Based on the Basic Education

Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008) Revised Edition B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017)

MATH
Math
Solution Answer Key

SOLUTION

MATH SOLUTION 3 Mathayomsuksa 3 Book 1

M ath Solution series, lower secondary level
(Mathayomsuksa 1-3) student books, meets
the secondary-student mathematical education Mathayomsuksa 3
learning standards. The content offers complete
coverage of the Basic Education Core Curriculum
B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008), Revised Edition B.E. 2560
(A.D. 2017). The books also contain detailed explanations
of mathematical concepts, step-by-step examples
and useful exercises. These allow students to practise
mathematical skills, and to encourage them the
confidence of mathematical knowledge. This Math
Solution series will help students gain a competence
of applying skills and also recalling the mathematical
concepts in the future.

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Book 1 Series Editor: Mr. James Payer Howell
 Based on the Basic Education Answer
Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008)
Revised Edition B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017) Key

MATH
SOLUTION Mathayomsuksa 3 Book 1
Series Editor: Mr. James Payer Howell

First published 2020 Institute of Academic Development (IAD)

All rights reserved. 1256/9 Nakornchaisri Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300
Tel: 0-2243-8000, 0-2241-8999 Fax: 0-2241-4131, 0-2243-7666
Website: www.iadth.com
PREFACE
This Math Solution Series, secondary level 1-3, learning activity books meets the secondary-
student mathematical education learning standards.
It is the authors’ hope that this series will promote enduring understanding, cultivate an aptitude
for life-long learning, and deliver skills and knowledge that learners can apply to their daily lives.
Content
- All content is accurate, modern and up-to-date. The content was created to develop
performance for mathematical learning of students to conform to the content and learning standards
which are defined in the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008), Revised Edition
B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017).
- Numerous images are used to illustrate important concepts and ideas, and to stimulate
learners’ interest.
Structure
- Books are divided into learning units, with sections and features for unit as set out below.
Learning unit overview and learning activities
- Vocabulary terms introduce useful vocabulary to learners after each unit.
- Learning Contents summarises the knowledge to be learned throughout the unit.
- Comprehensiveness and integration of learning Math strands which include Numbers and
Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, Data Analysis and Probability
- Learning contents enable learners to think logically and systematically and analyse various
problems and apply mathematics to daily life.
Desirable characteristics and good citizenship
- Books consist of content and summary, skill enhancement problems, exercises, and review
exercises which aim to develop mathematical skills and processes, reasoning, problem solving,
and the presentation of mathematical ideas.
We also hope students to have enough mathematical ability to develop the quality of life and use
mathematics as a tool to learn other things, as well as use this basic knowledge for learning of high
level mathematics in the next step.

Mr. James Payer Howell

B.A. in Economics
Series Editor
CONTENTS
Page
Unit 1 Surface Area and Volume 5
1 Brush-Up: Three-Dimensional Geometric Shapes 6
2 Surface Area and Volume of a Pyramid 11
3 Surface Area and Volume of a Cone 24
4 Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere 35
5 Surface Area and Volume Word Problems 45
Summary and Review 58
Unit Test 61
Unit 1 Vocabulary 64

Unit 2 Systems of Linear Equations 65

1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 66
2 Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 73
3 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables Word Problems 91
Summary and Review 105
Unit Test 111
Unit 2 Vocabulary 115

Unit 3 Factoring Polynomials with Degree Higher Than Two 116

1 Factoring Third Degree Polynomials Using Sum and Difference of Cubes 118
2 Factoring Third Degree Polynomials Using Cube of a Binomial 124
3 Factoring Polynomials with Degree Higher than Two Using Perfect Squares 129
4 Factoring Polynomials with Degree Higher than Two Using Difference of Squares 134
5 Factoring Polynomials with Degree Higher than Three Using Sum and
Difference of Cubes 140
6 Factoring Higher Degree Polynomials Using Pascal’s Triangle 145
Summary and Review 149
Unit Test 152
Unit 3 Vocabulary 155
Unit 4 Quadratic Equations 156
1 Brush-Up: Quadratic Equations in One Variable 157
2 Solving Quadratic Equations 168
3 Solving Quadratic Equations Word Problems 192
Summary and Review 199
Unit Test 200
Unit 4 Vocabulary 205

Unit 5 Quadratic Functions 206

1 Introduction to Quadratic Functions 207
2 Sketching Graphs of Quadratic Functions 210
3 Axes Intercepts of Graphs of Quadratic Functions 240
4 Quadratic Functions Word Problems 249
Summary and Review 253
Unit Test 257
Unit 5 Vocabulary 263

Review Test 264

 01
UNIT
SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME
Learning Contents

Brush–Up: Three–Dimensional
Geometric Shapes
Surface Area and Volume of
a Pyramid

SURFACE AREA Surface Area and Volume of a Cone

AND VOLUME

Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere

Surface Area and Volume Word

Problems
 Brush–Up: Three–Dimensional Geometric
1 Shapes
Geometry Net
A net is a two-dimensional shape which can create a three-dimensional shape or solid by folding.
Otherwise, three-dimensional figures that we can see in daily life, such as toothpaste boxes and tissue
boxes, can be unfolded into a flattened form (net) as shown below.

Example 1

Prism
A net of each prism always has two sides or bases which are congruent. Each net also has
parallelograms.
1) Triangular prism

Unfolded

2) Square prism

Unfolded

6 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 3) Pentagonal prism

Unfolded

4) Hexagonal Prism

Unfolded

Pyramid
A net of each pyramid consists of one base and different number of triangles according to the
type of pyramid.
1) Triangular pyramid

Unfolded

2) Square pyramid

Unfolded

3) Pentagonal pyramid

Unfolded

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 7

 Cone
A net of a cone consists of one circular base and curved surface called sector.

Unfolded

Cylinder
A net of a cylinder consists of two congruent bases and one parallelogram.

Unfolded

Others
1) Dodecahedron

Unfolded

2) Icosahedron

Unfolded

8 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 1
Draw nets of three-dimensional figures in the table.
Three-dimensional Figure Net
1) Cube

2) Cuboid

3) Octahedron

4) Triangular Prism

5) Square pyramid

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 9

 EXERCISE 2
Write the name of two-dimensional nets in the blanks.
1) 2)

Cylinder Rectangular prism

3) 4)

Triangular prism Triangular pyramid

5) 6)

Hexagonal prism Hexagonal pyramid

10 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 2 Surface Area and Volume of a Pyramid

History and the Importance of the Pyramids of Giza

One of the Seven Wonders of the World
A Pyramid is a unique geometric shape that can be found in ancient Egypt. They are used as
tombs for their kings and royal family. All of the Egyptian pyramids are located on the western bank
of the Nile River, from Giza (which is located to the western side of the present Cairo) down to the
south, a distance of about 96 kilometres. There are about 60 pyramids in total, built during the 22nd
century to the 17th century before the Buddhist Era. The most famous pyramids are the Pyramids of
Giza, which are 3 large pyramids. The largest one is called The Great Pyramid, which is one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The Great Pyramid was built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu with a height of 146.6 metres and a
square base with a length of 230.4 metres on each side (755 feet 9 inches) covering an area of about
32 12 rais. The Pyramid was built with white limestone and marble, an estimated 2,300,000 blocks.
Each of the stones has an average weight of more than 2 metric tons. It took 20 years to build just
one pyramid.
A pyramid is a three-dimensional geometric figure. There are right and oblique pyramids.
Consider the following figures.
Right Pyramid
O
Apex

Height A B
Slant height
Slant height Lateral edge
C
Hexagonal pyramid Square pyramid Triangular pyramid

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 11

 Remark
1. A pyramid is a three-dimensional geometric figure with a polygonal base and an apex that
is not in the same plane as the base. All of its faces are in triangular shapes with a
common apex at the top point.
2. The height of any right pyramid will be perpendicular to the base at the point that is of the
same distance from the apex of the polygonal base.
3. A right pyramid with a regular polygonal base will have slant height of the same length
and also lateral edge of the same length.
4. A pyramid is named based on the shape of its base.

Oblique Pyramid
Lateral edge Apex

Slant height
Face
Height of pyramid
Base

A three-dimensional shape with any polygonal base and an apex that is not in the same plane
as the base with every face in a triangular shape having a common apex at that top point is called
an oblique pyramid.

Height Slant height of the width

Slant height of the length Width side of a rectangular base

Length side of a rectangular base

2.1 Surface Area of a Pyramid

From a paper square pyramid with the base length of 8 centimetres on each side, slant height of
3 centimetres, use scissors to cut along the edges and unfold it, as illustrated.

3
8
3 8 8 3

8
3

12 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 From the figure, find the area of each triangular face of the pyramid which will be:
Lateral area of a pyramid is the number of its faces or number of base sides multiplied by the
area of isosceles triangle which will be;
(
The lateral area of the pyramid = 4 × 12 × 8 × 3
= 48 square units
)
The base area of the pyramid = 8 × 8
= 64 square units
The surface area of a pyramid = Lateral area + Base area
= 48 + 64
= 112 square units
From the above example, which will be:

The surface area of a pyramid = Lateral area + Base area

Base Area of a Pyramid

To find the base area of a pyramid, the following formulas should be studied.
1. Area of a triangle = 12 × Base length × Height
2. Area of an equilateral triangle = 34 × (Side length)2
3. Area of a square = (Side length)2
4. Area of a rectangle = Width × Length
5. Area of a regular hexagon = 343 × (Side length)2

Example 1
A square pyramid has a base length of 18 centimetres on each side and a slant height of
15 centimetres. Find the height of the pyramid.
Solution OX is the height of the pyramid, since ∆OXY is a right triangle.
O
OY2 = OX2 + XY2
OX2 = OY2 − XY2
= 152 − 92
C

D = 225 − 81

X Y = 144

A B OX = 12 centimetres
Therefore, the height of the pyramid is 12 centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 13

 Example 2

A square pyramid has a base length of 40 centimetres on each side and its edge is 29 centimetres
long. Find the height and slant height of the pyramid.
Solution XM is the height of the pyramid and XY is the slant height because

X each face is an isosceles triangle, in ∆BXC, XY is the height, and
XC2 = XY2 + YC2
XY2 = XC2 − YC2
2 2
C
= 29 − 20
D
M
= 441
Y
XY = 21 centimetres
A B
Therefore, the slant height of the pyramid is 21 centimetres.
Since XM is the height of the pyramid
XY2 = XM2 + MY2
XM2 = XY2 − MY2
= 212 − 202
= 441 − 400
= 41
XM = 41 centimetres
Therefore, the height of the pyramid is 41 centimetres.

14 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 3
Find the surface area of a square pyramid with a base length of 24 centimetres on each
side and a height of 9 centimetres.
Solution ∆OXY is a right triangle.
O OY2 = OX2 + XY2
= 92 + 122
C = 225
D
OY = 15 centimetres
X Y

A B
Since a square pyramid has four faces and each face has the same
area.
(
Therefore, the lateral area of the pyramid is = 4 × 12 × 24 × 15
= 720 square centimetres
)
The base area of a pyramid is = Side length × Side length
= 24 × 24
= 576 square centimetres
The surface area of a pyramid is = Lateral area of the pyramid +
Base area of the pyramid
Therefore, the surface area of the pyramid is = 720 + 576
= 1,296 square centimetres

Example 4
A right pyramid has its base in the shape of an n-sided regular polygon, the base
perimeter is 56 metres, and its lateral area is 224 square metres. What is its slant height?
Solution  represents the slant height of the pyramid
m represents the base length on each side
(
The lateral area of a pyramid = 1 × m ×  × n
2 )
224 = 1 × m × n × 
2
The base perimeter is 56 metres
224 = 12 × 56 × 
 = 8 metres
Therefore, the slant height of the pyramid is 8 metres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 15

 EXERCISE 3
1. Find the lateral area of the pyramid.
1) 2)

15
8

10 6

200 2 square units 120 square units

3) 4)
6 5
12 10
12 6 3 10 5 3

432 square units 300 square units

2. Find the lateral area and surface area of the pyramid.

1) 2)

12 13
4 5

3
10

Lateral area is 260 square units. Lateral area is 60 square units.

Surface area is 360 square units. Surface area is 96 square units.

16 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Remark
1. The lateral area of a pyramid with a regular polygonal base can be found by the number
of edges of its base × triangular area on one lateral side.
2. The slant height of a side with a width base of a rectangular pyramid will not be the same
as one with a length base.
3. A right pyramid and an oblique pyramid with the same base and same length will have the
same volume.

A B C
volume A = volume B = volume C

EXERCISE 4
From the figures, write the answers in the blanks.
1) A pyramid with an equilateral triangular base has a base length
of 16 centimetres on each side and an edge length of 10
10
centimetres.
1) The slant height is 6 centimetres.

16 2) The lateral area is 144 square centimetres.
3) The base area is 64 3 square centimetres.

2) 18 A square pyramid is 18 centimetres long on each side with

a height of 12 centimetres.
1) The slant height is 15 centimetres.
12
2) The length of edge is 3 34 centimetres.
3) The lateral area is 540 square centimetres.
4) The surface area is 864 square centimetres.

3)
4 194
A square pyramid is 48 inches high, edge length is 4 194
inches.
1) The base length on each side is 40 inches.

48 2) The base area is 1,600 square inches.
3) The slant height is 52 inches.
4) The lateral area is 4,160 square inches.
5) The surface area is 5,760 square inches.
Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 17
 4) A rectangular pyramid has a base area of 4,800 square
centimetres, a base width of 60 centimetres, and height of 30
30 Slant height ➀
centimetres.

60 1) The base length is 80 centimetres.
2) The edge length is 10 34 centimetres.
Slant height ➁
3) The slant height ➀ is 50 centimetres.
4) The slant height ➁ is 30 2 centimetres.

EXERCISE 5
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1) Find the slant height of a square pyramid with a base length of 40 centimetres on
each side and an edge length of 29 centimetres.
∆OXB is a right triangle.
O 2 2 2

D C
OA = AX + OX

29 40 292 = 202 + OX2
A X B

40 841 − 400 = OX2
441 = OX2
21 = OX
Therefore, the slant height of the pyramid is 21 centimetres.

2) A square pyramid has a base length of 18 centimetres on each side and a slant height
of 15 centimetres. Find the height of the pyramid.
∆EFG is a right triangle.
E
EG2 = FG2 + EF2
D 15

A
F C 152 = 92 + EF2
18
G
B 225 − 81 = EF2
2
144 = EF
12 = EF
Therefore, the height of the pyramid is 12 centimetres.

18 Math Solution 3 Book 1

3) The lateral area of a square pyramid is 644 square centimetres with a slant height is 23
centimetres. Find the base perimeter.
The lateral area of a pyramid is = 12 × Base perimeter × Slant height
644 = 12 × Base perimeter × 23
644 × 2 = Base perimeter
23
56 = Base perimeter
Therefore, the base perimeter is 56 centimetres.
4) If each side of a square pyramid base is 36 centimetres and its edge is 30 centimetres
long, find the lateral area and surface area of the pyramid.
∆AEF is a right triangle.
E Then AE2 = AF2 + EF2
D C 302 = 182 + EF2
30
36
24 = EF
A F B

Since a square pyramid has four faces, each face has the same area.
(
The, lateral area of the pyramid is = 4 × 12 × 36 × 24 )
= 1,728 square centimetres
The base area of a pyramid is = Side length × Side length
= 36 × 36
= 1,296 square centimetres
The surface area of a pyramid is = Lateral area of the pyramid + Base
area of the pyramid
Therefore, the surface area of the pyramid is 1,728 + 1,296
= 3,024 square centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 19

 2.2 Volume of a Pyramid

Prism Pyramid

A prism and a pyramid with the same base and the same height
Activity Fill up the pyramid with sand and pour the sand into the prism. We can see
that we must fill the pyramid three times before it fully fills up the prism.

This means that the volume of a pyramid is 13 the volume of a prism.

The volume of a prism = Base area × Height
Therefore, the volume of a pyramid = 13 × (Base area × Height)
or volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height

Example 1
Find the volume of a right pyramid with a square base and the perimeter if the base is 88
metres and the height is 15 metres.
Solution When the base length on each side is x metres,
4x = 88
x = 88 4
x = 22
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height
= 31 × (22 × 22) × 15
= 2,420 cubic metres
Therefore, the volume of the pyramid is 2,420 cubic metres.

20 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 2
Find the volume of a right pyramid with a triangular base, and a base length of 12
centimetres on each side and a height of 25 centimetres.
Solution The area of ∆BCD = 12 (BC)(DE) ...........(1)
Find DE from the formula DE2 = DC2 − CE2
A
= 122 − 62
= 144 − 36
= 108
D
DE = 108
F

B C = 6 3 centimetres
E
Substitute BC = 12 and DE = 6 ­­­3 in equation (1), will get;
The area of ∆BCD = 12 (12)(6 3)
= 36 3 square centimetres
Since the volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height
= 13 × Area of ∆BCD × AF
The volume of the pyramid is = 13 × 36 3 × 25
= 300 3 cubic centimetres
Therefore, the volume of the right pyramid is 300 3 cubic centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 21

 EXERCISE 6
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1) Find the volume of a pyramid with a square base length 15 centimetres and sides of
45 centimetres high.
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height
= 13 × (15 × 15) × 45
= 3,375 cubic centimetres

Therefore, the volume of the pyramid is 3,375 cubic centimetres.

2) A square pyramid has a base length of 12 centimetres on each side and a height of
12 centimetres. What is its volume?
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height
= 13 × (12 × 12) × 12

= 576 cubic centimetres

Therefore, the volume of the pyramid is 576 cubic centimetres.
3) Find the volume of a square pyramid, 21 centimetres long on each side and 15
centimetres high.
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height
= 13 × (21 × 21) × 15

= 2,205 cubic centimetres

Therefore, the volume of the pyramid is 2,205 cubic centimetres.

4) Find the volume of a right quadrangle pyramid, 6 inches long, with the base that is 4 inches
wide, and 10 inches high.
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height

= 13 × (6 × 4) × 10

= 80 cubic inches
Therefore, the volume of the pyramid is 80 cubic inches.
22 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 EXERCISE 7
Put a tick ✓ in front of the true statements and put a cross ✕ in front of the false statements.
1) The lateral side of a pyramid is always in a right quadrangle shape.
2) The volume of a prism is three times of a pyramid with the same base and length.
3) Every edge of a right pyramid has the same length.
4) Every slant height of a right quadrangle pyramid has the same length.
5) The surface area of an n-sided regular polygonal pyramid is (n + 1) times of the lateral
area.
6) The slant height of a square pyramid equals the sum of the second power of the base
length and the second power of the height.
7) If a pyramid is cut parallel to its base, the cut section will have a polygonal base
similar to the original base.
8) The length of an edge is always less than the height and slant height.
9) If a hollow pyramid is used to scoop sugar into a prism that has the same base
and height, the sugar level will be 13 of the height of the prism.
10) If a square pyramid has a base length of “a” units on each side and a height of
“b” units, the slant height would be a2+b2.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 23

 3 Surface Area and Volume of a Cone
A cone is a three-dimensional geometric figure. There are right and oblique cones. Consider the
following figures.
Vertex
Height Height
Slant height
Axis

Base

Right cone Oblique cone

A three-dimensional geometric figure with a circular base is called a cone. Its vertex is not in the
same plane as the base and the lines that connect the vertex to any point on the base are straight
line segments. There are various conical-shaped objects in real life which are, for example, ice-cream
cones, traffic cones and cone hats.

Example 1

3.1 Surface Area of a Cone

Vertex

Height (h) Slant height ()

Circular base
Base radius (r)

24 Math Solution 3 Book 1

Find the area of a cone.
1) Make a paper cone.

h 

2) Cut the cone and unfold it. Use a pair of dividers

to draw a circle from the unfolded figure.
O

A B
x
2πr
From the figure,
Area of the curved base triangle OAXB AB arc length
Area of the circle with radius  = Circumference length with radius 
Area of the curved base triangle OAXB = 2πr
π
2 2π
2
Area of the curved base triangle OAXB = 2πr × π
2π
= πr
The lateral area of a cone = πr
Therefore, the surface area of a cone = Lateral area of the cone + Base area
= πr + πr2

The surface area of a cone = πr + πr2

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 25

 EXERCISE 8
1. Complete the table by filling in the answers.

No. Cone Lateral Area Base Area Surface Area

(square units) (square units) (square units)
1.

2 2 29π 4π (2 29+ 4)π

2.

10

10
25 5π 25π (25 5+ 25)π

3.

3 13
9

18 13π 36π (18 13+ 36)π

6

4. 2.5

15

62.5 0.37π 6.25π (62.5 0.37+ 6.25)π

26 Math Solution 3 Book 1

2. Find the lateral areas of the following cones.
1) 2) 3)

17 cm
13 cm

cm
12 cm
17
8 cm 15 cm
8 cm

8 233π 15 514π 17 145π

square centimetres square centimetres square centimetres

Example 1
A cone has a base radius of 18 centimetres and a height of 40 centimetres. What is its
surface area? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The base radius of the cone is 18 centimetres.
The height is 40 centimetres.
The slant height () = 402 + 182 (Pythagorean theorem)
= 1,600 + 324
40 cm

= 1,924

18 cm
≈ 43.86 centimetres
The surface area of a cone = Lateral area + Base area
= πr + πr2
≈ (3.14 × 18 × 43.86) + (3.14 × 18 × 18)
≈ 2,478.97 + 1,017.36
≈ 3,496.33 square centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the cone is about 3,496.33 square centimetres.

Example 2
A cone is 12 centimetres high and the diameter is 18 centimetres. Find the base area of the
cone. (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution From the formula, the base area of a cone = πr2
r represents the base radius of the cone.
The base area of the cone = π × 92
≈ 3.14 × 81
≈ 254.34 square centimetres
The base area of the cone is about 254.34 square centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 27

 EXERCISE 9
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1) A galvanised cone has a diameter of 20 centimetres and a slant height of 15 centimetres.
Find the lateral area of the cone. (π ≈ 3.14)
The base radius of the cone is r centimetres.
20
r = 2 = 10 centimetres
The lateral area of a cone = πr
≈ 3.14 × 10 × 15
≈ 471 square centimetres
Therefore, the lateral area of the cone is about 471 square centimetres.
2) A cone is 12 centimetres high and the diameter is 20 centimetres. Find the base area
of the cone. (π ≈ 3.14)
The base radius of the cone is r centimetres.
r = 20 = 10 centimetres
2
The base area of a cone = πr2
≈ 3.14 × 102
≈ 3.14 × 100
≈ 314 square centimetres
Therefore, the base area of the cone is about 314 square centimetres.

28 Math Solution 3 Book 1

3) A cone has a slant height of 13 centimetres and a height of 12 centimetres. Find the
surface area of the cone. (π ≈ 3.14)
From the figure, r2 = 132 − 122
r2 = 169 − 144
r2 = 25
r = 5
The surface area of a cone = Lateral area + Base area
= πr + πr2
13
12
≈ (3.14 × 5 × 13) + (3.14 × 52)
r
≈ 204.1 + 78.5
≈ 282.6 square centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the cone is about 282.6 square centimetres.
4) A cone has a slant height of 18 centimetres and a base radius of 8 centimetres. Find
the surface area. (π ≈ 3.14)
The surface area of a cone = Lateral area + Base area
= πr + πr2
18
≈ (3.14 × 8 × 18) + (3.14 × 82)

8 ≈ 452.16 + 200.96
≈ 653.12 square centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the cone is about 653.12 square centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 29

 5) The base area of a cone is 144π square centimetres and the height is 5 centimetres.
Find the surface area. (π ≈ 3.14)
The base area of a cone = πr2

5 
144π = πr2
πr2

12 144 = π
144 = r2
12 = r
2 = 52 + 122
2 = 25 + 144
2 = 169
 = 13
The surface area of a cone = Lateral area + Base area
= πr + πr2
≈ (3.14 × 12 × 13) + (3.14 × 122)
≈ 489.84 + 452.16
≈ 942 square centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the cone is about 942 square centimetres.

30 Math Solution 3 Book 1

Activity New Years Hats
Description: Use 2 sheets of paper with a width of 30 centimetres and a length of 40 centimetres,
one pink and one blue. How much pink and blue paper will be needed for making 2
conical hats with different radii and heights?
40 cm 40 cm

30 cm 30 cm

(Example answer)
The first conical hat has a radius of 8.5 centimetres and a slant height of 22.4 centimetres.
What will the area of the pink paper used be?
The lateral area of a cone = πr
r = 8.5 centimetres and  = 22.4 centimetres
Therefore, the lateral area of the cone is about 22 × 8.5 × 22.4 ≈ 598.4 square centimetres.
7
The area of pink paper will be about 598.4 square centimetres.
The second conical hat has a radius of 10 centimetres and a slant height of 26 centimetres.
What will the area of the blue paper used be?
The lateral area of a cone = πr
r = 10 centimetres and  = 26 centimetres
The lateral area of the cone is about 3.14 × 10 × 26 ≈ 816.4 square centimetres.
Therefore, the area of the blue paper will be about 816.4 square centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 31

 3.2 Volume of a Cone
r r

h h
r

The cone and cylinder have the same radius (r) and height (h).
Students scoop sand into the cone and pour it into the cylinder. Notice how it takes three cones
to fill up one cylinder.
It shows that the volume of a cone = 13 of the volume of a cylinder
Then V = 13 πr2h
When V represents the volume of a cone.
r represents the base radius of a cone.
h represents the height of a cone.

EXERCISE 10

Fill the answers into the blanks. (π ≈ 3.14)

Radius Height Volume

No. (units) (units) (cubic units)

1. 5 12 314

2. 9 15 1,271.7

3. 10 24 2,512

4. 12 18 2,712.96

5. 15 24 5,652

6. 16 27 7,234.56

32 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 1
A candy cone has a radius of 3 centimetres and a height of 14 centimetres. What is its
volume? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution Since the volume of the candy cone = 1 πr2h
3
r represents the base radius of the candy cone.
h represents the height of the candy cone.
The volume of the candy cone is about 13 × 3.14 × 32 × 14
≈ 132 cubic centimetres
Therefore, the volume of the candy cone is about 132 cubic centimetres.

Example 2
A cone has a slant height of 17 centimetres and a base diameter of 16 centimetres.
Find the volume of the cone. (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution Since the volume of a cone = 1 πr²h
3
 represents the slant height.
 = 17 centimetres
r represents the base radius of the cone.
r = 16 2 = 8 centimetres
h represents the height of the cone and h can be found from:
h2 = 172 − 82
= 225
h = 15
The volume of the cone is about 13 × 3.14 × 82 × 15
≈ 1,004.8 cubic centimetres
Therefore, the volume of the cone is about 1,004.8 cubic centimetres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 33

 EXERCISE 11
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1) The height of a cone is 12 centimetres and the base diameter is 4 centimetres.
What is its volume? (π ≈ 3.14)
1 2
3 The volume of a cone = 3 πr h
≈ 1 × 3.14 × 2² × 12
3 3

3 ≈ 50.24 cubic centimetres

3 Therefore, the volume of the cone is about 50.24 cubic centimetres.
2) The height of a cone is 13 centimetres and the base diameter is 16 centimetres.
What is its volume? (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of a cone = 1 πr2h
3 3
1 ²
3 ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 8 × 13
3 ≈ 870.83 cubic centimetres
3 Therefore, the volume of the cone is about 870.83 cubic centimetres.
3) The height of a cone is 17 centimetres and the base diameter is 15 centimetres.
What is its volume? (π ≈ 3.14)
1
3 The volume of a cone = 3 πr²h
1 ²
3 ≈ 3 × 3.14 × (7.5) × 17
3 ≈ 1,000.88 cubic centimetres
3 Therefore, the volume of the cone is about 1,000.88 cubic centimetres.

34 Math Solution 3 Book 1

4)3 The height of a cone is 40 centimetres and the base diameter is 18 centimetres.
What is its volume? (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of a cone = 1 πr²h
3 3
1 ²
3 ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 9 × 40
3 ≈ 3391.2 cubic centimetres
3 Therefore, the volume of the cone is about 3391.2 cubic centimetres.
5)3 The height of a cone is 130 centimetres and the base diameter is 90 centimetres.
3 What is its volume? (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of a cone = 13 πr2h
3
≈ 13 × 3.14 × 45² × 130
3
≈ 275,535 cubic centimetres
3
Therefore, the volume of the cone is about 275,535 cubic centimetres.
3

4 Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere

Parts of a sphere
Smooth curved surface Diameter of a circle

Circle
Centre

A three-dimensional geometric figure with a smooth curved surface and every point on the curved
surface is the same distance from the centre, is called a sphere.
The fixed point is called the centre of the sphere.
Th distance from the centre to the surface is called the radius of the sphere.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 35

 4.1 Surface Area of a Sphere
Students wrap thick thread around a plastic ball.

Method 1:
Figure 1 Wrap the thread around half of the Figure 2 Cut the plastic ball in half along the
sphere with no space between threads. diameter, fill it up with plasticine and slice up the
surface smoothly, wrap the thread in a circular
shape on the cross section with no space
between threads.
Unfold the threads in figure 1 and figure 2, and measure their lengths. It appears that the thread
wound around the half of the sphere is two times longer than the thread wound on the cross section.
1 of the surface area of a sphere = 2 times of the area of a circle
2
The surface area of a sphere = 4πr²
Where r represents the radius of a sphere

A cylinder and a sphere have the

h same height and radius.

Method 2:
Figure 1 Wrap the thread around half of the Figure 2 Wrap the thread around half of the sphere
cylinder with no space between threads. with no space between threads.

36 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Unfold the threads in figure 1 and figure 2, and measure their lengths. The thread wound around
half of the sphere has the same length as the thread wound around half of the cylinder.
1 of the surface area of a sphere = 1 of the lateral area of a cylinder
2 2
The surface area of a sphere = Lateral area of a cylinder
= 2πrh
= 2πr × 2r (h = 2r)
= 4πr2
Where r represents the spherical radius.

EXERCISE 12
From the figures, fill the answers. (π ≈ 3.14)

Radius Surface Area

No. Sphere (centimetres) (square centimetres)

1.
4 cm
4 200.96

2.
6 cm

6 452.16

3.
7 cm

7 615.44

4.
8 cm

8 803.84

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 37

 Example 1
A sphere has a radius of 3.5 centimetres. What is the surface area? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
r is the spherical radius.
The surface area of the sphere is about 4 × 3.14 × (3.5)2
≈ 154 square centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the sphere is about 154 square centimetres.

Example 2
A sphere has a radius of 9 centimetres. What is the surface area? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
r is the spherical radius.
The surface area of the sphere is about 4 × 3.14 × (9)2
≈ 1,017.36 centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the sphere is about 1,017.36 square centimetres.

Example 3
A sphere has a radius of 18 centimetres. What is the surface area? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
r is the spherical radius.
The surface area of the sphere is about 4 × 3.14 × (18)2
≈ 4,069.44 centimetres
Therefore, the surface area of the sphere is about 4,069.44 square centimetres.

38 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 13
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1)3 Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 5 centimetres.
3 The surface area of a sphere = 4πr²

3 ≈ 4 × 3.14 × 5²
3 ≈ 314 square centimetres
3 Therefore, the surface area of the sphere is about 314 square centimetres.
2)3 Find the surface area of a sphere with a diameter of 32 centimetres.
3 The surface area of a sphere = 4πr²
3 ≈ 4 × 3.14 × 16²
3 ≈ 3,215.36 square centimetres
3 Therefore, the surface area of the sphere is about 3,215.36 square centimetres.
3)3 Two spheres have a radius of 5 metres and 8 metres, respectively. Find the ratio of
the surface areas of these two spheres.
3 Ratio of surface areas of the two spheres
= Surface Surface
area of the sphere (radius of 5 metres)
area of the sphere (radius of 8 metres)
3
²
= 44ππ ×× 58²
3
= 25 64
3
3 Therefore, the ratio of the surface areas is 25 : 64.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 39

 4) 3 The surface areas of two spheres are in the ratio 81 : 4. Find the ratio of their diameters.
Surface area of the first sphere 81
3 Surface area of the second sphere = 4
4π(r first sphere)2 2
3 4π(r second sphere) = 81 4
r first sphere 9
3 r second sphere = 2
Diameter of the first sphere
3 Diameter of the second sphere = 2 2× ×r second
r first sphere
sphere
2×9
= 2×2
3
= 18 or 9
3 4 2
Therefore, the ratio of their diameters is 18 : 4 or 9 : 2.
3

4.2 Volume of a Sphere

Students may try as follows:
Method 1:

r h

h = 2r
A sphere and a cylinder have the same radius.
The height of the cylinder equals two times of the spherical radius.
Fully scoop sand into the hemisphere and pour it into the cylinder. We see that it takes 3
hemispheres to fill one cylinder.
12 of the volume of a sphere = 13 of the volume of a cylinder
The volume of a sphere = 23 of the volume of a cylinder
= 23 × πr2h
= 23 × πr2 × 2r
= 43 πr³

40 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 The volume of a sphere = 43 πr³
Where r represents the spherical radius.

Method 2:
The height of a cone equals its spherical diameter.
The radius of a cone equals its spherical radius.

r h (h = 2r)

Use the hemisphere to scoop sand into a circular cone that has the same radius and height.
When filling up the sand into the hemisphere, only one scoop is needed.
1 of the volume of a sphere = Volume of a circular cone
2
The volume of a sphere = 2 × 13 πr2h
= 2 × 13 πr2 × 2r (h = 2r)
= 43 πr3

The volume of a sphere = 43 πr³

Where r represents the spherical radius.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 41

 EXERCISE 14
Find the volume of each sphere by the given radius.
Radius Volume
No. (centimetres) (cubic centimetres)
1. 6 904.32
2. 8 2,143.57
3. 12 7,234.56
4. 18 24,416.64
5. 20 33,493.33

Example 1
A sphere has a surface area of 154 square inches. Find the volume. (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The surface area of a sphere = 4πr²
4πr² = 154
r² = 154
4π
r ≈ 3.5 inches
The volume of a sphere = 43 πr³
The volume of the sphere is about 43 × 3.14 × (3.5)³
≈ 179.50 cubic inches
Therefore, the volume of the sphere is about 179.50 cubic inches.

