------- -·-·-----f-----:--------- -----------,
!D.·-----t------
! Cohesion ! (iv) i Guttation i
solutes occurs through
..-----------------_._--------------- .._---·-t··--------;---·--·--'··~ -,. -----..---" ----------1
I,-- ..•

(a) xylem (b) vascular tissue

E. I Stomata closure I (v) I ABA
____ .:.. .• .• •. __ ...• ~. ~. __ . .~ . __ • .. _ J

(c) phloem (d) root.

(a) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(ii), E-(v)
(b) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii), E-(v) Phloem sap is mainly made of
(c) A-(iii), B-(v), C-(i), D-(ii), E-(iv) (a) water and sucrose
(d) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv), E-(v) (b) water and minerals
(c) oligosaccharides and hormones
UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS (d) sucrose only.
The given diagram shows a potato plant forming new
Concentration of minerals in the soil is usually _
tubers.
than the concentration of minerals in the root.
Which route would be taken by most of the food at this
(a) lower (b) higher
time?
(c) similar (d) none of these
Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Ions are absorbed from the soil by both passive and
active transport.
(b) Transport proteins of pericycle cells are control
points, where a plant adjusts the quantity and types
of solutes that reach the xylem.
(c) Root endoderm is possesses lignin which actively
transport ions in one direction only.
Biology I Transport in Plants 255
Given diagram illustrates the changes that occur when
Dots
a plant cell takes up water. Identify L, M and Nand represent
select the incorrect statement regarding the given K+ions
diagram.

(a) the concentration of the K+ should be more outside

the guard cells
(b) the concentration of the K+ should be equal on
both inside and outside
(c) the peripheral walls of the guard cellsshould be thicker
(d) the water should move inside the guard cells.
On a warm summer day, the transpiration pull is the main
force that drives from root parenchyma into the root xylem.
The table shows values of \jfp (pressure potential) and \f's
(solute potential) in root xylem and root parenchyma, in
(a) N is the diffusion pressure deficit which becomes kPa. In which of the options (a-d) would transpiration pull
zero when Land M are equal in magnitude. cause water to move from root parenchyma into the root
(b) In a flaccid cell, value of N becomes equal to that xylem?
ofL.
(c) M represents osmotic pressure, which increases
when a flaccid cell takes up water.
(d) L represents solute potential, which decreases with
the increase in turgidity of the cell.
The given diagram illustrates stomatal closing. The major
mistake in the diagram is that
 HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS

Given figure shows U-shaped tube with two hands (c) Translocation of organic solutes takes place from
A and B separated by a semi-permeable membrane. region P with high turgor pressure to region Q with
A B low turgor pressure.
(d) In region Q, material is either consumed or is
converted into insoluble storage forms resulting in
Pure water decreased osmotic pressure.
Stomatal opening and closing involves the role of various
ions. In the given figure, arrows depict the movement of
0) Adding solute to the right side lowers the value of certain ions during stomatal opening in light. Identify
'Ps causing water to move to the right side of the the ions (P, Q, Rand S) and select the correct option.
tube.
Oi) Applying positive pressure to the left side decreases Guard
the value of'P p causing water to move to the right cell
side of the tube. Vacuole
(iii) Applying negative pressure to the left side Q
decreases the value of 'Pp causing water to move R
to the right side of the tube.
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(a) (i) and Oi)
(b) (i) only
p Q R S
(c) (iii) only
(a) Malate2- K+ (1- H+
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) K+ H+ CI- Malate2-
Given figure demonstrates the translocation of organic H+ K+ CI-
(c) Malate2-
solutes according to pressure flow hypothesis. H+ (1-
(d) K+ Malate2-
t p Stomatal movements are influenced by a number of
R
environmental factors. Which of the following statements
t is/are incorrect regarding this?
(i) Blue light keeps stomata open during the day
promoting the movement of K+ ions into guard
Xylem cells.
vessel
(ii) Increased (02 concentration reduces the pH of
guard cells which promotes conversion of sugar
into starch, ultimately causing closure of stomata.
(iii) Abscisic acid, under stress conditions, causes rapid
Which out of the following statements is incorrect
movement of K+ ions into guard cells.
regarding this?
(a) A continuous high osmotic concentration is (iv) Highly concentrated sucrose or salt solution when
maintained in region P, which loads a sieve tube applied over to stomata, results in stomatal opening.
element by passively transporting solute molecules (a) 0) and (ii)
into it. (b) (iii) and (iv)
(b) R shows the movement of H20 into sieve tube (c) (iii) only
elements from nearby xylem vessels by osmosis. (d) (iv) only
 CORNER
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason.
Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: In symport method, both molecules cross Assertion: Normally stomata are open in the day time
the membrane in the same direction at the same time. and close during the night.
Reason: In antiport method, both molecules move in Reason: The cause of the opening or closing of stomata
opposite direction. is the change in the turgidity of the guard cells.
Assertion: More is the number of solute molecules, the Assertion : The isobilateral leaf has equal number of
lower (more negative) iSo/v;. stomata on both surfaces.
Reason: Presence of solute particles reduces the free
Reason : The dorsiventral leaf has greater number' of
energy of water and thus decreases the water potential.
stomata on upper surface.
Assertion : Osmosis is a special type of diffusion of
Assertion: Cohesion, adhesion and surface tension give
water through a semi-permeable membrane.
high tensile strength to water.
Reason: The net direction and rate of osmosis depends
Reason : Capillarity is aided by small diameter of the
only on the pressure gradient.
tracheary elements.
Assertion: Osmotic pressure is numerically equivalent
to the osmotic potential. Assertion: Capillary water is not readiiy available to the
Reason : Osmotic pressure is the negative pressure plants as it lies below the level of roots.
applied, while osmotic potential is positive. Reason: Gravitational water constitutes the only water
available to the plants.
Assertion: A plant cell shrinks in hypertonic solution.
Reason: In hypertonic solution, water moves out of the Assertion : Ions are absorbed from the soil by active
cells due to plasmolysis. transport only.

