18MEC102T Fluid Mechanics

UNIT-IV
HYDRAULIC MACHINES
 Contents

• Hydraulic machines: Turbines and Pumps-Classification

• Pelton turbine-Working principle, Velocity triangle, Design parameters,
problems on Pelton turbine
• Francis turbine-Working principle, Velocity triangle, problems
• Kaplan turbine-Working principle, Velocity triangle, problems
• Cavitation in turbines
• Reciprocating pump-Single and double acting pumps-working principle
• Centrifugal pump-Working principle, Velocity triangle, Design parameters
Problems on centrifugal p
• Cavitation in pumps
• Performance curves on turbines and pumps
•Cavitation in pumps
•Performance curves on turbines and pumps
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Hydraulic machines are machines, which uses liquid forces to perform work. It
converts Hydraulic energy to mechanical energy or mechanical energy to
hydraulic energy.

• TURBINES-Hydraulic energy to Mechanical energy

• PUMPS-Mechanical energy to Hydraulic energy
 Turbines

• Turbines are hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into

Mechanical energy. The Mechanical energy produced is further used in
generating electric power and is called hydro-electric power.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TURBINES

• Based on type of energy at inlet

• Direction of flow through runner
• Head at inlet of turbine
• Specific speed
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TURBINES

Based on Type of energy at inlet

▪ Impulse turbine- kinetic energy at the inlet of the turbine
▪ Reaction turbine-kinetic energy and pressure energy at the inlet of the
turbine
 DIRECTION OF FLOW THROUGH RUNNER

• Tangential flow turbine-water flows along the tangent of the runner.

• Radial flow turbine-water flows in the radial direction through the
runner. (outward to inward is inward radial flow and inward to
outward is outward radial flow)
• Axial flow turbine-water flows along the direction parallel to axis of
rotation of the runner.
• Mixed flow turbine-water flows through the runner in radial direction and
leaves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner
 HEAD AT INLET OF TURBINE

• High head turbine

• Medium head turbine
• Low head turbine
 SPECIFIC SPEED

• Low specific speed

• medium specific speed
• high specific speed

Specific speed is defined as the speed of the geometrically similar turbine that
would produce unit power under unit head.
 Pelton Turbine
• Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure
energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet
and this jet strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. Pelton wheel is
used to utilize high heads for generation of electricity.
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
 PARTS OF PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

• Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement.

• Runner and bucket
• Casing
• Breaking jet
 NOZZLE AND FLOW REGULATING ARRANGEMENT

• Spear –controls the amount of water striking the buckets.

• Spear is operated by hand wheel or automatically.
• The spear is pushed forward and backward to control the water striking the
runner
BUCKETS
 RUNNER WITH BUCKETS
• Runner is a circular disc which consists of number of evenly spaced
buckets.
• The shape of the bucket is double hemispherical bowl or cup.
• Each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by dividing wall called
as splitter.
• The buckets are shaped in such a way that the jet gets deflected through
160◦-170◦
CASING

• It prevents the splashing of water .

• Safeguards against accidents
• Made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates.
BREAKING JET
• The runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time .
• A small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water to strike on the
back of the bucket.
• This jet of water is called the breaking jet.
 WORKING OF PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

• The water stored at high head is made to flow through the penstock and
reaches the nozzle of the Pelton turbine.
• The nozzle increases the K.E. of the water and directs the water in the form
of jet.
• The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner.
• This made the runner to rotate at very high speed. The quantity of water
striking the vanes or buckets is controlled by the spear present inside the
nozzle.
• The generator is attached to the shaft of the runner which converts the
mechanical energy ( i.e. rotational energy) of the runner into electrical
energy. This is the working of the Pelton turbine.
 Velocity triangle

Velocity triangle is a diagram representing the various components of

velocities of the working fluid in a turbomachine. Velocity triangles may be
drawn for both the inlet and outlet sections of any turbomachine.
The vector nature of velocity is utilized in the triangles, and the most basic
form of a velocity triangle consists of the tangential velocity, the absolute
velocity and the relative velocity of the fluid making up three sides of the
triangle.
VELOCITY TRIANGLE
Exercise Problems
FRANCIS TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE
 FRANCIS TURBINE