42 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 2
A lead bar in the cubical shape is 11 inches long, 8 inches wide, and 5 inches thick.
If it's smelted into circular bullets with a radius of 1 inch, how many bullets can be made? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The volume of a prism = Width × Length × Thickness
The volume of a lead bar is 8 × 11 × 5 = 440 cubic inches
The volume of a sphere = 4 πr³ 3
The volume of a circular bullet is about 43 × 3.14 × 13
≈ 4.19 cubic inches
440 ≈ 105 bullets
The number of bullets that can be made is 4.19
Therefore, the number of bullets that can be made is about 105 bullets.

EXERCISE 15
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1)3 Find the volume of a sphere with the surface area of 2,584 square centimetres.
3 (π ≈ 3.14)
3 The surface area of a sphere = 4πr
2

3 4πr2 = 2,584
r2 = 2,584
3 4π

3 r ≈ 14.34
4 3
3 The volume of a sphere = 3 πr
The volume of the sphere is ≈ 4 × 3.14 × (14.34)3
3 3
≈ 12,345.7 cubic centimetres
3
Therefore, the volume of the sphere is about 12,345.7 cubic centimetres.
3

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 43

 2)3 Find the volume of a sphere with a diameter of 12 centimetres. (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of a sphere = 4 πr³
3 3
≈ 4 × 3.14 × 6³
3 3

3 ≈ 904.32 cubic centimetres

3 Therefore, the volume of the sphere is about 904.32 cubic centimetres.
3)3 Find the volume of a sphere with a radius of 9 metres. (π ≈ 3.14)
4 ³
3 The volume of a sphere = 3 πr
≈ 43 × 3.14 × 93
3
3 ≈ 3,052.08 cubic metres
3 Therefore, the volume of the sphere is about 3,052.08 cubic metres.
4)3 The spherical diameter is 22 centimetres. Find the volume. (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of a sphere = 4 πr³
3 3
4 ³
3 ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 11
3 ≈ 5,572.45 cubic centimetres
3 Therefore, the volume of the sphere is about 5,572.45 cubic centimetres.
5)3 The diameters of two spheres are 2 metres and 7 metres, respectively.
3 Find the ratio of their volumes. 4 3
Volume of the sphere with diameter of 2 metres 3 π(1)
= 4 π(3.5)3
3 Volume of the sphere with diameter of 7 metres 3
= 42.875 1
3
Therefore,3 the ratio of their volumes is 1 : 42.875 or about 1 : 43.
3

44 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 16
Put a tick ✓ in front of the true statements and put a cross ✕ in front of the false statements.
1. If a sphere is cut along its line, the cross section of each part of the sphere will be
an ellipse.
2. If the diameter of a sphere is doubled, the volume of the new sphere will be 8 times
greater than the original sphere.
3. When putting a sphere in a cylinder, there will be 23 of the volume as remaining
space.
4. The surface area of a sphere will equal the lateral area of a cylinder with the same
radius.
5. If a hemisphere is divided into 2 equal parts, the dividing line will pass through the
centre of the sphere.
6. To wrap paper around the surface of a sphere with a volume of 43 πr3, the area of
paper used will be 4πr3.
7. A hollow circular container can hold 43 πm3 of water. This means that the container has
a diameter of 2 m.
8. The air inside a hollow sphere with a radius of “a” centimetres will have the volume
of 4πa2.

5 Surface Area and Volume Word Problems

5.1 Pyramid Word Problem

The surface area of a pyramid = Lateral area + Base area

= 12 × Base perimeter × Slant height
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 45

 Example 1
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.
1) What is the total painted area in square inches, if all the lateral faces are painted?
2) What is the volume of the three-dimensional figure in cubic inches?
Rectangular pyramid
6 inches

10 inches

Rectangular prism 12 inches

16 inches

Total lateral area = Lateral area of the pyramid + Lateral area of the prism
Solution
The lateral area of a pyramid = 2(Area of the triangle with the width as its base
+ Area of the triangle with the length as its base)
The height of the triangle with the width as its base

A Height
A AB2 = AC2 + BC2
2

6 inches 6 inches
AB = 36 + 64

12 inches = 100
C B

16 inches
C 8 inches B AB = 10 inches

The height of the triangle with the length as its base

A
AD2 = AC2 + CD2
A = 36 + 36
6 inches

16 inches 6 inches
= 72
C D
AD = 62
C 6 inches D

12 inches ≈ 8.484 inches

Therefore, the total lateral area of the pyramid is about

2 12 × 12 × 10 + 12 × 16 × 8.484
≈ 255.744 square inches
( ) ( )

46 Math Solution 3 Book 1

The lateral area of a prism can be found by using 2 methods:
1. The lateral area of a prism = 2(Lateral area using width + Lateral area
using length)

16 inches Area of the width side

10 inches
12 inches
Area of the length side

The lateral area of the prism = 2{(12 × 10) + (16 × 10)}

= 560 square inches
2. The lateral area of a prism = Base perimeter × Height

(Demonstrate the tearing of the box along its side and stretch it out)

Height Length 3 Width Length 3Width 10 inches

16 inches 12 inches 16 inches 12 inches

Therefore, the lateral area of the prism equals (16 + 12 + 16 + 12) × 10

= 560 square inches
1) To paint the lateral areas, the total painted area will be
≈ 255.744 + 560
≈ 815.744 square inches
Therefore, the painted area is about 815.744 square inches.
2) What is the volume of the three-dimensional figure in cubic inches?
The volume of the three-dimensional figure = Volume of the prism + Volume of the pyramid
= (12 × 16 × 10) + 13 × 12 × 16 × 6 ( )
= 1,920 + 384
= 2,304 cubic inches
Therefore, the volume of the three-dimensional figure is 2,304 cubic inches.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 47

 EXERCISE 17
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1) 3 A glass pane for light is a square pyramid. Each side is 2 metres long, 0.5 metres high and
has a slant height of 1.1 metres. Find the lateral area and volume of the glass pane.

3 (
The lateral area of the pyramid = 4 × 12 × 2 × 1.1 )
= 4.4 square metres
3
The volume of a pyramid = 13 × Base area × Height
3
= 13 × (2 × 2) × 0.5
3
≈ 0.67 cubic metres
3
2) 3 The height of a regular hexagonal pyramid is 10 metres, and the length of each base side is 6
3 metres. Find the lateral area, surface area and volume of the pyramid. ( 3 ≈ 1.73)
3
The lateral area = 6 × 12 × 6 × 10 ( )
= 180 square metres
3
The base area of a regular hexagonal figure = 323 × Side length2
3
= 323 × 62
3
≈ 93.42 square metres
3
The surface area ≈ 180 + 93.42
3
≈ 273.42 square metres
3
Volume ≈ 13 × 93.42 × 10 ≈ 311.4 cubic metres
3

48 Math Solution 3 Book 1

3)3 The volume of a square pyramid is 384 cubic metres, and the height is 8 metres. What is
3 the length of each base side of the pyramid? What is the lateral area of the pyramid?
1
3 The volume of the pyramid 384 = 3 × x2 × 8

3 144 = x2

3 x = 12

3 The base length on each side is 12 metres.

2 2 2
3 (Slant height) = 8 + 6

3 = 100
3 The slant height is 10 metres.
3 The lateral area of the pyramid = 4 × 1
2 × 12 × 10 ( )
= 240 square metres
3
Therefore, The lateral area of the pyramid is 240 square metres
3
4)3 From the figure, the plane area that is parallel to the base of a pyramid is square and the
3 height is cut at 34 of the distance from the vertex to the base. The height of the pyramid is
3 16 and the base length on each side is 24. Find the lateral area of the shaded area and the
3 volume of the shaded area.

1
3 The lateral area of the big pyramid = 4 × 2 × 24 × 20 ( )
3 = 960 square units
1
(
3 The lateral area of the non-shaded area of the pyramid = 4 × 2 × 18 × 15 )
3 = 540 square units
3 The lateral area of the shaded area of the pyramid = 960 − 540
Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 49
 3 = 420 square units
1
3 The volume of the big pyramid = 3 × (24 × 24) × 16
3 = 3,072 cubic units
1
3 The volume of the small pyramid = 3 × (18 × 18) × 12
3 = 1,296 cubic units
3 Therefore, the volume of the shaded area is 3,072 − 1,296 = 1,776 cubic units.

5.2 Cone Word Problem

The surface area of a cone = Lateral area + Base area
= πr + πr2
The volume of a cone = 13 πr2h

Example 1
Find the volume of the biggest cone that can be put inside a rectangular pyramid and share
a vertex. The pyramid is 18 centimetres high, and its rectangular base is 15 centimetres wide and
17 centimetres long. (π ≈ 3.14)

18 cm

15 cm 15 cm
2
17 cm

The volume of a cone = 13 πr2h

Solution
= 3 π 2 (18) 1 15 2
( )
= 337.5π
≈ 337.5 × 3.14
≈ 1,059.75 cubic centimetres
Therefore, the volume of the biggest cone is about 1,059.75 cubic centimetres.
50 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 EXERCISE 18
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1)3 From the figure, find the volume of the shaded area. (π ≈ 3.14)

6 inches

2
inches

1 πr2h
3 The volume of a cone = 3
1 × 3.14 × 22 × 3
3 ≈ 3

3 ≈ 12.56 cubic inches

3 There are 2 cones in the shaded area.
3 Therefore, the volume of the shaded area is about 2 × 12.56 ≈ 25.12 cubic inches.
2)3 A factory chimney has a shape similar to a cone. Its diameter is 90 centimetres and its
3 height is 130 centimetres. Find the slant height, lateral area and volume of the chimney.
3 (π ≈ 3.14)

3 2 = 1302 + 452

3  ≈ 137.57

3 The slant height is about 137.57 centimetres

3 The lateral area = πr ≈ 3.14 × 45 × 137.57
3 ≈ 19,438.64 square centimetres
1 2 1 2
3 The volume = 3 πr h ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 45 × 130
3 ≈ 275,535 square centimetres
Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 51
 3 3)3 A pile of sand is in a conical shape. Its diameter is 6 metres and its height is 5 metres.
3 What is the volume of that pile of sand in cubic metres? (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of a cone = 13 πr2h
≈ 13 × 3.14 × 32 × 5
≈ 47.1 cubic metres
Therefore, the volume of the pile of sand is about 47.1 cubic metres.
4) The circular cone has an axis as AD, AB = 6 units, BC = 4 units, DE = 6 units and
BD = 3 units. Find the volume of the shaded area. (π ≈ 3.14)
A

B C

D E

The volume of the big cone ≈ 13 × 3.14 × 62 × 9 ≈ 339.12 cubic units

The volume of the small cone ≈ 13 × 3.14 × 42 × 6 ≈ 100.48 cubic units
The volume of the shaded area = Volume of the big cone − Volume of the small cone
= 339.12 − 100.48
= 238.64 cubic units
Therefore, the volume of the shaded area is 238.64 cubic units.

52 Math Solution 3 Book 1

5)3 A garbage bin has a cylinder and a cone. The radius of the cylinder on the top side is 2
3 metres. The total height of the garbage bin is 8 metres. The height of the cone is 360 centimetres.
3 Find the volume of the garbage bin in cubic metres. (π ≈ 3.14)

3 The volume of a cylinder = πr h

2

2
3 ≈ 3.14 × 2 × 4.4
3 ≈ 55.26 cubic metres
1
The volume of a cone = 3 πr2h
3
1
≈ 3 × 3.14 × 22 × 3.6
3
3 ≈ 15.07 cubic metres
3 Therefore, the volume of the garbage bin is about 55.26 + 15.07 ≈ 70.33 cubic metres.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 53

 5.3 Sphere Word Problem
The surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
The volume of a sphere = 43 πr3
Where r represents the radius of the sphere.

Example 1
Three spherical lead bullets with volumes of 36π, 256 500
3 π and 3 π cubic centimetres to
smelt into a big spherical lead bullet. What is its radius?
Solution The volume of the three lead bullets altogether = 36π + 256 π + 500 π
3 3
= 864 3 π cubic centimetres
The volume of a sphere = 43 πr3
r represents the radius of the big spherical lead bullet.
864 π = 4 πr3
3 3
r = 3 π × 43π
3 864
= 216
r = 6 centimetres
Therefore, the radius of the big spherical lead bullet is 6 centimetres.

Example 2
An oil tank is in a spherical shape, with an outer radius of 1.5 metres. We will paint over
the outer area of the tank, leaving an unpainted base area of 7.25 square metres. For this type
of paint, 1 litre covers an area of about 2 square metres. How much paint in litres is needed to
paint the oil tank? (π ≈ 3.14)
Solution The surface area of the oil tank = 4πr2
r represents the radius of the tank.
= 4π(1.5)2
= 9π
≈ 9 × 3.14 square metres
The surface area of the oil tank is about 28.26 square metres.
The unpainted base area of the tank is 7.25 square metres.
54 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 Therefore, the painted area = Total surface area − Base area of the tank
≈ 28.26 − 7.25
≈ 21.01 square metres
An area of 2 square metres uses paint 1 litre.
An area of about 21.01 square metres uses paint 21.01
2 litres.
Therefore, the paint needed is about 10.51 litres.

Example 3
A hemispherical water bowl and a cone have the same diameter on their tops. The height of the
cone is the same as the radius of the water bowl. How many times greater is the volume of the bowl
than the cone’s?
Solution The volume of a sphere = 4 πr3
3
The volume of a hemisphere = 23 πr3
The volume of the cone = 13 πr3
The volume of a cone with radius r and height of r is
= 13 πr3 cubic unit
2 πr3
The water bowl can hold = 31 3 times more than the cone.
3 πr
The bowl can hold twice as much water.

Example 4
Lead in the shape of a solid cylinder has a diameter of 6 centimetres and a thickness of 5
centimetres. If it is smelted into spherical bullets with a radius of 0.3 centimetres, what will the
total number of bullets be?
Solution The volume of a cylinder = πr2h
The volume of the solid lead = π(3)2(5) cubic centimetres
The volume of a sphere = 43 πr3
The volume of 1 spherical bullet = 43 π(0.3)3cubic centimetres
The solid cylinder can smelt into 4π(3) (5) 3 bullets.
2

3 π(0.3)
Therefore, the total number of bullets will be about 1,250.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 55

 EXERCISE 19
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1)3 Find the surface area and volume of Mars given the radius is about 3,300 kilometres.
3 (π ≈ 3.14)
3 The surface area of Mars = 4πr2
2
3 ≈ 4 × 3.14 × 3,300
3 ≈ 136,778,400 square kilometres
4
3 The volume of Mars = 3 πr
3

3 4
3 ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 3,300
3 ≈ 150,456,240,000 cubic kilometres
2)3 The inner diameter of a shell is 90 centimetres and its thickness is 0.5 centimetres.
3 Find the volume of the shell. (π ≈ 3.14)
90 − 1 = 44.5
3 The radius of the shell is = 2 centimetres
The volume of the shell is = 4 πr3
3 3
≈ 4 × 3.14 × (44.5)3
3 3

3 ≈ 368,933.78 cubic centimetres

3)3 A deflated balloon has a radius of 15 centimetres. If air is pumped into the balloon, its
3 radius will increase by 3 centimetres. How much does the volume increase by? (π ≈ 3.14)
3 The radius of the balloon with air inside is = 15 + 3 = 18 centimetres
4 3
3 The volume of the balloon with air inside is = 3 πr
4
3 ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 183
3 ≈ 24,416.64 cubic centimetres
4 3
3 The volume of the balloon with radius of 15 centimetres is ≈ 3 × 3.14 × 15
3 ≈ 14,130 cubic centimetres
3 The increased volume of the balloon is 24,416.64 − 14,130 = 10,286.64 cubic centimetres.
56 Math Solution 3 Book 1
4)3 The ratio of the surface areas of two spheres is 81 : 4. Find the ratio of diameters of
3 these two spheres. (π ≈ 3.14)
3 The area of the first sphere 81 = 4πr2

3 81 ≈ 4 × 3.14 × r2

3 r2 ≈ 6.45

3 r ≈ 2.54

3 The length of the diameter is about 2.54 × 2

3 ≈ 5.08

3 The area of the second sphere 4 = 4πr2

3 4 ≈ 4 × 3.14 × r2

3 r2 ≈ 0.32

3 The length of the diameter is about 0.57 × 2

3 ≈ 1.14

3 Therefore, the ratio of the diameters of the two spheres is 5.08 : 1.14.
5)3 Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius that is 23 of the surface area of a
3 cylinder with a radius of r and a height of 2r.
3 The surface area of a sphere = 4πr
2

3 The surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr

2

3 = (2πr × 2r) + 2πr (h = 2r)

2

3 = 4πr + 2πr
2 2

3 = 6πr
2

2
3 Therefore, the surface area of the sphere 4πr = 3 × 6πr2
2

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 57

 Summary and Review
1. From the figures, find surface areas and volumes. (π ≈ 3.14)

1) 2)
6 cm 7 cm

4 cm 5 cm

3 66.56 square centimetres 99.3 square centimetres

3 32 cubic centimetres 58.83 cubic centimetres

3)3 4)

9m 18.4 cm

3m

3 117.66 square centimetres 4,252.31 square centimetres

3 84.78 cubic centimetres 26,080.86 cubic centimetres

5)3 6)
9 cm 9 cm
8 cm
4 cm 2 cm 10 cm

3 62.66 square centimetres 261.8 square centimetres

3 24 cubic centimetres 240 cubic centimetres

7)3 8)
15 cm
15 cm

18 cm

3 748.61 square centimetres 2,826 square centimetres

3 1,271.7 cubic centimetres 14,130 cubic centimetres
58 Math Solution 3 Book 1
2. Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step.
1)3 The lateral area of a pyramid is 644 square metres and the slant height is 23 centimetres.
3Find the base perimeter.
3 m is the base length on each side.
3 n is the number of base sides.
3 The lateral area of a pyramid = 12 × m × n × 0.23
644 = 1 × m × n × 0.23
3 2

3 m × n = 5,600 metres
Therefore, the base perimeter is 5,600 metres.
3
2) From the figure,
1) What is the lateral area of the cone?

7
2) What is the surface area of the cone?
6
3) What is the volume of the cone?
(π ≈ 3.14)
3 1) The lateral area of the cone = πr

3 ≈ 3.14 × 6 × 9.22
3 ≈ 173.70 square units
3 2) The surface area of the cone = πr + πr2

3 ≈ (3.14 × 6 × 9.22) + (3.14 × 6 )

2

3 ≈ 173.70 + 113.04
3 ≈ 286.74 square units
3 3) The volume of the cone = 13 πr2h
≈ 1 × 3.14 × 62 × 7
3 3

3 ≈ 263.76 cubic units

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 59

 3) 3 From the figure, find the surface area and volume
3 of the sphere. (π ≈ 3.14)

7 cm

3 The surface area of the sphere = 4πr

2

3 ≈ 4 × 3.14 × 7
2

3 ≈ 615.44 square centimetres

The volume of the sphere = 4 πr3
3 3
≈ 4 × 3.14 × 73
3 3

3 ≈ 1,436.03 cubic centimetres

Therefore, the volume of the sphere is about 1,436.03 cubic centimetres.
3

60 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 27 - 30 Very good
21 - 26 Good
UNIT TEST 15 - 20
less than 15
Fair
Should be improved
I’ve got .......................….… marks.

PART 1
Darken the circle in front of the correct answers. (1 mark each)
1. Find the volume of square pyramid with a base perimeter is 40 centimetres, and a height
of 12 centimetres.
1 120 cubic centimetres 2 240 cubic centimetres
3 400 cubic centimetres 4 480 cubic centimetres
2. A right quadrangular pyramid has a base of 4 centimetres and 6 centimetres. If the
pyramid is 10 centimetres high, what is its volume in cubic centimetre?
1 40 cubic centimetres 2 80 cubic centimetres
3 120 cubic centimetres 4 240 cubic centimetres
3. Find the volume of right pyramid with a triangular base, and a base length of 18 centimetres
on each side and a height of 29 centimetres.
1 480√3 cubic centimetres 2 500√3 cubic centimetres
3 653√3 cubic centimetres 4 789√3 cubic centimetres
4. A right cone has a slant height of 9 inches and a base radius of 4 inches. What is the
surface area in square inches?
1 36π square inches 2 48π square inches
3 52π square inches 4 108π square inches
5. A right cone is 24 inches high, with a radius of 7 inches. What is the surface area in square
inches?
1 168π square inches 2 224π square inches
3 266π square inches 4 944π square inches
6. A right cone has a slant height of 10 centimetres and a base radius of 6 centimetres.
What is the estimated volume in cubic centimetres? (π ≈ 3.14)
1 113 cubic centimetres 2 188 cubic centimetres
3 301 cubic centimetres 4 2,513 cubic centimetres
7. A sphere has a volume of 36π cubic centimetres. What is the surface area in square centimetres?
1 12π cubic centimetres 2 27π cubic centimetres
3 36π cubic centimetres 4 68π cubic centimetres

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 61

 8. There are two spheres; the radius of the big sphere is two times of the radius of the small one.
How many times larger is the volume of the big sphere compared to the small one?
1 8 2 4
3 2 4 1

PART 2
Fill the correct answers into the blanks. (1 mark each)
1. The base area of a square pyramid is 100 centimetres, and its height is 12 centimetres. The
cross-sectional area above the base of 4 centimetres is 11.1 square centimetres.
2. The cross-sectional area of a square pyramid from vertex 9 centimetres is 108 centimetres, and
base area of a pyramid is 180 square centimetres. The height of pyramid is 11.62 centimetres.
3.

The volume of tetrahedron is 482.72 cubic centimetres.

16 cm.

4. A square pyramid has a base length of 15 centimetres on each side and a height of 35
centimetres.
The surface area of the pyramid is about 1298.7 square centimetres.
The volume of the pyramid is about 2625 cubic centimetres.
5. The height of a cone is 16 centimetres and its base radius is 9 centimetres. (π ≈ 3.14)
518.85 square centimetres.
The lateral area of the cone is about
The surface area of the cone is about 773.19 square centimetres.
The volume of the cone is about 1,356.48 cubic centimetres.
6. The radius of a sphere increases by 3 centimetres causing an increase in the surface area of
the sphere by four times of the original without the increase of radius.
The radius of the original sphere is 3 centimetres.
7. The ratios of surface areas of two spheres are 16 to 49.
The ratio between their radii is 4:7 .
8. The surface area of a sphere is 180 square metres. (π ≈ 3.14)
The volume of the sphere is 227.92 cubic metres.

62 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 PART 3
Show how to solve the following problems step-by-step. (2 marks each)
1. Find the total surface area and volume of the net of a square pyramid shown. Its vertical
height is 12 centimetres.

10

3 The slant height of the pyramid = 12 + 5 = 13 centimetres

2 2

(1
3 The total surface area of pyramid = (10 × 10) + 2 × 10 × 13 )
3 = 100 + 65
3 = 165 square centimetres
3 The volume of the pyramid = ( 12 × 100 × 12)
3 = ( 12 × 100 × 12)
= 600 cubic centimetres
3
2. The radii of two spheres are 5 centimetres and 8 centimetres, respectively. What is the
ratio of the volume of two spheres?
4
3 The volume of the sphere with radius of 5 centimetres = 3 πr
3

3 4
3 = 3 × π × 5
4
3 The volume of the sphere with radius of 8 centimetres = 3 πr
3

3 4
3 = 3 × π × 8
125
3 = 512
3 Therefore, the ratio is 125 : 512.

Unit 1 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME 63

 UNIT 1 VOCABULARY
Apex Radius
ยอด ปลาย รัศมี (ส่วนของเส้นตรงที่เชื่อมระหว่างจุดศูนย์กลาง
ของวงกลมกับจุดใดจุดหนึ่งบนเส้นรอบวง)
Area
พื้นที่ เขต เนื้อที่ บริเวณ Sphere
ทรงกลม (เซตของจุดในระบบ 3 มิติ อยู่ห่างจากจุด
Centre คงที่จุดหนึ่งเป็นระยะเท่ากัน)
ศูนย์กลาง
Surface area
Cone พื้นที่ผิว
กรวย (รูปทรง 3 มิติที่มีฐานเป็นรูปวงกลม)
Volume
Pyramid ปริมาตร (จำ�นวนที่บอกขนาดของรูป 3 มิติ มีหน่วย
พีระมิด (รูปทรงที่มีฐานเป็นรูปเหลี่ยมใด ๆ และมี มาตรฐานต่าง ๆ เช่น ลิตร ลูกบาศก์เมตร เป็นต้น)
ด้านอื่น ๆ เป็นรูปสามเหลี่ยมมีจุดยอดซึ่งไม่อยู่ใน
ระนาบเดียวกับฐานร่วมกัน ) Tetrahedron
พีระมิดฐานสามเหลี่ยมด้านเท่าหรือทรงสี่หน้า

64 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 02
UNIT
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Learning Contents

Systems of Linear Equations in Two

Variables

Solving Systems of Linear Equations

in Two Variables
SYSTEMS OF
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
Systems of Linear Equations in Two
Variables Word Problems
 1 Systems of Linear Equations in
Two Variables
A plate has 10 oranges and rose apples in total. If the number of oranges on this plate is x and
the number of rose apples is y, the equation can be written as x + y = 10. The values of x and y can
be written in the form of table as shown below.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
When these values are written in ordered pairs, we will get (1,9), (2,8), (3,7), (4,6), (5,5), (6,4),
(7,3), (8,2) and (9,1).
Every ordered pair is the solutions of the equation x + y = 10. These ordered pairs can be
depicted in the graph as shown below.
Y

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

From the graph, we can see that if there is 1 orange, there will be 9 rose apples, and if there
are 4 oranges, there will be 6 rose apples.

The equation x + y = 10 is a linear equation in two variables and the solutions of the equation
x + y = 10 are the ordered pairs of positive integers only. Thus, the graph is a set of points along a
line segment.
66 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 EXERCISE 1
Consider the following statement and answer the questions below.
“Dalad has 5 pens more than Chanon.”
1) How many pens do Dalad and Chanon have each?
Cannot identify the answer.
2) If Dalad has 7 pens, how many pens does Chanon have?
Chanon has 2 pens.
3) If Chanon has 4 pens, how many pens does Dalad have?
Dalad has 9 pens.
4) If the number of pens of either Dalad or Chanon is given, can the rest of Chanon’s
or Dalad’s pens be found?
Yes, they can be found.
5) Given the number of Dalad’s pens is x.
And the number of Chanon’s pens is y.
So, from the above statements, we can write an equation x – y = 5.
When the values of x and y are written in ordered pairs, we will get (6,1), (7,2),
(8,3), (9,4), (10,5), (11,6), ...
The graph can be drawn as depicted.
Y

8
7
6 (11,6)
5 (10,5)
4 (9,4)
3 (8,3)
2 (7,2)
1 (6,1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X

The graph is a set of points along a ray.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 67

 Example 1 The difference between two integers is 2.
Find these two integers.
Solution When x and y are the two integers, it can be written in an equation as
x−y = 2
It can be written in the form of table as shown below.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
The values of x and y can be written in ordered pairs as follows:
..., (−2,−4), (−1,−3), (0,−2), (1,−1), (2,0), (3,1), (4,2), (5,3), ...
The graph can be drawn as depicted.
Y
4

1
X
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2

−3

−4

The graph is a set of points along a straight line.

From the examples of equations x + y = 10, x – y = 5 and x – y = 2, we can see that they
are equations in two variables. The exponent of each variable is 1 without multiplication of variables.
These equations are called the “Linear equations in two variables”.
The solutions of linear equations with x and y as variables are the values of x and y that
make the equations true.
From two or more linear equations with the same variables, it is called “The system of
linear equations”.

68 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 2 The sum of two numbers is 3, and their difference is 1.
Find these two numbers.
Solution When one number is x and another is y, the sum of these two numbers is x + y and the
difference between these two numbers is x − y.
Thus, the system of linear equations consists of equations x + y = 3 and x − y = 1.
When substituting the possible values of x and y in each equation, it can be written in
the form of table as shown below.

x+y=3 x−y=1
x y (x,y) x y (x,y)
3 0 (3,0) 3 2 (3,2)
2 1 (2,1) 2 1 (2,1)
1 2 (1,2) 1 0 (1,0)
0 3 (0,3) 0 −1 (0,−1)
−1 4 (−1,4) −1 −2 (−1,−2)
The graph of the system of linear equations can be drawn as depicted.
Y
6
x+y=3 5
x−y=1
4
3
2
1 (2,1)
X
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

From the graph, we can see that the point of intersection of equations x + y = 3 and
x − y = 1 is point (2,1).
Thus, x = 2 and y = 1.
Check the solution by substituting the values of x and y with 2 and 1, respectively, in the
system of equations.
2 + 1 = 3, and
2−1 = 1
Therefore, (2,1) is the solution of the system of equations x + y = 3 and x − y = 1.
Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 69
 Example 3 The sum of two numbers is 4, and their difference is 1.
Find these two numbers.
Solution When one number is x, and another is y, the system of linear equations consists of
equations x + y = 4 and x – y = 1.
When substituting the possible values of x and y in each equation, it can be written in
the form of table as shown below.
x+y=4 x−y=1
x y (x,y) x y (x,y)
0 4 (0,4) 2 1 (2,1)
1 3 (1,3) 1 0 (1,0)
2 2 (2,2) 0 −1 (0,−1)
3 1 (3,1) −1 −2 (−1,−2)
4 0 (4,0) −2 −3 (−2,−3)
The graph of the system of linear equations can be drawn as depicted.
Y
6
x+y=4 5
4
3
2
(2.5,1.5)
1
X
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
−2
−3
x−y=1 −4
−5

From the graph, we can see that the point of intersection of equations x + y = 4 and
x − y = 1 is point (2.5,1.5).
Thus, x = 2.5 and y = 1.5
Check the solution by substituting the values of x and y with 2.5 and 1.5, respectively,
in the system of equations.
2.5 + 1.5 = 4, and
2.5 − 1.5 = 1
Therefore, (2.5,1.5) is the solution of the system of equations x + y = 4 and x − y = 1.

70 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 2
1. The sum of two numbers is 6, and one number is twice another number.
What are these two numbers?
When one number is x, and another is y, the system of equations consists of
equations y = 2x and x + y = 6.
y = 2x x+y=6
x y (x,y) x y (x,y)
2 4 (2,4) 2 4 (2,4)
1 2 (1,2) 1 5 (1,5)
0 0 (0,0) 0 6 (0,6)
−1 −2 (−1,−2) −1 7 (−1,7)
Y

9
8
7 y = 2x
6
5
4 (2, 4)
3
2
1 x+y=6
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

We can see that the point of intersection of equations y = 2x and x + y = 6 is point (2,4).
Thus,
x = 2 and y = 4
Check the answers 4 = 2(2)
and 2 + 4 = 6
Therefore, one number is 2, and another is 4.
Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 71
 2. The sum of two numbers is −6, and their difference is 2. Find these two numbers.
When one number is x, and another is y, the system of equations consists of equations
x + y = −6 and x − y = 2.
x + y = −6 x−y=2
x y (x,y) x y (x,y)
1 −7 (1,−7) 1 −1 (1,−1)
0 −6 (0,−6) 0 −2 (0,−2)
−1 −5 (−1,−5) −1 −3 (−1,−3)
−2 −4 (−2,−4) −2 −4 (−2,−4)
−3 −3 (−3,−3) −3 −5 (−3,−5)
Y
7
6
5
4
3
x−y=2
2
1
X
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−2
−3
(−2,−4) −4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10
x + y = −6

We can see that the point of intersection of equations x + y = −6 and x − y = 2 is point (−2,−4).
Thus, x = −2 and y = −4
Check the answers (−2) + (−4) = −6
and (−2) − (−4) = 2
Therefore, one number is −2, and another is −4.

72 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 2 Solving Systems of Linear Equations
in Two Variables
Besides finding the solutions of systems of linear equations in two variables by drawing graphs,
there are also other methods as follows:
1. Properties of addition
If a, b, c and d are any real numbers, a = b and c = d, then
a + c = b + d.
2. Properties of multiplication
If a, b and k are any real numbers and a = b, then ak = bk.

2.1 Solving Systems of Equations by Using Substitution

Method
To solve the systems of equations by using graphs, the solutions are sometimes unclear.
So, the systems of equations may be solved by value substitution as the following steps.
1. Solve one of the equations for a variable. (If possible, it should not be done in the fraction form).
2. Substitute the expression of the variable from step 1 in another equation.
3. Solve the equation from step 2.
4. Substitute the value of the answer from step 3 in step 1, and we will get all solutions of systems
of equations.

Example 1 Solve the system of equations x + y = 16 and y = x + 2.

Solution x+y = 16 ➀
y = x+2 ➁
From ➁, substitute the value of y in ➀.
x + (x + 2) = 16
2x + 2 = 16
2x = 16 − 2
2x = 14
x = 14
2
x = 7

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 73

 Substitute the value of x in ➁.
y = 7+2
y = 9
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
7+9
9
=
=
16
7+2 } true
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (7,9).

Example 2 Solve the system of equations x + y = 12 and 2x − y = 3.

Solution x+y = 12 ➀
2x − y = 3 ➁
From ➀, find the value of y.
y = 12 − x ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➁.
2x − (12 − x) = 3
2x − 12 + x = 3
3x − 12 = 3
3x = 3 + 12
3x = 15
x = 15
3
x = 5
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
y = 12 − 5
y = 7
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
5+7 = 12
2(5) − 7 = 10 − 7 true
= 3
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (5,7).

74 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 3 Solve the system of equations 3x − 7y = 2 and x + 4y = 1.
Solution 3x − 7y = 2 ➀
x + 4y = 1 ➁
From ➁, find the value of x.
x = 1 − 4y ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➀.
3(1 − 4y) − 7y = 2
3 − 12y − 7y = 2
3 − 19y = 2
−19y = 2−3
−19y = −1
y = −1
−19
y = 1
19
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = ( )
1
1 − 4 19
x = 4
1 − 19
x = 15
19
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
( ) ( )
3 15
19 − 7 19
( )
15 + 4 1
19 19
1 =
=
45 − 7 38
19 19 = 19 = 2 true
15 + 4
19 19 = 19 = 1
19 }
( )
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is 15 1
19 , 19 .

Example 4 Solve the system of equations y = 3x − 1 and −9x + 3y = 4.