Assertion: The positive pressure that develops in the Reason : The proteins present in the membranes of
plant cell due to entry of water is called turgor pressure. root hair cells passively pump ions from the soil into the
Reason : The turgor pressure is responsible for cytoplasm of the epidermal cells.
enlargement and extension during growth of cells. Assertion: The direction of movement of organic solutes
Assertion: During apoplastic movement of water, water in the phloem is bi-directional.
travels through the cells and their cytoplasm. Reason : The transportation depends on variability of
Reason : The symplastic movement of water occurs source-sink relationship.
exclusively through the intercellular spaces and the walls
Assertion : Mass or bulk flow is the movement of
of the cells.
substances in bulk from source to sink as a result of
Assertion: The loss of water in its liquid phase from the pressure differences.
leaves is called guttation. Reason: Water, minerals and food are generally moved
Reason: Guttation takes place at night only. by mass flow.
 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
This section is from NCERT Exemplar Book. It may have more than one option correct.

t. Which of the following statements does not apply to Choose the correct option Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic
reverse osmosis? association of fungus with root system which helps in
(a) It is used for water purification. A. absorption of water B. mineral nutrition
(b) In this technique, pressure greater than osmotic C translocation D. gaseous exchange.
pressure is applied to the system. (a) Only A (b) Only B
(c) It is a passive process. (c) Both A and B (d) Both Band C
(d) It is an active process. Based on the figure given below which of the following
2, Which one of the following wiil not directly affect statements is not correct?
transpiration? A B
(a) Temperature
Solute
(b) Light molecule
(c) Wind speed Water
(d) Chlorophyll content of leaves
3.. The lower surface of leaf will have more number of Semi-permeable
stomata in a membrane
(a) dorsiventral leaf (b) isobilateral leaf (a) Movement of solvent molecules will take place
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these. from chamber A to B.
&1.. The form of sugar transported through phloem is (b) Movement of solute will take place from A to B.
(a) glucose (b) fructose (c) Presence of a semi-permeable is a pre-requisite
(c) sucrose (d) ribose. for this process to occur.
(d) The direction and rate of osmosis depends on
5. The process of guttation takes place both the pressure gradient and concentration
(a) when the root pressure is high and the rate of gradient.
transpiration is low
Match the followings and choose the correct option.
(b) when the root pressure is low and the rate of ~'--~".--:---
-------~'"-T----·i-----·----··-~··-~---~-----I

transpiration is high •,r~----l-'---~-~---+-----~------~---'

' Column I • •Column" •
i A. • Leaves ~ (i) I AntHranspirant :
(c) when the root pressureequals the rate of transpiration t"---·--t--------------r------- ., -----,
(d) when the root pressure as well as rate of i B. i Seed (ii) 'Transpiration ~~_
transpiration are high. c~"R;ots-- (iii) : Negative osmotic
, ''it " po en t'la I
Which of the following is an example of imbibition?
iDlAspirin----~ r (iv) 'Imbibition!
(a) Uptake of water by root hair -' -~------ ------I-~--~~--~---

(b) Exchange of gases in stomata LlJflasmolysed~IIU\lLJ.6bsorpti~ ~

(c) Swelling of seed when put in soil Options:
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(v), D-(i), E-(iii)
(d) Opening of stomata
(b) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i), Hv)
1. When a plant undergoes senescence, the nutrients may (c) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv), Hv)
be (d) A-(v), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii), Hi)
(a) accumulated (b) bound to cell wall
Mark the mismatched pair.
(c) translocated (d) none of these.
(a) Amyloplast - Store protein granule
Water potential of pure water at standard temperature (b) Elaioplast Store oils or fats
is equal to (c) Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll pigments
(a) 10 (b) 20 (d) Chromoplasts Contain coloured pigments
(c) zero (d) none of these. other than chlorophyll
Biology I Transport in Plants 259

of energy. The molecules or ions, in active transport, cross a and '\jfp of 10 bars, the resultant water potential will be zero
protoplasmic membrane (viz, plasma membrane, tonoplast, as follows: '\jfw= '\jfs + '\jfp
etc.) against the chemical potentia! (concentration) gradient. '\jf w = -10 bars + 10 bars
This kind of transport is carried out by membrane proteins. 1jf w == 0 bars.

