Topic 05/part 01: Operators

Objective
Learning operators in C, PHP, Python, MATLAB languages

Current Lab Learning Outcomes (LLO)

Students should get familiar with:
1. Operators in the four languages.
2. Implementing codes of operators in C, Python, PHP and MATLAB.

Lab Description
What does “Operator” mean?
An operator is a symbol that states the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.

The operators in C

1- C’s Arithmetic Operators

The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language. Assume variable A holds
10 and variable B holds 20 then:

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands. A + B = 30

− Subtracts second operand from the first. A − B = -10

* Multiplies both operands. A * B = 200

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator. B/A=2

% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division. B % A = 0

++ Increment operator increases the integer value by one. A++ = 11

-- Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one. A-- = 9

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 Code output
#include <stdio.h> Line 1 - Value of c is 31
void main() { Line 2 - Value of c is 11
int a = 21;
int b = 10; Line 3 - Value of c is 210
int c ; Line 4 - Value of c is 2
c = a + b; Line 5 - Value of c is 1
printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); Line 6 - Value of c is 21
c = a - b;
printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
Line 7 - Value of c is 22
c = a * b;
printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a / b;
printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a % b;
printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a++;
printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a--;
printf("Line 7 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
}

2-C’s Relational Operators

The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B
holds 20 then:
Operator Description Example
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition
== (A == B) is not true.
becomes true.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal,
!= (A != B) is true.
then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes,
> (A > B) is not true.
then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes,
< (A < B) is true.
then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right
>= (A >= B) is not true.
operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right
<= (A <= B) is true.
operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.

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 Code output
#include <stdio.h> Line 1 - a is not equal to b
void main() { Line 2 - a is not less than b
int a = 21;
int b = 10; Line 3 - a is greater than b
int c ; Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to b
if( a == b ) { Line 5 - b is either greater than or equal to b
printf("Line 1 - a is equal to b\n" );
} else {
printf("Line 1 - a is not equal to b\n" );
}
if ( a < b ) {
printf("Line 2 - a is less than b\n" );
} else {
printf("Line 2 - a is not less than b\n" );
}
if ( a > b ) {
printf("Line 3 - a is greater than b\n" );
} else {
printf("Line 3 - a is not greater than b\n" );
}
/* Lets change value of a and b */
a = 5;
b = 20;
if ( a <= b ) {
printf("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal
to b\n" );
}
if ( b >= a ) {
printf("Line 5 - b is either greater than or
equal to b\n" );
}
}

Hint: There is no Boolean data type in C. The result from the relational condition. (e.g. the value of variable c
in this statement c=(a==b) is 1 if the condition true and 0 otherwise).

3-C’s Logical Operators

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds
0, then:
Operator Description Example
Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-
&& (A && B) is false.
zero, then the condition becomes true.
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-
|| (A || B) is true.
zero, then the condition becomes true.
Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state
! of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator !(A && B) is true.
will make it false.

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 Code output
#include <stdio.h> Line 1 - Condition is true
void main() { Line 2 - Condition is true
int a = 5;
int b = 20; Line 3 - Condition is not true
if ( a && b ) { Line 4 - Condition is true
printf("Line 1 - Condition is true\n" );
}
if ( a || b ) {
printf("Line 2 - Condition is true\n" );
}
a = 0;
b = 10;
if ( a && b ) {
printf("Line 3 - Condition is true\n" );
} else {
printf("Line 3 - Condition is not true\n" );
}
if ( !(a && b) ) {
printf("Line 4 - Condition is true\n" );
} }

4-C’s Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows:

P Q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows:

A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The following table lists the bitwise operators supported by C. Assume variable 'A' holds 60 and variable 'B'
holds 13, then:

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. (A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. (A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001
Binary One's Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping'
~ (~A ) = ~(60), i.e,. -0111101
bits.
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the
<< A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000
number of bits specified by the right operand.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the
>> A >> 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111
number of bits specified by the right operand.
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 Code output
#include <stdio.h> Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
void main() {
unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */ Line 4 - Value of c is -61
int c = 0; Line 5 - Value of c is 240
c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */ Line 6 - Value of c is 15
printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = ~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a << 2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a >> 2; /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
}

5-C’s Assignment Operators

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator Description Example

Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side C = A + B will assign the value of A +
=
operands to left side operand B to C
Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to
+= C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
the left operand and assign the result to the left operand.
Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right
-= operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
left operand.
Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right
*= operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
left operand.
Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand
/= with the right operand and assigns the result to the left C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
operand.
Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using
%= C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