Solution y = 3x − 1 ➀
−9x + 3y = 4 ➁
From ➀, substitute the value of y in ➁.
−9x + 3(3x − 1) = 4
−9x + 9x − 3 = 4
−3 = 4 Not true
Therefore, there is no solution for this system of equations.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 75

 EXERCISE 3
Solve the following systems of equations.
1) x+y = 20
x = y−4
3 x+y = 20 ➀
3 x = y−4 ➁
3 From ➁, substitute the value of x in ➀.
3 (y − 4) + y = 20
3 2y − 4 = 20
3 2y = 20 + 4
3 2y = 24
24
3 y = 2
3 y = 12
3 Substitute the value of y in ➁.
3 x = 12 − 4
3 x = 8

3 Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (8,12).

2) x+y = 23
y = x−5
x+y = 23 ➀
3 y = x−5 ➁
3 From ➁, substitute the value of y in ➀.
3 x + (x − 5) = 23
3 2x − 5 = 23
3 2x = 23 + 5
3 2x = 28
x = 28
3 2
76 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 x = 14
3 Substitute the value of x in ➁.
3 y = 14 − 5
3 y = 9
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (14,9).
3) 3x − y = 5
2x + 3y = 6

3 3x − y = 5 ➀
3 2x + 3y = 6 ➁
3 From ➀, find the value of y.
y = 3x − 5 ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➁.
2x + 3(3x − 5) = 6
3 2x + 9x − 15 = 6
11x = 6 + 15
11x = 21
x = 21 10
11 or 1 11
3 Substitute the value of x in ➂.
y = 3 11 ( )
21 − 5
y = 63 − 5
11
y = 8
3 11
3 Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is 1 10
11 (8.
, 11 )

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 77

 4) 7x + 3y = −2
x = 3y + 1
4
3 7x − 3y = −2 ➀
x = 3y + 1 ➁
3 4
From ➁, substitute the value of x in ➀.
3

( )
7 34 y + 1 − 3y = −2
21y + 7 − 3y = −2
4
9y = −2 − 7
4
9y = −9
3 4
y = −9 × 4
9
y = −4

Substitute the value of y in ➁.

x = 3 (−4) + 1
3 4
x = −12
4 + 1

x = −2

Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−2,−4).
3
5) x + 5y = −2
3x − 4y = −25
3 x + 5y = −2 ➀
3 3x − 4y = −25 ➁
3 From ➀, find the value of x.
x = −2 − 5y ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➁.
3(−2 − 5y) − 4y = −25
3 −6 − 15y − 4y = −25
−19y = −25 + 6
−19y = −19
y = −19
−19
78 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 3 y = 1
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = −2 − 5(1)

3 x = −2 − 5
x = −7
3
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−7,1).
3
2.2 Solving Systems of Equations by Using Elimination
Method
To solve the systems of equations, substitution method is not always the best method.
We need to use elimination method to solve some systems of equations by taking these following steps.
1. Write two equations in the form of ax + by = c, when a, b and c are any real numbers.
2. If that number is in fraction or decimal form, turn it into an integer. For fractional number,
it must be multiplied by the Least Common Denominator, and for a decimal number, it must be
multiplied by 10 or 100 or 1,000 or more to turn it into an integer.
3. Equalise each coefficient by multiplying each equation by a number.
4. Eliminate the coefficients of each variable by addition or subtraction of the two equations.
5. When the equation is solved, and there is only one variable left, substitute the value of that
variable in an equation to obtain another solution.

Example 1 Solve the system of equations 5x + 3y = 17 and −5x + 2y = 3.

Solution 5x + 3y = 17 ➀
−5x + 2y = 3 ➁
➀ + ➁ 3y + 2y = 17 + 3 It can be seen that the coefficients
of x in ➀ and ➁ are the same.
5y = 20
y = 20
5
y = 4
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
5x + 3(4) = 17
5x + 12 = 17
5x = 17 − 12
5x = 5

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 79

 x = 5
5
x = 1
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
5(1) + 3(4)
−5(1) + 2(4)
=
=
5 + 12 =
−5 + 8 = 3}
17
true

Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (1,4).

Example 2 Solve the system of equations 3x + 3y = 15 and 2x + 6y = 22.

Solution 3x + 3y = 15 ➀
2x + 6y = 22 ➁
➀ × 2 6x + 6y = 30 ➂
➂−➁ 4x = 8
x = 8
4
x = 2
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
2(2) + 6y = 22
4 + 6y = 22
6y = 22 − 4
6y = 18
y = 18
6
y = 3
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
3(2) + 3(3)
2(2) + 6(3)
=
=
6+9
4 + 18 =
=
}
15
22
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (2,3).
true

Example 3 Solve the system of equations 3x − 2y = 5 and 2x + 7y = 9.

Solution 3x − 2y = 5 ➀
2x + 7y = 9 ➁
➀ × 2 6x − 4y = 10 ➂
➁ × 3 6x + 21y = 27 ➃
➃ − ➂ 21y + 4y = 27 − 10
25y = 17
80 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 y = 17
25
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
( )
3x − 2 17
25 = 5
3x − 34
25 = 5
3x = 5 + 34
25
3x = 125 + 34
25
3x = 159
25
x = 159
3 × 25
x = 53 or 2 3
25 25
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
( ) ( )
3 53
( ) ( )
53
2 25 + 7 25
17
25 − 2 25
17
=
=
159 − 34 = 125 = 5
25 25
106 +
25 25
119 =
25
225
25 = 9 }true

(3 , 17 .
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is 2 25 25 )
Solve
Example 4 the system of equations −0.3x + 0.5y = −0.1 and 0.01x − 0.4y = −0.38.
Solution −0.3x + 0.5y = −0.1 ➀
0.01x − 0.4y = −0.38 ➁
➀ × 10 −3x + 5y = −1 ➂
➁ × 100 x − 40y = −38 ➃
➃ × 3 3x − 120y = −114 ➄
➂ + ➄ −115y = −115
y = −115
−115
y = 1
Substitute the value of y in ➃.
x − 40(1) = −38
x − 40 = −38
x = −38 + 40
x = 2
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
0.3(2) + 0.5(1)
0.01(2) − 0.4(1)
=
=
−0.6 + 0.5 = −0.1
0.02 − 0.4 = −0.38
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (2,1).
}
true

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 81

 Solve the following systems of equations.
1) x + 3y = 7
−x + 4y = 7
x + 3y = 7 ➀
−x + 4y = 7 ➁
➀+➁ 7y = 14
y = 14
7
y = 2
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
x + 3(2) = 7
x+6 = 7
x = 7−6
x = 1
Therefore, the solution of the systems of equations is (1,2).

2) 5x + 3y = −9
2x − 5y = −16
5x + 3y = −9 ➀
2x − 5y = −16 ➁
➀×5 25x + 15y = −45 ➂
➁×3 6x − 15y = −48 ➃
➂+➃ 31x = −93
−93
x = 31
x = −3
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
5(−3) + 3y = −9
−15 + 3y = −9

82 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 3y = −9 + 15
3y = 6
6
y = 3
y = 2
Therefore, the solution of the systems of equations is (−3,2).
3) 3x + 2y = 22
9x − 8y = −4
3x + 2y = 22 ➀
9x − 8y = −4 ➁
➀×3 9x + 6y = 66 ➂
➂ − ➁ 14y = 70
y = 70
14
y = 5
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
3x + 2(5) = 22
3x = 22 − 10
3x = 12
x = 12
3
x = 4
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (4,5).

4) 0.2x + 0.3y = 0.1

0.03x − 0.01y = 0.07
0.2x + 0.3y = 0.1 ➀
0.03x − 0.01y = 0.07 ➁
➀ × 10 2x + 3y = 1 ➂
➁ × 100 3x − y = 7 ➃
➃×3 9x − 3y = 21 ➄
Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 83
 ➂+➄ 11x = 22
22
x = 11
x = 2
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
2(2) + 3y = 1
3y = 1−4
3y = −3
y = −3
3
y = −1
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (2,−1).
1 x + 1 y = 1
5) 10 6
2x + 3y = 17
1 1
10 x + 6 y = 1 ➀
2x + 3y = 17 ➁
➀ × 30 3x + 5y = 30 ➂
➁×3 6x + 9y = 51 ➃
➂×2 6x + 10y = 60 ➄
➄−➃ y = 9
Substitute the value of y in ➁.
2x + 3(9) = 17
2x + 27 = 17
2x = 17 − 27
2x = −10
x = −10
2
x = −5
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−5,9).

84 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 You have learned how to solve the systems of equations by using substitution method and
elimination method. We can see that any method can be used and the solutions of the systems of
equations are still the same. However, using the suitable method will help you find the solutions of
the systems of equations faster.

Example 1 Solve the system of equations 4x − 3y = 4 and 10x + 9y = −1.

Solution 4x − 3y = 4 ➀
10x + 9y = −1 ➁
➀×3 12x − 9y = 12 ➂
➁+➂ 22x = 11
x = 11
22
x = 1
2
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
( )
10 12 + 9y = −1
5 + 9y = −1
9y = −1 − 5
9y = −6
y = −6
9
y = − 23
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
() ( )
4 12 − 3 − 23
() ( )
10 12 + 9 − 23
= 2 + 2 = 4
= 5 − 6 = −1 } true

( )
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is 12 ,− 23 .

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 85

 Example 2 Solve the system of equations x − 2y = 16 and y + 3 = 3x.
Solution x − 2y = 16 ➀
y+3 = 3x ➁
From ➀ x = 16 + 2y ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➁
y+3 = 3(16 + 2y)
y+3 = 48 + 6y
y − 6y = 48 − 3
−5y = 45
y = 45
−5
y = −9
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = 16 + 2(−9)
x = 16 − 18
x = −2
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
(−2) − 2(−9)
(−9) + 3
=
=
−2 + 18
−6
=
=
16
3(−2) }

true

Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−2,−9).

Example 3 Solve the system of equations x − 2 + y + 1 = 2 and x + 1 + y −2 3 = 12 .

4 3 7
Solution x−2 + y+1 = 2 ➀
4 3
x+1 + y−3 = 1 ➁
7 2 2
➀ × 12 ( )
12 x −4 2 + y +3 1 = 12 × 2
3(x − 2) + 4(y + 1) = 24
3x − 6 + 4y + 4 = 24
3x + 4y = 24 + 6 − 4
3x + 4y = 26 ➂
86 Math Solution 3 Book 1
➁ × 14 (
14 x +7 1 + y −2 3 ) = 14 × 12
2(x + 1) + 7(y − 3) = 7
2x + 2 + 7y − 21 = 7
2x + 7y = 7 − 2 + 21
2x + 7y = 26 ➃
➂×2 6x + 8y = 52 ➄
➃×3 6x + 21y = 78 ➅
➅−➄ 13y = 26
y = 26
13
y = 2
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
3x + 4(2) = 26
3x + 8 = 26
3x = 26 − 8
x = 18
3
x = 6
Check the answers by substituting the values of x and y in ➀ and ➁.
6 − 2 + 2 + 1 = 4 + 3 = 1 + 1 = 2
6
4
+ 1
7 + 2 2
3
− 3
4 3
= 77 − 12 = 1 − 12 = 12
true}
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (6,2).

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 87

 EXERCISE 5
Solve the following systems of equations.
1) 4x + 3y = −40
5x − y = −12
4x + 3y = −40 ➀
5x − y = −12 ➁
➁ × 3 15x − 3y = −36 ➂
➀ + ➂ 19x = −76
−76
x = 19
x = −4
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
5(−4) − y = −12
−20 − y = −12
−y = −12 + 20
−y = 8
y = −8
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−4,−8).
2) x − 5y = 33
−4x + y = −41
x − 5y = 33 ➀
−4x + 7y = −41 ➁
From ➀ x = 5y + 33 ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➁.
−4(5y + 33) + 7y = −41
−20y − 132 + 7y = −41
−13y = 91
y = 91
−13
88 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 y = −7
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = 5(−7) + 33
x = −2
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−2,−7).
3) 3x + 5y = 22
4x − 7y = −39
3x + 5y = 22 ➀
4x − 7y = −39 ➁
➀ × 4 12x + 20y = 88 ➂
➁×3 12x − 21y = −117 ➃
➂ − ➃ 41y = 205
205
y = 41
y = 5
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
3x + 5(5) = 22
3x = 22 − 25
3x = −3
x = −3
3
x = −1
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−1,5).

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 89

 4) 4x − 5y = 3
8x + 15y = −24
4x − 5y = 3 ➀
8x + 15y = −24 ➁
➀×3 12x − 15y = 9 ➂
➁+➂ 20x = −15
−15
x = 20
x = − 34
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
( )
4 − 34 − 5y = 3
−5y = 6
y = 6
−5
y = − 65 or −1 15
( )
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is − 34 ,−1 15 .
5) 3x − 2y = 5
2x + 5y = −3
3x − 2y = 5 ➀
2x + 5y = −3 ➁
➀ × 5 15x − 10y = 25 ➂
➁×2 4x + 10y = −6 ➃
➂+➃ 19x = 19
19
x = 19
x = 1
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
2(1) + 5y = −3
5y = −3 − 2
5y = −5
y = −5
5
y = −1
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (1,−1).

90 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 3 Systems of Linear Equations in
Two Variables Word Problems
We can solve word problems on the systems of linear equations in two variables by taking these
steps. Firstly, we need to analyse word problems. Next, assume the variables. Then, we need to
create the systems of linear equations in two variables based on the word problems. Finally,
summarise the answers.

Example 1 In a basket, there are 78 of mangoes and oranges in total. If the number
of mangoes is less than the number of oranges by 24, what is each
number of mangoes and oranges in this basket?
Solution Let x be the number of mangoes.
Let y be the number of oranges.
The number of mangoes and oranges altogether is 78.
Thus, x+y = 78 ➀
The number of mangoes is less than the number of orange by 24.
Thus, y − x = 24 ➁
From ➁ y = 24 + x ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➀.
x + (24 + x) = 78
2x + 24 = 78
2x = 78 − 24
2x = 54
x = 54
2
x = 27
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
y = 24 + 27
y = 51
Therefore, there are 27 mangoes and 51 oranges in this basket.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 91

 Example 2 If a half of Ploy’s money is 3 times Phraewa’s money, and four times the
difference of Ploy’s and Phraewa’s money is 3,000 baht, how much
money do Ploy and Phraewa have each?
Solution Let x be Ploy’s money.
Let y be Phraewa’s money.
A half of Ploy’s money is 3 times Phraewa’s money.
Thus, 12 x = 3y ➀
Four times the difference of Ploy’s and Phraewa’s money is 3,000 baht.
Thus, 4(x − y) = 3,000 ➁
From ➀ x = 6y ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➁.
4(6y − y) = 3,000
4 × 5y = 3,000
20y = 3,000
y = 3,000
20
y = 150
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = 6(150)
x = 900
Therefore, Ploy has 900 baht, and Phraewa has 150 baht.

Example 3 A shop sells 8 small cans and 5 big cans of powdered milk, and it totally
makes 7,360 baht. If the selling price of a big can is more than a
small can by 120 baht, what is the price of each size of the powdered milk?
Solution Let x be the selling price of a big can of powdered milk.
Let y be the selling price of a small can of powdered milk.
Selling 5 big cans and 8 small cans of powdered milk totally makes 7,360 baht.
Thus, 5x + 8y = 7,360 ➀
The selling price of a big can is more than a small can by 120 baht.
Thus, x − y = 120 ➁
From ➁ x = 120 + y ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➀.
5(120 + y) + 8y = 7,360
600 + 5y + 8y = 7,360

92 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 13y = 7,360 − 600
13y = 6,760
y = 6,760
13
y = 520
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = 120 + 520
x = 640
Therefore, the selling price of a big can of powdered milk is 640 baht,
and the selling price of a small can of powdered milk is 520 baht.

Example 4 Substance A has 2% alcohol mixture, and substance B has 6% alcohol

mixture. To mix substance A and B for a capacity of 60 litres with 3.2%
alcohol mixture, how many litres of substance A and B are used each?
Solution Let x be the quantity of substance A.
Let y be the quantity of substance B.
The information can be written in the form of table as shown below.

Type Quantity Percentage Quantity of the Substance

of Substance (litres) of Alcohol with Alcohol Mixture (litres)
Substance A x 2% 2% of x or 0.02x
Substance B y 6% 6% of y or 0.06y
Mixture of A and B 60 3.2% 0.032 × 60 = 1.92

Thus, x + y = 60 ➀
0.02x + 0.06y = 1.92 ➁
➁ × 100 2x + 6y = 192 ➂
➀×2 2x + 2y = 120 ➃
➂−➃ 4y = 72
y = 72
4
y = 18
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
x + 18 = 60
x = 60 − 18
x = 42
Therefore, the quantity of substance A used is 42 litres,
and the quantity of substance B used is 18 litres.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 93

 Example 5 The first train departs from a station and travels with a velocity of 30
kilometres per hour. 2 hours later, the second train departs from the station
and travels in the same direction along the railway which is parallel to the
first train with a velocity of 45 kilometres per hour. If these two trains
travel with a constant velocity and have no stop, how many kilometres do
these trains travel when they meet each other?
Solution Distance equals the product of velocity and time.
Let d be the distance.
Let v be the velocity.
Let t be the time.
Thus, d = vt
Draw a picture to illustrate.

The first train station 30 km/hr

Time t + 2 hours
The two trains
The second train station 45 km/hr meet.
Time t hours

d kilometres

The distance from the station to the point where two trains meet is d kilometres.
The second train’s velocity is 45 kilometres per hour, and its travelling time
is t hours.
The information can be written in the form of the table as shown below.

The train Distance Velocity Time

(kilometres) (km/hr) (hours)
The first train d 30 t+2
The second train d 45 t

94 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 The travelling distance of first train is
d = 30(t + 2) kilometres.
And the travelling distance of second train is
d = 45t kilometres.
Thus, 30(t + 2) = 45t
30t + 60 = 45t
15t = 60
t = 60 15
t = 4
Therefore, these trains meet each other when they travel
d = 45 × 4
= 180 kilometres.

Example 6 Sumon rows 1 kilometre downstream and upstream for 20 minutes and
30 minutes, respectively. What is the velocity of the boat in still water?
And what is the velocity of the current in kilometre per hour?
Remark
About current
Rowing downstream:
distance = time × (rowing velocity in still water + water current velocity)
Rowing upstream:
distance = time × (rowing velocity in still water − water current velocity)

Solution Let x be the velocity of the boat in still water.

Let y be the velocity of the water current.
Let x + y be the downstream velocity.
Let x − y be the upstream velocity.
The time Sumon spends on rowing of 1 kilometre downstream is 20 minutes.
Thus, 20 (x + y) = 1
60
1 (x + y) = 1
3
x + y = 3 ➀
The time Sumon spends on rowing 1 kilometre upstream is 30 minutes.
Thus, 30 (x − y) = 1
60
12 (x − y) = 1
x − y = 2 ➁
Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 95
 ➀+➁ 2x = 5
x = 52 or 212
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
52 + y = 3
y = 3 − 52
y = 6 −2 5
y = 12
Therefore, the velocity of the boat in still water is 2 12 kilometres per hour,
and the velocity of the current is 12 kilometres per hour.

Example 7 8 men and 9 women complete a job in 3 hours. If 5 men and 4 women
complete the same job in 6 hours, how many hours will it take for 3 men
and 4 women to complete this same job?
Solution Let x be the unit that a man can do a job in one hour.
Let y be the unit that a woman can do a job in one hour.
In 3 hours, the total units of job done by 8 men and 9 women are
(3 × 8 × x) + (3 × 9 × y) or 24x + 27y. ➀
In 6 hours, the total units of job done by 5 men and 4 women are
(6 × 5 × x) + (6 × 4 × y) or 30x + 24y. ➁
But ➀ = ➁ 24x + 27y = 30x + 24y
27y − 24y = 30x − 24x
3y = 6x
y = 6x 3
y = 2x
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
The total units of done job is
24x + 27(2x) = 24x + 54x = 78x
In 1 hour, the total units of job done by 3 men and 4 women are
(1 × 3 × x) + (1 × 4 × y) or 3x + 4y ➂
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
3x + 4(2x) = 3x + 8x = 11x units
3 men and 4 women can do a job for 11x units in 1 hour.
3 men and 4 women can do a job for 78x units in 78x 1
11x = 7 11 hours.
1 hours.
Therefore, 3 men and 4 women can complete this same job in 7 11

96 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 6
From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1) The sum of two numbers is −42, and their difference is 52. What are these two numbers?
Let x be a number and let y be another number.
x + y = −42 ➀
x − y = 52 ➁
➀+➁ 2x = 10
10
x = 2
x = 5
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
5 + y = −42
y = −42 − 5
y = −47
Therefore, these two numbers are 5 and −47.
2) The difference of two numbers is 16, and three times the larger number is nine times as
much as the smaller number. What are these two numbers?
Let x be the larger number and let y be the smaller number.
x − y = 16 ➀
3x = 9y ➁
From ➁ x = 3y ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of x in ➀.
3y − y = 16
2y = 16
y = 16 2
y = 8
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
x = 3(8)
x = 24
Therefore, these two numbers are 8 and 24.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 97

 3) There is a two-digit number. The number in tens place is more than twice the number in
ones place by 2. If the digits are reversed, the new number will be less than the original number
by 45. What is the original number?
Let x be the number in ones place.
Let t be the number in tens place.
The original number is 10t + x.
The new number is 10x + t.
The number in tens place is more than twice the number in ones place by 2.
Thus, t − 2x = 2 ➀
If the digits are reversed, the new number will be less than the original number by 45.
Thus, (10t + x) − (10x + t) = 45 ➁
From ➀ t = 2x + 2 ➂
From ➁ 9t − 9x = 45
9(t − x) = 45
45
t − x = 9
t−x = 5
t = 5+x ➃
But ➂ = ➃ 2x + 2 = 5+x
2x − x = 5−2
x = 3
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
t = 2(3) + 2
t = 6+2
t = 8
Therefore, the original number is 10(8) + 3 = 80 + 3 = 83.

98 Math Solution 3 Book 1

4) Athit invests 880,000 baht in two businesses. At the end of the year, he makes a profit of
132,600 baht. If Athit makes 14% profit of the first business, and 16% profit of the second
business, how much money does Athit invest in each business?
Let x be Athit’s money invested in the first business.
Let y be Athit’s money invested in the second business.
Thus, x+y = 880,000 ➀
0.14x + 0.16y = 132,600 ➁
From ➀ y = 880,000 − x ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➁.
0.14x + 0.16(880,000 − x) = 132,600
0.14x + 140,800 − 0.16x = 132,600
−0.02x = 132,600 − 140,800
−0.02x = −8,200
−8,200
x = −0.02
x = 410,000
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
410,000 + y = 880,000
y = 880,000 − 410,000
y = 470,000
Therefore, Athit invests 410,000 baht in the first business and 470,000 baht
in the second business.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 99

 5) A bus travels from Mo Chit Station to Chiang Mai with a velocity of 75 kilometres per hour.
Two hours later, another bus travels from Mo Chit Station to Chiang Mai with a velocity of 125
kilometres per hour, using the same route as the first bus. If the two buses travel at a constant
speed, how many hours and kilometres does it take for the second bus to meet the first bus from
Mo Chit Station?

Let d be the distance from Mo Chit Station to the meeting point in kilometre unit.
Let t be the time the second bus takes in travelling to meet the first bus in hour unit.
Thus, d = 75(t + 2) ➀
d = 125t ➁
➀=➁ 75(t + 2) = 125t
75t + 150 = 125t
150 = 125t − 75t
150 = 50t
150
t = 50
t = 3
Therefore, the second bus will meet the first bus 3 hours later, and the distance from
Mo Chit Station to the point that two buses meet is 3 × 125 = 375 kilometres.

100 Math Solution 3 Book 1

6) On Monday, a department store sold 30 white and blue sweaters in total. If a white sweater is
398 baht, and a blue sweater is 420 baht, the total sales are 12,424 baht. How many sweaters
in each colour did this department store sell?
Let x be the sold number of white sweaters.
Let y be the sold number of blue sweaters.
Thus, x+y = 30 ➀
398x + 420y = 12,424 ➁
From ➀ y = 30 − x ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➁.
398x + 420(30 − x) = 12,424
398x + 12,600 − 420x = 12,424
−22x = 12,424 − 12,600
−22x = −176
−176
x = −22
x = 8
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
y = 30 − 8
y = 22
Therefore, this department store sold 8 white sweaters and 22 blue sweaters.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 101

 7) A seller sells 2 apples and 3 Asian pears at 35 baht. She also sells 3 apples and 6 Asian
pears at 60 baht. What is the selling price of an apple and an Asian pear?
Let x be the selling price of an apple.
Let y be the selling price of an Asian pear.
Thus, 2x + 3y = 35 ➀
3x + 6y = 60 ➁
➀×2 4x + 6y = 70 ➂
➂−➁ x = 10
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
2(10) + 3y = 35
20 + 3y = 35
3y = 35 − 20
3y = 15
15
y = 3
y = 5
Therefore, the selling price of an apple is 10 baht, and an Asian pear is 5 baht.
8) There are 2 room types with different room rates: a twin room, 2,100 baht per night; and a
single room, 1,100 baht per night. If 55 rooms are booked with the total price of 100,500 baht,
how many twin rooms and single rooms are booked?
Let x be the amount of booked twin rooms.
Let y be the amount of booked single rooms.
Thus, x + y = 55 ➀
2,100x + 1,100y = 100,500 ➁
From ➀ y = 55 − x ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➁.
2,100x + 1,100(55 − x) = 100,500
2,100x + 60,500 − 1,100x = 100,500
1,000x = 100,500 − 60,500

102 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 1,000x = 40,000
40,000
x = 1,000
x = 40
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
y = 55 − 40
y = 15
Therefore, 40 twin rooms and 15 single rooms are booked.

9) Two planes depart from 2 cities where are located 780 kilometres away from each other. If each
plane departs from each city at the same time and flies towards each other with the velocity of
190 and 200 kilometres per hour, when will the first plane meet the second plane?
Let x be the flight time of the first plane.
Let y be the flight time of the second plane.
Thus, 190x + 200y = 780 ➀
The first plane meets the second plane using the same amount of time.
Thus, x = y ➁
From ➁, substitute the value of x in ➀.
190y + 200y = 780
390y = 780
780
y = 390
y = 2
Substitute the value of y in ➁.
x = 2
Therefore, the first plane will meet the second plane 2 hours later.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 103

 10) A stationary shop sells 45 pens for 340 baht each and 390 baht each. The stationary shop
sells pens at 15,950 baht in total. How many of each type of pen did the stationary shop sell?
Let x be the number of the pens which costs 340 baht each.
Let y be the number of the pens which costs 390 baht each.
Thus, x+y = 45 ➀
340x + 390y = 15,950 ➁
From ➀ y = 45 − x ➂
From ➂, substitute the value of y in ➁.
340x + 390(45 − x) = 15,950
340x + 17,550 − 390x = 15,950
−50x = 15,950 − 17,550
−50x = −1,600
−1,600
x = −50
x = 32
Substitute the value of x in ➂.
y = 45 − 32
y = 13
Therefore, the stationary shop sold 32 pens which cost 340 baht each and 13 pens
which cost 390 baht each.

104 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Summary and Review
1. Solve the following systems of equations.
1) 11x − 3y = −60
y = −38 − 6x
Solution 11x − 3y = −60 ➀
y = −38 − 6x ➁
From ➁, substitute the value of y in ➀.
11x − 3(−38 − 6x) = −60
11x + 114 + 18x = −60
29x + 114 = −60
29x = −60 − 114
29x = −174
−174
x = 29
x = −6
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
y = −38 − 6(−6)
y = −38 + 36
y = −2
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−6,−2).

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 105

 2) 10x − 8y = −11
8x + 4y = −1
Solution 10x − 8y = −11 ➀
8x + 4y = −1 ➁
➁×2 16x + 8y = −2 ➂
➀+➂ 26x = −13
−13
x = 26
x = −12
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
( )
8 − 12 + 4y = −1
−4 + 4y = −1
4y = −1 + 4
4y = 3
3
y = 4
13
− ,
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is .
24 ( )
3) y = 23 x − 4
5x − 3y = 9
2 −4
y = x
Solution 3 ➀
5x − 3y = 9 ➁
From ➀, substitute the value of y in ➁.
( )
5x − 3 23 x − 4 = 9
5x − 2x + 12 = 9
3x = 9 − 12
3x = −3
−3
x = 3
x = −1
Substitute the value of x in ➀.
2 −4
y = (−1)
3
14 −4 2
y = − or
3 3
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is −1,−4 23 . ( )
106 Math Solution 3 Book 1
4) 1.3x − 0.2y = 12
0.4x + 17y = 89

Solution 1.3x − 0.2y = 12 ➀
0.4x + 17y = 89 ➁
➀ × 10 13x − 2y = 120 ➂
➁ × 10 4x + 170y = 890 ➃
➂ × 85 1,105x − 170y = 10,200 ➄
➃+➄ 1,109x = 11,090
11,090
x = 1,109
x = 10
Substitute the value of x in ➁.
0.4(10) + 17y = 89
4 + 17y = 89
17y = 89 − 4
17y = 85
85
y = 17
y = 5
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (10,5).

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 107

 5) 1 x − 3 y = 19
8 5 2
3 7
− 10 x − 20y = −1
1x + 3y = 19 ➀
Solution 8 5 2
3x− 7y
−10 = −1 ➁
20
➀ × 40 5x + 24y = 380 ➂
➁ × 20 −6x − 7y = −20 ➃
➂×6 30x + 144y = 2,280 ➄
➃×5 −30x − 35y = −100 ➅
➄+➅ 109y = 2,180
y = 2,180
109
y = 20
Substitute the value of y in ➂.
5x + 24(20) = 380
5x + 480 = 380
5x = 380 − 480
5x = −100
x = −100
5
x = −20
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (−20,20).

108 Math Solution 3 Book 1

2. From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1) Darika travels from Hua Lamphong Railway Station to Chumphon by a train with a velocity
of 35 kilometres per hour. One hour later, Techwan travels from Hua Lamphong Railway
Station to Chumphon by a train with a velocity of 40 kilometres per hour along the
railway which is parallel to the first train. If both trains travel with a constant velocity,
how many kilometres do these trains travel when they meet each other?
Solution Let d be the distance from Hua Lamphong Railway Station to the point
where two trains meet.
Let t be Techawan,s travelling time.
Thus, d = 35(t + 1) ➀
d = 40t ➁
➀=➁ 35(t + 1) = 40t
35t + 35 = 40t
35 = 40t − 35t
35 = 5t
t = 35
5
t = 7
Therefore, these trains meet each other when they travel 40 × 7 = 280 kilometres.

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 109

 2) Dao is 8 years older than Den. 4 years ago, Den was two-thirds of Dao’s age.
How old are Dao and Den now?
Solution Let x be Den’s present age.
Let y be Dao’s present age.
Thus, y−x = 8 ➀
2
x−4 = 3 (y − 4) ➁
➁x3 3(x − 4) = 2(y − 4)
3x − 12 = 2y − 8
3x − 2y = 12 − 8
3x − 2y = 4 ➂
From ➀ y = 8+x ➃
From ➃, substitute the value of y in ➂.
3x − 2(8 + x) = 4
3x − 16 − 2x = 4
x = 4 + 16
x = 20
Substitute the value of x in ➃.
y = 8 + 20
y = 28
Therefore, Dao is 28 years old, and Den is 20 years old now.

110 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 27 - 30 Very good
21 - 26 Good
UNIT TEST 15 - 20
Less than 15
Fair
Should be improved
I’ve got .......................….… marks.

PART 1
Darken the circle in front of the correct answers. (1 mark each)
1. Which of the following is the answer of the system of equations 3x − 4y = −1 and 2x − 5y = 4?
1 (−3,−2) 2 (−3,2)
3 (3,−2) 4 (3,2)
2. Which of the following is the solution of the system of equations 5x − y = −8 and 2x + 3y = 7?
1 (−1,−3) 2 (−1,3)
3 (1,13) 4 (2,1)
3. Which of the following is the solution of the following system of equations?
x y 5
2 + 3 = 72
x 5y 17
4 + 2 = − 48
(1 1 )
1 − 13 ,− 14 (1 1 )
2 − 14 ,− 16
3 ( 4 ,− 6 ) 4 (4,6)
4. Soi has x baht, and Ploy has y baht. The sum of their money is 1,000 baht. If Soi had
another 100 baht, she would have the same amount as Ploy’s money. If Ploy spends 20%
of her money on a book, how much money does Ploy have left?
1 360 baht 2 440 baht
3 450 baht 4 550 baht
5. Prakit and Chakkaphob live 500 kilometres away from each other and start to drive to each
other at the same time as shown below.
500 km

Prakit Chakkaphob
They meet after driving for 2 hours. If Prakit drives 25 kilometres an hour faster than
Chakkaphob, what is the velocity of their cars?
1 110 and 85 km/hr 2 112 and 87 km/hr
3 112 and 87.5 km/hr 4 137.5 and 112.5 km/hr

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 111

 6. A merchant mixes two kinds of nuts together. The cost of the first kind of nuts is 30 baht
per kilogramme. The cost of the second kind of nuts is 35 baht per kilogramme. What is
the ratio of the first kind of nuts to the second kind to sell the mixed nuts at 40 baht per kilogramme
with 25% profit?
1 1:3 2 2:3
3 3:2 4 3:4
7. The sum of numbers in ones and tens places of a two-digit number is 15. If the number in
ones place is reversed to the tens place, and the number in tens place is reversed to the ones
place digit, the value of this number will decrease by 9. What is the product of these two numbers?
1 30 2 42
3 56 4 72
8. 12 men and 12 women complete a job in 5 hours. 5 men and 15 women complete this same
job in 8 hours. How many hours does it take for 48 women to complete this job?
1 5 hour 2 8 hour
3 10 hour 4 12 hour
9. If x and y are the lengths of parallel sides of a trapezoid with the height of 4 inches, the
trapezoid will have an area of 84 square inches. If x is the length of each arm of an isosceles
triangle with y as its base length, its perimeter will be 62 inches. What is the product of
x and y?
1 400 2 410
3 430 4 440
10. Naree has 5,000 baht more than Duangnet. When they invest in a business for a period of 3
months, they make a profit of 26,250 baht which is 25% of the total fund. How much money
do Naree and Duangnet have each?
1 55,000 and 50,000 baht 2 50,000 and 45,000 baht
3 45,000 and 40,000 baht 4 40,000 and 35,000 baht

112 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 PART 2
Fill in the blanks. (2 marks each)
1. Now, Wut is A years old and Wat is B years old. The ratio of Wut’s age to Wat’s age is
3 to 4. In the next 10 years, the ratio of Wut’s age to Wat’s age is 23 to 29.
A 3
The system of equations is B = 4 ➀
A + 10 23
B + 10 = 29 ➁
2. When x is the number in tens place, y is the number in ones place. The value of x is
32 greater than the value of y. The number in tens place is half of the number in ones place.
The system of equations is 10x − y = 32 ➀
y
x =2 ➁
3. The first square has a length of “a” units on each side. The second square has a length
of “b” units on each side. The sum of the perimeters of the two squares are 108 units.
The ratio a : b = 5 : 4.
The system of equations is 4a + 4b = 108 ➀
a 5
b = 4 ➁
4. Srisuda has “a” baht and Somsamai has “b” baht. If Srisuda had another 100 baht,
she would have 50 baht more than half of Somsamai’s money. If Srisuda spends half
of her money, she will have 280 baht less than Somsamai.
a + 100 = b + 50
The system of equations is 2 ➀
b − 2a = 280 ➁
5. Adisak’s home and Adisorn’s home are 450 kilometres away from each other. They sail
boats to see each other and start at the same time. Adisak sails upstream at x
kilometres per hour. Adisorn sails downstream at y kilometres per hour. They meet after
sailing for 5 hours. At that time, the velocity of the water current is 7 kilometres per hour,
and Adisak sails at 54 times Adisorn’s sailing velocity.
The system of equations is 5(x − 7) + 5(y + 7) = 450 ➀
x = 5y ➁
4

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 113

 PART 3
From the following problems, explain your solutions. (5 marks each)
1. Solve the system of equations x + 2y = 25
2x + y = 20
Solution x + 2y = 25 ➀
2x + y = 20 ➁
➀×2 2x + 4y = 50 ➂
➂−➁ 3y = 30
30
y = 3
y = 10
Substitute the value of y in ➀.
x + 2(10) = 25
x + 20 = 25
x = 25 − 20
x = 5
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (5,10).
2. Solve the system of equation x −4 y − 2x 3− y = − 14
2x + y + x + y = 17
3 2 6
x − y − 2x − y = − 1
Solution 4 3 4 ➀
2x + y + x + y = 17
3 2 6 ➁
➀ × 12 3x − 3y − 8x + 4y = −3
−5x + y = −3 ➂
➁ × 6 4x + 2y + 3x + 3y = 17
7x + 5y = 17 ➃
➂×5 −25x + 5y = −15 ➄
➃−➄ 32x = 32
x = 32
32
x = 1
Substitute the value of x in ➂.

