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Describe Born Harber Circle and How It Used to CA...

The Born-Haber cycle is a method for analyzing reaction energies in the formation of ionic compounds using Hess's Law, breaking down the overall enthalpy change into individual steps. It is particularly useful for calculating lattice energy, which is the energy released when gaseous ions form a solid ionic compound. The document provides examples of calculating lattice energies for sodium chloride and magnesium chloride using given enthalpy values.

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10 views4 pages

Describe Born Harber Circle and How It Used to CA...

The Born-Haber cycle is a method for analyzing reaction energies in the formation of ionic compounds using Hess's Law, breaking down the overall enthalpy change into individual steps. It is particularly useful for calculating lattice energy, which is the energy released when gaseous ions form a solid ionic compound. The document provides examples of calculating lattice energies for sodium chloride and magnesium chloride using given enthalpy values.

Uploaded by

akuzikefombe81
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Born-Haber Cycle: Description and Application

The Born-Haber cycle is an approach to analyze reaction energies. It is an


application of Hess's Law to the formation of an ionic compound from its constituent
elements. It breaks down the overall enthalpy change of formation of an ionic
compound into a series of individual steps, each with its own enthalpy change. By
summing these individual enthalpy changes, the overall enthalpy of formation can be
calculated, or conversely, if the enthalpy of formation is known, one of the individual
enthalpy changes (most commonly the lattice energy) can be determined.

The cycle is particularly useful for calculating the lattice energy of ionic compounds,
which is difficult to measure directly. Lattice energy is the energy released when
gaseous ions combine to form one mole of a solid ionic compound.

Key Energy Terms in the Born-Haber Cycle:


1. Standard Enthalpy of Formation (ΔHf∘): The enthalpy change when one mole
of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states
under standard conditions (usually 298 K and 1 atm).
○ Example: Na(s)+21Cl2(g)→NaCl(s)
2. Enthalpy of Sublimation (ΔHsub∘): The energy required to convert one mole of
a solid element into gaseous atoms. This is an endothermic process.
○ Example: Na(s)→Na(g)
3. Bond Dissociation Enthalpy (ΔHdiss∘): The energy required to break one mole
of a specific bond in a gaseous diatomic molecule to form gaseous atoms. For
diatomic elements like Cl2, it's the energy to break the bond in half a mole of the
molecule to form one mole of gaseous atoms. This is an endothermic process.
○ Example: 21Cl2(g)→Cl(g)
4. Ionization Energy (IEn): The energy required to remove one electron from one
mole of gaseous atoms or ions. Successive ionization energies (IE1,IE2, etc.) are
always positive (endothermic).
○ Example: Na(g)→Na+(g)+e− (IE1)
5. Electron Affinity (EAn): The enthalpy change when one mole of electrons is
added to one mole of gaseous atoms or ions. The first electron affinity (EA1) is
usually negative (exothermic), while subsequent electron affinities (EA2, etc.) are
positive (endothermic) due to repulsion with the already negatively charged ion.
○ Example: Cl(g)+e−→Cl−(g) (EA1)
6. Lattice Energy (ΔHlattice∘ or U): The energy released when one mole of a solid
ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions. This is a highly exothermic
process (negative value).
○ Example: Na+(g)+Cl−(g)→NaCl(s)

How it is Used to Calculate Energy (Hess's Law Application):

According to Hess's Law, the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of
the pathway taken. Therefore, the enthalpy of formation of an ionic compound can be
expressed as the sum of the enthalpy changes of all the individual steps in the Born-
Haber cycle:

ΔHf∘=ΔHsub∘(metal)+ΔHdiss∘(non-metal)+IE(metal)+EA(non-metal)+ΔHlattice∘

This equation can be rearranged to calculate any unknown term if all other terms are
known. Most commonly, it is used to calculate the lattice energy:

ΔHlattice∘=ΔHf∘−(ΔHsub∘(metal)+ΔHdiss∘(non-metal)+IE(metal)+EA(non-metal))

Practice Examples
Example 1: Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Given the following enthalpy values:


● ΔHf∘(NaCl(s))=−411 kJ/mol
● ΔHsub∘(Na(s))=+108 kJ/mol
● Bond Dissociation Enthalpy of Cl2(g)=+242 kJ/mol
● First Ionization Energy of Na(g)=+496 kJ/mol
● First Electron Affinity of Cl(g)=−349 kJ/mol
Calculate the lattice energy of NaCl.