13. (c): In active transport, the movable carrier proteins are 25. (c): A membrane is said to be permeable to a substance,
called pumps. They employ ATP energy for transport across the if it allows the passage of the substance through it. This property
membrane. It is uphill transport, i.e., against concentration is termed as permeability. The plant cell wall is permeable
gradient and is faster than passive transport. The rate of active because it allows both solvent and solute molecules to pass
transport reaches the maximum when all the protein pumps through it. On the other hand, cuticle layer is impermeable
are being used in transport (saturation effect). Carrier proteins because it does not allow both the solvent and the solute
are highly specific like enzymes. They are also sensitive to particies to pass through it.
inhibitors that react with protein side chains.
26. (a): There are certain membranes, which allow
14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (c) penetration of only solvent molecules but not the solute
18. (c): The water potential of a solution can be determined particles. Such membranes are known as semi-permeable.
using pure water as the standard of reference. The pure water, Examples of such membranes are cellophane, fish and
at atmospheric pressure, has a water potential of zero (0). animal bladders, egg membrane, plasma membrane, ete. The
The presence of solute particles reduces the free energy of biological membranes are not perfectly semi-permeable. They
water and thus decreases the water potential (negative value). allow to pass solute molecules only up to a certain extent and
Because of this, the water potential of a solution is always less are, therefore, selective in nature. They are known as selectively
than zero. or differentially permeable membranes. All living biological
19. (d)
membranes are differentially permeable membranes, which
allow some substances to pass through it more readily than
20. (b):'\jfw='\jfs+lIfp others.
where '\jfw = water potential, '\jfs = solute potential
27. (d): Refer to answer 26.
and '\jfp = pressure potential.
28. (b)
21. (a): If plant cell happens to be bathed in hypertonic
solution, it loses water through the process of exosmosis. The 29. (c): When the two solutions having different osmotic
loss of water is first from cytoplasm and then central vacuole. concentrations are separated by means of a semipermeable
As a result, the protoplast is reduced in size. This decreases membrane, the molecules of solvent or water move from the
turgor pressure or pressure potential ('\jf ) and correspondinq region of their higher diffusion pressure (or free energy) to the
wal! pressure. Solute potential becomes s1ightly more negative region of their lower diffusion pressure (or free energy). This
due to loss of water. The cell attains a minimum size when movement of water or solvent is called osmosis.
turgor pressure is zero/pressure potential ('I'p) is zero. 30. (d): In the given figure chamber A has less solute
Therefore, '\jf w = '\jf 5 + '\jf p molecules than chamber B.The more the solute molecules, the
or'\jfw='\jfs(as'\jfp=O) lower is the water potential and solute potential.
A cell which is deficient in turgor is called flaccid. 31. (a): The given figure is a demonstration of osmosis in
22. (b): Cells gain or lose water among themselves on the which thistle funnel is filled with sucrose solution and kept
basis of their water potential or DPD and not their solute or inverted in a beaker containing water will diffuse across the
osmotic potentials only. Movement of water (solvent) takes membrane to raise the level of the solution in the funnel.
place from lower DPD to high DPD or from higher water Pressure can be applied to stop the water movement into the
potential to lower water potential. funnel. Sucrose solution is an osmotically active solution and
can absorb water.
23. (c): Wall pressure is equal and opposite pressure of the
cell wall against the cell content to the turgor pressure. In the 32. (a): Water enters from the beaker to the thistle funnel
given figure, cell walls of cells Q and S, generate resistance through the egg membrane (semi-permeable membrane)
against the expanding protoplasm as they are shown to be demonstrating the process of osmosis.
fully turgid cells. But cells P and R are shown to be in the 33. (c): The reduction in the diffusion pressure of water in a
stage of plasmolysis, hence these cells would not exhibit any solution over its pure state is called diffusion pressure deficit or
wall pressure. DPD. Diffusion pressure deficit is also called suction pressure.
24. (b): In case of fully turgid cell, the net movement of Its value is equal to the osmotic pressure or potential (OP)
water into the cells is stopped. The cell is in equilibrium with (positive value taken in bars or atm) of the solution in a cell
the water outside. The water potential in such a case will be 01' system minus the wall pressure (WP) (= turgor pressure, TP)
zero (0). which opposes the entry of water into it provided the external
A cell at fuil turgor has its osmotic potential and pressure water is pure. DPD = OP - WP ( = TP)
potential equal but opposite in sign. Therefore, its water Water is absorbed by a system having higher DPDfrom another
potential will be zero. Forexample, a cell has its '\jf sof-l 0 bars system with lower DPD.
258 Objective NCERTat your Fingertips

MCQsCORNER
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5.. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (c)
61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (b)
71. (d) 72. (d) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (d) 80. (a)
81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100. (d)
HOTS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d)
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a)
ASSERTION & REASON CORNER
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b)