114 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 −5(1) + y = −3
y = −3 + 5
y = 2
Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (1,2).

UNIT 2 VOCABULARY
Coefficients Linear equation in two variables
ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์ สมการเชิงเส้นสองตัวแปร

Elimination Point of intersection

การกำ�จัด จุดตัด

Integer Ray
จำ�นวนเต็ม รัศมี

Least Common Denominator Straight line

ตัวคูณร่วมน้อยของตัวส่วน เส้นตรง

Line segment Substitution

ส่วนของเส้นตรง การแทนที่ การแทนค่า

Linear equation
สมการเชิงเส้น

Unit 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 115

 03
UNIT
FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH
DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO
Learning Contents

Factoring Third Degree Polynomials

Using Sum and Difference of Cubes

Factoring Third Degree Polynomials

Using Cube of a Binomial

FACTORING Factoring Polynomials with Degree

POLYNOMIALS Higher than Two Using Perfect Squares
WITH
DEGREE HIGHER Factoring Polynomials with Degree
THAN TWO Higher than Two Using Difference of
Squares
Factoring Polynomials with Degree
Higher than Three Using Sum and
Difference of Cubes
Factoring Higher Degree Polynomials
Using Pascal’s Triangle
 From the previous level, we have learnt the polynomials with degree lower than two called
linear polynomials, and second degree polynomials called quadratic polynomials. However, there are
polynomials with degree higher than two. They are third degree polynomials called cubic polynomials,
fourth degree polynomials called quartic polynomials, and fifth degree polynomials called quintic
polynomials. The examples of polynomials with each degree are shown in the table below.
Type Degree Example
Linear polynomial 1 x+1
Quadratic polynomial 2 x2 + 4x + 4
Cubic polynomial 3 x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
Quartic polynomial 4 x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + x + 10
Quintic polynomial 5 x5 + 4x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + x + 1

The examples of the characteristics of polynomial graphs with each degree are shown below.
y = x + 1 (linear function) y = (x + 1)2 or y = x2 + 2x + 1 (quadratic function)
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15

-5 -5

-10 -10

y = (x + 1)3 or y = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 y = x4 – 3x3 – 2x2 + 5x + 2

(cubic function) (quartic function)
10
40
30
5
20
10

-15 -10 -5 5 10 15 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-10
-5 -20
-30
-10 -40

There are many methods for factoring polynomials with degree higher than two which are
mentioned as follows.
Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 117
 1 Factoring Third Degree Polynomials
Using Sum and Difference of Cubes
When we want to factorise third degree polynomials with integer coefficients, we may factorise
them in the form of a sum of cubes, A3 + B3, or a difference of cubes, A3 – B3.
1.1 Sum of Cubes
Factorise A3 + B3 by adding and subtracting the same term.
A3 + B3 = A3 + A2B – A2B + B3
= (A3 + A2B) – (A2B – B3) + A2B – A2B = 0
= A2(A + B) – B(A2 – B2)
= A2(A + B) – B(A + B)(A – B)
= (A + B)[A2 – B(A – B)]
= (A + B)(A2 – AB + B2)
To find the formula, we may use an instructional medium.
B
B B

A
From the figure, the volume of the larger cube is A × A × A = A3.
1 B A–B
3
A The volume of the smaller cube is B × B × B = B3.
2
What is A3 + B3?

From the figure, we can separate the overlaid figure into 3 figures as follows:
B
B B
A
A–B
B
A
A A

A–B
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
A3 + B3 = volume of Figure 1 + volume of Figure 2 + volume of Figure 3
= A2(A – B) + AB(A – B) + B2(A + B)
= A(A – B)(A + B) + B2(A + B)
= (A + B)[A(A – B) + B2]
= (A + B)(A2 – AB + B2)
Therefore, A3 + B3 = (A + B)(A2 – AB + B2)
118 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 1.2 Difference of Cubes
Factorise A3 – B3 by adding and subtracting the same term.
A3 – B3 = A3 – A2B + A2B – B3
= (A3 – A2B) + (A2B – B3) –A2B + A2B = 0
= A2(A – B) + B(A2 – B2)
= A2(A – B) + B(A – B)(A + B)
= (A – B)[A2 + B(A + B)]
= (A – B)(A2 + AB + B2)
To find the formula, we can use an instructional medium.
Take B3 out as shown in the figures below.

1 B A
B A–B
A–B B
3
B
2
B A A A–B

A–B

A–B B

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

A3 – B3 = volume of Figure 1 + volume of Figure 2 + volume of Figure 3
= A2(A – B) + AB(A – B) + B2(A – B)
= (A – B)(A2+ AB + B2)
Therefore, A3 – B3 = (A – B)(A2 + AB + B2)
As mentioned above, the formulas for a sum of cubes and a difference of cubes are as follows:

A3 + B3 = (A + B)(A2 – AB + B2)
A3 – B3 = (A – B)(A2 + AB + B2)

Remark
Any exponents which are divided by three, e.g. x3, x6 and x9, can be factorised by using
a sum of cubes and a difference of cubes.

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 119

 Example 1 Factorise: x3 + 8
Solution x3 + 8 = x3 + 23
= (x + 2)[x2 – (x)(2) + 22]
= (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4)
Therefore, x3 + 8 = (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4).

Example 2 Factorise: 64x3 – y3

Solution 64x3 – y3 = 43x3 – y3
= (4x)3 – y3
= (4x – y)[(4x)2 + (4x)(y) + y2]
= (4x – y)(16x2 + 4xy + y2)
Therefore, 64x3 – y3 = (4x – y)(16x2 + 4xy + y2).

Example 3 Factorise: x4 – 64x

Solution x4 – 64x = x(x3 – 64) (GCF = x)
= x(x3 – 43)
= x(x – 4)[x2 + (x)(4) + 42]
= x(x – 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)
Therefore, x4 – 64x = x(x – 4)(x2 + 4x + 16).

Example 4 Factorise: 192m3 + 3n3

Solution 192m3 + 3n3 = 3(64m3 + n3) (GCF = 3)
= 3(43m3 + n3)
= 3[(4m)3 + n3]
= 3(4m + n)[(4m)2 – (4m)(n) + n2]
= 3(4m + n)(16m2 – 4mn + n2)
Therefore, 192m3 + 3n3 = 3(4m + n)(16m2 – 4mn + n2).

120 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 1
Factorise the following polynomials.

1) x3 + 1 2) z3 – 1
= x3 + 13 = z3 – 13
= (x + 1)[x2 – (x)(1) + 12] = (z – 1)[z2 + (z)(1) + 12]
= (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1) = (z – 1)(z2 + z + 1)

3) 8x3 + 27 4) 64x3 – 1
= 23x3 + 33 = 43x3 – 13
= (2x)3 + 33 = (4x)3– 13
= (2x + 3)[(2x)2 – (2x)(3) + 32] = (4x – 1)[(4x)2 + (4x)(1) + 12]
= (2x + 3)(4x2 – 6x + 9) = (4x – 1)(16x2 + 4x + 1)

5) 3x5 + 3x2 6) 27x2 – x5

= 3x2(x3 + 1) = x2(27 – x3)
= 3x2(x3 + 13) = x2(33 – x3)
= 3x2(x + 1)[x2 – (x)(1) + 12] = x2(3 – x)[32 + (3)(x) + x2]
= 3x2(x + 1)(x2 – x + 1) = x2(3 – x)(9 + 3x + x2)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 121

 7) 2x5 – 16x2 8) r3 + 64
= 2x2(x3 – 8) = r3 + 43
= 2x2(x3 – 23) = (r + 4)[r2 – (r)(4) + 42]
= 2x2(x – 2)[x2 + (x)(2) + 22] = (r + 4)(r2 – 4r + 16)
= 2x2(x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)

9) 16x4 − 54x 10) 125x4 − 8x

= 2x(8x3 – 27) = x(125x3– 8)
= 2x(23x3 – 33) = x(53x3 – 23)
= 2x[(2x)3 – 33] = x[(5x)3– 23]
= 2x(2x – 3)[(2x)2 + (2x)(3) + 32] = x(5x – 2)[(5x)2 + (5x)(2) + 22]
= 2x(2x – 3)(4x2 + 6x + 9) = x(5x – 2)(25x2 + 10x + 4)

11) 343k3 + s3 12) x4 + x

= 73k3 + s3 = x(x3 + 1)
= (7k)3 + s3 = x(x3 + 13)
= (7k + s)[(7k)2 – (7k)(s) + s2] = x(x + 1)[x2 – (x)(1) + 12]
= (7k + s)(49k2 – 7ks + s2) = x(x + 1)(x2 – x + 1)

13) x4 – 27x 14) 1 + 64y3

= x(x3 – 27) = 13 + 43y3
= x(x3 – 33) = 13 + (4y)3
= x(x – 3)[x2 + (x)(3) + 32] = (1 + 4y)[12 – (1)(4y) + (4y)2]
= x(x – 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) = (1 + 4y)(1 – 4y + 16y2)

122 Math Solution 3 Book 1

15) 1,000 – z3 16) k3 – 216s3
= 103 – z3 = k3 – 63s3
= (10 – z)[102 + (10)(z) + z2] = k3 – (6s)3
= (10 – z)(100 + 10z + z2) = (k – 6s)[k2 + (k)(6s) + (6s)2]
= (k – 6s)(k2 + 6ks + 36s2)

17) x4 + 729x 18) x3 + 343

= x(x3 + 729) = x3 + 73
= x(x3 + 93) = (x + 7)[x2 – (x)(7) + 72]
= x(x + 9)[x2 – (x)(9) + 92] = (x + 7)(x2 – 7x + 49)
= x(x + 9)(x2 – 9x + 81)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 123

 2 Factoring Third Degree Polynomials
Using Cube of a Bimomial
According to the properties of a cube, the length of each side of a cube is equal and its
volume is the cube’s side multiplied by itself three times. Therefore, we can apply the knowledge of
the volume of a cube to factorise third degree polynomials.

Case 1
When each side of a cube with a length of A units is increased by B units, the new length of
each side of the cube will be A + B units. As a result, the new volume of the cube is (A + B)(A + B)(A + B)
or (A + B)3.
(A + B)3 can be expressed as A3 + 3A2B + 3AB2 + B3.
(A + B)3 = A3 + 3A2B + 3AB2 + B3

Thus, we can apply the formula to factorise third degree polynomials.

Example 1 Factorise: x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64

Solution x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64 = x3 + 3(4x2) + 3(16x) + 64
= x3 + 3(x2)(4) + 3(x)(16) + 64
= x3 + 3(x2)(4) + 3(x)(42) + 43
= x3 + 3(x)2(4) + 3(x)(4)2 + 43
= (x + 4)3
Therefore, x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64 = (x + 4)3.

Example 2 Factorise: 27a3 + 54a2b + 36ab2 + 8b3

Solution 27a3 + 54a2b + 36ab2 + 8b3 = 27a3 + 3(18a2b) + 3(12ab2) + 8b3
= 27a3 + 3(9a2)(2b) + 3(3a)(4b2) + 8b3
= 33a3 + 3(32a2)(2b) + 3(3a)(22b2) + 23b3
= (3a)3 + 3(3a)2(2b) + 3(3a)(2b)2 + (2b)3
= (3a + 2b)3
Therefore, 27a3 + 54a2b + 36ab2 + 8b3= (3a + 2b)3.

124 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 3 Factorise: 5y3z + 60y2z + 240yz + 320z
Solution 5y3z + 60y2z + 240yz + 320z = 5z(y3 + 12y2 + 48y + 64) (GCF = 5z)
= 5z[y3 + 3(4y2) + 3(16y) + 64]
= 5z[y3 + 3(y2)(4) + 3(y)(42) + 43]
= 5z[y3 + 3(y)2(4) + 3(y)(4)2 + 43]
= 5z(y + 4)3
Therefore, 5y3z + 60y2z + 240yz + 320z = 5z(y + 4)3.

Case 2
When each side of a cube with a length of A units is decreased by B units, the new length of
each side of the cube will be A – B units. As a result, the new volume of the cube is
(A – B)(A – B)(A – B) or (A – B)3.
(A – B)3 = A3 – 3A2B + 3AB2 – B3

Thus, we can apply the formula to factorise third degree polynomials.

Example 1 Factorise: x3 – 18x2y + 108xy2 – 216y3

Solution x3 – 18x2y + 108xy2 – 216y3 = x3 – 3(6x2y) + 3(36xy2) – 216y3
= x3 – 3(x2)(6y) + 3(x)(36y2) – 216y3
= x3 – 3(x2)(6y) + 3(x)(62y2) – 63y3
= x3 – 3(x)2(6y) + 3(x)(6y)2 – (6y)3
= (x – 6y)3
Therefore, x3 – 18x2y + 108xy2 – 216y3 = (x – 6y)3.

Example 2 Factorise: 8a3 – 60a2b + 150ab2 – 125b3

Solution 8a3 – 60a2b + 150ab2 – 125b3 = 8a3 – 3(20a2b) + 3(50ab2) – 125b3
= 8a3 – 3(4a2)(5b) + 3(2a)(25b2) – 125b3
= 23a3 – 3(22a2)(5b) + 3(2a)(52b2) – 53b3
= (2a)3 – 3(2a)2(5b) + 3(2a)(5b)2 – (5b)3
= (2a – 5b)3
Therefore, 8a3 – 60a2b + 150ab2 – 125b3 = (2a – 5b)3.

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 125

 Example 3 Factorise: 2x3z – 18x2z + 54xz – 54z
Solution 2x3z – 18x2z + 54xz – 54z = 2z(x3 – 9x2 + 27x – 27) (GCF = 2z)
= 2z[x3 – 3(3x2) + 3(9x) – 27]
= 2z[x3 – 3(x2)(3) + 3(x)(9) – 27]
= 2z[x3 – 3(x2)(3) + 3(x)(32) – 33]
= 2z[x3 – 3(x)2(3) + 3(x)(3)2 – 33]
= 2z(x – 3)3
Therefore, 2x3z – 18x2z + 54xz – 54z = 2z(x – 3)3.

EXERCISE 2
Factorise the following polynomials.
1) y3 + 15y2 + 75y + 125
= y3 + 3(5y2) + 3(25y) + 125
= y3 + 3(y2)(5) + 3(y)(25) + 125
= y3 + 3(y2)(5) + 3(y)(52) + 53
= y3 + 3(y)2(5) + 3(y)(5)2 + 53
= (y + 5)3
2) d3 – 12d2 + 48d – 64
= d3 – 3(4d2) + 3(16d) – 64
= d3 – 3(d2)(4) + 3(d)(16) – 64
= d3 – 3(d2)(4) + 3(d)(42) – 43
= d3 – 3(d)2(4) + 3(d)(4)2 – 43
= (d – 4)2
3) m3 + 21m2n + 147mn2 + 343n3
= m3 + 3(7m2n) + 3(49mn2) + 343n3
= m3 + 3(m2)(7n) + 3(m)(49n2) + 343n3
= m3 + 3(m2)(7n) + 3(m)(72n2) + 73n3
= m3 + 3(m)2(7n) + 3(m)(7n)2 + (7n)3
= (m + 7n)3
126 Math Solution 3 Book 1
4) 216y3 – 108y2z + 18yz2 – z3
= 216y3 – 3(36y2z) + 3(6yz2) – z3
= 216y3 – 3(36y2)(z) + 3(6y)(z2) – z3
= 63y3 – 3(62y2)(z) + 3(6y)(z2) – z3
= (6y)3 – 3(6y)2(z) + 3(6y)(z)2 – z3
= (6y – z)3
5) 125x3 + 150x2z + 60xz2 + 8z3
= 125x3 + 3(50x2z) + 3(20xz2) + 8z3
= 125x3 + 3(25x2)(2z) + 3(5x)(4z2) + 8z3
= 53x3 + 3(52x2)(2z) + 3(5x)(22z2) + 23z3
= (5x)3 + 3(5x)2(2z) + 3(5x)(2z)2 + (2z)3
= (5x + 2z)3
6) 27s3 – 108s2z + 144sz2 – 64z3
= 27s3 – 3(36s2z) + 3(48sz2) – 64z3
= 27s3 – 3(9s2)(4z) + 3(3s)(16z2) – 64z3
= 33s3 – 3(32s2)(4z) + 3(3s)(42z2) – 43z3
= (3s)3 – 3(3s)2(4z) + 3(3s)(4z)2 – (4z)3
= (3s – 4z)3
7) 5a3 + 15a2c + 15ac2 + 5c3
= 5(a3 + 3a2c + 3ac2 + c3)
= 5[a3 + 3(a2c) + 3(ac2) + c3]
= 5[a3 + 3(a2)(c) + 3(a)(c2) + c3]
= 5[a3 + 3(a)2(c) + 3(a)(c)2 + c3]
= 5(a + c)3

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 127

 8) 10m3 – 30m2n + 30mn2 – 10n3
= 10(m3 – 3m2n + 3mn2 – n3)
= 10[m3 – 3(m2n) + 3(mn2) – n3]
= 10[m3 – 3(m2)(n) + 3(m)(n2) – n3]
= 10[m3 – 3(m)2(n) + 3(m)(n)2 – n3]
= 10(m – n)3
9) 4p3x + 36p2x + 108px + 108x
= 4x(p3 + 9p2 + 27p + 27)
= 4x[p3 + 3(3p2) + 3(9p) + 27]
= 4x[p3 + 3(p2)(3) + 3(p)(9) + 27]
= 4x[p3 + 3(p2)(3) + 3(p)(32) + 33]
= 4x[p3 + 3(p)2(3) + 3(p)(3)2 + 33]
= 4x(p + 3)3
10) 5ab3 – 45ab2c + 135abc2 – 135ac3
= 5a(b3 – 9b2c + 27bc2 – 27c3)
= 5a[b3 – 3(3b2c) + 3(9bc2) – 27c3]
= 5a[b3 – 3(b2)(3c) + 3(b)(9c2) – 27c3]
= 5a[b3 – 3(b2)(3c) + 3(b)(32c2) – 33c3]
= 5a[b3 + 3(b)2(3c) + 3(b)(3c)2 – (3c)3]
= 5a(b – 3c)3

128 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 3 Factoring Polynomials with Degree
Higher than Two Using Perfect Squares
When we want to factorise polynomials with degree higher than two, we may use other methods,
such as perfect squares or a difference of squares, to factorise them.
Consider the following figures.
A B
The area of a square = (A + B)(A + B)
A (A + B)(A + B) = A2 + 2AB + B2
or (A + B)2
= A2 + 2AB + B2
B

A
A–B B

A–B (A – B)2 = A2 – 2AB + B2

Example 1 Factorise: x4 + 12x2 + 36

Solution x4 + 12x2 + 36 = (x2)2 + 2(6x2) + 62
= (x2)2 + 2(x2)(6) + 62
= (x2 + 6)2
Therefore, x4 + 12x2 + 36 = (x2 + 6)2.

Example 2 Factorise: a4 – 14a2 + 49

Solution a4 – 14a2 + 49 = (a2)2 – 2(7a2) + 72
= (a2)2 – 2(a2)(7) + 72
= (a2 – 7)2
Therefore, a4 – 14a2 + 49 = (a2 – 7)2.

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 129

 Example 3 Factorise: 81a4b4 – 180a2b2 + 100
Solution 81a4b4 – 180a2b2 + 100 = 92(a2)2(b2)2 – 2(90a2b2) + 102
= (9a2b2)2 – 2(9a2b2)(10) + 102
= (9a2b2 – 10)2
Therefore, 81a4b4 – 180a2b2 + 100 = (9a2b2 – 10)2.

Example 4 Factorise: 144x4 + 144x2 + 36

Solution 144x4 + 144x2 + 36 = 122(x2)2 + 2(72x2) + 62
= (12x2)2 + 2(12x2)(6) + 62
= (12x2 + 6)2
= [6(2x2 + 1)]2 (GCF = 6)
= 36(2x2 + 1)2
Or, 144x4 + 144x2 + 36 = 36(4x4 + 4x2 + 1) (GCF = 36)
= 36[22(x2)2 + 2(2x2) + 12]
= 36[(2x2)2 + 2(2x2)(1) + 12]
= 36(2x2 + 1)2
Therefore, 144x4 + 144x2 + 36 = 36(2x2 + 1)2.

Example 5 Factorise: 4a2b4 + 20ab2c3d4 + 25c6d8

Solution 4a2b4 + 20ab2c3d4 + 25c6d8 = 22a2(b2)2 + 2(10ab2c3d4) + 52(c3)2(d4)2
= (2ab2)2 + 2(2ab2)(5c3d4) + (5c3d4)2
= (2ab2 + 5c3d4)2
Therefore, 4a2b4 + 20ab2c3d4 + 25c6d8 = (2ab2 + 5c3d4)2.

130 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 6 Factorise: 16x4z + 49y6z + 32x4a + 98y6a – 112x2y3a – 56x2y3z
Solution 16x4z + 49y6z + 32x4a + 98y6a – 112x2y3a – 56x2y3z
= (16x4z – 56x2y3z + 49y6z) + (32x4a – 112x2y3a + 98y6a) (Grouping)
= z(16x4 – 56x2y3 + 49y6) + 2a(16x4 – 56x2y3 + 49y6)
= (2a + z)(16x4 – 56x2y3 + 49y6) (GCF = 16x4 – 56x2y3 + 49y6)
= (2a + z)[42(x2)2 – 2(28x2y3) + 72(y3)2]
= (2a + z)[(4x2)2 – 2(4x2)(7y3) + (7y3)2]
= (2a + z)(4x2 – 7y3)2
Therefore, 16x4z + 49y6z + 32x4a + 98y6a – 112x2y3a – 56x2y3z = (2a + z)(4x2 – 7y3)2.

EXERCISE 3
Factorise the following polynomials.

1) x4 + 16x2y2 + 64y4
= (x2)2 + 2(8x2y2) + 82(y2)2
= (x2)2 + 2(x2)(8y2) + (8y2)2
= (x2 + 8y2)2

2) 4a6 – 20a3y4 + 25y8

= 22(a3)2 – 2(10a3y4) + 52(y4)2
= (2a3)2 – 2(2a3)(5y4) + (5y4)2
= (2a3 – 5y4)2

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 131

 3) 16m4 – 32m2n5 + 16n10
= 16(m4 – 2m2n5 + n10)
= 16[(m2)2 – 2(m2n5) + (n5)2]
= 16[(m2)2 – 2(m2)(n5) + (n5)2]
= 16(m2 – n5)2

4) 72c6 – 168c3d3 + 98d6

= 2[36c6 – 84c3d3 + 49d6]
= 2[62(c3)2 – 2(42c3d3) + 72(d3)2]
= 2[(6c3)2 – 2(6c3)(7d3) + (7d3)2]
= 2(6c3 – 7d3)2

5) 81p8q10 + 90p4q5x3y2 + 25x6y4

= 92(p4)2(q5)2 + 2(45p4q5x3y2) + 52(x3)2(y2)2
= (9p4q5)2 + 2(9p4q5)(5x3y2) + (5x3y2)2
= (9p4q5 + 5x3y2)2

6) 49a6b4 – 56a3b2x2y3 + 16x4y6

= 72(a3)2(b2)2 – 2(28a3b2x2y3) + 42(x2)2(y3)2
= (7a3b2)2 – 2(7a3b2)(4x2y3) + (4x2y3)2
= (7a3b2 – 4x2y3)2

132 Math Solution 3 Book 1

7) 121k4 + 110k2m3 + 25m6
= 112(k2)2 + 2(55k2m3) + 52(m3)2
= (11k2)2 + 2(11k2)(5m3) + (5m3)2
= (11k2 + 5m3)2

8) 25c6 – 140c3d4 + 196d8

= 52(c3)2 – 2(70c3d4) + 142(d4)2
= (5c3)2 – 2(5c3)(14d4) + (14d4)2
= (5c3 – 14d4)2

9) 4mx4 + 25my6 + 12nx4 + 75ny6 + 60nx2y3 + 20mx2y3

= (4mx4 + 20mx2y3 + 25my6) + (12nx4 + 60nx2y3 + 75ny6)
= m(4x4 + 20x2y3 + 25y6) + 3n(4x4 + 20x2y3 + 25y6)
= (m + 3n)(4x4 + 20x2y3 + 25y6)
= (m + 3n)[22(x2)2 + 2(10x2y3) + 52(y3)2]
= (m + 3n)[(2x2)2 + 2(2x2)(5y3) + (5y3)2]
= (m + 3n)(2x2+ 5y3)2
10) 12ax8 + 28bx4y3 – 84ax4y3 + 147ay6 – 49by6 – 4bx8
= (12ax8 – 84ax4y3+ 147ay6) – (4bx8 – 28bx4y3 + 49by6)
= 3a(4x8 – 28x4y3+ 49y6) – b(4x8 – 28x4y3 + 49y6)
= (3a – b)(4x8 – 28x4y3+ 49y6)
= (3a – b)[22(x4)2 – 2(14x4y3) + 72(y3)2]
= (3a – b)[(2x4)2 – 2(2x4)(7y3) + (7y3)2]
= (3a – b)(2x4 – 7y3)2
Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 133
 4 Factoring Polynomials with Degree Higher
than Two Using Difference of Squares
Use paper to make figures.
Method 1
A A B

A–B A–B

B A
A–B B
Figure 1 Figure 2
From the Figure 1, the length of each side of the square is A units. The area of the square is
A x A = A2 square units. Cut the smaller square which the length of each side is B units from the
square as shown in the Figure 1. The area of the smaller square is B x B = B2 square units.
Cut out the paper along the dashed line as shown in the Figure 1. Then, join the two pieces
of paper together as shown in the Figure 2. As a result, they become a rectangular square with an
area of (A + B)(A – B).
Therefore, A2 – B2 = (A + B)(A – B).

Method 2
A–B

A A

A–B B B
Figure 3 Figure 4
From the Figure 3, cut the paper along the dashed line. Then, cut out the smaller square which
the length of each side is B units. Lastly, join the pieces of paper together as shown in the Figure 4.
As a result, A2 – B2 = (A + B)(A – B).

134 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 1 Factorise: x4y4 – 64
Solution x4y4 – 64 = (x2)2(y2)2 – 82
= (x2y2)2 – 82
= (x2y2 + 8)(x2y2 – 8)
Therefore, x4y4 – 64 = (x2y2 + 8)(x2y2 – 8).

Example 2 Factorise: 25b4 – 81c2

Solution 25b4 – 81c2 = 52(b2)2 – 92c2
= (5b2)2 – (9c)2
= (5b2 + 9c)(5b2 – 9c)
Therefore, 25b4 – 81c2 = (5b2 + 9c)(5b2 – 9c).

EXERCISE 4
Factorise the following polynomials.
1) 144 – a2x4 2) a2b2c4 – 64
= 122 – a2(x2)2 = a2b2(c2)2 – 82
= 122 – (ax2)2 = (abc2)2 – 82
= (12 + ax2)(12 – ax2) = (abc2 + 8)(abc2 – 8)

3) x6y6 – 16 4) 1 – p2q4
= (x3)2(y3)2 – 42 = 12 – p2(q2)2
= (x3y3)2 – 42 = 12 – (pq2)2
= (x3y3 + 4)(x3y3 – 4) = (1 + pq2)(1 – pq2)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 135

 5) 81 – 625p8 6) (x + 1)2 – s6
= 92 – 252(p4)2 = (x + 1)2 – (s3)2
= 92 – (25p4)2 = (x + 1 + s3)(x + 1 – s3)
= (9 + 25p4)(9 – 25p4)

7) 3x10 – 11 8) 16a4x2 – 36
= ( 3)2(x5)2 – ( 11)2 = 42(a2)2x2 – 62
= ( 3x5)2 – ( 11)2 = (4a2x)2 – 62
= ( 3x5 + 11)( 3x5 – 11) = (4a2x + 6)(4a2x – 6)

9) 9a4 – 25b4 10) 100m4 – n6

= 32(a2)2 – 52(b2)2 = 102(m2)2 – (n3)2
= (3a2)2 – (5b2)2 = (10m2)2 – (n3)2
= (3a2 + 5b2)(3a2 – 5b2) = (10m2 + n3)(10m2 – n3)

Sometimes, when we want to factorise a polynomial problem, we may use more than one
formulas to solve it.
Consider the following factorings.

Example 1 Factorise: x6 + 2x3 + 1 – x4

Solution x6 + 2x3 + 1 – x4 = (x6 + 2x3 + 1) – x4 (Grouping)
= [(x3)2 + 2(x3) + 12] – (x2)2
= [(x3)2 + 2(x3)(1) + 12] – (x2)2 (Perfect Squares)
= (x3 + 1)2– (x2)2 (Difference of Squares)
= (x + 1 + x )(x + 1 – x )
3 2 3 2

= (x3 + x2 + 1)(x3 – x2 + 1)
Therefore, x6 + 2x3 + 1 – x4= (x3 + x2 + 1)(x3 – x2 + 1).

136 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 2 Factorise: a6 + 4a3b2 + 4b4 – c4 – 8c2d2 – 16d4
Solution a6 + 4a3b2 + 4b4 – c4 – 8c2d2 – 16d4
= (a6 + 4a3b2 + 4b4) – (c4 + 8c2d2 + 16d4) (Grouping)
= [(a3)2 + 2(2a3b2) + 22(b2)2] – [(c2)2 + 2(4c2d2) + 42(d2)2]
= [(a3)2 + 2(a3)(2b2) + (2b2)2] – [(c2)2 + 2(c2)(4d2) + (4d2)2] (Perfect Squares)
= (a3 + 2b2)2 – (c2 + 4d2)2 (Difference of Squares)
= (a3 + 2b2 + c2 + 4d2)(a3 + 2b2 – c2 – 4d2)
Therefore, a6 + 4a3b2 + 4b4 – c4 – 8c2d2 – 16d4
= (a3 + 2b2 + c2 + 4d2)(a3 + 2b2 – c2 – 4d2).

