Electromagnetic Wave (1)

Presented by
Dr. Mohamed Edries
Introduction to Transmission
Line
Presented by
Dr. Mohamed Edries
Purpose of This Lecture
• This lecture reviews an introduction to transmission lines and their
analysis.
Lecture Outline
• Introduction
• Propagation modes
• Transmission Line Examples
• The Role of Wavelength
• General Considerations
• Lumped-Element Model
• Analysis of Transmission Lines
• Summary
Introduction
• A transmission line is a device used to transfer the flow of energy from
one point to another.
• At high frequencies, the intermediate distance between two points may
become an appreciable function of wavelength. Thus, the transmission
lines act as communication media.
Propagation modes
• The main features desired in transmission lines are:
• Single-mode propagation over a broad band of frequencies normally sees two
conductor transmission lines with TEM modes of propagation, whereas later
we will consider transmission structures that use other modes of propagation
like TE and TM.
• The signal attenuation should be very small.
• A wide variety of transmission line structures have been developed for
the microwave band of frequencies.
Propagation modes
• Transmission lines may be classified into two types:
1) Transverse electromagnetic (TEM)
• Waves propagating along these lines have electric and magnetic fields that are
entirely transverse to the direction of propagation.
• Such as: coaxial cable.
2) Higher order mode (HOM)
• Waves propagating along these lines have at least one significant field
component in the direction of propagation [Transverse Electric (TE) or
Transverse Magnetic (TM)].
• Such as: hollow conducting waveguides, dielectric rods, and optical fibers.
Transmission Line Examples
Analysis of Transmission Lines
• A transmission line can be analyzed either by means of Maxwell’s
field theory or by means of distributed circuit theory.
Distributed circuit theory Maxwell’s field theory

Involves one space variable along Involves the use of three space
with time variable variable along with time variable