MCQsCORNER 7. (b) : The given figure represents facilitated type

of diffusion as molecules are moving from their higher
1. (a) concentration to lower concentration across the membrane
2. (a): Diffusion isthe movement of the particles of different with the help of special transport proteins.
substances from the region of their higher concentration, 8. (c): Some carrier proteins allow transport only if two
free energy or diffusion pressure to the region of their lower types of molecules move together. This is called cotransport.
concentration, free energy or diffusion pressure. It is of two types: symport and antiport method. In symport
3. (d) : Diffusion keeps the cell walls of the internal plant method of cotransport, both molecules cross the membrane
tissues moist. It is a means of spreading of ions and other in the same direction at the same time. In antiport method of
substances throughout the protoplast. Transpiration or loss of cotransport, both molecules move in opposite direction. When
water in vapour forms is a diffusion process. Exchange of gases a molecule moves across a membrane independent of other
(C02 and 02) during photosynthesis and respiration between molecule, the process is called uniport.
the plant interior and outside air also occurs through diffusion. 9. (b) : Refer to answer 8.
4. (b) : The diffusion of hydrophilic substances along the 10. (b): Refer to answer 8.
concentration gradient through fixed membrane transport 11. (a): Particles which are lipid soluble (i.e., lipophilic or
proteins without involving energy expenditure, is called hydrophobic) can easily diffuse through the cell membrane as
facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion is very specific as it the lipid is a major constituent of the membrane. Where as
allows cell to select substances for uptake. It is sensitive to hydrophilic substances (i.e., the substances which are soluble
inhibitors as well as show saturation effect. Two major types of in water, e.g., glucose) do not pass through a biological
transport proteins are known viz, carrier proteins (also called membrane by simple diffusion. They are, therefore, transported
carriers, transporters) and channel proteins. Carrier proteins across a cell membrane by facilitated diffusion (i.e., carrier
bind the particular solute to be transported and deliver the mediated diffusion), which takes place with the help of certain
same to the other side of the membrane. transport proteins.
5. (a): Refer to answer 4. 12. (d): Active transport is the transport of solute linked with
6. (d) some metabolic reaction (or reactions) involving expenditure
Biology I Transport in Plants 261

of imbibition is important to initiate the seed germination. The place, provided the movement can occur between them. The
pressure that an imbibant develops when submerged in pure direction of flow will be energetically down hill, that is from
imbibing liquid is called imbibition pressure. the region of higher water potential (root hair) to the region
57. (d) of lower water potential (xylem) via cortex from less negative
water potential (e.g., - 1 kPa)to more negative water potential
58. (a): Imbibition pressure generated during germination (e.g., - 2 kPa).
of seeds and spores is so enormous that it can break asphalt
roads and concrete pavements. In older times, the imbibition 70. (b)
pressure was used in breaking the rocks and stones. Dry 71. (d): Roots are poorly developed in hydrophytes and the
wooden stakes, if driven into a small crack in a rock and then water absorption takes place through general surface of the
soaked, can develop enough pressure to split the rock. plant body.
59. (d) 72. (d): If we cut a small soft-stemmed plant on a day, when
60. (c): The adsorption of water by the solid particles of an there is plenty of atmospheric moisture, early in the morning
adsorbent causing it to enormously increase in volume without we will soon see drops of solution ooze out of the cut stem;
forming a solution is called ·imbibition. Solid substances or this comes out due to the positive root pressure. If we fix
adsorbents which take part in imbibition are called imbibants, a rubber tube to the cut stem as a sleeve we can actually
e.g., seeds, dry wood. The liquid (usually water) which is collect and measure the rate of exudation, and also determine
imbibed is known as imbibate. The imbibate is held in between the composition of the exudates. Root pressure is a positive
and over the surface of particles of the solid substance through pressure that develops in the xylem sap of the root of some
the processes of capillarity and adsorption. The swelling plants. It is a manifestation of active water absorption. Root
imbibant also develops a pressure called imbibition pressure pressure is observed in certain seasons which favour optimum
(matric potential). metabolic activity and reduce transpiration. It is more during
rainy season in the tropical countries and during spring in
61. (a): Wooden doors and windows adsorb water in humid temperate habitats.
rainyseasonand increasein their volume so that they are hard to
open or close. If a dry piece of wood is placed in water, it swells 73. (b): The loss or excretion of water in the form of liquid
and increasesits volume. During imbibition, the water molecules droplets from the leaves and other parts of uninjured or intact
get tightly adsorbed and become immobilised. plant is called guttation. It was first studied by Bergerstein in
1887. All plants do not show guttation. It is restricted to about
62. (a) 63. (a)
345 genera of herbaceous and some woody plants. Common
64. (d): Apoplast pathway consists of non-living parts of examples are garden nasturtium, oat and other cereals,
plant body i.e., cell walls and intercellular spaces. In apoplast balsam, tomato, cucurbits. Guttation takes place through
pathway, water passes from root hair to xylem through the special structures called hydathodes. They are usually found on
walls of intervening cells without crossing any membrane the margins and tips of the leaves.
or cytoplasm. The pathway provides the least resistance to
74. (a): The process of exudation of liquid drops from the
movement of water. However, it is interrupted by the presence
edges of leaves is called guttation. Usually it occurs through
of impermeable ligno-suberin Casparian strips in the walls of
stomata-like pores called hydathodes.lt is this process by which
endodermal cells.
fully turgid plants remove extra water, The cause of guttation is
65. (b): In symplast pathway, water passes from cell to mainly root pressure (when the root pressure is high and rate
cell through their protoplasm. It does not enter cell vacuoles. of transpiration is low, guttation takes place). Hydathodes are
The cytoplasm of the adjacent cells are connected through stomata-like pores generally present at the tips or margins of
plasmodesmata. Symplastic movement is aided by cytoplasmic leaves of those plants that grow in moist shady places (e.g.,
streaming of individual cells. Tropaeo!um) ,
66. (c): Apoplast pathway is faster while symplast pathway 75. (c): Cohesion tension theory (Cohesion-tension and
is slightly slower. Metabolic state of root does not affect transpiration pull theory) explains the ascent of sap best. It was
apoplast pathway while metabolic state of root directly affects put forward by Dixon and Jolly in 1894. It was further improved
symplast pathway. by Dixon in 1914. Therefore, the theory is also named after him
67. (c): The transmembrane (or vacuolar) pathway is the as Dixon's theory of ascent of sap. Today most of the workers
route followed by water that sequentially enters a cell on one believe in this theory.
side, exits the cell on the other side, enters the next in the 76. (d)
series and so on. In this pathway, water crosses at least two
membranes for each cell in its path (the plasma membrane on 77. (d): There is a continuous column of water from root
entering and on exiting). through the stem and into the leaves, The water column is
present in tracheary elements. The column of water does
68. (d) not fall down under the impact of gravity because forces of
69. (c): If a difference in water potential exists between transpiration provide both energy and necessarypull. Cohesion,
the two regions, spontaneous movement of water will take adhesion and surface tension keep the water in place.
260 Objective NCERTat your Fingertips

