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Lecture 3

Lecture 3 discusses the process of photosynthesis and the distinction between renewable and non-renewable natural resources, highlighting their types and sustainability. It covers various energy resources, their contributions to energy generation in India, and the growth of renewable energy installations. Additionally, it addresses the impact of oil spills, the International Energy Agency's warnings on fossil fuel demand, and India's global rankings in renewable energy capacity and generation.

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Lecture 3

Lecture 3 discusses the process of photosynthesis and the distinction between renewable and non-renewable natural resources, highlighting their types and sustainability. It covers various energy resources, their contributions to energy generation in India, and the growth of renewable energy installations. Additionally, it addresses the impact of oil spills, the International Energy Agency's warnings on fossil fuel demand, and India's global rankings in renewable energy capacity and generation.

Uploaded by

shammyshamrocks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3

Lecture 3

By Chirag Bhargava

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light
energy into chemical energy. It occurs mainly in the chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

Equation:

Natural Resources
Definition: Resources that exist without human intervention, derived from Earth.
Types:
Renewable: Regenerate naturally (e.g. solar, wind, hydropower).
Non-renewable: Finite; form over millions of years (e.g. coal, petroleum).

Renewable vs Non-Renewable Resources

Aspect Renewable Resources Non-Renewable Resources


Availability Naturally replenished Limited and exhaustible
Examples wood , solar energy, wind Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels
energy, tidal energy, (Uranium, Thorium)
hydropower, biomass
energy,
bio-fuels, geo-thermal
energy
and hydrogen
Sustainability Sustainable if managed Unsustainable; causes environmental
properly degradation
Formation Short or instantaneous (e.g. Millions of years
Time sun, wind)

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Lecture 3

NOTE THE EXAMPLES ARE IMPORTANT

Types of Energy Resources


Renewable Resources:
Solar: Uses solar panels (PV cells); will become largest renewable energy source by
2029.
Wind: Kinetic energy of wind → mechanical → electrical.
Hydropower: Uses moving water; India has 197 plants which can produce more than 25
MW.
Biomass:
Sources: wood, solid waste, landfill gas, biogas, biofuels.
Biofuels: Ethanol, methanol from biomass.
Geothermal:
Heat from Earth’s crust; manifests as geysers or hot springs.
In India, GSI has estimated a tentative theoretical potential of 10 GW could be
extracted from geothermal energy.
Ocean Energy:
Types: Wave, Tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Non-Renewable Resources:
Fossil Fuels:
Formed from dead plants/animals (300–350 million years).
Types: Coal, petroleum, natural gas.
Nuclear:
Fission: Splitting Uranium (U-235), releases energy + neutrons.
Fusion: Joining hydrogen nuclei (potential future source).

Oil Spills
Oil spills are accidental or deliberate releases of petroleum into oceans or coastal waters,
causing severe environmental damage
List of some:

1. Based on oil fuels: Oil spills


2. Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1989
3. Gulf War oil spill: Deliberately, 1991
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Lecture 3

4. Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 2010

IEA (International Energy Agency):


Warns: fossil fuel demand still too high for Paris Agreement targets (limit warming to
1.5°C).
says demand for oil, coal and gas is set to peak by 2030.
Recommends scaling up investment in clean energy.

Renewable Energy Statistics 2023–24 – MNRE,


Government of India
All India Status: Installation Capacity
Total Installed Power Capacity (as of 31st March 2024):
441.97 GW, up from 275.90 GW in 2014–15 — a 60.19% increase in 9 years.
Total Installed Capacity under Renewable Energy (including Large Hydro):
Increased from 81.22 GW in 2014–15 to 190.57 GW in 2023–24 — a growth of
134.63%.
Installed Capacity under Solar, Wind, Bio Power, Small Hydro Power:
Reached 143.64 GW in 2023–24 from 39.95 GW in 2014–15 — a growth of 259.55%.
India’s Global Rankings (IRENA 2024):
4th in overall renewable energy installed capacity
4th in wind power and bio power
5th in solar and hydro power

Energy Generation
Contribution of Renewable Sources (2023–24):
Generated 359.89 Billion Units (BU) of energy, accounting for 20.75% of total
generation.
Since 2014–15, energy generation from Solar, Wind, Bio, and Small Hydro Power
grew by 265.89%.
India’s Global Ranking in Generation (IRENA 2024):
5th in total renewable energy generation
4th in solar power generation

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Lecture 3

Biomass Energy
Biomass Sources

Wood, wood waste, food waste


Municipal solid waste
Landfill gas and biogas
Biofuels: ethanol and methanol from biomas

Biogas Output

1 ton of biomass = 85 kg or 85 m³ of biogas

Biomass Conversion Techniques


1. Direct Combustion – Burning to produce heat.
2. Thermochemical Conversion:
Torrefaction: 150–300°C, absence of air.
Pyrolysis: 400–500°C, little/no oxygen → charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel,
hydrogen.
Gasification: 800–900°C, controlled oxygen/steam → produces syngas (CO + H₂).
3. Chemical Conversion – Converts biomass into liquid fuels.
4. Biological Conversion – Converts to bioethanol, methane, biogas using microbes.

Renewable Energy Institutions in India


National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)
National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE)
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd (IREDA)

CPSEs and Navratna Status


Navratna CPSEs are government enterprises with enhanced autonomy in operations
and finance.

Access to Clean Fuels (WHO, 2021)


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Lecture 3

Clean fuels: LPG, electricity, solar, ethanol, biogas


Non-clean fuels: Wood, dung, charcoal, coal, kerosene

Global Renewable Electricity Generation


Forecast (2023–2030)
Electricity demand expected to climb to over 17,000 TWh (60 EJ) by 2030, an
increase of almost 90% from 2023.
< > are comparison that which type of energy is dominant

Year-wise Milestones:

2024: Solar PV + Wind > Hydropower


2025: Renewables > Coal-fired power
2026: Wind + Solar > Nuclear
2027: Solar > Wind
2029: Solar becomes largest renewable source
2030:
Renewables = 46% of global electricity generation
Solar PV + Wind = 30%
Solar > Wind > Hydropower

Legal and Institutional Framework


Energy Conservation Act, 2001
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) – established in 2008

Renewable Energy @LNMIIT


Solar Desalination Plant @MME dept
Biogas plant: Behind Mess hall @MME dept
Biochar Plant: Behind Mess hall @MME dept
Solar electricity: Organic Solar Cells@ Physics,

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