Example 2: Formation of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)

Given the following enthalpy values:


● ΔHf∘(MgCl2(s))=−641 kJ/mol
● ΔHsub∘(Mg(s))=+148 kJ/mol
● Bond Dissociation Enthalpy of Cl2(g)=+242 kJ/mol
● First Ionization Energy of Mg(g)=+738 kJ/mol
● Second Ionization Energy of Mg(g)=+1451 kJ/mol
● First Electron Affinity of Cl(g)=−349 kJ/mol
Calculate the lattice energy of MgCl2.
Solutions
Solution 1: Lattice Energy of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

The Born-Haber cycle for NaCl involves these steps:


1. Formation: Na(s)+21Cl2(g)→NaCl(s) (ΔHf∘)
2. Sublimation of Na: Na(s)→Na(g) (ΔHsub∘(Na))
3. Dissociation of Cl2: 21Cl2(g)→Cl(g) (21×ΔHdiss∘(Cl2))
4. Ionization of Na: Na(g)→Na+(g)+e− (IE1(Na))
5. Electron Affinity of Cl: Cl(g)+e−→Cl−(g) (EA1(Cl))
6. Lattice Formation: Na+(g)+Cl−(g)→NaCl(s) (ΔHlattice∘)

Applying Hess's Law:


ΔHf∘=ΔHsub∘(Na)+21ΔHdiss∘(Cl2)+IE1(Na)+EA1(Cl)+ΔHlattice∘
Rearranging to solve for ΔHlattice∘:
ΔHlattice∘=ΔHf∘−(ΔHsub∘(Na)+21ΔHdiss∘(Cl2)+IE1(Na)+EA1(Cl))
Substitute the given values:
ΔHlattice∘=−411 kJ/mol−(+108 kJ/mol+21(+242 kJ/mol)++496 kJ/mol+(−349 kJ/mol))
ΔHlattice∘=−411 kJ/mol−(108 kJ/mol+121 kJ/mol+496 kJ/mol−349 kJ/mol)
ΔHlattice∘=−411 kJ/mol−(376 kJ/mol)
ΔHlattice∘=−411 kJ/mol−376 kJ/mol
ΔHlattice∘=−787 kJ/mol
Answer: The lattice energy of NaCl is −787 kJ/mol.

Solution 2: Lattice Energy of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)

The Born-Haber cycle for MgCl2 involves these steps:


1. Formation: Mg(s)+Cl2(g)→MgCl2(s) (ΔHf∘)
2. Sublimation of Mg: Mg(s)→Mg(g) (ΔHsub∘(Mg))
3. Dissociation of Cl2: Cl2(g)→2Cl(g) (ΔHdiss∘(Cl2))
4. First Ionization of Mg: Mg(g)→Mg+(g)+e− (IE1(Mg))
5. Second Ionization of Mg: Mg+(g)→Mg2+(g)+e− (IE2(Mg))
6. First Electron Affinity of Cl (for TWO Cl atoms): 2Cl(g)+2e−→2Cl−(g) (2×EA1
(Cl))
7. Lattice Formation: Mg2+(g)+2Cl−(g)→MgCl2(s) (ΔHlattice∘)

Applying Hess's Law:


ΔHf∘=ΔHsub∘(Mg)+ΔHdiss∘(Cl2)+IE1(Mg)+IE2(Mg)+2×EA1(Cl)+ΔHlattice∘
Rearranging to solve for ΔHlattice∘:
ΔHlattice∘=ΔHf∘−(ΔHsub∘(Mg)+ΔHdiss∘(Cl2)+IE1(Mg)+IE2(Mg)+2×EA1(Cl))
Substitute the given values:
ΔHlattice∘=−641 kJ/mol−(+148 kJ/mol++242 kJ/mol++738 kJ/mol++1451 kJ/mol+2×(−349 kJ/mol))
ΔHlattice∘=−641 kJ/mol−(148 kJ/mol+242 kJ/mol+738 kJ/mol+1451 kJ/mol−698 kJ/mol)
ΔHlattice∘=−641 kJ/mol−(1881 kJ/mol)
ΔHlattice∘=−641 kJ/mol−1881 kJ/mol
ΔHlattice∘=−2522 kJ/mol
Answer: The lattice energy of MgCl2 is −2522 kJ/mol.

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