34. (b): Refer to answer 33. saltinq, Similarly, jams and jellies are preserved by sweetening
35. (a): For Cell A : DPD = OP - TP = 10- 6 = 4 atm with sugars. Salting and sweetening create hypertonic condition
For Cell B : DPD = OP - TP = 10 - 4 = 6 atm in which the fungi and bacteria get killed by plasmolysis.
As water moves from a cell with lower DPDto a cell with higher 48. (a)
DPD,therefore water will move from cell A to cell B. 49. (a): When a plant cell is placed in pure distilled water,
36. (d): DPD of cell A = 5 bars the water enters into the cell. Cell wall is outer rigid, protective
DPD of cell B = 5 - 5 = 0 bars and supportive covering of a plant cell, which prevents the
DPD of cell C = 10 - 4 = 6 bars bursting of plant cell by inhibiting excessive endosmosis.
DPD of cell D = 8 - 3 = 5 bars On the other hand animal cells rupture if they are placed in
As cell B has the lowest value of DPD, therefore water will distilled water, due to the absence of cell wall.
move from cell B to cells A, C and D. 50. (d)
37. (e): As the cell becomes fully turgid, the value of turgor 51. (a): The swelling up of a plasmolysed protoplast
pressure becomes equal to that of solute potential (\v) so that under the influence of hypotonic solution or water is called
J
water potential (\jf or DPD becomes either zero or equal to deplasmolysis. It is due to endosmosis. Deplasmolysis is
that of external hypotonic solution. possible only immediately after plasmolysis otherwise the
\jfw = \jfs + \jfp = 0 cell protoplast becomes permanently damaged. During
Though there is no net movement of water between the cell deplasmolysis water diffuses into protoplast.
and its environment, equilibrium is dynamic and not static. 52. (d): Refer to answer 51.
Equal exchange of water molecules continues between the cell
and its environment. 53. (b): Shrinkage of the protoplast of a cell from its cell
wall under the influence of a hypertonic solution is called
38. (b) plasmolysis. Hypertonic solution causes exosmosis or
39. (a): \jfw = \jfs + \jfp withdrawal of water from cytoplasm and then the central
where \jf w = water potential, \jf s = osmotic potential vacuole of cell. The size of cytoplasm as well as central vacuole
and \jfp = pressure potential and hence protoplast becomes reduced. The pressure on the
wall is simultaneously reduced and the elastic wall contracts
\jfw= (-20) + (+6) = -14 bars
causing a reduction in cell size. This is first stage of plasmolysis
40. (b) called limiting plasmolysis. At limiting plasmolysis, the pressure
41. (e): Hypertonic solution is more concentrated as J
potential (\jf is zero and the osmotic concentration of cell
compared to standard solution. If a plant cell is placed in interior is just equivalent to that of external solution (isotonic).
highly concentrated salt or sugar solution (hypertonic solution), The cell is called flaccid.
water from the cell sap flows out due to exosmosis through The extra hypertonic external solution continues to withdraw
the plasma membrane outside the cell. Loss of water from water from the central vacuole by exosmosis. Initially the
the cell sap causes contraction or shrinkage of proptoplast. protoplast withdraws itself from the corners. This stage is
This is referred to as plasmolysis. Hypertonic solution occupies known as incipient plasmolysis. Due to continued exosmosis,
the space between the cell wall and shrunken protoplast in a protoplast shrinks further and withdraws from the cell wall
plasmolysed cell. except one or a few points. It is known as evident plasmolysis.
42. (a) 54. (a)
43. (a): Urea solution is more concentrated than the sap 55. (d): If a living plant cell is immersed in water, it swells
present in plant cells, so plant cells lose water to the soil due to absorption of water (endosmosis). As a result of entry
through the process of exosmosis. Loss of water caused plant of the water into the cell sap a positive pressure is developed
to die. in the protoplasm which presses against the cell wall. The
44. (a): Concentration of container-I with respect to the actual pressure exerted by the protoplasm against the cell wall
cell is hypotonic, therefore, endosmosis occurs and water is the turgor pressure (TP), which is always less than osmotic
will move from its higher concentration towards its lower pressure unless the cell is in distilled water. Due to turgor
concentration ti.e., from container to ceil), as a result of which pressure the protoplast of a plant cell will press the cell wall to
cell in container-I will swell. the outside. The cell wall, being elastic, presses the protoplast
with an equal and opposite force. The force exerted by the cell
45. (b): Excessiveuse of fertilisers causes exosmosis. In such
wall over the protoplast is called wall pressure (WP). Normally
condition, osmotic withdrawal of water from all parts of plant wall pressure is equal and opposite to turgor pressure except
takes place. This kind of loss of water causes wilting in plant. when the cell becomes flaccid.
46. (b): Refer to answer 41. 56. (e): Imbibition is the initial step in the germination of
47. (e): Plasmolysis is the characteristic feature of living the seeds. When mature seeds are sown in soil, they imbibe
walled cells. All living walled cells plasmolyse when kept in a water and swell. The water is imbibed first by seed coat and
hypertonic solution. Pickels, meat and fish are preserved by then by other tissues of embryo and endosperm. The process
Biology I Transport in Plants 263