Use one dimensional differential Use three dimensional differential

equation equations

Ex.: two wire Ex.: waveguide

The Role of Wavelength
• The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line theory
is electrical size.
• Circuit analysis assumes that the physical dimensions of the network
are much smaller than the electrical wavelength, while transmission
lines may be a considerable fraction of a wavelength, or many
wavelengths, in size.
• Thus, a transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its length,
while ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where
voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the physical
dimension of the elements.
General Considerations
General Considerations
• Fundamentally, a transmission line is a two-port network, with each
port consisting of two terminals.
• One of the ports, the line’s sending end, is connected to a source (also
called the generator).
• The other port, the line’s receiving end, is connected to a load.
• The source connected to the transmission line’s sending end may be
any circuit generating an output voltage, such as a radar transmitter, an
amplifier, or a computer terminal operating in transmission mode.
General Considerations
• From circuit theory, a DC source can be represented by a Thevenin
equivalent generator circuit consisting of a generator voltage Vg in
series with a generator resistance Rg.
• In the case of alternating-current (AC) signals, the generator circuit is
represented by a voltage phasor 𝑉𝑔 and an impedance Zg.
• The load circuit, or simply the load, may be an antenna in the case of
radar, a computer terminal operating in the receiving mode, the input
terminals of an amplifier, or any output circuit whose input terminals
can be represented by an equivalent load impedance ZL.
Lumped-Element Model
• When we draw a schematic of an
electronic circuit, we use specific
symbols to represent resistors,
capacitors, inductors, diodes, and the
like.
• In each case, the symbol represents the
functionality of the device, rather than
its shape, size, or other attributes.
Lumped-Element Model
• We shall do the same for transmission lines.
• A transmission line will be represented by a parallel wire
configuration, regardless of its specific shape or constitutive
parameters.
Lumped-Element Model
• Drawing again on our familiarity with electronic circuits, when we
analyze a circuit containing a transistor, we mimic the functionality of
the transistor by an equivalent circuit composed of sources, resistors,
and capacitors.
• We apply the same approach to the transmission line by orienting the
line along the 𝑧 direction, subdividing it into differential sections each
of length ∆𝑧, and then representing each section by an equivalent
circuit.
Lumped-Element Model
• This representation, often called the lumped-element circuit model,
consists of four basic elements, with values that henceforth will be
called the transmission line parameters.
Lumped-Element Model
• Based on uniformly distributed theory, the two port network
representation of transmission line can be represented as follows:
• Since each conductor of a line has a finite length, a finite diameter and a finite
area of cross-section, it should have a resistor (R) and an inductor (L).
• Further, as two wires are close to each other, there must be capacitance (C)
between them.
• Further, as the wires are separated by means of dielectric, which is not a
perfect insulator. Because of this dielectric, there will be leakage current
through it, which is represented by shunt conductance (G).
Lumped-Element Model
• R: The combined resistance of both conductors per unit length, in Ω/m.
• L: The combined inductance of both conductors per unit length, in H/m.
• C: The capacitance of the two conductors per unit length, in F/m
• G: The conductance of the insulation medium between the two
conductors per unit length, in S/m.
• These R, L, C, and G are called primary constants of the transmission
line.
Lumped-Element Model
• Z: Impedance of the transmission line.
• 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
• Y: Admittance of the transmission line.
• 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
• These Z and Y are called secondary constants of the transmission line
Analysis of Transmission Lines
Analysis of Transmission Lines
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be applied to give: 𝑣 = 0 Note
𝑑𝑖
𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅𝑑𝑥 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑑𝑖 𝑅=
∴ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅𝑑𝑥 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 ---------------- (1) 𝐼
𝑑𝑡
1 𝐼
• Kirchhoff’s current law can be applied to give: 𝐺= =
𝑑𝑣 𝑅 𝑉
𝑖 − 𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖 = 𝐺𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝐺𝑉
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑑𝑖 = 𝐺𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 ---------------- (2)
𝑑𝑡
Analysis of Transmission Lines
• Divide equations (1) and (2) by 𝑑𝑥:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑖
∴ = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝐿 ---------------- (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑣
∴ = 𝐺𝑣 + 𝐶 ---------------- (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
• These are the time domain form of the transmission line equations.
• For the sinusoidal steady-state condition, with cosine-based phasors,
i.e., (harmonics with time):
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 and 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
Substitute in equations (3) and (4)
Analysis of Transmission Lines
𝑑𝑉𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
= 𝐼𝑅𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝐿𝐼𝑗𝜔𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
∴ = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿) ---------------- (5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐼𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
= 𝐺𝑉𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝐶𝑉𝑗𝜔𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐼
∴ = 𝐺𝑣 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑉 = 𝑉(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) ---------------- (6)
𝑑𝑥
• Differentiate equations (5) and (6) w.r.t. 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑𝐼
∴ = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿) ---------------- (7)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝐼 𝑑𝑉
∴ = (𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) ---------------- (8)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Analysis of Transmission Lines
• Substitute equations (5) and (6) into equations (7) and (8)
𝑑2 𝑉
∴ 2 = 𝑉(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿) ---------------- (9)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝐼
∴ 2 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) ---------------- (10)
𝑑𝑥

∵ 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 and 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶

∵ 𝛾 2 = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)
𝛾 = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
Analysis of Transmission Lines
𝑑2 𝑉
∴ 2 = 𝛾 2 𝑉 ---------------- (11)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝐼
∴ 2 = 𝛾 2 𝐼 ---------------- (12)
𝑑𝑥
• Equations (11) and (12) are wave equation of voltage and current in the
transmission line.
• γ: is the propagation coefficient
• α: the attenuation coefficient, in Np/m (1 Np = 20log10e ; dB = 8.686 dB)
• β: the phase propagation coefficient, in rad/m
Analysis of Transmission Lines
• Example:
For a transmission line with propagation coefficient 0.8 + 𝑗60 /m and
2 m length. Find the attenuation in dB.
Solution:
Since, 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 0.8 + 𝑗60
∴ 𝛼 = 0.8 Np/m , 𝛽 = 60 rad/m , 𝑙 = 2 m
∴ the attenuation of the T.L. = 𝛼. 𝑙 = 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 𝑁𝑝
= 1.6 × 8.6868 (dB/Np) = 13.9 dB