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 Code output
#include <stdio.h> Line 1 - = Operator Example, Value of c = 21
void main() { Line 2 - += Operator Example, Value of c = 42
int a = 21;
int c ;
Line 3 - -= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
c = a; Line 4 - *= Operator Example, Value of c = 441
printf("Line 1 - = Operator Example, Value Line 5 - /= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
of c = %d\n", c ); Line 6 - %= Operator Example, Value of c = 11
c += a; Line 7 - <<= Operator Example, Value of c = 44
printf("Line 2 - += Operator Example, Value Line 8 - >>= Operator Example, Value of c = 11
of c = %d\n", c );
c -= a; Line 9 - &= Operator Example, Value of c = 2
printf("Line 3 - -= Operator Example, Value Line 10 - ^= Operator Example, Value of c = 0
of c = %d\n", c ); Line 11 - |= Operator Example, Value of c = 2
c *= a;
printf("Line 4 - *= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c /= a;
printf("Line 5 - /= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c = 200;
c %= a;
printf("Line 6 - %%= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c <<= 2;
printf("Line 7 - <<= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c >>= 2;
printf("Line 8 - >>= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c &= 2;
printf("Line 9 - &= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c ^= 2;
printf("Line 10 - ^= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
c |= 2;
printf("Line 11 - |= Operator Example, Value
of c = %d\n", c );
}

6- ternary operator (conditional operator)

Operator Description Example

?: Conditional Expression. If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise value Y

a = (b==1) ? 20 : 40 is equivalent to:

if (b==1)
a=20
else
a=40

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 Code output
#include <stdio.h> Value of b is 30
void main() { Value of b is 20
int a = 10;
int b;
double c;
/* example of ternary operator */
b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
printf( "Value of b is %d\n", b );
b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
printf( "Value of b is %d\n", b );
}

Operators in Python
Python language supports the following types of operators −
• Arithmetic Operators • Bitwise Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators • Membership Operators
• Assignment Operators • Identity Operator
• Logical Operators
1-Python’s Arithmetic Operators: (Assume variable a holds the value 10 and variable b holds the value 21)

Operator Meaning Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 31

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a – b = -11

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 210

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b / a = 2.1

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns b%a=1
remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10 to the power 20

// Floor The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the 9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 =
Division digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 =
is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero -4.0
(towards negative infinity)

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Example:
Code output
x = 15 x + y = 19
y=4 x - y = 11
print('x + y =',x+y) x * y = 60
print('x - y =',x-y) x / y = 3.75
print('x * y =',x*y) x % y = 3
print('x / y =',x/y) x // y = 3
print('x % y =',x%y) x ** y = 50625
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)

2-Python’s Comparison operators (Assume variable a holds the value 10 and variable b holds the value 20)
Operator Meaning Example

== If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true. (a == b) is not true.

!= If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true. (a!= b) is true.

> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then (a > b) is not true.
condition becomes true.

< If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then (a < b) is true.
condition becomes true.

>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right (a >= b) is not true.
operand, then condition becomes true.

<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, (a <= b) is true.
then condition becomes true.
Code output
x = 10 x > y is False
y = 12 x < y is True
x == y is False
print('x > y is',x>y) x != y is True
print('x < y is',x<y) x >= y is False
print('x == y is',x==y) x <= y is True
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)

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3-Python’s Logical operators
Operator Meaning Example

and True if both the operands are true x and y

or True if either of the operands is true x or y

not True if operand is false (complements the operand) not x

Code output
x = True x and y is False
y = False x or y is True
not x is False
print('x and y is',x and y)
print('x or y is',x or y)
print('not x is',not x)

4-Python’s Bitwise operators

The same set of operators as in C languages.
Python's built-in function bin() can be used to obtain binary representation of an integer number.
Example:
print('binary of 3 is:',bin(3))
binary of 3 is: 0b11

5-Python’s Assignment operators

The same set of operators as in C languages plus the following operator:
• “**=”, ex: x**=5 which equivalent to x=x**5.
• “//=”, ex: x//=5 which equivalent to x=x//5.