the cortex of both stem and root and is consumed or converted atmospheric pressure and available soil water. Some internal
into starch. Starch is, insoluble and exerts no osmotic effect. factors also affect rate of transpiration e.g., leaf area, leaf
Consequently, the osmotic pressure of the contents of phloem structure and age of plants. Chlorophyll content of leaves does
decreases. Finally relatively pure water is left in the phloem not directly affect rate of transpiration.
and this is thought to leave by osmosis or be drawn back into 3. (a): Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water by
nearby xylem vessels by suction of the transpiration pull. plants. It occurs mainly through the stomata in the
3. (c): In light, starch is converted into phosphoenol leaves. Usually the lower surface of a dorsiventral (often
pyruvic acid (PEP) in the presence of PEPcase enzyme. PEP dicotyledonous) leaf has a greater number of stomata while in
combines with CO2 to form OAA and then malic acid. Malic an isobilateral (often monocotyledonous) leaf.There are almost
acid dissociates into malate ions (malate") and H+ ions in equal number of stomata on both surfaces.
the guard cells. H+ ions are transported to epidermal cells
and K+ ions are taken into the guard cells in exchange of H+ 4. (c): The sugars, synthesised in leaves (as a result of
(ion exchange). Some CI- ions are also taken in to neutralize photosynthesis) are translocated downwards, upwards and
some of the K+ ions. H+ - K+ exchange is an active process laterally to all the other organs including storage organs
which involves involvement of ATP. Increased K+ and malate mainly through phloem. These sugars are translocated in the
ion concentration in the vacuole of guard cells causes sufficient form of sucrose.
osmotic pressure to absorb water from surrounding cells, 5. (a): The process of exudation of liquid drops from the
resulting in increased turgor of guard cells and thus opening edges of leaves is called guttation. Usually it occurs through
of stomata. stomata-like pores called hydathodes. It is this process by which
4. (b) : Abscisic acid (ABA), is called as stress hormone as fully turgid plants remove extra water. The cause of guttation is
it causes closing of stomata under water stress conditions by mainly root pressure (when the root pressure is high and rate
causing rapid movement of K+ ions out of the guard cells. of transpiration is low, guttation takes place). Hydathodes are
Highly concentrated sucrose I salt solution results in stomatal stomata-like pores generally present at the tips or margins of
closure. leaves of those plants that grow in moist shady places (e.g.,
5. (c): Given diagram illustrates the changes that occur Tropaeofum).
when a flaccid plant cell takes up water. L represents osmotic 6. (c): Imbibition is a process in which water is absorbed by
pressure (OP) or solute potential (\If~), M represents turgor solids-colloids causing them to enormously increase in volume.
J
pressure (TP) or pressure potential \\If and r~ represents The classical examples of imbibition are absorption of water by
diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) or water potential (\jJ).
seeds and dry wood.
In a flaccid cell, TP is zero, therefore, DPD == OP - 0 == OP.
When a flaccid cell is placed in water, it takes up water due 7. (c): When a plant part undergoes senescence, nutrient
to endosmosis, OP of the cell starts decreasing while TP starts resources (minerals and carbohydrates) shift away or are
increasing. In fully turgid condition, OP and TP become equal translocated from the senescened part to other parts. In leaves
so that DPD becomes zero. at the time of senescence we observe loss of chlorophyll, RNA
and protein, transport of nutrients and then abscission.
6 (a) : During stomatal closure, the H+ ions diffuse out of
the guard cell chloroplast. Any malate present in the cytoplasm a (c)
combines with H+ to form malic acid. Undissociated malic 9. (c): The roots of some higher plants are associated with
acid promotes leakage of ions. As a result K+ ions dissociate fungal mycelia. Such an association is called mycorrhiza. It
from malate and pass out of the guard cells. Loss of K+ ions represents a mutualistic (symbiotic) association between the
decreases osmotic concentration of guard cells as compared
root system of higher plants and fungal hyphae. The fungal
to adjacent epidermal cells. This causes exosmosis and hence
hyphae form a network around the young root and invade
turgidity of the guard cells decreases.
the root cells, The external hyphae greatly increase the surface
7. (d) area for absorption of minerals and water from a much larger
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS volume of soil that perhaps the roots alone cannot do.
10. (b): Solution A and solution B are separated by a semi-
1. (c): Reverse osmosis is also known as hyperfiltration. It
permeable membrane, Solution A has higher water potential.
is a technique that allows the removal of water molecules from
Therefore, osmotic movement of water molecules (solvent
various contaminants through a semi-permeable membrane.
molecules) will occur from solution A to B. Solute particles
The process requires a driving force, viz, pressure from a pump,
to push the fluid through the membrane. Reverse osmosis is cannot pass through semi-permeable membrane.
used in removing salts from saline water and extra purification 11. (a)
of water. 12. (a): Amyloplasts are non pigmented organelles found in
2. (d) : External factors affecting the rate of transpiration some plant ce!ls.They are responsible for synthesis and storage
are: atmospheric humidity, temperature, light, wind velocity, of starch granules, through polymerisation of glucose.
262 Objective NCERTat your Fingertips