EXERCISE 5
Factorise the following polynomials.
1) a4 – 2a2b + b2 – 100
= (a4 – 2a2b + b2) – 100
= [(a2)2 – 2(a2b) + b2] – 102
= [(a2)2 – 2(a2)(b) + b2] – 102
= (a2 – b)2 – 102
= (a2 – b + 10)(a2 – b – 10)
2) x4 – c2 + 9y2 – 6x2y
= (x4 – 6x2y + 9y2) – c2
= [(x2)2 – 2(3x2y) + 32y2] – c2
= [(x2)2 – 2(x2)(3y) + (3y)2] – c2
= (x2 – 3y)2 – c2
= (x2 – 3y + c)(x2 – 3y – c)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 137

 3) a4 – 4c4 + 9b4 – 6a2b2
= (a4 – 6a2b2 + 9b4) – 4c4
= [(a2)2 – 2(3a2b2) + 32(b2)2] – 22(c2)2
= [(a2)2 – 2(a2)(3b2) + (3b2)2] – (2c2)2
= (a2 – 3b2)2 – (2c2)2
= (a2 – 3b2 + 2c2)(a2 – 3b2 – 2c2)
4) x4 – 4x2y2 + 4y4 – 9x6y6
= (x4 – 4x2y2 + 4y4) – 9x6y6
= [(x2)2– 2(2x2y2) + 22(y2)2] – 32(x3)2(y3)2
= [(x2)2– 2(x2)(2y2) + (2y2)2] – (3x3y3)2
= (x2 – 2y2)2 – (3x3y3)2
= (x2 – 2y2 + 3x3y3)(x2 – 2y2 – 3x3y3)
5) 9x4 + 6x2y + y2 – 16
= (9x4 + 6x2y + y2) – 16
= [32(x2)2 + 2(3x2y) + y2] – 42
= [(3x2)2 + 2(3x2)(y) + y2] – 42
= (3x2 + y)2 – 42
= (3x2 + y + 4)(3x2 + y – 4)
6) 4x6 + 12x3y2 + 9y4 – 64
= (4x6 + 12x3y2 + 9y4) – 64
= [22(x3)2 + 2(6x3y2) + 32(y2)2] – 82
= [(2x3)2 + 2(2x3)(3y2) + (3y2)2] – 82
= (2x3 + 3y2)2 – 82
= (2x3 + 3y2 + 8)(2x3 + 3y2 – 8)

138 Math Solution 3 Book 1

7) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 – c4 – 2c2d2 – d4
= (a4 – 2a2b2 + b4) – (c4 + 2c2d2 + d4)
= [(a2)2 – 2(a2)(b2) + (b2)2] – [(c2)2 + 2(c2)(d2) + (d2)2]
= (a2 – b2)2 – (c2 + d2)2
= (a2 – b2 + c2 + d2)(a2 – b2 – c2 – d2)

8) x6 + 4a2b3 − 4b6 – a4 – 10x3y2 + 25y4

= (x6 – 10x3y2 + 25y4) – (a4 – 4a2b3 + 4b6)
= [(x3)2 – 2(5x3y2) + 52(y2)2] – [(a2)2 – 2(2a2b3) + 22(b3)2]
= [(x3)2 – 2(x3)(5y2) + (5y2)2] – [(a2)2 – 2(a2)(2b3) + (2b3)2]
= (x3 – 5y2)2 – (a2 – 2b3)2
= (x3 – 5y2 + a2 – 2b3)(x3 – 5y2 – a2 + 2b3)
9) x4 – 14x2 + 49 – y4 + 2y2z2 – z4
= (x4 – 14x2 + 49) – (y4 – 2y2z2 + z4)
= [(x2)2 – 2(7x2) + 72] – [(y2)2 – 2(y2z2) + (z2)2]
= [(x2)2 – 2(x2)(7) + 72] – [(y2)2 – 2(y2)(z2) + (z2)2]
= (x2 – 7)2 – (y2 – z2)2
= (x2 – 7 + y2 – z2)(x2 – 7 – y2 + z2)
10) 25x6 + 30x3y2 + 9y4 – 4a4 + 4a2b – b2
= (25x6 + 30x3y2 + 9y4) – (4a4 – 4a2b + b2)
= [52(x3)2 + 2(15x3y2) + 32(y2)2] – [22(a2)2 – 2(2a2b) + b2]
= [(5x3)2 + 2(5x3)(3y2) + (3y2)2] – [(2a2)2 – 2(2a2)(b) + b2]
= (5x3 + 3y2)2 – (2a2 – b)2
= (5x3 + 3y2 + 2a2 – b)(5x3 + 3y2 – 2a2 + b)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 139

 Factoring Polynomials with Degree Higher than
5 Three Using Sum and Difference of Cubes
In case of the polynomial problems with degree higher than three, we may use a sum and a
difference of cubes to solve them as the examples shown below.

Example 1 Factorise: x6 + 216z3

Solution x6 + 216z3 = (x2)3 + 63z3
= (x2)3 + (6z)3
= (x2 + 6z)(x4 – 6x2z + 36z2)
Therefore, x6 + 216z3 = (x2 + 6z)(x4 – 6x2z + 36z2).

Example 2 Factorise: 64a6 – b6

Solution 64a6 – b6 = 43(a2)3 – (b2)3
= (4a2)3 – (b2)3
= (4a2 – b2)(16a4 + 4a2b2 + b4)
Therefore, 64a6 – b6 = (4a2 – b2)(16a4 + 4a2b2 + b4).

Example 3 Factorise: x9y6 + 125y6z9

Solution x9y6 + 125y6z9 = y6(x9 + 125z9) (GCF = y6)
= y6[(x3)3 + 53(z3)3]
= y6[(x3)3 + (5z3)3]
= y6(x3 + 5z3)(x6 – 5x3z3 + 25z6)
Therefore, x9y6 + 125y6z9 = y6(x3 + 5z3)(x6 – 5x3z3 + 25z6).

Example 4 Factorise: 54m3p2 + 27m3q2 + 8n6q2 + 16n6p2

Solution = (54m3p2 + 16n6p2) + (27m3q2 + 8n6q2) (Grouping)
= 2p (27m + 8n ) + q (27m + 8n )
2 3 6 2 3 6

= (2p2 + q2)(27m3 + 8n6) (GCF = 27m3 + 8n6)

= (2p2 + q2)[33m3 + 23(n2)3]
= (2p2 + q2)[(3m)3 + (2n2)3]
= (2p2 + q2)(3m + 2n2)(9m2 − 6mn2 + 4n4).
Therefore, 54m3p2 + 27m3q2 + 8n6q2 + 16n6p2 = (2p2 + q2)(3m + 2n2)(9m2 − 6mn2 + 4n4).

140 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 6
Factorise the following polynomials.
1) m9 + 512n3
= (m3)3 + 83n3
= (m3)3 + (8n)3
= (m3 + 8n)(m6 – 8m3n + 64n2)

2) 216m6 – n6
= 63(m2)3 – (n2)3
= (6m2)3– (n2)3
= (6m2 – n2)(36m4 + 6m2n2 + n4)

3) r6 + 1000s6
= (r2)3 + 103(s2)3
= (r2)3 + (10s2)3
= (r2 + 10s2)(r4 – 10r2s2 + 100s4)

4) k9 – 343n12
= (k3)3 – 73(n4)3
= (k3)3 – (7n4)3
= (k3 – 7n4)(k6 + 7k3n4 + 49n8)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 141

 5) i12j6 + 216j6k9
= j6(i12 + 216k9)
= j6[(i4)3 + 63(k3)3]
= j6[(i4)3 + (6k3)3]
= j6(i4 + 6k3)(i8 – 6i4k3 + 36k6)

6) x6y12 – 216x6z9
= x6(y12 – 216z9)
= x6[(y4)3 – 63(z3)3]
= x6[(y4)3 – (6z3)3]
= x6(y4 – 6z3)(y8 + 6y4z3 + 36z6)

7) x12z9 + 343y6z9
= z9[x12 + 343y6]
= z9[(x4)3 + 73(y2)3]
= z9[(x4)3 + (7y2)3]
= z9(x4 + 7y2)(x8 – 7x4y2 + 49y4)

8) 5,000p9 – 135q6
= 5(1,000p9 – 27q6)
= 5[103(p3)3 – 33(q2)3]
= 5[(10p3)3 – (3q2)3]
= 5(10p3 – 3q2)(100p6 + 30p3q2 + 9q4)

142 Math Solution 3 Book 1

9) 2p6q + 250q10
= 2q(p6 + 125q9)
= 2q[(p2)3 + 53(q3)3]
= 2q[(p2)3 + (5q3)3]
= 2q(p2 + 5q3)(p4 – 5p2q3 + 25q6)

10) 64r12t9 – 512s6t9

= 64t9(r12 – 8s6)
= 64t9[(r4)3 – 23(s2)3]
= 64t9[(r4)3 – (2s2)3]
= 64t9(r4 – 2s2)(r8 + 2r4s2 + 4s4)

11) 128i6o6 + 54i6s9

= 2i6(64o6 + 27s9)
= 2i6[43(o2)3 + 33(s3)3]
= 2i6[(4o2)3 + (3s3)3]
= 2i6(4o2 + 3s3)(16o4 – 12o2s3 + 9s6)

12) 56a9b9 – 189b9c6

= 7b9(8a9 – 27c6)
= 7b9[23(a3)3 – 33(c2)3]
= 7b9[(2a3)3 – (3c2)3]
= 7b9(2a3 – 3c2)(4a6 + 6a3c2 + 9c4)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 143

 13) 250xy6 – 54xz3 + 375y6 – 81z3
= (250xy6 – 54xz3) + (375y6 – 81z3)
= 2x(125y6 – 27z3) + 3(125y6 – 27z3)
= (2x + 3)(125y6 – 27z3)
= (2x + 3)[53(y2)3 – 33z3]
= (2x + 3)[(5y2)3 – (3z)3]
= (2x + 3)(5y2 – 3z)(25y4 + 15y2z + 9z2)
14) 81a6z6 + 54a6c6 + 128y6c6 + 192y6z6
= (54a6c6 + 128y6c6) + (81a6z6 + 192y6z6)
= 2c6(27a6 + 64y6) + 3z6(27a6 + 64y6)
= (2c6 + 3z6)(27a6 + 64y6)
= (2c6 + 3z6)[33(a2)3 + 43(y2)3]
= (2c6 + 3z6)[(3a2)3 + (4y2)3]
= (2c6 + 3z6)(3a2 + 4y2)(9a4 − 12a2y2 + 16y4)
15) 64bc9 – 108ad6 + 256ac9 – 27bd6
= (256ac9 – 108ad6) + (64bc9 – 27bd6)
= 4a(64c9 – 27d6) + b(64c9 – 27d6)
= (4a + b)(64c9 – 27d6)
= (4a + b)(43(c3)3 – 33(d2)3)
= (4a + b)[(4c3)3 – (3d2)3]
= (4a + b)(4c3 – 3d2)(16c6 + 12c3d2 + 9d4)

144 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 6 Factoring Higher Degree Polynomials
Using Pascal’s Triangle
In algebra, Pascal’s triangle is a pattern of the binomial coefficients in binomial expansions which
are arranged in a triangular shape. It is usually used when the exponent of a binomial is high. When
we know the pattern of coefficients of each term, we can factorise or expand a binomial easier.
Consider the following binomial expansions.
(a + b)0 = 1
(a + b)1 = a + b
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
(a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5
From the expansions above, it can be seen that, in expanded form, the higher the exponent
of a binomial, the more the number of terms. The coefficients of each term are also higher as well.
However, the expansions can be arranged in a triangular shape as follows:
(a + b)0 = 1
(a + b)1 = a+b
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
(a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5

As a result, the coefficient of each term can be depicted as shown in the figure below.

(a + b)0 = 1 1
(a + b)1 = 1 1 1a + 1b
(a + b)2 = 1 2 1 1a2 + 2ab + 1b2
(a + b)3 = 1 3 3 1 1a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + 1b3
(a + b)4 = 1 4 6 4 1 1a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + 1b4
(a + b)5 = 1 5 10 10 5 1 1a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + 1b5

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 145

 It can be seen from the triangle that the value of coefficients in each row, except the first one,
is the sum of the adjecent numbers in the row above it. Moreover, the most left and right coefficients
are always 1.

(a + b)0 = 1 1
(a + b)1 = 1 1 1a + 1b
(a + b)2 = 1 2 1 1a2 + 2ab + 1b2
(a + b)3 = 1 3 3 1 1a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + 1b3
(a + b)4 = 1 4 6 4 1 1a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + 1b4
(a + b)5 = 1 5 10 10 5 1 1a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + 1b5

Apart from the pattern of coefficients, it can be noticed that there is also a pattern of exponents
of the variables in each term as the pattern shown below.

(a + b)0 = 1
(a + b)1 = 1a1b0 + 1a0b1
(a + b)2 = 1a2b0 + 2a1b1 + 1a0b2
(a + b)3 = 1a3b0 + 3a2b1 + 3a1b2 + 1a0b3
(a + b)4 = 1a4b0 + 4a3b1 + 6a2b2 + 4a1b3 + 1a0b4
(a + b)5 = 1a5b0 + 5a4b1 + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5a1b4 + 1a0b5
(a + b)6 = 1a6b0 + 6a5b1 +15a4b2 + 20a3b3 + 15a2b4 + 6a1b5 + 10b6

According to the pattern of expanded binomials above, the sum of exponents of each term
is equal to the exponent of its binomial. Moreover, in the leftmost term, the exponent of the first
variable of the binomial, a, is equal to the exponent of its binomial. Then, it is decreased consecutively
in each term going from left to right. On the contrary, in the rightmost term, the exponent of the second
variable of the binomial, b, is equal to the exponent of its binomial. Then, it is decreased consecutively
in each term going from right to left.

146 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 1 Factorise: 81x4 + 216x3 + 216x2 + 96x + 16
Solution 81x4 + 216x3 + 216x2 + 96x + 16
= 1(81x4) + 4(54x3) + 6(36x2) + 4(24x) + 1(16)
= 1(81x4) + 4(27x3)(2) + 6(9x2)(4) + 4(3x)(8) + 1(16)
= 1(34x4) + 4(33x3)(2) + 6(32x2)(22) + 4(3x)(23) + 1(24)
= 1(3x)4 + 4(3x)3(2) + 6(3x)2(2)2 + 4(3x)(2)3 + 1(2)4
= (3x + 2)4
Therefore, 81x4 + 216x3 + 216x2 + 96x + 16 = (3x + 2)4.

Example 2 Factorise: 16x4 – 96x3y + 216x2y2 – 216xy3 + 81y4

Solution 16x4 – 96x3y + 216x2y2 – 216xy3 + 81y4
= 1(16x4) + 4(–24x3y) + 6(36x2y2) + 4(–54xy3) + 1(81y4)
= 1(16x4) + 4(8x3)(–3y) + 6(4x2)(9y2) + 4(2x)(−27y3) + 1(81y4)
= 1(24x4) + 4(23x3)(–3y) + 6(22x2)[(–3)2y2] + 4(2x)[(–3)3y3] + 1[(–3)4y4]
= 1(2x)4 + 4(2x)3(–3y) + 6(2x)2(–3y)2 + 4(2x)(–3y)3 + 1(–3y)4
= (2x – 3y)4
Therefore, 16x4 – 96x3y + 216x2y2 – 216xy3 + 81y4= (2x – 3y)4.

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 147

 EXERCISE 7
Factorise the following polynomials.
1) x3 + 15x2 + 75x + 125
= 1(x3) + 3(5x2) + 3(25x) + 1(125)
= 1(x3) + 3(x2)(5) + 3(x)(25) + 1(125)
= 1(x3) + 3(x2)(5) + 3(x)(52) + 1(53)
= 1(x)3 + 3(x)2(5) + 3(x)(5)2 + 1(5)3
= (x + 5)3

2) x3 – 9x2 + 27x – 27
= 1(x3) + 3(–3x2) + 3(9x) + 1(–27)
= 1(x3) + 3(x2)(–3) + 3(x)(9) + 1(–27)
= 1(x)3 + 3(x)2(–3) + 3(x)(–3)2 + 1(–3)3
= (x – 3)3

3) 16x4 – 160x3 + 600x2 – 1000x + 625

= 1(16x4) + 4(–40x3) + 6(100x2) + 4(–250x) + 1(625)
= 1(16x4) + 4(8x3)(–5) + 6(4x2)(25) + 4(2x)(–125) + 1(625)
= 1(24x4) + 4(8x3)(–5) + 6(4x2)(–5)2 + 4(2x)(–5)3 + 1(–5)4
= 1(24x4) + 4(23x3)(–5) + 6(22x2)(–5)2 + 4(2x)(–5)3 + 1(–5)4
= 1(2x)4 + 4(2x)3(–5) + 6(2x)2(–5)2 + 4(2x)(–5)3 + 1(–5)4
= (2x – 5)4

148 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Summary and Review
Factorise the following polynomials.
1) 343 – x3
Solution = 73 – x3
= (7 – x)[72 + (7)(x) + x2]
= (7 – x)(49 + 7x + x2)

2) 40a3 – 60a2b + 30ab2 – 5b3

Solution = 5(8a3 – 12a2b + 6ab2 – b3)
= 5[8a3 – 3(4a2b) + 3(2ab2) – b3]
= 5[23a3 – 3(4a2)(b) + 3(2a)(b2) – b3]
= 5[23a3 – 3(22a2)(b) + 3(2a)(b2) – b3]
= 5[(2a)3 – 3(2a)2(b) + 3(2a)(b)2 – b3]
= 5(2a – b)3
3) 16x6 – 104x3y3 + 169y6
Solution = 42(x3)2 – 2(52x3y3) + 132(y3)2
= (4x3)2 – 2(4x3)(13y3) + (13y3)2
= (4x3 – 13y3)2

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 149

 4) (x + 3)2 – 100y6
Solution = (x + 3)2 – 102(y3)2
= (x + 3)2 – (10y3)2
= (x + 3 + 10y3)(x + 3 – 10y3)

5) 36x4 – 60x2y3 – 64z6 + 25y6

Solution = (36x4 – 60x2y3 + 25y6) – 64z6
= [62(x2)2 – 2(30x2y3) + 52(y3)2] – 82(z3)2
= [(6x2)2 – 2(6x2)(5y3) + (5y3)2] – (8z3)2
= (6x2 – 5y3)2 – (8z3)2
= (6x2 – 5y3 + 8z3)(6x2 – 5y3 – 8z3)

6) –16y4 – 42x4b5 + 49b10 – 81a6 + 9x8 + 72a3y2

Solution = (9x8 – 42x4b5 + 49b10) – (16y4 – 72a3y2 + 81a6)
= [32(x4)2 – 2(21x4b5) + 72(b5)2] – [42(y2)2 – 2(36a3y2) + 92(a3)2]
= [(3x4)2 – 2(3x4)(7b5) + (7b5)2] – [(4y2)2 – 2(4y2)(9a3) + (9a3)2]
= (3x4 – 7b5)2 – (4y2 – 9a3)2
= (3x4 – 7b5 + 4y2 – 9a3)(3x4 – 7b5 – 4y2 + 9a3)

7) 108a6b6 – 500a6c6
Solution = 4a6(27b6 – 125c6)
= 4a6[33(b2)3 – 53(c2)3]
= 4a6[(3b2)3 – (5c2)3]
= 4a6(3b2 – 5c2)(9b4 + 15b2c2 + 25c4)

150 Math Solution 3 Book 1

8) 54x6y6 + 108x6y4z2 + 72x6y2z4 + 16x6z6
Solution = 2x6(27y6 + 54y4z2 + 36y2z4 + 8z6)
= 2x6[27y6 + 3(18y4z2) + 3(12y2z4) + 8z6]
= 2x6[33(y2)3 + 3(9y4)(2z2) + 3(3y2)(4z4) + 23(z2)3]
= 2x6[(3y2)3 + 3(3y2)2(2z2) + 3(3y2)(2z2)2 + (2z2)3]
= 2x6(3y2 + 2z2)3
9) 81x7 – 375xy6 + 108x6 – 600y6
Solution = 3x(27x6 – 125y6) + 4(27x6 – 125y6)
= (3x + 4)(27x6 – 125y6)
= (3x + 4)[33(x2)3 – 53(y2)3]
= (3x + 4)[(3x2)3 – (5y2)3]
= (3x + 4)(3x2 – 5y2)(9x4 + 15x2y2 + 25y4)

10) 16m4 + 96m3n + 216m2n2 + 216mn3 + 81n4

Solution = 1(16m4) + 4(24m3n) + 6(36m2n2) + 4(54mn3) + 1(81n4)
= 1(16m4) + 4(8m3)(3n) + 6(4m2)(9n2) + 4(2m)(27n3) + 1(81n4)
= 1(24m4) + 4(23m3)(3n) + 6(22m2)(32n2) + 4(2m)(33n3) + 1(34n4)
= 1(2m)4 + 4(2m)3(3n) + 6(2m)2(3n)2 + 4(2m)(3n)3 + 1(3n)4
= (2m + 3n)4

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 151

 18 - 20 Very good
15 - 17 Good
UNIT TEST 12 - 14
Less than 12
Fair
Should be improved
I’ve got .......................….… marks.

PART 1
Darken the circle in front of the correct answers. (1 mark each)
1. Which of the following are the factors of (a + b)4 – 3ab(a + b)2?
1 (a + b)(a3 – b3) 2 (a + b)(a3 + b3)
3 (a – b)(a3 – b3) 4 (a – b)(a3 + b3)
2. Which of the following are the factors of 14 (a + 1)3 + 2?
1 14 (a + 1)(a2 – 7) 2 14 (a + 1)(a2 + 7)
3 14 (a – 3)(a2 – 3) 4 14 (a + 3)(a2 + 3)
3. Which of the following are the factors of p2q4 – 1?
1 (pq2 + 1)(pq2 – 1) 2 (pq2 + 1)(pq2 + 1)
3 (pq2 – 1)(pq2 – 1) 4 (p2q – 1)(pq2 – 1)
4. Which of the following are the factors of 9a4 – c4 + 4c2x2 – 4x4?
1 (3a2 + c2 – x2)(3a2 – c2 + x2) 2 (3a2 + c2 + x2)(3a2 – c2 – x2)
3 (3a2 + c2 – 2x2)(3a2 – c2 + 2x2) 4 (3a2 + 2c2 – x2)(3a2 – 2c2 + x2)
5. Which of the following are the factors of 2m3 + 54n3?
1 2(m + 3n)(m2 – 3mn + 9n2) 2 2(m + 3n)(m2 + 3mn + 9n2)
3 2(m – 3n)(m2 + 3mn + 9n2) 4 2(m – 3n)(m2 – 3mn + 9n2)

PART 2
Factorise the following polynomials. (1 mark each)
1. (x + z)4 – y6
= [(x + z)2 + y3][(x + z)2 – y3]
2. x6 + 9x4y3 + 27x2y6 + 27y9
= (x2 + 3y3)3
3. x8y8 – 81
= (x4y4 + 9)(x4y4 – 9)
4. 81x3 + 192
= 3(3x + 4)(9x2 – 12x + 16)
5. 375 – 81a3
= 3(5 – 3a)(25 + 15a + 9a2)
152 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 PART 3
Factorise the following polynomials. (2 marks each)
1. 25a4 – x4 + b4 – 10a2b2
Solution = (25a4 – 10a2b2 + b4) – x4
= [52(a2)2 – 2(5a2b2) + (b2)2] – x4
= [(5a2)2 – 2(5a2)(b2) + (b2)2] – (x2)2
= (5a2 – b2)2 – (x2)2
= (5a2 – b2 + x2)(5a2 – b2 – x2)

2. 9y4 – 16c4 – 16c2d2 – 4d4
Solution = 9y4 – (16c4 + 16c2d2 + 4d4)
= 32(y2)2 – [42(c2)2 + 2(8c2d2) + 22(d2)2]
= (3y2)2 – [(4c2)2 + 2(4c2)(2d2) + (2d2)2]
= (3y2)2 – (4c2 + 2d2)2
= (3y2 + 4c2 + 2d2)(3y2 – 4c2 – 2d2)

3. 256x3 – 500y3
Solution = 4(64x3 – 125y3)
= 4(43x3 – 53y3)
= 4[(4x)3– (5y)3]
= 4(4x – 5y)[(4x)2 + (4x)(5y) + (5y)2]
= 4(4x – 5y)(16x2 + 20xy + 25y2)

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 153

 4. 135a6x – 625b9x + 27a6y – 125b9y
Solution = (135a6x – 625b9x) + (27a6y – 125b9y)
= 5x(27a6 – 125b9) + y(27a6 – 125b9)
= (5x + y)[27a6 – 125b9]
= (5x + y)[33(a2)3 – 53(b3)3]
= (5x + y)[(3a2)3 – (5b3)3]
= (5x + y)(3a2 – 5b3)(9a4 + 15a2b3 + 25b6)

5. b4 + 16ab3 + 96a2b2 + 256a3b + 256a4

Solution = 1(b ) + 4(4ab ) + 6(16a b ) + 4(64a b) + 1(256a )
4 3 2 2 3 4

= 1(b4) + 4(b3)(4a) + 6(b2)(16a2) + 4(b)(64a3) + 1(256a4)

= 1(b4) + 4(b3)(4a) + 6(b2)(42a2) + 4(b)(43a3) + 1(44a4)
= 1(b4) + 4(b)3(4a) + 6(b)2(4a)2 + 4(b)(4a)3 + 1(4a)4
= (b + 4a)4

154 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 UNIT 3 VOCABULARY
Coefficient
ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์

Cube of a binomial
กำ�ลังสามของผลบวกหรือผลต่าง

Difference of cubes
ผลต่างกำ�ลังสาม

Difference of squares
ผลต่างกำ�ลังสอง

Factoring
การแยกตัวประกอบ

Perfect squares
กำ�ลังสองสมบูรณ์

Polynomial
พหุนาม

Sum of cubes
ผลบวกกำ�ลังสาม

Term
พจน์

Variable
ตัวแปร

Unit 3 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER THAN TWO 155

 04
UNIT
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Learning Contents

Brush-Up: Quadratic Equations

in One Variable

QUADRATIC Solving Quadratic Equations

EQUATIONS

Solving Quadratic Equations

Word Problems
 1 Brush-Up: Quadratic Equations in
One Variable
Quadratic equations or second degree polynomials contain at least one term that is squared.
For example,

x2 − x − 3 = 0 6x2 + 11x − 35 = 0 20x2 − 15x − 10 = 0

1. The standard form of a quadratic equation in one variable is ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b,

and c are constants, and a ≠ 0.
2. Solving quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c by factoring, which is multiplication of two first degree
polynomials.
3. Properties of real numbers; if a, b are real numbers and ab = 0, then a = 0, or b = 0.
4. A is a polynomial and B is a polynomial; if A × B = 0, then A = 0, or B = 0.
5. Solution of equation is any value or set of value that makes the equation true.

Example 1 Solve the equation 2x2 = 7x.

Solution 2x2 = 7x
2x2 − 7x = 0
x(2x − 7) = 0
Therefore, x = 0 ,or 2x − 7 = 0
x = 0 ,or 2x = 7
x = 72
= 3 12
Check: 1) Substitute x = 0 in the equation 2x2 = 7x.
2(0)2 = 7(0)
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 72 in the2 equation 2x2 = 7x.
()
2 72
2
= 7 72
2
()
72 = 72 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 0 and 3 12 are the solutions of the equation 2x2 = 7x.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 157

 Example 2 Solve the equation 16x2 + 56x + 49 = 0.
Solution 16x2+ 56x + 49 = 0
(4x + 7)(4x + 7) = 0
Therefore, 4x + 7 = 0
4x = −7
x = − 74
= −1 34
Check: 1) Substitute x = − 74 in the equation 16x2 + 56x + 49 = 0.

( ) ( )
2
16 − 74 + 56 − 74 + 49 = 0
49 − 98 + 49 = 0
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
Therefore, −1 34 is the solution of the equation 16x2 + 56x + 49 = 0.

Example 3 Solve the equation x2 − 13 3

4 x + 4 = 0.
Solution x2 − 13 3
4 x + 4 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 4.
4x2 − 13x + 3 = 0
(4x − 1)(x − 3) = 0
Therefore, 4x − 1 = 0 ,or x − 3 = 0
4x = 1 x = 3
x = 14
Check: 1) Substitute x = 14 in the equation x2− 13 4 x + 34 = 0.
() ()
1 2 − 13 1 + 3 = 0
4 4 4 4
161 − 13 3
16 + 4 = 0
1 − 13 + 12 = 0
16
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 3 in the equation x2− 13 3
4 x + 4 = 0.
32 − 13 3
4 (3) + 4 = 0
9 − 39 3
4 +4 = 0
36 − 39 + 3 = 0
9
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 14 and 3 are the solutions of the equation x2 − x
13 + =
4 4 0.
3
158 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 Example 4 Solve the equation (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 7.
Solution (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 7
2x2 − 7x + 3 = 7
2x2 − 7x + 3 − 7 = 0
2x2 − 7x − 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x − 4) = 0
Therefore, 2x + 1 = 0 ,or x − 4 = 0
2x = − 1 x = 4
x = − 12
Check: 1) Substitute x = − 12 in the equation (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 7.
( ) ( )
2 − 12 − 1 − 12 − 3 = 7

( )
(−1 −1) 2
−1 − 6 = 7

() (−2) − 72 = 7
7 = 7 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 4 in the equation (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 7.
[2(4) − 1](4 − 3) = 7
(8 − 1)(1) = 7
7 = 7 which is a true equation.
Therefore, − 12 and 4 are the solutions of the equation (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 7.

Example 5 Solve the equation 6x2 + 5x − 6 = 0.

Solution 6x2 + 5x − 6 = 0
(3x − 2)(2x + 3) = 0
Therefore, 3x − 2 = 0 ,or 2x + 3 = 0
3x = 2 2x = −3
x = 23 x = − 32
= −1 12
Check: 1) Substitute x = 23 in the equation 6x2 + 5x − 6 = 0
() ()
2
6 23 + 5 23 − 6 = 0
8 + 10 − 6 = 0
3 3
8 + 10 − 18 = 0
3
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 159
 Check: 2) Substitute x = − 32 in the equation 6x2 + 5x − 6 = 0.
( ) ( ) 2
6 − 32 + 5 − 32 − 6 = 0
27 − 15 − 6 = 0
2 2
27
− 15 − 12 = 0
2
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 23 and −1 12 are the solutions of the equation 6x2 + 5x − 6 = 0.

Example 6 Solve the equation 5x2 − 2x = 85 .

Solution 5x2 − 2x = 85
5x2 − 2x − 85 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 5.
25x2 − 10x − 8 = 0
(5x + 2)(5x − 4) = 0
Therefore, 5x + 2 = 0 ,or 5x − 4 = 0
5x = −2 5x = −4
x = − 25 x = 45
Check: 1) Substitute x = − 25 in the equation 5x2 − 2x = 85 .
( ) ( ) 2
5 − 25 − 2 − 25 = 85
45 + 45 = 85
85 = 85 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 45 in the equation 5x2 − 2x = 85 .
() () 2
5 45 − 2 45 = 85
16
5 −5 = 5
8 8
85 = 85 which is a true equation.
Therefore, − 25 and 45 are the solutions of the equation 5x2 − 2x = 85 .

Example 7 Solve the equation x2 + 100 = 0.

Solution x2 + 100 = 0
x2 = − 100
Since the solution of any real number is always positive or zero.
Therefore, there is no solution of the equation x2 + 100 = 0.

160 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 8 Solve the equation (x + 7)2 − (x − 5)2 = 0.
Solution (x + 7)2 − (x − 5)2 = 0
[(x + 7) + (x – 5)][(x + 7) − (x − 5)] = 0
(x + 7 + x − 5)(x + 7 – x + 5) = 0
(2x + 2)(12) = 0
2(x + 1)(12) = 0
24(x + 1) = 0
x+1 = 0
x = −1
Check:Substitute x = −1 in the equation (x + 7)2 − (x − 5)2 = 0.
(−1 + 7)2 − (−1 − 5)2 = 0
62 – (−6)2 = 0
36 − 36 = 0 which is a true equation.
Therefore, −1 is the solution of the equation (x + 7)2 − (x − 5)2 = 0.
Example 9 Solve the equation (2x − 3)2 = 23.
Solution (2x − 3)2 = 23
(2x − 3)2 − 23 = 0
(2x − 3)2 − ( 23)2 = 0
(2x − 3 − ( 23)(2x − 3 + ( 23) = 0
Therefore, 2x − 3 − 23 = 0 ,or 2x − 3 + 23 = 0
2x − 3 = 23 2x − 3 = − 23
2x = 3 + 23 2x = 3 − 23
x = 3 + 23 x = 3 − 23
2 2
Check: 1) Substitute x = 3 +2 23 in the equation (2x − 3)2 = 23.
( )
2 3 + 23 − 3 = 23
2
2

(3 + 23 − 3)2 = 23
( 23)2 = 23
23 = 23 which is a true equation.
Check: 2) Substitute x = 3 −2 23 in the equation (2x − 3)2 = 23.

( )
2 3 −2 23 − 3 = 23
2

(3 − 23 − 3)2 = 23
(− 23)2 = 23
23 = 23 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 3 +2 23 and 3 − 2 23 are the solutions of the equation (2x − 3)2 = 23.
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 161
 Example 10 Solve the equation 3(x 5− 11) − 2(x 7− 60) = 36 .
2 2

Solution 3(x2 − 11) − 2(x2 − 60) = 36

5 7
The LCM of 5 and 7 is 35.
Multiply both sides of the equation by 35.
7 × 3(x2 − 11) − 5 × 2(x2 − 60) = 35 × 36
21x2 − 231 − 10x2 + 600 = 1,260
11x2 + 369 = 1,260
11x2 = 1,260 − 369
11x2 = 891
x2 = 81
x2 − 81 = 0
(x − 9)(x + 9) = 0
Therefore, x − 9 = 0 ,or x + 9 = 0
x = 9 x = −9
Check: 1) Substitute x = 9 in the equation 3(x 5− 11) − 2(x 7− 60) = 36.
2 2

3(92 − 11) − 2(92 − 60) = 36

5 7
5 3(81 − 11) − 2(81 − 60) = 36
7
3 ×5 70 − 2 ×7 21 = 36
42 − 6 = 36
36 = 36 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = −9 in the equation 3(x 5− 11) − 2(x 7− 60) = 36.
2 2

3[(−9)2 − 11] − 2[(−9)2 − 60] = 36

5 7
3(81 5− 11) − 2(81 7− 60) = 36
( )( )
3 ×5 70 − 2 ×7 21 = 36
42 − 6 = 36
36 = 36 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 9 and −9 are the solutions of the equation 3(x 5− 11) − 2(x 7− 60) = 36.
2 2

162 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 1
1. Fill in the blanks.
Equations Solutions
1) 2x2 – 8x = 0 0 and 4
2) 3x2 + 21x = 0 0 and −7
3) x2 – 7 = 0 √7 and −√7
4) x2 + 25 = 0 There is no solution.
5) x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 1
6) 4x2 = 5x 0 and 1 14
7) a2 + 2a – 8 = 0 −4 and 2
8) y2 – 5 = y2 + 4 There is no solution.
9) 2c2 – c – 3 = 0 −1 and 112
10) 2x² + 8 = 48 2√5 and −2√5
2. From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1) 6x2 + x − 2 = 0
6x2 + x − 2 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 1) = 0
Therefore, 3x + 2 = 0 ,or 2x − 1 = 0
3x = −2 2x = 1
x = − 23 x = 12
Therefore, − 23 and 12 are the solutions of the equation 6x2 + x − 2 = 0.

2) 24x2 = 17x + 20
24x2 − 17x – 20 = 0
(8x + 5)(3x − 4) = 0
Therefore, 8x + 5 = 0 ,or 3x − 4 = 0
8x = −5 3x = 4
x = − 58 x = 43 = 113
Therefore, − 58 and 1 13 are the solutions of the equation 24x2 = 17x + 20.
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 163
 3) 6m2 = m(m − 4)
6m2 = m2 − 4m
6m2 − m2 + 4m = 0
5m2 + 4m = 0
m(5m + 4) = 0
Therefore, m = 0 ,or 5m + 4 = 0
5m = −4
m = − 45
Therefore, 0 and − 45 are the solutions of the equation 6m2 = m(m − 4).