•It is a inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet Designed By
an American Engineer J.B FRANCIS.
• The modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow turbine, where the water enters the
runner of the turbine in the radial direction and leaves in the axial direction at the
inlet of the runner
 Parts of Francis turbine

•Casing
•Guide mechanism
•Runner blades
•Draft tube
 Casing
• The casing completely surrounds the runner.
• Area of casing goes on decreasing gradually.
• The water flowing from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through the
pipe with high pressure.
• The water reaches the runner and there will be circular movement of the
water inside the runner, causing low pressure.
• To maintain the same pressure, the diameter of the casing is gradually
reduced, to maintain the pressure uniformly, thus maintaining uniform
momentum or velocity striking the runner blades.
 Guide Mechanism

• There are two vanes namely stay vanes and guide vanes in the runner.
• Stay vanes remain stationary at their positions and reduces the swirling of
water guides.
• The width between two adjacent vanes of guide mechanism can be altered
so that the amount of water striking the runner can be varied.
• Guide vanes can move and can control the movement of water striking the
runner blades by adjusting the angles.
 Runner Blades

• It is a circular wheel on which series of radial curved vanes are fixed.

• The radial curve vanes are so sharp ,such that the water enters and leaves
the runner without shock
• The lower half of the blade is in the shape of a small bucket so that it uses
the impulse action of water to rotate the turbine.
• The upper part of the blades uses the reaction force of water flowing
through it. These two forces together make the runner rotate.
 Draft-tube

• The pressure at the exit of the runner of a reaction turbine is generally less
than the atmospheric pressure.
• A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water
from exit of the turbine to the tail race. The tube of increasing area is called
is draft tube.
Velocity triangles and work done by water on
runner
KAPLAN TURBINE
• Kaplan Turbine is an Axial Flow Reaction Turbine. For Axial Flow
Turbines, the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to
the axis of rotation of the runner.
• Reaction Turbine means that the water at the inlet of the Turbine possesses
Kinetic Energy as well as Pressure Energy.
• For Axial Flow Reaction Turbine, the shaft of the turbine is vertical. The
lower end of the shaft is made larger and is called ‘Hub’ or ‘Boss’.
• The specific speed (Ns) of Kaplan turbine ranges from 300 to 600 and is a
low head turbine.
 PARTS OF KAPLAN TURBINE

•Casing
•Guide mechanism
•Hub
•Draft tube
 SCROLL CASING
The water from the penstocks enters the scroll casing and then moves
to the guide vanes. From the guide vanes, the water turns through 90°
and flows axially through the runner.
GUIDE VANE MECHANISM
The Guide Vanes are fixed on the Hub.
HUB
For Kaplan Turbine, the shaft of the turbine is vertical. The lower end
of the shaft is made larger and is called ‘Hub’ or ‘Boss’. The vanes are
fixed on the hub and hence Hub acts as runner for axial flow turbine.
 DRAFT TUBE
The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is generally less
than atmospheric pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to
the tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for
discharging water from the exit of turbine to the tail race. This tube of
increasing area is called Draft Tube. One end of the tube is connected to the
outlet of runner while the other end is sub-merged below the level of water in
the tail-race.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
 PUMPS