78. (a): The loss of water in the vapour form from the 92. (b): The sugars, synthesized in leaves (as a result of
exposed parts of a plant is called transpiration. The loss of photosynthesis) are translocated downwards, upwards and
water due to transpiration is quite high. It is 2 litres per day in laterally to storage organs mainly through phloem. These
sunflower, 36-45 litres in apple and upto 1 tonne per day in sugars are translocated in the form of sucrose.
elm tree.
93. (e)
79. (d): In the given figure, labelled partA, Band C represent
microfibrils, guard cell and stomatal aperture respectively. 94. (a): Phloem sap consists primarily of water with sugars
(sucrose) dissolved in it. It flows from the source or supply end
80. (a): Leaf having stomata equally distributed on both (region of manufacture or storage) to the region of utilisation
surfaces is called amphistomatic (isobilateral) leaf, e.g., most or sink.
monocot leaves.
95. (b)
81. (a): When water supply is adequate, guard cells become
turgid, their thin walls get extended and thick walls become 96. (d): Mass flow or pressure flow hypothesis was put
slightly concave so that the stomatal aperture opens as shown forward by Munch (1927, 1930). According to this hypothesis,
in figure, condition (i), organic substances move from the region of high osmotic
pressure to the region of low osmotic pressure in a mass flow
82. (d) 83. (c)
due to the development of a gradient of turgor pressure.
84. (e): According to transpiration pull theory, due to
97. (a)
transpiration, the water column inside the plant comes under
tension. This is called 'transpiration pull'. On account of this 98. (a): In girdling or ringing experiments (Malpighi, 1675),
.tension, the water column is pulled up passively from below a ring of bark is cut from the stem. It also removes phloem.
to top of the piant (almost like a rope). A tension of one Nutrients collect above the ring where the bark also swells
atmosphere is sufficient to pull water to a height of about 20 up and may give rise to adventitious roots. Growth is also
meters. vigorous above the ring. The tissues below the ring not only
85. (b): In some grasses (isobilateral leaves), on epidermis, show stoppage of growth but also begin to shrivel. Roots can
there are some larger, thin walled cells called buliiform be starved and killed if the ring is not healed after some time.
cells are present, which in dry condition lose water through Killing of roots shall kill the whole plant clearly showing that
transpiration and thus the rolling up of leaves occurs, e.g., in bark or phloem is involved in the movement of organic solutes
Poe, Agropyron, Amophilla, etc. towards root.
86. (b) 99. (c): Refer to answer 98.
87. (a): Concentration of minerals in the soil is lower than 100.(d)
in root. They dissolve in water and move around soil in the HOTS
solution. Root hair cells are adapted to absorb the water out of
soil by osmosis. Root hair cells have carrier molecules on their 1. (b) : According to the given figure, if solute is added to
surface that pick up the minerals and move them into the cell the right side, \lfslowers. This causes water to move to the right
against the concentration gradient. side of the tube. When positive pressure is applied to the left
88. (a): Transport proteins of endodermal cells are control side, \If p increases causing water to move to the right side of
points where a plant adjoints the quantity and types of solutes the tube. Similarly, when negative pressure is applied to the
that reach the xylem. Root endoderm is possesses suberin that left side, \Ifp lowers, which causes water to move to the left side
actively transport ions in one direction only. Most minerals of the tube.
enter the root by active transport into the cytoplasm of 2. (a): In the given figure, region P represents the source
epidermal cells. or supply i.e. leaves where photosynthesis takes place. Region
89. (a): Phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen and potassium most 'Q' represents the sink i.e., roots. According to pressure flow
readily mobilise while calcium is structural component which is mechanism water containing sugar in solution flows under
not remobilised. pressure through the phloem.
Glucose is produced by photosynthesis in the mesophyll
90. (a): Water passage from root hair to xylem and then to
cells of the green leaves, some of which is converted into non-
other parts is unidirectional (unidirectional upwards in xylem).
The direction of movement of organic solutes in phloem can be reducing sugar, i.e., sucrose. The sucrose is actively transported
upwards or downwards i.e., bi-directional. to the companion cells of the smallest vein in a leaf and
diffuses through the plasmodesmata to sieve tube elements.
91. (a): There are two types of vascular tissues in plants,
.Asa result, concentration of sucrose increases in the sieve tube
xylem and phloem. Xylem translocation is mainly from roots
cells. Water moves by osmosis from the nearby xylem vessels
to aerial parts. It passes water with mineral salts, some
organic nitrogen and hormones. Phloem translocates organic in the leaf vein (shown by 'R'). Hydrostatic pressure moves the
substances and some inorganic solutes first from leaves to all sucrose and other substances in the sieve tube celis, and then
other parts of the plant and storage organs. Storage organs re- moves them to sink. At sink region, water moves out of sieve
export organic nutrients to those parts which require the same, tube cells by osmosis, lowering hydrostatic pressure.
such as newly formed leaves and fruits. As the sap is pushed down the phloem sugar is removed by
264 Objective ~JCERTat your Fingertips