4) 3k2 = k(5 − 2k)

3k2 = 5k − 2k2
3k2 + 2k2 – 5k = 0
5k2 − 5k = 0
5k(k − 1) = 0
Therefore, 5k = 0 ,or k – 1 = 0
k = 0 k = 1
Therefore, 0 and 1 are the solutions of the equation 3k2 = k(5 − 2k).
5) (x − 35)2 − (x + 30)2 = 0
[(x – 35) + (x + 30)][(x – 35) – (x + 30)] = 0
(x – 35 + x + 30)(x – 35 – x − 30) = 0
(2x – 5)(–65) = 0
2x – 5 = 0
2x = 5
x = 52
= 2 12
Therefore, 2 12 is the solution of the equation (x – 35)2 – (x + 30)2 = 0.

164 Math Solution 3 Book 1

6) (2a + 1)2 = (a − 1)2
4a2 + 4a + 1 = a2 – 2a + 1
4a2 – a2 + 4a + 2a + 1 – 1 = 0
3a2 + 6a = 0
3a(a + 2) = 0
Therefore, 3a = 0 ,or a + 2 = 0
a = 0 a = −2
Therefore, 0 and −2 are the solutions of the equation (2a + 1)2 = (a − 1)2.
7) 50 − 15a − 2a2 = 0
50 – 15a – 2a2 = 0
(10 + a)(5 – 2a) = 0
Therefore, 10 + a = 0,or 5 – 2a = 0
a = −10 a = 52
= 2 12
Therefore, −10 and 2 12 are the solutions of the equation 50 − 15a − 2a2 = 0.

8) 3(1 − 2x2) = 7x
3 – 6x2 = 7x
6x2 + 7x – 3 = 0
(3x − 1)(2x + 3) = 0
Therefore, 3x – 1 = 0 ,or 2x + 3 = 0
x = 13 x = − 32
= −1 12
Therefore, 13 and −1 12 are the solutions of the equation 3(1 – 2x2) = 7x.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 165

 9) 12x2 + 33
2 = 7x
Multiply both sides of the equation by 2.
x2 + 33 = 14x
x2 − 14x + 33 = 0
(x − 3)(x −11) = 0
Therefore, x − 3 = 0 ,or x − 11 = 0
x = 3 x = 11
1 2 + =
Therefore, 3 and 11 are the solutions of the equation x 33 7x.
2 2
10) 12n2 − 16n − 35 = 0
12n2 – 16n – 35 = 0
(6n + 7)(2n – 5) = 0
Therefore, 6n + 7 = 0 ,or 2n – 5 = 0
n = − 76 n = 52
= −1 16 = 2 12
Therefore, −1 16 and 2 12 are the solutions of the equation 12n2 − 16n − 35 = 0.

11) 13a2 − 31a − 24 = 0

13a2 – 31a – 24 = 0
(13a + 8)(a – 3) = 0
Therefore, 13a + 8 = 0 ,or a − 3 = 0
8 a = 3
a = − 13
8 and 3 are the solutions of the equation 13a2 – 31a – 24 = 0.
Therefore, − 13

12) 10t2 + 19t + 6 = 0

(5t + 2)(2t + 3) = 0
Therefore, 5t + 2 = 0 ,or 2t + 3 = 0
t = − 25 t = − 32
= −1 12
Therefore, − 25 and −1 12 are the solutions of the equation 10t2 + 19t + 6 = 0.
166 Math Solution 3 Book 1
13) (2x + 1)(5x + 4) − (3x − 2)2 = 0
(10x2 + 13x + 4) – (9x2 − 12x + 4) = 0
10x2 + 13x + 4 – 9x2 + 12x − 4 = 0
x2 + 25x = 0
x(x + 25) = 0
Therefore, x = 0 ,or x + 25 = 0
x = −25
Therefore, 0 and – 25 are the solutions of the equation (2x + 1)(5x + 4) − (3x – 2)2 = 0.
14) 4x(3x − 1) − 2 = (2x − 1)(5x + 1)
12x2 − 4x − 2 = 10x2 − 3x − 1
12x2 − 10x2 − 4x + 3x − 2 + 1 = 0
2x2 − x − 1 = 0
(2x + 1)(x − 1) = 0
Therefore, 2x + 1 = 0 ,or x − 1 = 0
x = − 12 x = 1
Therefore, − 12 and 1 are the solutions of the equation 4x(3x − 1) − 2 = (2x − 1)(5x + 1).

15 ) x +x 3 + x 2x 45
− 3 − 4(x2− 9) = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 4(x2 − 9).
4(x – 3)x + 4(x + 3)2x – 45 = 0
4x(x – 3) + 8x(x + 3) – 45 = 0
4x2 – 12x + 8x2 + 24x – 45 = 0
12x2 + 12x – 45 = 0
3(4x2 + 4x − 15) = 0
4x2 + 4x – 15 = 0
(2x + 5)(2x – 3) = 0
Therefore, 2x + 5 = 0 ,or 2x – 3 = 0
x = − 52 x = 32
= −2 12 = 1 12
Therefore, −2 12 and 1 12 are the solutions of the equation x +x 3 + x 2x 45
− 3 − 4(x2 − 9) = 0.
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 167
 2 Solving Quadratic Equations
Quadratic equations or second degree polynomials are polynomials in the form ax2 + bx + c
where a, b, c are constants, a ≠ 0 and x is variable. The first term (ax2) is called the quadratic term,
the second term (bx) is called the linear term and the third term (c) is called the constant term.
Quadratic equations can be solved by several methods which are as follows.

2.1 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Factoring

Case 1 Factoring quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c where a, b and c are whole
numbers, and c = 0

Example 1 Factorise x2 + 2x.

Solution x2 + 2x = (x)(x) + (2)(x)
= x(x + 2)

Case 2 Factoring quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c where a = 1, b and c are
whole numbers, and c ≠ 0

Example 2 Factorise x2 − 10x + 21.

Solution (−3)(−7) = 21
(−3) + (−7) = −10
x2 – 10x + 21 = [x + (−3)][x + (−7)]
x2 – 10x + 21 = (x − 3)(x −7)

Case 3 Factoring quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c where a, b and c are
whole numbers, and a ≠ 0, a ≠ 1 and c ≠ 0

Example 3 Factorise 4x2 − 13x + 10.

Solution (−5)(−2) = 10
4x(−2) + (−5)(x) = −13x
4x2 – 13x + 10 = (4x − 5)(x − 2)

168 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 2
Factorise the following equations.
1) x2 + 5x
x2 + 5x = (x)(x) + (5)(x)
= x(x + 5)
2) x2 − 13x + 36
(−4)(−9) = 36
(−4) + (−9) = −13
x2 − 13x + 36 = [x + (−4)][x + (−9)]
x2 − 13x + 36 = (x − 4)(x − 9)
3) 3x2 − 14x + 8
(−2)(−4) = 8
3x(−4) + (−2)(x) = −14x
3x2 − 14x + 8 = (3x − 2)(x − 4)
2.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Perfect Squares and
Difference of Squares
We can solve the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0 using
perfect square and difference of squares.
(a + b)2 = (a − b)2 where a and b are real numbers and ≠ 0.

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

Factoring quadratic equations

x2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)(x + 2) = (x + 2)2
x2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3)(x − 3) = (x − 3)2
Difference of squares can be factored in the form as follows.

a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

a2 – b2 = (a − b)(a + b)
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 169
 Example 1 Solve the equation x2 + 8x = −7.
Solution x2 + 8x = −7
x2 + 2(4)x + 42 = −7 + 42 (Perfect Squares)
(x + 4)2 = −7 + 16
(x + 4)2 = 9
(x + 4)2− 9 = 0
(x + 4)2 − 32 = 0 (Difference of Squares)
(x + 4 − 3)(x + 4 + 3) = 0
(x + 1)(x + 7) = 0
Therefore, x + 1 = 0 ,or x + 7 = 0
x = −1 x = −7
Check: 1) Substitute x = −1 in the equation x2 + 8x = −7.
(−1)2 + 8(−1) = −7
1 − 8 = −7
−7 = − 7 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = −7 in the equation x2 + 8x = −7.
(−7)2 + 8(−7) = −7
49 − 56 = −7
−7 = −7 which is a true equation.
Therefore, −1 and −7 are the solutions of the equation x2 + 8x = −7.

Example 2 Solve the equation x2 − 8x + 9 = 0.

Solution x2 − 8x + 9 = 0
x2 − 8x = −9
x2 − 2(4)x + 42 = −9 + 42 (Perfect Squares)
(x − 4)2 = −9 + 16
(x − 4)2 = 7
(x − 4)2 − 7 = 0
(x − 4)2 – ( 7)2 = 0 (Difference of Squares)
(x – 4 − 7)(x − 4 + 7) = 0
Therefore, x − 4 − 7 = 0 ,or x − 4 + 7 = 0
x = 4 + 7 x = 4 − 7

170 Math Solution 3 Book 1

Check: 1) Substitute x = 4 + 7 in the equation x2 − 8x + 9 = 0.
(4 + 7)2 − 8(4 + 7) + 9 = 0
16 + 8 7 + 7 − 32 − 8 7 + 9 = 0
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 4 − √7 in the equation x2 − 8x + 9 = 0.
(4 − 7)2 − 8(4 − 7) + 9 = 0
16 − 8 7 + 7 − 32 + 8 7 + 9 = 0
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 4 + 7 and 4 − 7 are the solutions of the equation x2 − 8x + 9 = 0.

Example 3 Solve the equation x2 + 4x = 8.

Solution x2 + 4x = 8
x2 + 2(2)x + 22 = 8 + 22 (Perfect Squares)
2
(x + 2) = 8 + 4
(x + 2)2 = 12
(x + 2)2 − 12 = 0
(x + 2)2 − (2 3)2 = 0 (Difference of Squares)
(x + 2 − 2 3)(x + 2 + 2 3) = 0
Therefore, x + 2 − 2 3 = 0 ,or x + 2 + 2 3 = 0
x = −2 + 2 3 x = −2 − 2 3
Check: 1) Substitute x = −2 + 2 3 in the equation x2 + 4x = 8.
(−2 + 2 3)2 + 4(−2 + 2 3) = 8
4 − 8 3 + 12 − 8 + 8 3 = 8
8 = 8 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = −2 − 2 3 in the equation x2 + 4x = 8.
(−2 − 2 3)2 + 4(−2 − 2 3) = 8
4 + 8 3 + 12 − 8 − 8 3 = 8
8 = 8 which is a true equation.
Therefore, −2 + 2 3 and −2 − 2 3 are the solutions of the equation x2 + 4x = 8.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 171

 Example 4 Solve the equation 3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0.
Solution 3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 13.
x2 − 43x − 2 = 0
x2 − 43x = 2
() ( ) 2
( )
x2 – 2 23 x + − 23 = 2 + − 23
2
(Perfect Squares)
( ) 2
x − 23 = 2 + 49
( ) 2
x − 23 = 229
( ) 2
x − 23 − 22 9 = 0
( ) ( 2
)
x − 23 − 22 = 0
3
2
(Difference of Squares)
( )(
x − 23 − 22 x − 23 + 22
3 ) 3 = 0
(
x − 2 + 22
3 )( ) 22 = 0
2 −
x −
3
22 = 0 ,or x − 2 −
2 +
Therefore, x − 22 = 0
3 3
x = 2 + 22 22
x = 2 −
3 3
Check: 1) Substitute x = 2 + 22 in the equation 3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0.
3
( 3 ) ( )
2
22 − 4 2 +
3 2 + 3
22 − 6 = 0

( ) )
22 22 − 8 + 4
3 4 + 4 +
9 3
22 − 6 = 0

26 + 4 22 − 8 − 4 22 − 18 = 0
3
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 2 − 22 in the equation 3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0.
3
(
3 2 −
3 ) (
22 ² − 4 2 −
)3
22 − 6 = 0

( )
22 22 − 8 − 4
3 4 − 4 +
9 3 ) 22 − 6 = 0

26 − 4 22 − 8 + 4 22 − 18 = 0
3
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
22 and 2 −
Therefore, 2 + 22 are the solutions of the equation 3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0.
3 3

172 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 5 Solve the equation 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0.
Solution 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 12.
x2 − 72x + 32 = 0
x2 − 72x = − 32
() () 2
()
x2 − 2 74 x + 74 = − 32 + 74
2
(Perfect Squares)
( ) 2
x − 74 = − 32 + 49 16
( ) 2
x − 74 = 25 16
( ) 2
x − 74 − 25 16 = 0
( ) () 2
x − 74 − 54 = 0
2
(Difference of Squares)

( )( )
x − 74 − 54 x − 74 + 54 = 0

( ) (x − 3) x − 12 = 0
Therefore, x − 3 = 0 ,or x − 12 = 0
x = 3 x = 12
Check: 1) Substitute x = 3 in the equation 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0.
2(32) – 7(3) + 3 = 0
18 – 21 + 3 = 0
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
2) Substitute x = 12 in the equation 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0.
() () 2
2 12 − 7 12 + 3 = 0
12 − 72 + 3 = 0
1 − 72 + 6 = 0
0 = 0 which is a true equation.
Therefore, 3 and 12 are the solutions of the equation 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 173

 EXERCISE 3
1. Fill in the blanks.
Equations Solutions
1) (2x − 1)2 = 16 −32 and 52
2) (3x + 7)2 = 25 −44 −18
21 and 7
49
3) ( )
2x − 34 = 49
2
25 −13
20 and 20
43

4) x2 − 6x + 1 = 0 3 + 2 2 and 3 − 2 2
5) x2 + 6x = 2 3 + 11 and 3 − 11
6) x2 + 7x − 3 = 0 −7 + 61 and −7 − 61
2 2
7) 2x2 + 8x − 12 = 0 −2 + 10 and − 2 − 10
8) x2 + 4x + 100 = 0 There is no solution.
9) 4x2 − 8x + 1 = 0 2 − 3 and 2 + 3
2 2
10) 5x2 = − x − 20 There is no solution.

2. From the following problems, explain your solutions.

1) x2 + 10x − 2 = 0
x² + 10x = 2
x² + 2(5)x + 5² = 2 + 5²
(x + 5)² = 2 + 25
(x + 5)² = 27
(x + 5)² – 27 = 0
(x + 5)² – ( 27)² = 0
(x + 5)² – (3 3)² = 0
(x + 5 − 3 3)(x + 5 + 3 3) = 0
Therefore, x+5−3 3 = 0 ,or x + 5 + 3 3 = 0
x = −5 + 3 3 x = −5 − 3 3
Therefore, −5 + 3 3 and −5 − 3 3 are the solutions of the equation x² + 10x − 2 = 0.
174 Math Solution 3 Book 1
2) x2 − 5x − 12= 0
x² − 5x = 12
() ()
x² – 2 52 x + 52
²
= 12 + 52 ()
²

( ) x − 52
²
= 12 + 25 4
( ) x − 52
²
= 73 4
( ) ²
x − 52 − 73 4 = 0
( ) ( )²
x − 52 − 73 2
²
= 0
( )(
x − 52 − 73
2 x−2+ 2 )
5 73 = 0
( )( )
x − 5 +2 73 x − 5 −2 73 = 0
Therefore, x − 5 +2 73 = 0 ,or x − 5 −2 73 = 0
x = 5 +2 73 x = 5 −2 73
Therefore, 5 +2 73 and 5 −2 73 are the solutions of the equation x² − 5x − 12 = 0.

3) 8x2 − 16 7x + 56 = 0
8(x² − 2 7x + 7) = 0
x² − 2 7x + 7 = 0
x² − 2( 7)x + ( 7)² = 0
(x − 7)² = 0
x− 7 = 0
x = 7
Therefore, 7 is the solution of the equation 8x² − 16x + 56 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 175

 4) 2x2 − 3x + 1= 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 12.
x² − 32x + 12 = 0
x² − 32x = − 12
() ()
x² – 2 34 x + 34 ² = −12 + 34 ²()
( ) x − 34 ² = −12 + 16 9

( ) x − 34 ² = 1
16
( ) x − 34 ² − 161 = 0
( ) ()
x − 34 ² − 14 ² = 0
( )( )
x − 34 − 14 x − 34 + 14 = 0
( )
(x − 1) x − 12 = 0
Therefore, x−1 = 0 ,or x − 12 = 0
x = 1 x = 12
Therefore, 1 and 12 are the solutions of the equation 2x2 − 3x + 1= 0.

5) 5x2 + 12x + 100 = 0

Multiply both sides of the equation by 15.
x2 + 12
5 x + 20 = 0
x2 + 125 x2 = −20
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 12
x + 2 10 x + 10 12 = −20 + 1012

( )
2
x + 12
10 2 = −20 + 144
100
( )
x + 12
10 = − 1,856
100 negative number
Since negative numbers do not have real square roots.
Therefore, there is no solution of the equation 5x2 + 12x + 100 = 0.

176 Math Solution 3 Book 1

6) 5x2 + 3 = 12x
Multiply both sides of the equation by 15.
x² + 35 = 125x
x² − 125 x = −5
3
() (
x² − 2 12 ) 12 ²
10 x + 10 = −5 + 10 ()
3 12 ²

( ) ()
x − 65 ² = −35 + 65 ²
( ) x − 65 ² = −35 + 36 25
( ) x − 65 ² = 21
25
( ) ²
x − 65 − 21 25 = 0
( ) ( )
x − 65 ² − 25 21 ² = 0

( )(
x − 65 − 25 )
21 x − 6 + 21 = 0
5 25
( )( )
x − 6 +5 21 x − 6 −5 21 = 0
Therefore, x − 6 +5 21 = 0 ,or x − 6 −5 21 = 0
x = 6 +5 21 x = 6 −5 21
Therefore, 6 +5 21 and 6 −5 21 are the solutions of the equation 5x2 + 3 = 12x.

7) − 12x2 + 7x − 23 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by −2.
²
x − 14x + 46 = 0
x² − 14x = −46
x² − 2(7)x + 7² = −46 + 7²
(x − 7)² = −46 + 49
(x − 7)² = 3
(x − 7)² − 3 = 0
(x − 7)² − ( 3)² = 0
(x − 7 − 3)(x − 7 + 3) = 0
Therefore, x−7− 3 = 0 ,or x − 7 + 3 = 0
x = 7 + 3 x = 7 − 3
Therefore, 7 + 3 and 7 − 3 are the solutions of the equation −12x² + 7x − 23 = 0.
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 177
 8) 0.8x2 + 2.4x − 0.2 = 0
1 .
Multiply both sides of the equation by 0.8
x² + 3x − 14 = 0
x² + 3x = 14
() ()
x² + 2 32 x + 32 ² = 14 + 32 ² ()
( )
x + 32 ² = 14 + 94
( )
x + 32 ² = 104
( ) ²
x + 32 − 10 4 = 0
( ) (
x + 32 ² − 10 2 )² = 0

(
x + 32 − 10 )( 3 10
2 x+2+ 2 = 0 )
( )(
x + 3 −2 10 x + 3 +2 10 = 0 )
Therefore, x + 3 −2 10 = 0 ,or x + 3 +2 10 = 0
x = − 3 −2 10 x = − 3 +2 10
Therefore, − 3 −2 10 and − 3 +2 10 are the solutions of the equation 0.8x² + 2.4x – 0.2 = 0.

9) 92x2 = 9x + 18
Multiply both sides of the equation by 29 .
x² = 2x + 4
x² – 2x = 4
x² − 2(1)x + 1² = 4 + 1²
(x − 1)² = 4 + 1
(x − 1)² = 5
(x − 1)² – 5 = 0
(x − 1)² − ( 5)² = 0
(x − 1 − 5)(x – 1 + 5) = 0
Therefore, x − 1 − 5 = 0 ,or x–1+ 5 = 0
x = 1+ 5 x = 1 − 5
Therefore, 1 + 5 and 1 − 5 are the solutions of the equation 92 x² = 9x + 18.
178 Math Solution 3 Book 1
10) −3x² + 8x + 12 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by − 13 .
x² − 83 x – 4 = 0
() () ² ²
()
x² – 2 43 x + 43 = 4 + 43
( ) ²
x − 43 = 4 + 16 9
( ) ²
x − 43 = 52 9
( )
4 ² 52
x − 3 − 9 = 0
( )( )² ²
x − 43 − 2 313 = 0
( )( )
x − 43 − 2 313 x − 43 + 2 313 = 0
( )( )
x − 4 + 32 13 x − 4 − 32 13 = 0
Therefore, x − 4 + 32 13 = 0 ,or x − 4 − 32 13 = 0
x = 4 + 32 13 x = 4 − 32 13
Therefore, 4 + 32 13 and 4 − 32 13 are the solutions of the equation −3x² + 8x + 12 = 0.

11) 35 – 14x – 7x2 = 0

Multiply both sides of the equation by − 17 .
−5 + 2x + x² = 0
x² + 2x = 5
x² + 2(1)x + 1² = 5 +1²
(x + 1)² = 5 + 1
(x + 1)² = 6
(x + 1)² − 6 = 0
(x + 1)2 − ( 6)2 = 0
(x + 1 − 6)(x + 1 + 6) = 0
x+1− 6 = 0 or x+1+ 6 = 0
x = −1 + 6 x = −1 − 6
Therefore, −1 + 6 and −1 − 6 are the solutions of the equation 35 – 14x – 7x² = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 179

 12) −4x2 − 14 = 1
Multiply both sides of the equation by − 14 .
x² + 72 x = − 14
() ()
x² + 2 74 x + 74
²
()
= − 14 + 74
²

( ) x + 74
²
= − 14 + 49
16
( ) x + 74
²
= 4516
( ) ²
x + 74 − 4516 = 0
( ) ( ) ²
x + 74 − 345
²
= 0
( )( )
x + 74 − 345 x + 74 + 345 = 0
( )( )
x + 7 −43 5 x + 7 +43 5 = 0
Therefore, x + 7 −43 5 = 0 ,or x + 7 +43 5 = 0
x = − 7 −43 5 x = − 7 +43 5
Therefore, − 7 −43 5 and − 7 +43 5 are the solutions of the equation –4x² – 14x = 1.

13) 4x2 − 16x + 28 = 0

Multiply both sides of the equation by 14 .
x² − 4x + 7 = 0
x² − 4x = −7
x² – 2(2)x + 2² = −7 + 2²
(x − 2)² = −7 + 4
(x − 2)² = −3 negative number
Since negative numbers don’t have real square roots.
Therefore, there is no solution of the equation 4x² – 16x + 28 = 0.

180 Math Solution 3 Book 1

14) 3x2 – 4x + 7 = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 13 .
x² − 43 x + 73 = 0
x² − 43 x = − 73
() ()
x² – 2 23 x + 23
²
= − 73 + 23 ()
²

( )
x − 23
²
= − 73 + 49
( )
x − 23
²
= − 179 negative number
Since negative numbers don't have real square roots.
Therefore, there is no solution of the equation 3x2 – 4x + 7 = 0.

15) 5x2 – 16x + 2 = 0

Multiply both sides of the equation by 15 .
x² − 16 2
5x+5 = 0
x² − 16
5 x = −5
2
() ()
x² – 2 85 x + 85
²
()
= − 25 + 85
²

( )
x − 85
²
= − 25 + 64
25
( )
x − 85
²
= 54
25
( ) ²
x − 85 − 54 25 = 0
( ) ( ²
x − 85 − 356 ) ²
= 0
( )(
x − 85 − 35 6 x − 85 + 35 6 = 0)
( )(
x − 8 +53 6 x − 8 −53 6 ) = 0
Therefore, x − 8 +53 6 = 0 or x − 8 −53 6 = 0
x = 8 +53 6 x = 8 −53 6
Therefore, 8 +53 6 and 8 −53 6 are the solutions of the equation 5x² – 16x +2 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 181

 2.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic
Formula
We can solve the solution of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c are constants and
a ≠ 0 by using the quadratic formula.

ax2 + bx + c = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 1a.
x2 + bax + ca = 0
x2 + 2(1) + 2a b + b 2 = −c + b 2 (Perfect Squares)
2a a 2a
b 2 = −c + b22
x + 2a a 4a
x + 2ab 2 = −c(4a2) +2 a(b)2
4a
x + 2ab 2
= a[(−4ac) 2+ (b)
2
(Factoring)
a(4a )
x + 2a b 2 = b2 − 4ac
4a2
x + 2ab = ± b2 −2 4ac
4a
x + 2ab = ± b − 4ac
2
2a
x = − 2a b ± b2 − 4ac = −b ± b2 − 4ac
2a 2a
x = −b + b2a − 4ac ,or x = −b − b2a − 4ac
2 2
Therefore,

Summary
1) The solution of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0 and
b2 − 4ac ≥ 0 are real numbers, can be calculated from the following formula:
x = −b ± 2ab2 − 4ac
2) If b2 − 4ac > 0, there are 2 solutions.
If b2 − 4ac = 0, there is 1 solution.
If b2 − 4ac < 0, there is no solution.

182 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 1 Solve the equation 4x2 − 3x − 2 = 0.
Solution 4x2 − 3x − 2 = 0
Substitute a = 4, b = −3 and c = −2.
b2 − 4ac = (−3)2 − 4(4) (−2)
= 9 + 32
= 41
Quadratic formula: x = −b ± 2a b2 − 4ac
x = −(−3)2(4)
± 41
x = 3 ± 41
8
x = 3 + 41 ,or x = −8 41
3
8
Therefore, 3 +8 41 and 3 −8 41 are the solutions of the equation 4x2 − 3x − 2 = 0.

Example 2 Solve the equation 9x2 − 42x + 49 = 0.

Solution 9x2 − 42x + 49 = 0
Substitute a = 9, b = –42 and c = 49
b2 – 4ac = (−42)2 – 4(9)(49)
= 1,764 − 1,764
= 0
x = −(−42)2(9) x = −b
2a since b² − 4ac = 0
= 42
18
= 73
= 2 13
Therefore, 2 13 is the solution of the equation 9x2 − 42x + 49 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 183

 Example 3 Solve the equation 5x2 − 10x + 13 = 0.
Solution 5x2 − 10x + 13 = 0
Substitute a = 5, b = −10 and c = 13.
b2 − 4ac = (−10)2 − 4(5)(13)
= 100 − 260
= −160
Since b − 4ac < 0
2

Therefore, there is no solution of the equation 5x2 − 10x + 13 = 0.

Example 4 Solve the equation 2(x2 + 5) = 5(x + 2) + 1.

Solution 2(x2 + 5) = 5(x + 2) + 1
2x2 + 10 = 5x + 10 + 1
2x2 − 5x − 1 = 0
Substitute a = 2, b = −5 and c = −1.
b2 – 4ac = (−5)2 − 4(2)(−1)
= 25 + 8
= 33
Quadratic formula: x = −b ± 2a b2 − 4ac
x = −(−5)2(2)
± 33
= 5 ±4 33
x = 5 +4 33 ,or x = 5 −4 33
Therefore, 5 +4 33 and 5 −4 33 are the solutions of the equation 2(x2 + 5) = 5(x + 2) + 1.

184 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 5 Solve the equation x 2x
− 5 = x − 4.
3
Solution x−5 = x−4
2x 3
Multiply both sides of the equation by 3(2x).
3(x – 5) = 2x(x − 4)
3x − 15 = 2x2 − 8x
2x2 − 11x + 15 = 0
Substitute a = 2, b = −11 and c = 15.
b2 − 4ac = (−11)2 − 4(2)(15)
= 121 − 120
= 1
Quadratic formula: x = −b ± 2a b2 − 4ac
x = −(−11) ± 1
2(2)
= 11 ±4 1
x = 11 4+ 1 ,or x = 11 4− 1
x = 12 4 x = 10 4
= 3 = 2 12
Therefore, 3 and 2 12 are the solutions of the equation x 2x − 5 = x − 4.
3

Remark
Solve equation 2x2 − 11x + 15 = 0.
This equation can be factorised (2x − 5)(x − 3) = 0.
Therefore, 2x − 5 = 0 ,or x − 3 = 0
2x = 5 x = 3
x = 52
= 2 12
Therefore, 2 12 and 3 are the solutions of the equation 2x2 − 11x + 15 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 185

 EXERCISE 4
1. Fill in the blanks.

Value
Equations Solutions
a b c
1) 2x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 2 3 −7 −3 ± 65
4
2) −4x2 – 5x + 10 = 0 −4 −5 10 −5 ± 185
Or 4 5 −10 8
3) 0.5x2 + 2x = −10 0.5 2 10 There is no solution.
4) x2 = −7x2 + 12 8 0 −12 6 6
2 ,− 2
5) 10x2 − 20x = 30 10 −20 −30 −1, 3
Or 1 −2 −3
6) 7x2 + 3x = 0 7 3 0 0, − 37
7) 17 − 2x − 5x2 = 0 −5 −2 17
−1 ± 86
Or 5 2 −17 5
8) 9x2 + 36 = 36x 9 −36 36 2
Or 1 −4 4
9) −40x + 35x2 = 25 35 −40 −25
4 ± 51
Or 7 −8 −5 7
10) 0.3x2 − 0.2x = −0.3x + 0.4 0.3 0.1 −0.4 1, −1 13
Or 3 1 −4
11) x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x2 − x − 1 1 −3 −2 3 ± 17
2
12) 16x2 − 56x + 49 = 0 16 −56 49 1 34
13) 3x2 + 21 = 0 3 0 21 There is no solution.

14) 3x − x2 + 2 = 0 −1 3 2 3 ± 17
−3 −2 2
Or 1
15) x2 − 4x + 7 = 0 1 −4 7 There is no solution.

186 Math Solution 3 Book 1

2. From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1) x2 − 9x − 10 = 0
Since a = 1, b = −9 and c = −10
b² − 4ac = (−9)² − 4(1)(−10)
= 81 + 40
= 121
x = −(−9)2(1)± 121
= 9 ±2 11
x = 9 +2 11 ,or x = 9 −2 11
= 10 = −1
Therefore, 10 and −1 are the solutions of the equation x² − 9x −10 = 0.

2) 2x2 − 3x + 1 = 0
Since a = 2, b = −3 and c = 1
b² − 4ac = (−3)² − 4(2)(1)
= 9−8
= 1
x = −(−3)4± 1
= 3 ±4 1
x = 3 +4 1 ,or x = 3 −4 1
= 1 = 12
Therefore, 1 and 12 are the solutions of the equation 2x² − 3x + 1 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 187

 3) 25x2 − 30x + 9 = 0
Since a = 25, b = −30 and c = 9
b² − 4ac = (−30)² − 4(25)(−9)
= 900 − 900
= 0
x = −b 2a Since b² − 4ac = 0
x = −(−30) 30
2(25) = 50 = 5
3
Therefore, 35 is the solution of the equation 25x² − 30x + 9 = 0.

4) −3x2 = 6x + 8
−3x² − 6x − 8 = 0
3x² + 6x + 8 = 0
Since a = 3, b = 6 and c = 8
b² − 4ac = 6² − 4(3)(8)
= 36 − 96
= −60 negative number
Since b² − 4ac < 0
Therefore, there is no solution of the equation −3x² = 6x + 8.
5) 2x2 = 3x + 5
2x² − 3x − 5 = 0
Since a = 2, b = −3 and c = −5
b² − 4ac = (−3)² − 4(2)(−5)
= 9 + 40
= 49
x = −(−3)2(2)
± 49
= 3 ±4 7
x = 3 +4 7 or x = 3 −4 7
= 52 = 2 12 = −1
Therefore, 2 12 and −1 are the solutions of the equation 2x2 = 3x + 5.
188 Math Solution 3 Book 1
6) 4x2 + 100 = 40x
4x² − 40x + 100 = 0
4(x² − 10x + 25) = 0
x² − 10x + 25 = 0
Since a = 1, b = −10 and c = 25
b² − 4ac = (−10)² − 4(1)(25)
= 100 − 100
= 0
x = −(−10)
2(1)
= 10
2
x = 5
Therefore, 5 is the solution of the equation 4x² + 100 = 40x.

7) x2 − 3x + 20 = 0
Since a = 1, b = −3 and c = 20
b² − 4ac = (−3)² − 4(1)(20)
= 9 − 80
= −71
Since b² − 4ac < 0
Therefore, there is no solution of the equation x² − 3x + 20 = 0.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 189

 8) x(2x + 7) = −6
2x² + 7x + 6 = 0
Since a = 2, b = 7 and c = 6
b² − 4ac = 7² − 4(2)(6)
= 49 − 48
= 1
x = −72(2)± 1
= −7 4± 1
x = −7 4+ 1 ,or x = −7 4− 1
= −3 2 = −8 4
= −1 12 = −2
Therefore, −1 12 and −2 are the solutions of the equation x(2x + 7) = −6.

9) 1 2− x = x +4 2 − 1
2

Multiply both sides of the equation by 4.

2(1 − x) = x² + 2 − 4
2 − 2x = x² − 2
x² + 2x − 4 = 0
Since a = 1, b = 2 and c = −4
b² − 4ac = 2² − 4(1)(−4)
= 4 + 16
= 20
x = −2 2(1)
± 20
= −2 ±2 2 5
= 2(−1 2± 5)
= −1 ± 5
x = −1+ 5 ,or
x = −1− 5
Therefore, −1 + 5 and −1− 5 are the solutions of the equation = 1 2− x = x² 4+ 2 −1.

190 Math Solution 3 Book 1

10) x −2 1 − 2 1− x = 5x
The LCM of x – 1, 2 − x and x is x(x − 1)(2 − x).
Multiply both sides of the equation by x(x − 1)(2 − x).
2x(2 − x) − x(x − 1) = 5(x − 1)(2 − x)
4x − 2x² – x² + x = 5(2x – x² − 2 + x)
−3x² + 5x = 10x − 5x² − 10 + 5x
2x² − 10x + 10 = 0
2(x² – 5x + 5) = 0
x² − 5x + 5 = 0
Since a = 1, b = −5 and c = 5
b² − 4ac = (−5)² − 4(1)(5)
= 25 − 20
=5
Therefore, x = −(−5) ± 5
2
= 5± 5
2
x = 5+ 5 ,or 5 −2 5
2
Therefore, 5 +2 5 and 5 −2 5 are the solutions of the equation = x −2 1 − 2 1− x = 5x .

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 191

 3 Solving Quadratic Equations
Word Problems
Steps for solving quadratic equations word problems are as follows.
Step 1
Carefully read the word problem.
Step 2
Identify a variable for a solution.
Step 3
Write a quadratic equation with variable from word problem.
Step 4
Solve the quadratic equation.
Step 5
Check any solutions that must satisfy the equation.
Step 6
Check if it is reasonable.