• Pumps are hydraulic machines which convert Mechanical energy to

Hydraulic energy
DYNAMIC PRESSURE PUMP OR ROTO-DYNAMIC PUMPS

A rotodynamic pump is a kinetic machine in which energy is continuously

imparted to the pumped fluid by means of a rotating impeller, propeller, or
rotor.
The most common types of rotodynamic pumps are axial flow, mixed flow,
and centrifugal pumps (radial flow).
Centrifugal pumps are the most common rotodynamic pump used today
because they serve a wide range of applications and have a long history of safe
and reliable operation.
 Positive displacement pumps
• A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed
amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe
• Positive displacement pumps are a category of pumps designed to move
fluid at a steady rate through a system. These pumps are able to handle
viscous fluids, which flow at lower speeds and create more resistance, more
efficiently than kinetic (dynamic) pumps.
• The main reason positive displacement pumps are not more common
than dynamic pumps is because they cannot achieve the high flow rates often
required for industrial applications. However, when low flow rates are
adequate or preferred, PD pumps are often a better choice. They
are generally more efficient for applications involving moderate to
high viscosity fluids, high pressures, or variable system conditions.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• The most common type of pump used in industry, agriculture, municipal
(water and wastewater plants), power generation plants, petroleum and
many other industries.
• Centrifugal pumps are the primary pump type in the class of pumps called
"kinetic" pumps and are distinctly different than "positive displacement"
pumps. Liquid flows into the suction port (inlet) of the casing and is thrown
to the outside of the casing and then exits the discharge port. The velocity
imparted to the liquid by the impeller is converted to pressure energy or
"head".
• Centrifugal pumps are unique because they can provide high or very high
flow rates.
• It works on the principle of forced vortex flow. The forced vortex flow
means when a certain mass of fluid or liquid is allowed to rotate by an
external torque than there is a rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid
takes place. This rise in pressure head is used to deliver water from one
location to another. It is centrifugal force acting on the fluid that makes it to
flow within the casing
• The rise in the pressure head of the rotating liquid at any point is directly
proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the rotating liquid.
 PARTS

• Impeller
• Casing
• Suction pipe with a foot valve and strainer
• Delivery pipe
 IMPELLER
It is the rotating part of the pump. The impeller is mounted on a shaft and the shaft
of impeller is again connected with the shaft of an electric motor. It is rotated by
the motor and consists of series of backward curved blades.
CASING
It is an air tight passage which surrounds the impeller. The design of the casing is
done in such a way that it is capable of converting the kinetic energy of the water
discharging from the outlet of the impeller into pressure energy before it leaves
the casing and enters into the delivery pipe.
 CASING WITH GUIDE BLADES
• In this casing, the impeller is surrounded by series of guide blades.
• The guide blades are mounted on a ring which is called as diffuser.
• The design of the guide vanes are kept as such that the water which is
leaving the impeller enters the guides without shock.
• The area of the guide vanes increases; this helps to decrease the velocity of
the liquid and increases its pressure.
• After guide vanes, water passes through the surrounding casing.
• In most of the cases, the casing remains concentric with the impeller.
 SUCTION PIPE WITH FOOT VALVE AND STRAINER

Suction pipe
• A pipe whose one end is connected with the inlet of the impeller and the other
end is dipped into the sump of water is called suction pipe. The suction pipe
consists of a foot valve and strainer at its lower end. The foot valve is a one way
valve that opens in the upward direction. The strainer is used to filter the
unwanted particle present in the water to prevent the centrifugal pump from
blockage

Delivery Pipe
• It is a pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end is
connected to the required height where water is to be delivered.
 WORKING
• As the electric motor starts rotating, it also rotates the impeller. The
rotation of the impeller creates suction at the suction pipe. Due to suction
created the water from the sump starts coming to the casing through the eye
of the impeller.
• From the eye of the impeller, due to the centrifugal force acting on the
water, the water starts moving radially outward and towards the outer of
casing.
• Since the impeller is rotating at high velocity it also rotates the water
around it in the casing. The area of the casing increasing gradually in the
direction of rotation, so the velocity of the water keeps on decreasing and
the pressure increases.
• Now form the outlet of the pump, the water goes to its desired location
through delivery pipe
VELOCITY TRIANGLE
 RECIPROCATING PUMP

• Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump in which the fluid is

drawn or forced into a finite space and then forced out to flow.
 Components

•Suction Pipe
•Suction Valve
•Delivery Pipe
•Delivery Valve
•Cylinder
•Piston and Piston Rod
•Crank and Connecting Rod
•Strainer
•Air Vessel
Suction Pipe:
It is used to suck the water from the water reservoir to the cylinder.
It connects the inlet of the pump with the water tank.