ASSERTION & REASON CORNER pore, the thin outer walls bulge out and force the inner walls
into a crescent shape. The opening of the stoma is also aided
1. (b) due to the orientation of the rnicrofibrils in the cell walls of the
2. (a): Water molecules possess kinetic energy. In liquid guard cells. When the guard cells loseturgor, due to water loss
and gaseous form water molecules are in random motion. the elastic inner walls regain their original shape, the guard
The greater the concentration of water in a system, greater is cells become flaccid and the stoma closes.
its kinetic energy or water potential. Pure water has greatest 10. (c): Stomata are tiny pore complexes found in epidermis
water potential ie., zero. When a solute is added to pure water, of leaves and other soft aerial parts. The lower surface of a
it decreases the free energy of water and thus decreases the dorsiventral (often dicotyledonous) leaf has a greater number
water potential ('¥w) of stomata than the outer surface, while in an isobilateral
3. (c): Diffusion of water from its pure state (01' dilute (often monocotyledonous) leaf, stomata are about equal in
solution) into a solution (or stronger solution) when the two number on both surfaces.
are separated by a semi-permeable membrane is termed as 11. (b): Transpiration pu!1 or cohesion - tension theory is
osmosis. The direction and rate of osmosis depend upon the based upon the cohesive and adhesive properties of water
sum of two forces, pressure gradient (gradient of 1Jf and J molecules, which forms the unbroken continuous water column
concentration gradient (gradient of '¥ J The net force or in the xylem.
gradient is determined by the difference inthe water potentials Water molecules are held together by strong cohesion force
of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. which is due to hydrogen bonds amongst them. There is
another force of adhesion which holds water to the walls of
4. (c): Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure required
xylem vessels. Water molecules are attracted to one another
to completely stop the entry of water into an osmotically active
more than the water molecules in the gaseous state. It
solution across a semipermeable membrane. Thus water will
produces surface tension that accounts for high capillarity
move from a region of low osmotic pressure to a region of
through tracheids and vessels. Water column is present in
high osmotic pressure. It is measured in atmospheres, bars
tracheary elements. There is a continuous column of water
or pascals. Osmotic pressure is numerically equal to osmotic
from roots throuqh the stem and into the leaves. These
potential (= solute potential, 1Jfs) but osmotic potential has a
tracheary elements form this continuous system through their
negative value, while osmotic pressure (n, pi) has a positive unthickened areas. Since, a large number of tracheary elements
value, (1Jfs = - n). are present together, no breakage in the continuity of water
5. (a): The behaviour of the plant cells or tissues with occurs even if there is a blockage of one or few of them.
regard to water movement depends on the surrounding 12. (d): Capiiiary water comprises the bulk of water
soiution. When the ceil or tissue is placed in a hypertonic remaining in the soil after gravitational water has drained
solution, water moves out; it is first lost from the cytoplasm away. Capillary water is held in the soil by capillary forces. It is
and then from the vacuole. The water when drawn out of the the readily available water to the plants and is the main source
eel! through diffusion into the extracellular (outside cell) fluid of practically all the water absorbed by plants. Gravitationa!
causes the protoplast to shrink away from the walls. The cel! is water is not readily available to the plants and penetrates
said to be plasmolysed. below the level of the roots.
6. (b) 13, (d): Minerals are present in the soil in the form of ions.
7> (d) : The apoplastic movement of water occurs exclusively Ions cannot directly cross the cell membrane. Ions are absorbed
through the intercellular spaces and the walls of the cells. from the soil by both passive and active (majorly) transport.
During sympiastic movement, the water travels through the Specific proteins in the membranes of root hair cells actively
cells - their cytoplasm; intercellular movement is through pump ions from the soil into the cytoplasm of the epidermal
cells Like all cells, the endodermal cells have many transport
the plasmodesmata. Symplastic movement may get aided by
proteins embedded in their plasma membrane; they let some
cytoplasmic streaming.
solutes cross the membrane, but not others. Transport proteins
8. (c): Guttation takes place through special structures of endodermal cells are control points, where a plant adjusts
called hydathodes, that are usually found on the margins and the quantity and types of solutes that reach the xylem.
tips of the leaves. Common examples are found in garden 14. (a): Phloem transport is the long distance movement of
nasturtium, oat and other cereals, balsam, tomato, cucurbits, organic substances from the source or supply end (region of
Guttation usually occurs during periods of active growth when manufacture or storage) to the region of utilisation or sink. But
conditions favour more water absorption and less transpiration. the source and sink may be reversed depending on the season
Guttation takes place either at night or early in the morning. or need of the plants. Sugar stored in roots may be mobilised
9. (a): Normally stomata are open in the day time and to become a source of food in the early spring when the buds
close during the night. The immediate cause of the opening or of trees act as sink and require energy for their growth and
closing of the stomata is a change in the turgidity of the guard development. Since the source- sink relationship is variable,
the direction of movement of organic solutes in phloem can be
cells. The inner wall of each guard cell, towards the pore or
upwards or downwards i.e., bidirectional.
stomatal aperture, is thick and elastic. When turgidity increases
within the two guard cells flanking each stomatal aperture or 15. (b)