Example 1 The product of two consecutive odd numbers is 195. What are the two
numbers?
Solution Let x be the first odd number.
The second odd number is x + 2.
The product of two odd numbers = x(x + 2), which is 195.
The equation is x(x + 2) = 195
x2 + 2x − 195 = 0
(x + 15)(x − 13) = 0
x + 15 = 0 ,or x − 13 = 0
x = −15 x = 13
If the first odd number is −15 then the second odd number is −15 + 2 = −13.
If the first odd number is 13 then the second odd number is 13 + 2 = 15.
The two consecutive odd numbers are −15 and −13, or 13 and 15.
Check: The product of two consecutive odd numbers is (−15)(−13) = 195.
Or, the product of two consecutive odd numbers is 13 × 15 =195.
Therefore, the two consecutive odd numbers are −15 and −13, or 13 and 15.
192 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 Example 2 The length of a rectangular flag is 7 inches greater than its width. If the
area of the rectangular flag is 450 square inches, what is the width?
Solution Let x be the width of the rectangular flag.
The length of the rectangular flag is 7 inches greater than its width.
Therefore, the length of the flag is x + 7 inches.
Width x Length = Area of a rectangle
The equation is x(x + 7) = 450.
x2 + 7x – 450 = 0
(x + 25)(x – 18) = 0
x + 25 = 0 ,or x – 18 = 0
x = –25 x = 18
Since the width cannot be negative, therefore, the width of the rectangular flag
is 18 inches.
Check: The area of the rectangular flag is 18 × (18 + 7) = 18 × 25 = 450 square inches.
Therefore, the width of the rectangular flag is 18 inches.

Example 3 If x, x + 7 and x + 8 units are the length of each side of a right triangle.
What is the area of right triangle?
Solution The three sides of the right triangle are x, x + 7 and x + 8 units.
Since ABC is the right triangle by the Pythagorean Theorem.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
C The equation is (x + 8)2 = x2 + (x + 7)2.
x2 + 16x + 64 = x2 + (x2 + 14x + 49)
x2 + 16x + 64 = x2 + x2 + 14x + 49
x+7 x+8
x 2
+ 16x + 64 = 2x 2
+ 14x + 49
x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
(x − 5)(x + 3) = 0
x−5 = 0 ,or x+3 = 0
x A
B x= 5 x = −3
Since the length of sides of a right triangle cannot be negative.
Therefore, the lengths of sides of the right triangle are 5 units, 5 + 7 = 12 units,
and 5 + 8 = 13 units.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 193

 Check: If triangle ABC is the right triangle by the Pythagorean Theorem.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
132 = 52 + 122
169 = 25 + 144
169 = 169 which is a true equation.
Therefore, the lengths of the sides of the right triangle are 5, 12 and 13 units.

Example 4 Henry has a rectangular field, which the width is 35 metres and the length
is 52 metres. Then, he builds the pathway around the field with the width
equally, the area of the pathway is 558 square metres. What is the width
of the pathway?

35 m
52 m

Solution Let x be the width of the pathway.

The width of the field is 35 metres, therefore, the width includes
the pathway is 35 + 2x metres.
The length of the field is 52 metres, therefore, the length includes
the pathway is 52 + 2x metres.
The area of the pathway is 558 square metres.
The equation is (35 + 2x)(52 + 2x) − (35 x 52) = 558
1,820 + 70x + 104x + 4x2 − 1,820 = 558
4x2 + 174x − 558 = 0
2(2x2 + 87x – 279) = 0
2x2 + 87x – 279 = 0
In this case, a = 2, b = 87 and c = −279
Then, b2 – 4ac = 872 − 4(2)(–279)
= 7,569 + 2,232
= 9,801

194 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Quadratic formula: x = −b ± 2a b2 − 4ac
x = −87 ±2(2)9,801
x = −87 4± 99
x = −87 4+ 99 ,or x = −87 4− 99
x = 12 −186
4 x = 4
x = 3 x = −46.5
Since the width cannot be negative. Therefore, the width of the pathway is 3 metres.
Check: The width includes the pathway is 35 + 2(3) = 35 + 6 = 41 metres.
The length includes the pathway is 52 + 2(3) = 52 + 6 = 58 metres.
Therefore, the area of the pathway is (41 × 58) − (35 × 52) = 2,378 − 1,820
= 558 square metres
Therefore, the width of the pathway is 3 metres.

EXERCISE 5
From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1) A rectangle has the width x + 2 centimetres and the length 4x + 1 centimetres. If the area of
the rectangle is 65 square centimetres, what is the perimeter?
Area of a rectangle = Width × Length
= (x + 2) × (4x + 1) square centimetres
The area of the rectangle is 65 square centimetres.
The equation is (x + 2)(4x + 1) = 65.
4x² + 9x + 2 = 65
4x² + 9x − 63 = 0
(4x + 21)(x − 3) = 0
Therefore, 4x + 21 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = −21 4 x = 3
Since the length cannot be negative, therefore x = 3.
The width of the rectangle is 3 + 2 = 5 centimetres.
The length of the rectangle is 4(3) + 1 = 13 centimetres.
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 195
 The perimeter of the rectangle is 2(5) + 2(13) = 10 + 26 = 36 centimetres.
Therefore, the perimeter of the rectangle is 36 centimetres.
2) Jackson travels 196 kilometres by train and car. The car travels at a speed 21 kilometres
per hour more than the train. If the total journey takes 11 hours, what are the speeds of the
train and the car, respectively?
Let x be the speed of the train.
The speed of the car is x + 21 kilometres per hour.
The train takes 196 hours.
x
The car takes 196 hours.
x + 21
The total journey takes 11 hours.
The equation is 196 196
x + x + 21 = 11 hours.
Multiply both sides of the equation by x(x + 21).
196(x + 21) + 196x = 11x(x + 21)
196x + 4,116 + 196x = 11x² + 231x
11x² − 161x − 4,116 = 0
x = −(−161) ± (−161) ²− 4(11)(−4,116)
2(11)
= 161 22 ± 455
Therefore, x = 161 22 + 455 ,or x = 161 − 455
22
= 28 = −294
22
Since the speed cannot be negative, therefore x = 28.
Therefore, the speed of the train is 28 kilometres per hour and the speed of the car is
28 +21 = 49 kilometres per hour.

196 Math Solution 3 Book 1

3) The height of a triangle is 6 centimetres longer than its base. If the area of the triangle is
108 square centimetres, what is the length of the base?
Let x be the length of the base.
The height is 6 centimetres longer than its base.
The height of the triangle is x + 6 centimetres.
Area of a triangle = 12 × Base × Height
= 12 × x × (x + 6)
The area of the triangle is 108 square centimetres.
The equation is 1 × x × (x + 6) = 108.
2
x2 + 6x = 216
x2 + 6x – 216 = 0
(x + 18)(x − 12) = 0
Therefore, x + 18 = 0 ,or x − 12 = 0
x = −18 x = 12
Since the length of the base cannot be negative, therefore x = 12.
Therefore, the length of the base is 12 centimetres and the height of the triangle is
12 + 6 = 18 centimetres.

4) The length of a wire is 100 centimetres. It is cut into two pieces and the first wire is
shorter than the second wire. Each piece of wire is formed into a square. If the sum of the
area of the two squares is 325 square centimetres, what are the lengths of the sides of the
two squares?
Let x be the length of the first wire.
The length of the second wire is 100 − x centimetres.
The area of the first square is 4 ()
x ² = x²
16 square centimetres.
( ) (
The area of the second square is 1004− x ² = 10,000 −16200x + x² )
The sum of the area of the two squares is 325 square centimetres.
x² + 10,000 − 200x + x² = 325
The equation is 16 16
x² + 10,000 − 200x + x² = 325 × 16
2x² − 200x + 10,000 = 5,200
Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 197
 2x² − 200x + 4,800 = 0
x² − 100x + 2,400 = 0
(x − 40)(x − 60) = 0
Therefore, x − 40 = 0 ,or x − 60 = 0
x = 40 x = 60
Therefore, the length of the first wire is 40 centimetres then the length of each side is
40 ÷ 4 = 10 centimetres, and the length of the second wire is 60 centimetres then the length
of each side is 60 ÷ 4 = 15 centimetres.
5) The distance between city A and city B is 240 kilometres. If Jake rides a motorbike returning
in the same route at a speed reduced by 6 kilometres per hour, he will take 20 hours longer
on return. What is the speed of the motorbike on the first journey if he does not stop during
the journey?
Let x be the speed of the motorbike on the first journey.
The speed of the return journey x − 6 kilometres per hour.
The first journey takes 240 hours.
x
The return journey takes 240 hours.
x−6
He takes 20 hours longer on return.
The equation is 240 240
x − 6 − x = 20.
Multiply both sides of the equation by x(x − 6).
240x − 240(x − 6) = 20x(x − 6)
1.
Multiply both sides of the equation by 20
12x − 12(x − 6) = x(x − 6)
12x − 12x + 72 = x2 – 6x
x2 – 6x − 72 = 0
(x − 12)(x + 6) = 0
Therefore, x − 12 = 0 ,or x+6 = 0
x = 12 x = −6
Since the speed cannot be negative, therefore x = 12.
Therefore, the speed of the motorbike on the first journey is 12 kilometres per hour.
198 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 Summary and Review
1. Fill in the blanks.
1) The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax² + bx + c = 0 .
2) If a, b are real numbers and ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0 .
3) We can solve a quadratic equation using factoring , perfect square , difference of squares
and the quadratic formula .
4) x2 − c2 − 2cd − d2 = (x + c + d)(x − c − d) .
5) The solution of the equation 4x2 − 12 7x + 63 = 0 is 327 .
2. From the following problems, explain your solutions.
The sum of two numbers is 20, and 13 6 the product of two numbers is equal to
the sum of their squares. What are the two numbers?
Solution Let x be the first number.

The second number is 20 − x.
The sum of two numbers squares is 13 6 the product of them.
The equation is x² + (20 − x)² = 13 6 x(20 − x).
x² + 400 − 40x + x² = 13 ²
6 (20x − x )
6x² + 2,400 – 240x + 6x² = 260x – 13x²
12x² – 240x + 2,400 = 260x – 13x²
25x² – 500x + 2,400 = 0
1.
Multiply both sides of the equation by 25
x² – 20x + 96 = 0
(x – 8)(x – 12) = 0
Therfore, x – 8 = 0 ,or x – 12 = 0
x = 8 x = 12
Therefore, if the first number is 8 then the second number is 20 − 8 = 12.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 199

 18 - 20 Very good
15 - 17 Good
UNIT TEST 12 - 14
less than 12
Fair
Should be improved
I’ve got .......................….… marks.

PART 1
Darken the circle in front of the correct answer. (1 mark each)
1. What is the sum of solution of equation x2 − 10x + 21 = 0?
1 22 2 10
3 −10 4 −22

2. What is the product of solution of equation 12x2 + 15x − 18 = 0?

1 23 2 32
3 −3 4 −2
2 3
3. Which of the following equations has only one solution?
1 4x2 − 30x + 25 = 0 2 5x2 − 8x = 0
3 7x2 − 15x + 30 = 0 4 25x2 − 10x + 1 = 0

4. Which of the following equations has no solution?

1 a2 – 2a + 10 = 0 2 3a2 − 8a + 5 = 0
3 49a2 + 28a + 4 = 0 4 40a2 − 64 = 0
5. Re-arrange the terms of the equation 4x – 7x2 = 4 + 3x so that it is in the standard form
ax2 + bx + c = 0, what are constants a, b and c?
1 −7, −1, −4 2 −7, 1, 4
3 7, −1, 4 4 7, 1, −4

6. Which of the following equations has solutions −8 and 5?

1 x2 − 13x + 40 = 0 2 x2 + 13x + 40 = 0
3 x2 − 3x − 40 = 0 4 x2 + 3x − 40 = 0

7. There is a two-digit number that the digit in the ones place is equal to the square of the
digit in the tens place. If the digits are interchanged, then its value increases by 54.
What is the number?
1 39 2 70
3 66 4 22
200 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 8. Lisa’s age in the next 15 years is equal to the square of her age 5 years ago. How old is
she now?
1 8 years 2 10 years
3 120 years 4 14 years

9. A rhombus has one diagonal 5 centimetres longer than the other. If its area is 75 square
centimetres, what is the sum of the two diagonals?
1 10 centimetres 2 15 centimetres
3 25 centimetres 4 29 centimetres

10. Nancy has a 1,000-baht notes, a 100-baht notes, and the number of 500-baht note is equal
to the square of the number of 100-baht notes. The money that she has in total is
18,000 baht. How many 1,000-baht notes does she have?
1 3 notes 2 5 notes
3 7 notes 4 8 notes

PART 2
From the following problems, explain your solutions. (2 marks each)
1. The product of two consecutive negative odd numbers is 483. What are the two numbers?
Solution Let x be the first negative odd number.
The second negative odd number is x + 2.
The equation is x(x + 2 ) = 483.
x² + 2x − 483 = 0
(x + 23)(x − 21) = 0
x + 23 = 0 ,or x − 21 = 0
x = −23 x = 21
Since the problem is negative odd numbers, therefore x = −23, x + 2 = −23 + 2 = −21.
Therefore, the two consecutive negative odd numbers are −23 and −21.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 201

 2. If the lengths of the three sides of a right triangle are 6 − x units, 13 − x units and
14 − x units, respectively. What is the area of the right triangle?
Solution 14 − x is the longest side of the right triangle.

C ABC is the right triangle by the Pythagorean Theorem.

Then, AC² = AB² + BC²
(14 − x)² = (6 − x)² + (13 − x)²
196 − 28x + x² = 36 − 12x + x² + 169 − 26x − x²
B A
196 − 28x + x² = 205 − 38x + 2x²
x² − 10x + 9 = 0
(x − 9)(x − 1) = 0
x−9 = 0 ,or x−1 = 0
x = 9 x = 1
Check: 1) Substitute x = 9 then 6 − 9 = −3. The length of a triangle cannot be negative.
2) Substitute x = 1 then 6 − 1 = 5, 13 − 1 = 12 and 14 −1 = 13.
Thus, the height of the triangle is 12 units and the length of the base is 5 units.
Area of the triangle = 12 × 5 × 12 square units
= 30 square units
Therefore, the area of the right triangle is 30 square units.

202 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 3. The product of the present age of Rose and her age 14 years ago is 735. In the next
15 years, how old will she be?
Solution Let Rose’s present age be t years old.
14 years ago she was t – 14 years old.
The product of present age and her age 14 years ago is 735.
The equation is t(t − 14) = 735.
t² − 14t − 735 = 0
(t − 35)(t + 21) = 0
t − 35 = 0 or t + 21 = 0
t = 35 t = −21
Since the age cannot be negative, therefore, t = 35.
Thus, Rose’s present age is 35 years old.
Therefore, in the next 15 years, she will be 35 + 15 = 50 years old.

4. The length of a rectangular field is 4 metres longer than its width. If the area of the field
is 96 square metres, what are the width and the length of the field?
Solution Let x be the width of the rectangular field.
The length of the field is x+4 metres.
The area of the rectangular field is 96 square metres.
The equation is x(x + 4) = 96.
x² + 4x − 96 = 0
(x + 12)(x − 8) = 0
x + 12 = 0 or x−8 = 0
x = −12 x = 8
Since the width cannot be negative, therefore x = 8
Therefore, the width of the rectangular field is 8 metres and the length of the rectangular
field is 8 + 4 = 12 metres.

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 203

 5. Mark wants to build a parking lot which the width is 30 metres and the length is
60 metres. But he doesn’t have enough money, so he reduces the length and the width
equally. Then, the area of the parking lot is reduced to 1,000 square metres. What are
the width and the length of the parking lot?
Solution Let x be the length and the width of each side that is reduced. x
The width of the parking lot is 30 − x metres.
30 m
The length of the parking lot is 60 − x metres.
x
The area of the parking lot is 1,000 square metres. 60 m

The equation is (30 − x)(60 − x) = 1,000.

1,800 − 90x + x² = 1,000
x² − 90x + 800 = 0
(x − 10)(x − 80) = 0
x − 10 = 0 or x − 80 = 0
x = 10 x = 80
Since the length of the parking lot is 60 metres.
Thus, the length and the width of each side of the parking lot are reduced 10 metres.
Therefore, the length is 60 − 10 = 50 metres and the width is 30 − 10 = 20 metres.

204 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 UNIT 4 VOCABULARY
Constant
ค่าคงตัว

Factoring
การแยกตัวประกอบ

Perfect squares
กำ�ลังสองสมบูรณ์

Polynomial
พหุนาม

Quadratic equation
สมการกำ�ลังสอง

Real number
จำ�นวนจริง

Substitute
แทนค่า

Variable
ตัวแปร

Unit 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 205

 05
UNIT
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Learning Contents

Introduction to
Quadratic Functions

Sketching Graphs of
Quadratic Functions
QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
Axes Intercepts of Graphs of
Quadratic Functions

Quadratic Functions
Word Problems
 1 Introduction to Quadratic Functions
In everyday life, students may see a curve called a parabola. For example, a suspension
bridge with cables linking between the bridge poles forming parabolas that open upwards, and the
movement of the fountain forming parabolas that open downwards.

Y Y

X X
0 0
Open upwards Open downwards

A parabola can be represented in the graph of a quadratic function. A quadratic function is a

polynomial function of degree 2. It can be written in a standard form as shown below.

y = ax2 + bx + c

a, b and c are constants, and a is not equal to zero.

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 207

 Example 1 Find the value of a, b and c for y = 3x2 − 2x − 1.
Solution y = 3x2 − 2x − 1
The standard form of quadratic function is y = ax2 + bx + c.
Therefore, a = 3, b = −2 and c = −1.

Example 2 Which function is quadratic function? Why?

1) y = x2 + 6x + 9
2) y = x(x + 3)
3) y = 3 − 4x
Solution 1) y = x2 + 6x + 9 is a quadratic function because it is in the standard form
y = ax2 + bx + c, where a = 1, b = 6 and c = 9.
2) y = x(x + 3) = x2 + 3x is a quadratic function because it is in the standard
form y = ax2 + bx + c, where a = 1, b = 3 and c = 0.
3) y = 3 − 4x is not a quadratic function because it is not in the standard form
y = ax2 + bx + c.

EXERCISE 1
1. Find the value of a, b and c from quadratic functions.
Quadratic function a b c
1) y = 2x2 – 7x + 3 2 −7 3
2) y = x(x – 2) 1 −2 0
3) y = –(x + 3)(x + 5) −1 −8 −15
4) y = (x + 5)(x + 1) 1 6 5
5) y = 4x2 – 1 4 0 −1
6) y = –(x2 – x – 12) −1 1 12
7) y = –(4 – x2) 1 0 −4
( )
8) y = 2 x + 12 (x – 3) 2 −5 −3
9) y = –(–12 – 7x + 2x2) −2 7 12
10) y = 11x – 4x2 – 6 −4 11 −6
208 Math Solution 3 Book 1
2. Which of the equation is quadratic function? Why?

Quadratic function
Quadratic function Reason
Yes No

✔ y = x2 − 2x − 8 is in the standard
1) y = x − 2x − 8
2
form of a quadratic function.

✔ y = x(x + 3) is in the standard form

2) y = x(x + 3)
of a quadratic function.

3) y = x − 2 ✔ y = x − 2 is not in the standard

form of a quadratic function.

y = 1 + 2x − x2 is in the standard
4) y = 1 + 2x − x 2 ✔
form of a quadratic function.

y = x2 + 2x + 3 is in the standard
5) y = x + 2x + 3
2 ✔
form of a quadratic function.

✔ y = 2x2−10x + 8 is in the standard

6) y = 2x2 − 10x + 8
form of a quadratic function.

y = 6 − x is not in the standard

7) y = 6 − x ✔
form of a quadratic function.

y = 2x2 − x − 7 is in the standard

8) y = 2x − x − 7
2 ✔
form of a quadratic function.

✔ y = 3 − x is not in the standard

9) y = 3 − x
form of a quadratic function.

10) y = 6x2 − x − 70 ✔ y = 6x2 − x − 70 is in the standard

form of a quadratic function.

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 209

 2 Sketching Graphs of Quadratic
Functions
2.1 Graphs of Quadratic Function y = ax2, where a ¹ 0
From quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0, b = 0 and c = 0, it will be y = ax2.

Case 1 a>0

Example 1 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.

1) y = x2 2) y = 18x2 3) y = 12x2
Solution Complete tables of values for the graph of y = x2, y = 18x2 and y = 12x2,
as shown below.
1) y = x2
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y 16 4 0 4 16

2) y = 18x2

x −8 −4 0 4 8
y 8 2 0 2 8

3) y = 12x2

x −4 −2 0 2 4
y 8 2 0 2 8

210 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Y
24
22
20
18 y = x2
16
14
12
10 y = x 1 2
1 2 y = x
2 8
8
6
4
2

−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X
−2
−4

Case 2 a<0

Example 2 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.

1) y = −x2 2) y = −18x2 3) y = −12x2
Solution Complete tables of values for the graph of y = −x2, y = −18x2 and y = −12x2,
as shown below.
1) y = −x2
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y −16 −4 0 −4 −16

2) y = −18x2

x −8 −4 0 4 8
y −8 −2 0 −2 −8

3) y = −12x2
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y −8 −2 0 −2 −8

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 211

 Y
6
4
2
X
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
−2
−4
−6
−8
12
−10 y = − 12 x2 y = − 8 x
−12
−14
−16
−18 y = −x2
−20
−22
−24

Remark
From quadratic function y = ax2, where a ≠ 0,
1) Axis of symmetry is the y-axis, which the equation of the axis of symmetry for the graph is
x = 0.
2) When a > 0, whose curve opens upwards in the graph, the vertex or the minimum turning
point is (0,0).
When a < 0, whose curve opens downwards in the graph, the vertex or the maximum
turning point is (0,0).
3) When a > 0, the minimum value of y is 0.
When a < 0, the maximum value of y is 0.
4) When |a| increases, the graph will be narrower.

212 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 2
1. Fill ✔ and the correct answers in the blanks.
Graph Equation of Value Turning point
Equation the axis of
Upwards Downwards symmetry Max. Min. Max. Min.
1) y = 12x2 ✔ x=0 y=0 (0,0)
2) y = 13 x2 ✔ x=0 y=0 (0,0)
3) y = −10x2 ✔ x=0 y=0 (0,0)
4) y = 0.5x2 ✔ x=0 y=0 (0,0)
5) y = −8x2 ✔ x=0 y=0 (0,0)

2. Sketch the quadratic graph of equation y = 2x2.

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
Y

20

18 y = 2x2
16

14

12

10

X
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
−2

−4

−6

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 213

 3. Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = 14x2
x −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2) y = x2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
3) y = −x2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −9 −4 −1 0 −1 −4 −9

12
y = x2 y = 14 x2
10

X
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10
y = −x2
−12

214 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 2.2 Graphs of Quadratic Function y = ax2 + k, where a ¹ 0
and k ¹ 0
Case 1 k>0

Example 1 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.

1) y = 2x2 + 1 2) y = –2x2 + 10 3) y = x2 + 4
Solution Complete tables of values for the graph of y = 2x2 + 1, y = –2x2 + 10 and
y = x2 + 4, as shown below.
1) y = 2x2 + 1
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 19 9 3 1 3 9 19
2) y = −2x2 + 10
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −8 2 8 10 8 2 −8
3) y = x2 + 4
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 13 8 5 4 5 8 13

Y
20
y = 2x2 + 1
18
16
y = x2 + 4
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
X
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−4
−6
−8 y = −2x2 + 10
−10

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 215

 Case 2 k<0

Example 2 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.

1) y = 14x2 − 2 2) y = x2 − 6 1 2−6
3) y = − x
4
Solution 1
Complete tables of values for the graph of y = 4x – 2, y = x2 − 6 and
2

1 2 – 6, as shown below.
y = – x
4
1) y = 14x2 − 2
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y 2 −1 −2 −1 2
2) y = x2 − 6
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y 10 −2 −6 −2 10`
1 2−6
3) y = − x
4
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y −10 −7 −6 −7 −10
Y

10 y = x2 − 6

4
1 2−2
y = x
2 4

X
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2

−4

−6

−8

−10
1 2−6
y = − x
4

216 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Remark
From quadratic function y = ax2 + k, where a ≠ 0 and k ≠ 0,
1) Axis of symmetry is the y-axis, which the equation of the axis of symmetry for the graph is
x = 0.
2) When a > 0, whose curve opens upwards in the graph, the vertex or the minimum turning
point is (0,k), and the minimum value of y is k.
When a < 0, whose curve opens downwards in the graph, the vertex or the maximum
turning point is (0,k), and the maximum value of y is k.
3) When k > 0, the vertex is over x-axis at the distance of k units.
When k < 0, the vertex is under x-axis at the distance of k units.
4) If a and k have the same sign, the graph will not cut the x-axis.
If a and k have different signs, the graph will cut the x-axis.

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 217

 EXERCISE 3
1. Fill ✔ and the correct answers in the blanks.
Graph Equation of Value Turning point
Equation the axis of
Upwards Downwards symmetry Max. Min. Max. Min.
1) y = –3x2 – 4 ✔ x=0 y = −4 (0,−4)
2) y = 2x2 – 9 ✔ x=0 y = −9 (0,−9)
3) y = –5x2 + 2 ✔ x=0 y=2 (0,2)
4) y = 6x2 + 7 ✔ x=0 y=7 (0,7)
5) y = 12x2 − 34 ✔ x=0 y = − 34 3
(0,− )
4

2. Sketch the quadratic graph of equation y = 4 − x2.

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −12 −5 0 3 4 3 0 −5 −12

−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

−12

−14 y = 4 − x2

218 Math Solution 3 Book 1

3. Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1 2+6
1) y = − x
8
x −4 −2 0 2 4
y 4 5 12 6 5 12 4

2) y = –2x2 – 1
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y −9 −3 −1 −3 −9

3) y = x2 + 1
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y 5 2 1 2 5

y = x2 + 1
8

2 1 2+6
y = − x
8
X
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

−12
y = 2x2 − 1

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 219

 4. Write the quadratic functions from graphs.
Y
1) Y 2)
4
1

X
−1 0 1

−1 −2 0 2
X

1 x2 + 2
y = −x + 1
2
y = 2

3) 4)
Y Y
−10 −5 0 5 10
X
15
−5

−10

−10 0 10
X −15

3 x2 + 15
− 20 1 x2 − 5
− 10
y = y =

5) Y
−6 0 6
X
1 x2 − 12
−6 y = 3

−12

220 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 2.3 Graphs of Quadratic Function y = a(x − h)2 + k,
where a ¹ 0, h ¹ 0 and k = 0
Case 1 h < 0: y = a[x – (–h)]2 = a(x + h)2
Example 1 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = 2(x + 3)2 2) y = − 12 (x + 5)2
Solution Determine the median of x in the graph by giving x = −h and complete
1 + 5)2, as shown
tables of values for the graph of y = 2(x + 3)2 and y = − (x
2
below.
1) y = 2(x + 3)2
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
y 8 2 0 2 8
Equation of the axis of symmetry is x = −3.
2) y = – 12 (x + 5)2
x −7 −6 −5 −4 −3
y −2 − 12 0 − 12 −2
Equation of the axis of symmetry is x = −5.
Y

10
y = 2(x + 3)2
8
Equation of
the axis of
symmetry 6
x = −3
4

−6 −4 X
−12 −10 −8 −2 0 2 4
Equation of −2
1 + 5)2 the
y = − (x
axis of
symmetry
2 x = −5
−4

−6

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 221

 Case 2 h > 0: y = a[x – (+h)]² = a(x − h)2

Example 2 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.

1) y = (x − 4)2 2) y = –3(x − 7)2
Solution Determine the median of x in the graph by giving x = −h and complete
tables of values for the graph of y = (x − 4)2 and y = −3(x − 7)2,
as shown below.
1) y = (x − 4)2
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 4 1 0 1 4
Equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 4.
2) y = –3(x − 7)2
x 5 6 7 8 9
y −12 −3 0 −3 −12
Equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 7.

Y
y = (x − 4)2
4 Equation of
the axis of
symmetry
2 x=4

X
−2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

−2

−4

−6
Equation of
−8 the axis of
symmetry
x=7
−10

−12

y = −3(x −7)2

222 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Remark
From quadratic function y = a(x – h)2 + k, where a ≠ 0, h ≠ 0 and k = 0,
1) Axis of symmetry is the y-axis, which the equation of the axis of symmetry for the graph is
x = h.
2) When a > 0, whose curve opens upwards in the graph, the vertex or the minimum turning
point is (h,0), and the minimum value of y is 0.
When a < 0, whose curve opens downwards in the graph, the vertex or the maximum turning
point is (h,0), and the maximum value of y is 0.
3) When h > 0, the vertex is on the right of y-axis at the distance of h units.
When h < 0, the vertex is on the left of y-axis at the distance of h units.

EXERCISE 4
1. Fill ✔ and the correct answers in the blanks.
Graph Equation of Value Turning point
Equation the axis of
Upwards Downwards symmetry Max. Min. Max. Min.
1) y = −4(x + 3)2 ✔ x = −3 y=0 (−3,0)
2) y = 2(x – 10)2 ✔ x = 10 y=0 (10,0)
3) y = 5(x + 7)2 ✔ x = −7 y=0 (−7,0)

4) y = –8(x – 2)2 ✔ x=2 y=0 (2,0)

5) y = –(x + 9)2 ✔ x = −9 y=0 (−9,0)

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 223

 2. Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = (x − 1)2
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
Y
y = (x − 1)2
10

X
−4 −2 0 2 4 6

−2

2) y = (x + 1)2

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
Y
y = (x + 1)2
10

X
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4

−2

224 Math Solution 3 Book 1

3. Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = –2(x + 3)2
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
y −8 −2 0 −2 −8
2) y = (x − 4)2
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 4 1 0 1 4
3) y = –3(x − 4)2
x 2 3 4 5 6
y −12 −3 0 −3 −12

8
x=4
x = −3 6 y = (x − 4)2
4

X
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

−8

y = −2(x + 3)2 −10

−12

−14 y = −3(x − 4)2

−16

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 225

 4. Write the quadratic functions from graphs.
1) Y 2) Y

X 5
0 2

0 4 8 12
X
−3

3 − 2)2
− (x 5
16 (x − 8)
2
y = 4 y=

3) 4) Y
Y

0 X 0 X
−15 −10 −5 −3

−4
−15

3 + 10)2
− (x 4 + 3)2
− (x
y = 5 y= 9

5)
Y

X 2 (x + 20)2
−20 −14 0 y= 9

226 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 2.4 Graphs of Quadratic Function y = a(x − h)2+ k, where
a ¹ 0, h ¹ 0 and k ¹ 0
Example 1 Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = –(x + 3)2 – 5 2) y = –(x + 3)2 + 3
3) y = (x – 4)2 – 6 4) y = (x – 4)2 + 2
Solution Complete tables of values for the graph of y = –(x + 3)2 – 5, y = –(x + 3)2+ 3,
y = (x – 4)2 – 6 and y = (x – 4)2 + 2, as shown below.

1) y = –(x + 3)2 – 5
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
y −9 −6 −5 −6 −9

2) y = –(x + 3)2 + 3
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
y −1 2 3 2 −1

3) y = (x – 4)2 – 6
x 2 3 4 5 6
y −2 −5 −6 −5 −2

4) y = (x – 4)2 + 2
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 6 3 2 3 6

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 227

 Y

8
y = (x − 4)2 + 2
6

0 X
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10

−2 y = (x − 4)2 − 6
y = −(x + 3)2 + 3
−4

−6
x=4
x = −3
−8

y = −(x + 3)2 − 5 −10

Remark
From quadratic function y = a(x – h)² + k, where a ≠ 0, h ≠ 0 and k ≠ 0,
1) Axis of symmetry is the y-axis, which the equation of the axis of symmetry for the graph is x = h.
2) When a > 0, whose curve opens upwards in the graph, the vertex or the minimum turning point
is (h,k), and the minimum value of y is k.
When a < 0, whose curve opens downwards in the graph, the vertex or the maximum turning
point is (h,k), and the maximum value of y is k.
3) When h > 0, the vertex is on the right of y-axis at the distance of h units.
When h < 0, the vertex is on the left of y-axis at the distance of h units.
4) When k > 0, the vertex is over x-axis at the distance of k units.
When k < 0, the vertex is under x-axis at the distance of k units.
5) If a and k have the same sign, the graph will not cut the x-axis.
If a and k have different signs, the graph will cut the x-axis.