Suction Valve:
The suction valve is a non-return valve which means the only one-directional
flow is possible in this type of valve. This is placed between the suction pipe
inlet and the cylinder. During suction of liquid, it is opened and during
discharge, it is closed.
Delivery Pipe:
It is a pipe that is used to deliver the water from the cylinder to the desired
location. It connects the outlet of the pump to the tank where the water is to be
delivered.
Delivery Valve:
Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between the cylinder and delivery
pipe outlet. It is in a closed position during suction and in opened position
during discharging of liquid.
.
Cylinder:
An arrangement of piston and piston rod is placed inside this hollow cylinder
made of steel alloy or cast iron. The suction and delivery pipe are connected
to the cylinder.
Piston and Piston Rod:
A piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and forwards
inside the hollow cylinder, to perform suction and delivery of liquid.
The linear motion is achieved by the piston rod.
Crank and Connecting Rod:
Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to the power source like
motor, engine, etc, for its rotation. Connecting rod connects the crank to the
piston, as a result, the rotational motion of the crank gets converted into linear
motion of the piston.
Strainer:
A strainer is provided at the end of the suction pipe to prevent the entrance of
the solids particle from a water source into the cylinder. Otherwise, solid
particle choked the delivery.
Air Vessel:
Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to eliminate
friction head and to give a uniform discharge rate.
 Working Principle of a Reciprocating Pump
• The crank starts to rotate as the motor is turned on, the rotation of the
cylinder causes the linear motion of the piston. This piston moves forward
and backward in a close-fitting cylinder.
• The crank moves outwards,vaccum is created, this creates the suction of
eater through the pipe.
• The movement of the piston causes the suction and delivery of the water.
• In a single acting reciprocating pump one delivery stroke per one
revolution of the crank is obtained
Double Acting Reciprocating Pump
• In a double acting reciprocating pump, the water is acting on both sides of
the piston
• Thus two suction pipes and two delivery pipes are required for a
double-acting pump. When there is a suction stroke on one side of the
piston, at the same time there is a delivery stroke on the other side of the
piston.
• Hence for one complete revolution of the crank, there is two delivery stroke
and the water is delivered to the pipes by the pump during these two
delivery strokes.
 Cavitation
The cavitation is the phenomenon, in which there is a formation of vapour
bubbles in the flowing region of the liquid.
These bubbles are formed, when the pressure of the flowing liquid falls
below its vapour pressure.
Effects of Cavitation
1.The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the surfaces.
2. Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, noise and vibrations are produced.
3. The efficiency of a turbine decreases due to cavitation.
 Cavitation in Turbines

• Reaction turbines are most commonly subjected to cavitation

• Outlet of the runner and inlet of the draft tube,where the pressure is
considerably low.
 Characteristic Curves of a Turbine:

These are curves ,with the help of which the performance of the turbine under
various conditions are studied. These curves are plotted from results of the test
performed on the turbines. The important parameters considered in the tests
are
The parameters for characteristic curve
1. The speed of the turbine N
2. The discharge Q
3.The net head H
4. The power developed P
5. The overall efficiency ƞ0
 The characteristic curves of turbine
(i) Constant head curves or main characteristic curves
(ii) Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves
(iii) Constant efficiency curves, or Muschel curves.
 Constant Head Curves or Main Characteristic Curves:

Maintaining a constant head, the speed of the turbine is varied by admitting

different rates of flow by adjusting the gate opening. The power P developed is
measured mechanically.
Constant Speed Curves or Operating Characteristic Curves:

In this case tests are conducted at a constant speed varying the head H and
suitably adjusting the discharge Q. The power developed P is measured
mechanically. The overall efficiency is aimed at its maximum value.
Constant Efficiency Curves (Muschel Curves):
• These curves are obtained from speed vs efficiency ,speed vs discharge for different
gate openings.
• The curves are plotted from the above data with an objective to determine the zone of
constant and maximum efficiency.
Characteristic curves of Pump
 References

• Text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic machines by R.K.Bansal

• www.google.co.in