6-Python Membership Operators

Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples. There are
two membership operators as explained below −

Operator Description Example

in Evaluates to true if it finds a x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a member of

variable in the specified sequence sequence y.
and false otherwise. Ex: x=5 print(x in[1,2.5,4,5,”K”]) à True

not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if x is not a
a variable in the specified sequence member of sequence y.
and false otherwise. Ex: x=5 print(x not in[1,2.5,4,5,”K”]) à False

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7-Python Identity Operators
Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two Identity operators as explained
below
Operator Description Example

is Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x)
operator point to the same object and false otherwise. equals id(y).

is not Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the x is not y, here is not results in 1 if
operator point to the same object and true otherwise. id(x) is not equal to id(y).

Code Output
a=[1,2,3] True
b=a False
print( b is a)
c=[1,2,3]
print ( c is a)

Python has No Brackets: { , }

• Python does not use brackets to denote the start/end of blocks of code.
• Instead, indentation is used to specify blocks.
• This forces programmer to properly indent their programs, otherwise the functionality changes
Example: Conditional Statements:
• The conditional statements are followed by colons (:).
• Each block is indented.
• To end the block, go back out to the original level of indentation.

x = 22
if x < 15 :
print "less than 15"
elif x < 25 :
print "less than 25 and more than or equal 15"
else :
print "greater than or equal 25”

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Operators in PHP:
1-PHP’s Arithmetic operators
The same set of operators as in C languages plus the exponentiation operator “**”:

Code output
<?php 16
$x = 10; 4
$y = 6; 60
echo $x + $y,"\n"; 1.6666666666667
echo $x - $y,"\n";
4
echo $x * $y,"\n";
10
echo $x / $y,"\n";
echo $x % $y,"\n"; 11
echo $x++,"\n"; 6
echo $x,"\n"; 5
echo $y--,"\n";
echo $y,"\n";
?>

2-PHP’s Assignment operators

Similar to the assignmet operators set in C.
Code output
<?php 102
$x = 2; 1020
$y = 10;
$x += 100;
$y *= $x;
echo $x,"\n";
echo $y,"\n";
?>

3-PHP’s Relational (comparison) operators

Operator Name Example Result

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y

=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of the same type

!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not of the same
type

> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y

< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

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 Operator Name Example Result

>= Greater than $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y

or equal to

<= Less than or $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y

equal to

Code output
<?php bool(true)
$x = 100; bool(false)
$y = "100"; bool(false)
var_dump($x == $y); // returns true because values are equal bool(true)
var_dump($x != $y); // returns false because values are equal bool(false)
var_dump($x === $y); // returns false because values are not
identical
var_dump($x !== $y); // returns true because values are not
identical
var_dump($x <> $y); // returns false because values are equal
?>

4-PHP’s Logical operators

Operator Name Example Result

and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true

Or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true

xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both

&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

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 Code output
<?php 100 == 100 and 50 == 50 is true
$x = 100; 100 == 100 or 50 == 80 is true
$y = 50; 100 == 100 xor 50 == 80 is true
if ($x == 100 and $y == 50) { 100 == 100 && 50 == 50 is true
echo "$x == 100 and $y == 50 is true\n"; 100 == 100 || 50 == 80 is true
} 100 !== 90 is true
if ($x == 100 or $y == 80) {
echo "$x == 100 or $y == 80 is true\n";
}
if ($x == 100 xor $y == 80) {
echo "$x == 100 xor $y == 80 is true\n";
}
if ($x == 100 && $y == 50) {
echo "$x == 100 && $y == 50 is true\n";
}
if ($x == 100 || $y == 80) {
echo "$x == 100 || $y == 80 is true\n";
}
if ($x !== 90) {
echo "$x !== 90 is true";
}
?>

5-PHP’s Bitwise operators

The same set of operators as in C and python languages.

Operators in MATLAB:
1-MATLAB’s Arithmetic Operators
Symbol Role
+ Addition
+ Unary plus
- Subtraction
- Unary minus
* Matrix multiplication
/ Matrix right division
^ Matrix power
% Comment

2-MATLAB’s Relational Operators

Symbol Role
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
> Greater than

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Symbol Role
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
3-MATLAB’s Logical Operators
Symbol Role
& Logical AND
| Logical OR
&& Logical AND (with short-circuiting)
|| Logical OR (with short-circuiting)
~ Logical NOT

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15 | P a g e
All related materials was taken from: C (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_operators.htm) Python
(https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/operators) PHP (https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_operators.asp)
16 | P a g e
All related materials was taken from: C (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_operators.htm) Python
(https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/operators) PHP (https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_operators.asp)