228 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 5
1. Fill ✔ and the correct answers in the blanks.
Graph Equation of Value Turning point
Equation the axis of
Upwards Downwards symmetry Max. Min. Max. Min.
1) y = −(x + 3)2 − 5 ✔ x = −3 y = −5 (−3,−5)

2) y = 2(x − 7)2 + 2 ✔ x=7 y=2 (7,2)

3) y = −8(x + 1)2 − 11 ✔ x = −1 y = −11 (−1,−11)

4) y = 5(x + 4)2 − 6 ✔ x = −4 y = −6 (−4,−6)

4 − 1)2 + 2
5) y = − (x ✔ x=1 y = 25 2
(1, )
5 5 5

2. Sketch the quadratic graph of equation y = −(x − 1)2 + 2.

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −7 −2 1 2 1 −2 −7

0
X
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

−2

−4

−6

−8
y = −(x − 1)2 + 2
−10

−12

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 229

 3. Sketch the quadratic graph of equations.
1) y = −(x − 4)2 + 8 2) y = −(x + 5)2 − 2
x 2 3 4 5 6 x −7 −6 −5 −4 −3
y 4 7 8 7 4 y −6 −3 −2 −3 −6

3) y = 2(x − 3)2 − 6 4) y = (x + 3)2 − 2

x 1 2 3 4 5 x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
y 2 −4 −6 −4 2 y 2 −1 −2 −1 2

12

10

8
x=4
6

4
y = (x + 3)2 − 2 y = −(x − 4)2 + 8
2
x=−3 y = 2(x − 3)2 − 6

−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X

−2

−4 x=3
x=−5
−6
y = −(x + 5)2 − 2
−8

−10

230 Math Solution 3 Book 1

4. Write the quadratic functions from graphs.
Y Y
1) 2)
9
8

2
X −18 −8 0 X
−3 0

3
50 (x + 18) + 2
2
y = −(x + 3)2 + 9 y=

3) Y 4) Y

0 X 0 12
X
−5

−4 −8

4 1 (x − 12)2 + 4
− 12
25 (x + 5) − 4
2
y = y=

5) Y

0 X 2 (x − 10)2 − 10
5 10 15 y= 5

−10

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 231

 2.5 Graphs of Quadratic Function y = ax2+ bx + c, where
a ¹ 0
From completing the square method, the quadratic function in the standard form
y = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, can be written in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k.

y = ax2 + bx + c

= (
a x2 + bx c
a +a )
= () () ()
b x+ b 2− b 2+ c
a x2 + 2 2a 2a 2a a
= ( ) b 2
a x + 2a − b 2 + ca
4a
2

= ( ) b 2 + 4ac −2 b2
a x + 2a
4a
= ( ) b 2+ 4ac − b2
a x − − 2a 4a
y = a(x − h)2 + k
Remark
b.
Axis of symmetry is x = − 2a
The maximum value or the minimum value is 4ac − b .
2
4a
(
b , 4ac − b2 .
The maximum turning point or the minimum turning point is − 2a 4a )
Example 1 Sketch the quadratic graph from equation y = x2 + 4x − 5.
Solution Write quadratic function in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k
y = x2 + 4x − 5
= [x2 + 2(x)(2) + (2)2] – (2)2 – 5
= (x + 2)2 – 4 – 5
= (x + 2)2 – 9
Therefore, the graph of quadratic function y = (x + 2)2 – 9 opens upwards which the minimum
turning point is (–2,–9), and the axis of symmetry is x = –2.
x −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y 7 0 −5 −8 −9 −8 −5 0 7

232 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Y

8
y = x + 4x − 5
2

X
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

Example 2 Sketch the quadratic graph from equation y = 2x2 – 4x + 3 12 .

Solution y = 2x2 − 4x + 3 12

= 2 x2 − 2x + 74

= 2 [(x2− 2(x)(1) + (1)2] − (1)2 + 74

= 2(x − 1)2 + 34

= 2(x − 1)2 + 1 12

x −1 0 1 2 3
y 9 12 3 12 1 12 3 12 9 12

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 233

 Y

10
y = 2x2 − 4x + 3 12
9

0
X
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1

Therefore, a = 2, h = 1 and k = 1 12 .
Axis of symmetry is x = 1.
The minimum value is 1 12 .
( )
The minimum turning point is 1,1 12 .

Remark
When comparing the quadratic function y = 2x2 – 4x + 3 12 with the standard form of
a quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c, it can be seen that a = 2, b = –4 and c = 3 12 .

Axis of symmetry is x b = −(−4) = 1.

= − 2a 2(2)

The minimum value is 4ac − b =

4a
2 4(2)
7
4(2)
()
2 − (−4)2 12
= 8 = 148 = 112.

b , 4ac − b2 = 1,11 .
The minimum point is − 2a
4a 2

234 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 6
1. Show the steps of writing quadratic functions in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k and find the
axis of symmetry, the maximum value or the minimum value and the maximum turning
point or the minimum turning point.
1) y = 3x2 – 4x + 2
( )
4 2
= 3 x – 3x + 3
2

= () () ()
3 x2 – 2(x) 23 + 23 – 23 + 23
2 2

= ( ) ()
3 x – 23 – 49 + 23
2

= ( )
3 x – 23 + 29
2

= ( )
3 x – 23 + 23
2

2
Axis of symmetry is x = 3 .
2
The minimum value 3 .
The minimum turning point is ( )
2,2
33 .
2) y = 5x2 + 3x − 9
= ( )
5 x2 + 35 x − 95

= ( )( ) ( )
5 x2 + 2(x) 103 + 3 2 – 3 2– 9
10 10 5
= ( )( )
5 x + 103 – 9 – 9
2
100 5
= ( )( )
5 x + 103 – 189
2
100
= ( ) 3 2
5 x + 10 – 9 20 9
3
– 10
Axis of symmetry is x = .
9
–9 20
The minimum value .
The minimum ( 3 9
– ,–9
turning point is 10 20 ) .

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 235

 3) y = – 12 x2 – 34 x + 14
= 2 − ( )
1 x2 + 3 x − 1
2 2
= () () ()
− 12 x2 + 2(x) 34 + 34 2 − 34 2 − 12

= ( ) ()
− 12 x + 34 2 − 34 2 − 12

= ( )
− 12 x + 34 − 17
2
16

= ( )
− 12 x + 34 + 17
2
32
– 34
Axis of symmetry is x = .
17
The maximum value 32 .
The maximum turning point is ( ) – 34 , 17
32 .
2. Fill in the blanks.
y = ax2 + bx + c Axis of symmetry The turning point
1) y = 3x – 8 – x2 x = 112 (1 12 , −5 34 )
2) y = 5 + 2x + 2x2 x = − 12 (− 12 , 4 12 )
3) y = 4x2 + 6x – 8 x = − 34 (− 34 ,−10 14 )
4) y = –2x2 + 4x – 7 x=1 (1,−5)

5) y = – 13 x2 – 23 x + 56 x = −1 (−1,1 16 )
3. Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = x2 – 3x+ 1
y () () ()
= x2 – 2(x) 32 + 32 – 32 + 1
2 2

y ( )
= x – 32 – 94 + 1
2

y ( )
= x – 1 12 –1 14
2

x −2 −1 0 1 1 12 2 3 4 5
y 11 5 1 −1 −1 14 −1 1 5 11

236 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Y

12

10

2
y = x2 − 3x + 1
0
X
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4

2) y = 5 + 2x – x2
y = –x2 + 2x + 5
y = –(x – 2x – 5)
2

y = −{[x − 2(x)(1) + (1) ] − (1) − 5}

2 2 2

y = – [(x – 1) – 6]
2

y = –(x – 1) + 6
2

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −3 2 5 6 5 2 −3
Y

y = 5 + 2x − x2
6

−4 −2 0 2 4 6
X

−2

−4

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 237

 3) y = x2 – 5x + 6.25
y = [x − 2(x)(2.5) + (2.5) ] − (2.5) + 6.25
2 2 2

y = (x – 2.5) − 6.25 + 6.25

2

y = (x – 2.5)
2

x −0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

Y
10

9 y = x2 − 5x + 6.25

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
−1

−2

−3

238 Math Solution 3 Book 1

4) y = 3x2 – 2x – 1

y ( )
= 3 x2 – 23 x – 13

y () () ()
= 3 x2 – 2(x) 13 + 13 – 13 – 13
2 2

y ( )
= 3 x – 13 – 49
2

y ( )
= 3 x – 13 – 1 13
2

x −1 − 23 − 13 0 1
3
2
3 1 1 13 1 23
y 4 1 23 0 −1 −1 13 −1 0 1 23 4

5
y = 3x2 − 2x − 1

−2
X
−1 0 1 2 3

−1

−2

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 239

 3 Axes Intercepts of Graphs of
Quadratic Functions
3.1 X-intercepts of Graphs of Quadratic Functions
X-intercepts are found by letting y equal zero in the quadratic function.
1) When there is a quadratic function y = ax2, x-intercept is the point (0,0).
2) When there is a quadratic function y = a(x – h)2, x-intercept is the point (h,0).
3) When there is a quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c or y = a(x – h)² + k, where a and k have
different signs, the graph will cut the x-axis.

Example 1 Find the x-intercept of the graph of quadratic functions.

1) y = 3(x – 1)2 – 3 2) y = 4 + 2x – 2x2 3) y = –2(x + 3)2 – 5
Solution
1) y = 3(x – 1)2 – 3
0 = 3(x – 1)2 – 3
3 = 3(x – 1)2
(x – 1)2 = 1
x – 1 = ±1
x – 1 = 1 or x – 1 = –1
x = 2 or x = 0
X-intercepts are the points (2,0) and (0,0).
2) y = 4 + 2x – 2x2
–2x2 + 2x + 4 = 0
–2(x2 – x – 2) = 0
x2 – x – 2 = 0
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2,–1
X-intercepts are the points (2,0) and (–1,0).
3) y = –2(x + 3)2 – 5
0 = –2(x + 3)2 – 5
5 = –2(x + 3)2
(x + 3)2 = – 52
There is no constant being able to complete this equation.
Therefore, there is no x-intercept in this graph.

240 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 7
Find the x-intercepts of the graphs of quadratic functions. If the graph does not cut the
x-axis, fill ✔ in the blanks ‘not cut x-axis’.
Equation Not cut x-axis X-intercepts
1) y = 2x2 – 4 - ( 2,0) and (– 2,0)
2) y = –x2 – 5 ✔ -
3) y = 3x2 - (0,0)
4) y = 2(x + 1)2 – 6 - ( 3 − 1,0) and (− 3 − 1,0)
5) y = –(x + 3)2 – 9 ✔ -
1 – 1)2 + 2
6) y = – (x - (3,0) and (–1,0)
2
7) y = 3(x – 2)2 – 27 - (5,0) and (–1,0)
8) y = 4x2 – 4x - (0,0) and (1,0)
9) y = –x2 + x + 2 - (2,0) and (–1,0)
10) y = 2x2 + x + 4 ✔ -

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 241

 3.2 Intercepts of Graphs of Linear Functions
and Quadratic Functions
A quadratic function is a function y = ax2 + bx + c and a linear function is a function
y = ax + b, where a, b and c are constants and are not equal to zero.

Example 1 Find the intercept points of the graph of linear function y = x + 2

and the graph of quadratic function y = x2.
Solution

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y=x+2 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y = x2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
Y

17
16 y = x2
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7 y=x+2
6
5
4 (2,4)
3
2
(-1,1) 1
X
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3

Therefore, the intercept points of both graphs are (–1,1) and (2,4).

242 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Example 2 Find the intercept points of the graph of linear function y = 2x – 2
and the graph of quadratic function y = x2 – 2x + 1.
Solution

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = 2x − 2 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
y = x2 − 2x + 1 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16

17
16 y = x2 − 2x + 1
15
14
13
12
11
10
y = 2x − 2
9
8
7
6
5
4 (3,4)
3
2
1
X
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1 (1,0)
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9

Therefore, the intercept points of both graphs are (1,0) and (3,4).
Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 243
 EXERCISE 8
Find the intercept points of the graph of quadratic functions and the graph of
linear functions.
1) x + y = 6 and y = x2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x+y=6 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
y = x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

10 y = x2
(−3,9) 9

4 (2,4)

3
x+y=6
2

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X

−1

Therefore, the intercept points of both graphs are (–3,9) and (2,4).

244 Math Solution 3 Book 1

2) y = 1 – x and y = x2 – 5x + 4
x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y=1−x 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −4 −5
y = x2 − 5x + 4 10 4 0 −2 −2 0 4 10

10 y = x2 − 5x + 4
9

y=1−x 3

1
(1,0)
X
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2 (3,−2)
−3

−4

−5

Therefore, the intercept points of both graphs are (1,0) and (3,–2).

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 245

 3) y = 2x + 4 and y = x2 – 4
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = 2x + 4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
y = x2 − 4 5 0 −3 −4 −3 0 5 12 21

22
y = x2 − 4
20

18

16 y = 2x + 4

14

12 (4,12)
10

(−2,0) X
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

Therefore, the intercept points of both graphs are (–2,0) and (4,12).

246 Math Solution 3 Book 1

4) y = 2x and y = 7x – x2
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y = 2x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
y = 7x − x2 0 6 10 12 12 10 6 0

14

13
y = 2x
12

11

10 (5,10)
9

1
(0,0)
X
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

−1 y = 7x − x2

Therefore, the intercept points of both graphs are (0,0) and (5,10).

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 247

 5) y = 2x − 3 and y = (x – 1)2

x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 3 –7 –5 –3 –1 1 3 5
y = (x − 1)2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

10 y = (x − 1)2

4 y = 2x − 3

(2,1) X
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

Therefore, the intercept point of both graphs is (2,1).

248 Math Solution 3 Book 1

4 Quadratic Functions Word Problems
Example 1 A vegetable gardener has a barbed wire measuring 40 metres to enclose
3 sides of a rectangular garden plot. The side which is along the river does
not need to be fenced. What is the maximum area possible?

River

xm

Solution Let x be the width of the garden.

Thus, the length of the garden is 40 – 2x.
Let y be the area of the garden.
Therefore, y = x(40 – 2x)
y = 40x – 2x2
Graph of quadratic function y = –2x2 + 40x is a curve which opens downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function y = –2x2 + 40x in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k,
that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From y = –2x2 + 40x
y = –2(x2 – 20x)
y = –2{[x2 – 2(x)(10) + (10)2] – (10)2}
y = –2[(x – 10)2 – 100]
y = –2(x – 10)2 + 200
The maximum turning point is (10,200).
The width of the garden is 10 metres.
The length of the garden is 40 – 2(10) = 20 metres.
Therefore, the maximum area possible is 10 × 20 = 200 square metres.

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 249

 Example 2 When a chemical reaction of a substance occurs, the temperature can be
calculated from a quadratic function C = 10 + 4t – 0.2t2. If C is the
temperature in degree celsius unit and t is the time in second unit, What is the
highest temperature and when does the highest temperature occur?
Solution Graph of quadratic function C = −0.2t2 + 4t + 10 is a curve which opens
downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function C = –0.2t2 + 4t + 10 in the form
y = a(x – h)2 + k, that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From C = –0.2t2 + 4t + 10
C = –0.2(t2 – 20t – 50)
C = –0.2{[t2 – 2(t)(10) + (10)2] – (10)2 – 50}
C = –0.2[(t – 10)2 – 150]
C = –0.2(t – 10)2 + 30
The maximum turning point is (10,30).
Therefore, the highest temperature occurs at 10 seconds, and the highest
temperature is 30 degree celsius.

250 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 EXERCISE 9
From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1) A horse keeper wants to build 1,500 metres of fencing around the rectangular field for the
horses. One of the length sides does not need to be fenced. What is the maximum field’s
area possible?
Let x be the width of the field.
Thus, the length of the field is 1,500 – 2x.
Let y be the area of the field.
Therefore, y = x(1,500 – 2x)
y = 1,500x – 2x2
Graph of quadratic function y = –2x2 + 1,500x is a curve which opens downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function y = –2x2 + 1,500x in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k,
that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From y = –2x2 + 1,500x
y = –2(x2 – 750x)
y = –2{[x2 – 2(x)(375) + (375)2] – (375)2}
y = –2[(x – 375)2 – 140,625]
y = –2(x – 375)2 + 281,250
The maximum turning point is (375, 281,250).
The width of the field is 375 metres.
The length of the field is 1,500 – 2(375) = 750 metres.
Therefore, the maximum field’s area possible is 375 × 750 = 281,250 square metres.

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 251

 2) A company wants to sell a new smartphone series worldwide. Each smartphone costs 8,000 baht.
The set-up costs and advertising cost 100,000,000 baht. If p is the price of a smartphone,
the company can expect the unit sales which is 500,000 – 10p. This means if the company
prices a smartphone at 50,000 baht, it cannot sell any smartphone at all. The sales of the smartphone
are the product of unit sales and the price of a smartphone. How much does the company
need to price the smartphone in order to gain the highest profit? How many smartphones
should be sold? What are the total costs? And what is the highest profit that the company
can make?
Let p be the price of the smartphone.
The sales of the smartphone are (500,000 – 10p) × p = 500,000p – 10p2.
The total costs are 100,000,000 + 8,000 × (500,000 – 10p) = 4,100,000,000 – 80,000p.
Let y be the profit.
The profit is the sales of the smartphone subtracted by the total costs.
Therefore, y = (500,000p – 10p2) – (4,100,000,000 – 80,000p)
y = –10p2 + 580,000p – 4,100,000,000
Graph of quadratic function y = –10p2 + 580,000p – 4,100,000,000 is a curve
which opens downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function y = –10p2 + 580,000p – 4,100,000,000 in the
form y = a(x – h)2 + k, that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From y = –10p2 + 580,000p – 4,100,000,000
y = –10(p2 – 58,000p + 410,000,000)
y = –10{[p2 – 2(x)(29,000) + (29,000)2] – (29,000)2 + 410,000,000}
y = –10[(x – 29,000)2 – 431,000,000]
y = –10(x – 29,000)2 + 4,310,000,000
The maximum turning point is (29,000, 4,310,000,000).
Therefore, the best price for selling each smartphone is 29,000 baht.
The smartphones should be sold by 500,000 – 10(29,000) = 210,000 pieces.
The total costs are 4,100,000,000 – 80,000(29,000) = 1,780,000,000 baht.
The highest profit that the company can make is 4,310,000,000 baht.

252 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 Summary and Review
1. Sketch the quadratic graphs from equations.
1) y = –3x2 + 9
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y −3 6 9 6 −3

10

0
X
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2

−3

−4
y = −3x2 + 9
−5

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 253

 2) y = 2x2 – 8x + 20
y = 2(x2 – 4x + 10)
y = 2{[x2 – 2(x)(2) + (2)2] – (2)2 + 10}
y = 2[(x – 2)2 – 4 + 10]
y = 2[(x – 2)2 + 6]
y = 2(x – 2)2 + 12

x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 30 20 14 12 14 20 30

30

y = 2x2 − 8x + 20
25

20

15

10

0 X
−5 5 10 15

254 Math Solution 3 Book 1

2. Write the quadratic functions from graphs.
1) 2)
Y Y

4
−1 0 1
X

−8 0
X
−17 −16 −15

4(x + 16)2
y = 8x2 − 8 y=

3) 4) Y
Y
−7 −5 −3 0
X

−5

0 9
X −25
−1 8 10

y = 4(x − 9)2 − 1 y = −5(x + 5) − 5

2

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 255

 3. From the following problem, explain your solution.
Billy throws a basketball straight up with an initial velocity of 29.4 m/s from a building with a
height of 78.4 metres above the ground. The time the basketball takes to hit the ground can
be calculated from a quadratic function h = –4.9t2 + 29.4t + 78.4. If h is the height of the basketball,
and t is the time the basketball takes to hit the ground, what is the maximum height of the
basketball? When does the basketball reach its maximum height? And when does the basketball
hit the ground?
Solution Find the maximum height of the basketball and the time the basketball takes to reach
its maximum height.
Graph of quadratic function h = –4.9t2 + 29.4t + 78.4 is a curve which open downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function h = –4.9t2 + 29.4t + 78.4 in the form
y = a(x – h)2 + k, that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From h = –4.9t2 + 29.4t + 78.4
h = –4.9(t2 – 6t – 16)
h = –4.9{[(t2 – 2(t)(3) + (3)2] – (3)2 – 16}
h = –4.9[(t – 3)2 – 9 – 16]
h = –4.9[(t – 3)2 – 25]
h = –4.9(t – 3)2 + 122.5
The maximum turning point is (3,122.5).
Therefore, the basketball takes 3 seconds to reach its maximum height of 122.5 metres.
Find the time the basketball takes to hit the ground.
When the basketball hits the ground, the height needs to be 0, so h = 0.
From h = –4.9t2 + 29.4t + 78.4
0 = –4.9(t2 – 6t – 16)
0 = (t – 8)(t + 2)
t = 8,–2
The answer cannot be negative, so –2 is an impossible answer.
Therefore, the basketball takes 8 seconds to hit the ground.

256 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 18 - 20 Very good
15 - 17 Good
UNIT TEST 12 - 14
less than 12
Fair
Should be improved
I’ve got .......................….… marks.

PART 1
Darken the circle in front of the correct answers. (1 mark each)
1. Which of the following quadratic function has the equation of the axis of symmetry which
is x = 0?
1 y = 3x2 + 4 2 y = (x + 4)2
3 y = –(x – 1)2 + 2 4 y = x2 + 4x
2. Which of the following quadratic function has the same axis of symmetry as the
quadratic function y = 2(x – 1)2 + 3?
1 y = –2(x + 1)2 + 3 2 y = 2(x + 1)2 – 3
3 y = – 12 (x – 1)2 + 2 4 y = – 12 (x + 1)2 + 1
3. Which of the following quadratic function has a minimum value of 5?
1 y = –2(x – 5)2 + 3 2 y = 2(x – 5)2 + 3
3 y = –2(x – 3)2 + 5 4 y = 2(x – 3)2 + 5
4. Which of the following quadratic function has the same vertex as the quadratic function
y = –(x + 4)2 + 1?
1 y = (x – 4)2 + 1 2 y = 3(x + 4)2 + 1
3 y = –(x – 4)2 – 1 4 y = –7(x + 4)2 + 7
5. Which of the following quadratic function can be graphed as shown below?
Y

0 4
X

−8
−12

1 y = – 14 x2 – 12 2 y = 4x2 – 12
3 y = –4x2 – 12 4 y = 14 x2 – 12

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 257

 6. Which of the following graph is the quadratic function y = –3(x + 1)2 + 6?
1 2
Y
X
6 −1 0

−3
3

−6
−1 0

3 Y 4
Y
7
6 6

X 0 X
−1 0 1

7. Which of the following quadratic function has the same graph as the quadratic function
y = 2x2 + 5x?
( )
1 y = 2 x + 54 2 + 25
8 2 y = ( )
2 x – 5 2 + 25
4 16
( ) 5
3 y = 2 x + 4 – 8
2 25
( )
4 y = 2 x + 4 – 25
5 2
16
8. Which of the following quadratic functions have the same maximum value?
1 y = –3(x – 1)2 and y = 3(x – 1)2
2 y = –2(x + 3)2 + 1 and y = –(x – 7)2 + 1
3 y = –3x2 – 5 and y = –3x2 + 5
4 y = (x – 4)2 + 3 and y = (x – 1)2 + 3

258 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 9. From the graph, which of the following is correct?
Y 1
1 |a| of graph 2 is greater than |a| of graph 3.
2 The value of a of graph 1 is less than zero.
0
X 3 The minimum value of graph 2 is zero.
4 The standard form of all quadratic functions is
y = ax2.

2 3

10. From the graph, which of the following is the graph of quadratic function y = 2x2 – 5?
Y 1 A
A B
B 2 B
5
3 C
4 D
C
0 X
−5 5

−5

PART 2
Fill in the blanks. (1 mark each)
1. Axis of symmetry of quadratic function y = 4x2 + 24x + 52 is x = –3 .
2. The maximum value of graph of quadratic function y = 10 – 4x – 2x2 is 12 .
3. The x-intercepts of graph of quadratic function y = x2 – x – 12 are (−3,0) and (4,0) .
4. The minimum turning point of graph of quadratic function y = 7(x + 5)2 – 9 is (−5,−9) .
5. Axis of symmetry of quadratic function y = 5 + 8x – 4x2 is x = 1 .

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 259

 PART 3
From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1. Find the intercept points of the graph of linear function y = –2x + 9 and the graph of
quadratic function y = 2x2 – 4x + 5. (1 mark)

Solution

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y = −2x + 9 13 11 9 7 5 3 1
y = 2x2 − 4x + 5 21 11 5 3 5 11 21
Y
25

20 y = 2x2 − 4x + 5

15

(−1,11)

10

5 (2,5)

y = −2x + 9
X
−10 −5 0 5 10 15

−5

Therefore, the intercept point of both graphs are (−1,11) and (2,5).

260 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 2.A shopkeeper wants to sell a product. She knows that if she prices her product at 20 baht
per piece, 1,000 pieces of product can be sold in one week. If she reduces the price by
every 1 baht, she can make 100 more pieces in sales. How much does the shopkeeper
need to price her product in order to gain the highest amount of money? How many
pieces of product should be sold? And what is the highest amount of money she can
gain? (2 marks)
Solution Let x be the price of the product that the shopkeeper reduces.
Thus, the price of product is (20 – x) baht and (1,000 + 100x) pieces of product can be sold.
Let y be the highest amount of money the shopkeeper can gain.
Therefore, y = (20 – x)(1,000 + 100x)
y = –100x2 + 1,000x + 20,000
Graph of quadratic function y = –100x2 + 1,000x + 20,000 is a curve which opens
downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function y = −100x2 + 1,000x + 20,000 in the form
y = a(x – h)2 + k, that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From y = –100x2 + 1,000x + 20,000
y = –100(x2 – 10x – 200)
y = –100{[x2 – 2(x)(5) + (5)2] – (5)2 – 200}
y = –100[(x – 5)2 – 225]
y = –100(x – 5)2 + 22,500
The maximum turning point is (5, 22,500).
Therefore, the shopkeeper needs to price her product at 20 – 5 = 15 baht.
The product can be sold by 1,000 + 100(5) = 1,500 pieces.
The highest amount of money that she can gain is 15 × 1,500 = 22,500 baht.

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 261

 3. According to a growing plant experiment, the scientists found that if they use more fertiliser
to grow plants, they will get more produce. However, adding too much fertiliser can make
the plants died. x is the amount of fertilizer used in kilogrammes per rai unit, and y is the
amount of produce in crates per rai unit. From a quadratic function y = 20 + 24x – x2, how many
kilogrammes of fertiliser should be used in order to gain the highest amount of produce?
And how many crates of produce will be gained in the highest amount? (2 marks)
Solution Graph of quadratic function y = −x2 + 24x + 20 is a curve which opens downwards.
Write the graph of quadratic function y = −x2 + 24x + 20 in the form y = a(x – h2) + k,
that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
From y = –x2 + 24x + 20
y = –(x2 – 24x – 20)
y = –{[x2 – 2(x)(12) + (12)2 – (12)2 – 20}
y = – [(x – 12)2 – 164]
y = –(x – 2)2 + 164
The maximum turning point is (2,164).
Therefore, a suitable amount of fertiliser used is 2 kilogrammes per rai.
The highest amount of produce is 164 crates per rai.

262 Math Solution 3 Book 1

 UNIT 5 VOCABULARY
Equation of the axis of symmetry
สมการของแกนสมมาตร

Intercept point
จุดตัด

Parabola which opens downwards

กราฟพาราโบลาคว่�ำ

Parabola which opens upwards

กราฟพาราโบลาหงาย

Polynomial function
ฟังก์ชันพหุนาม

Quadratic function
ฟังก์ชันกำ�ลังสอง

Suspension bridge
สะพานแขวน

Vertex/ Maximum or minimum turning point

จุดวกกลับ ซึ่งเป็นจุดที่อยู่ต่ำ�ที่สุดหรือสูงที่สุดของกราฟพาราโบลา

Unit 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 263

 30 - 35 Very good
25 - 29 Good
REVIEW TEST 20 - 24
less than 20
Fair
Should be improved
I’ve got .......................….… marks.

PART 1
Darken the circle in front of the correct answer. (1 mark each)
1. What is the lateral area of a square box which has 4-inches sides?
1 16 square inches 2 24 square inches
3 64 square inches 4 96 square inches
2. A cone is 14 centimetres high, and a diameter is 20 centimetres. What is volume of
the cone? (π ≈ 3.14)
1 1264.46 cubic centimetres 2 1376.65 cubic centimetres
3 1465.33 cubic centimetres 4 1594.48 cubic centimetres
3. Which of the following is the solution of the system of equations 3x − y = 7 and
2x = 1 − 3y?
1 (1,−2) 2 (− 2,−1)
3 (1,2) 4 (2,−1)
4. Which of the following are the factors of 24x6 – 81y3?
1 3(2x2 – 3y)(4x4 + 6x2y + 9y2) 2 3(2x2 + 3y)(4x4 + 6x2y + 9y2)
3 3(2x2 − 3y)(4x4 – 6x2y + 9y2) 4 3(2x2 + 3y)(4x4 – 6x2y + 9y2)
5. Which of the following are the solutions of the equation 3a2 − 2a − 1 = 0?
1 −1 and − 13 2 −1 and 13
3 − 1 and 1 4 1 and 1
3 3
6. Which of the following equation has the solution of 12?
1 x2 – 15x = 36 2 x2 = 15x – 36
3 x2 – 10x = 36 4 x2 + 9x – 36 = 0
7. Which of the following graph of quadratic function does not cut the x-axis?
1 y = 5x2 + 7 2 y = –10x2 + 8
3 y = – 34 (x – 3)2 + 4 4 y = 7(x + 5)2 – 9
8. Which of the following is correct?
1 The equation y = 3x + 4 can be represented in parabola graph form.
2 The equation y = 12 x2 – 7 is a parabola which curve opens downwards.
3 The equation y = 12 (x – 5)2 + 8 has the axis of symmetry on the right side of y-axis.
4 The equation y = –4(x + 4)2 – 4 has a vertex on x-axis.
264 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 PART 2
Fill in the blanks. (1 mark each)
1. From the figure below, find the surface area and the volume. ( π ≈ 3.14)
15 cm
9 cm 1.1 The surface area of the cone is 678.24 square centimetres .
1.2 The volume of the cone is 1,017.36 cubic centimetres .
2. Fill in the blanks. ( π ≈ 3.14)

No. Radius Volume of the Sphere

(centimetre) (cubic centimetre)
1 8 2,143.57
2 12 7,234.56

3. The diameters of two spheres are 10 : 24.

The ratio between their surface areas is 25 : 144 .
4. The solution of the system of equations y = 5x – 1 and y = –2x + 6 is (1,4) .
5. The solution of the system of equations 3x – 5y = 1 and 2x – 10y = 6 is ( )4
−1,− 5
.
6. Factorise: 64x6 + 144x4y2 + 108x2y4 + 27y6 = (4x2 + 3y2)3 .
7. Factorise: 6 + 8p + p2 = (p + 4 − 10)(p + 4 + 10) .
8. Factorise: x2 – 16x + 63 = (x − 9)(x − 7) .
9. Factorise: 7x2 – 45x – 28 =(7x + 4)(x − 7) .
10. The graph of quadratic function y = –(x – 5)2 + 12 has a maximum turning point
at ( )
5, 12
.
11. The axis of symmetry of the graph of quadratic function y = x2 + 4x – 4 is x = −2 .
Y
12. The quadratic function of the graph is
y = 14 (x − 3)2 − 4 .
X
−1 0 3 7
−4

REVIEW TEST 265

 PART 3
From the following problems, explain your solutions.
1. A right cone has a volume of 924 cubic centimetres and its base radius measures 14
centimetres. What is the height of the right cone? (π ≈ 3.14) (2 marks)
Solution Volume of the cone = 1 πr2h
3
924 ≈ 1 × 3.14 × 142 × h
3
2,772 ≈ 615.44 × h
h ≈ 2,772
615.44
h ≈ 4.50
Therefore, the height of the right cone is 4.50 centimetres.
2. A merchant sells two different types of rice. The more expensive type of rice is priced at 70
baht per kilogramme and the cheaper one is priced at 40 baht per kilogramme. The merchant
mixes two types of rice to provide a mixture of 30 kilogrammes which sells for 60 baht per
kilogramme. How much of each type of rice should be used to make 30 kilogrammes of
the mixture? (3 marks)
Solution
Let x be the number of kilogrammes of the 70-baht rice.
Let y be the number of kilogrammes of the 40-baht rice.
Thus, x + y = 30 1
70x + 40y = 30(60) 2
From 1 y = 30 – x 3
From 3 , substitute the value of y in 2
70x + 40(30 – x) = 30(60)
70x + 1,200 – 40x = 1,800
30x = 1,800 – 1,200
30x = 600
x = 20
Substitute the value of x in 3
y = 30 – 20
y = 10
Therefore, the merchant should use 20 kilogrammes of the 70-baht rice and
10 kilogrammes of the 40-baht rice to make 30 kilogrammes of the mixture.
266 Math Solution 3 Book 1
 3. Factorise: 9x4 + 12x2y + 4y2 – 25. (2 marks)
Solution
= (9x4 + 12x2y + 4y2) – 25
= [32(x2)2 + 2(6x2y) + 22y2] − 52
= [(3x2)2 + 2(3x2)(2y) + (2y)2] – 52
= (3x2 + 2y)2 – 52
= (3x2 + 2y + 5)(3x2 + 2y – 5)
4. The area of a rectangle is 66 square inches, and the perimeter is 35 inches.
What are the length and the width of the rectangle? (4 marks)
Solution
Let x be the length of the rectangle.
The perimeter of the rectangle is 35 inches.
The sum of one side of length and one side of the width is
35 inches.
2
Therefore, the width of the rectangle is 352 –x inches.
The area of the rectangle = width × length
= 2 ( )
35 – x × x square inches
But, the area of the rectangle is 66 square inches.
( )
The equation is 35 2 –x ×x = 66
( )
35 x – x2 × 2
2 = 66 × 2
35x – 2x2 = 132
–2x2 + 35x – 132 = 0
(–2x + 11)(x – 12) = 0
–2x + 11 = 0 or x –12 = 0
2x = 11 x = 12
x = 11
2
Therefore, the length of the rectangle is 12 inches.
The width of the rectangle is 35 11
2 – 12 = 2 = 5.5 inches.

REVIEW TEST 267

 5. From the quadratic function y = 5 + 8x – 4x², sketch the graph and find the axis of symmetry
and the maximum turning point or the minimum turning point. (4 marks)
Solution Write the graph of quadratic function y = 5 + 8x – 4x2 in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k,
that the maximum turning point is (h,k).
y = –4x2 + 8x + 5
(
= –4 x2 – 2x – 54 )
= –4 [x2 – 2(x)(1) + (1)2] – (1)2 – 54
= –4 (x – 1)2 – 94

= –4(x – 1)2 + 9
Therefore, the axis of symmetry is x = 1, and the maximum turning point is (1,9).
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −27 −7 5 9 5 −7 −27
Y
12
10
8 y = 5 + 8x − 4x2
6
4
2
X
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
−14
−16
−18
−20
−22
−24
−26
−28
−30
−32

268 Math Solution 3 Book 1

NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
 Based on the Basic Education
Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008) Revised Edition B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017)

MATH
Math
Solution Answer Key

SOLUTION

MATH SOLUTION 3 Mathayomsuksa 3 Book 1

M ath Solution series, lower secondary level
(Mathayomsuksa 1-3) student books, meets
the secondary-student mathematical education Mathayomsuksa 3
learning standards. The content offers complete
coverage of the Basic Education Core Curriculum
B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008), Revised Edition B.E. 2560
(A.D. 2017). The books also contain detailed explanations
of mathematical concepts, step-by-step examples
and useful exercises. These allow students to practise
mathematical skills, and to encourage them the
confidence of mathematical knowledge. This Math
Solution series will help students gain a competence
of applying skills and also recalling the mathematical
concepts in the future.

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