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Project Group V

The document outlines an experiment to determine the refractive indices of water and coconut oil using a convex lens and a plane mirror. It details the apparatus, theoretical background, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, and potential sources of error. The refractive indices obtained are 1.333 for water and 1.445 for coconut oil.

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Project Group V

The document outlines an experiment to determine the refractive indices of water and coconut oil using a convex lens and a plane mirror. It details the apparatus, theoretical background, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, and potential sources of error. The refractive indices obtained are 1.333 for water and 1.445 for coconut oil.

Uploaded by

jaismvmiit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OBJECTIVE

To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a
plane mirror, a equi-convex lens, (made from glass of known refractive
index) and an adjustable object needle.

APPARATUS:
A convex lens, a plane mirror, water, coconut oil, clamp, stand, an
optical needle, plumb line, knitting needle, half meter scale, glass slab
and a spherometer

THEORY:
i. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and
liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination then
1 1 1 𝑓𝑓2
= + 𝑜𝑟 𝑓2 = (1)
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 −𝑓
ii. Liquid lens formed a plano-concave lens with R1 = R and R2 =
∞ and then by using lens maker’s formula
1 1 1
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − )
𝑓2 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − )
𝑅1 ∞

1
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − 0)
𝑅1
1 (𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑓2 𝑅
𝑅
𝑛= +1 (2)
𝑓2
Where n= refractive index of the liquid and R is the radius of
curvature of the lower surface of the convex les.
iii. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by
𝑙2 ℎ
𝑅= +
6ℎ 2
Here, l is the average distance between the legs of spherometer and
h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed
first on convex lens and then on plane mirror.

DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
For focal length of convex lens.
1. Find rough focal length of convex lens.
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and then
a convex lens on the plane mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the stand
such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and it’s image. (the
tip of needle appears touching the tip of it’s image)
4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a
plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between tip of
needle and upper surface of the mirror
5. Take the mean of these two readings. This mean distance will be equal
to the final focal length of the convex lens (f1).

For Focal length of the combination.


5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex
lens over it with its same face above as before. The water spreads in a
form of layer and acts like a plano-concave lens as shown in figure.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length of
combination.
7. Record the observation as given below in table 1.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (Coconut oil).
For radius of curvature of convex lens surface
9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer
on this lens surface.
11. All three legs of spherometer should be 0lacwd symmetrically on the
lens and adjust the central screw tip just to touch the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from surface of lens and place on the plane
mirror and turn the central screw so that it’s tip touch the plane mirror
surface and record the readings as shown in table 2.
13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14. Obtain the impressions of three legs of spherometer on paper and mark
them and calculate their average distance by
𝒍𝟏 + 𝒍𝟐 + 𝒍𝟑
𝒍=
𝟑
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Rough focal length of convex lens = 10 cm
2. Table 1, to find the focal length of lens and combination.

Table 01
Sr. No Distance of needle tip Focal length
From lens From plane Mean x
surface x1 mirror x2 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 (cm)
𝒙=
(cm) (cm) 𝟐
Without 10 10.8 10.4 f1 = 10.4
liquid
With water 15 15.8 15.2 fw = 15.4
With other 18.3 19.1 18.55 f2 = 18.7
transparent
liquid(coconut
oil)
Table to find h
Table 02
Sr. No. Initial No. of Final 𝒎 = (𝒂 − 𝒃) 𝒉 = 𝒏 × 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 + 𝒎 ×
C.S.R. on complete C.S.R. on 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 > 𝒃 𝑳. 𝑪.(mm)
convex rotations plate
lens(a) (n) mirror = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒂
surface(b) − 𝒃)
𝒊𝒇 𝒂 < 𝒃
1 99 0 24 75 0.75
2 98 0 23 75 0.75
3 99 0 24 75 0.75

Mean value of h = 0.75 mm


= 0.075 cm

CALCULATIONS
𝑙1 +𝑙2 +𝑙3
i. 𝑙= = 3 cm
3
𝑙2 ℎ
ii. 𝑅= + = 20 cm
6ℎ 2
𝑓𝑓2
iii. 𝑓2 = 𝑐𝑚
𝑓1 −𝑓
𝑅
iv. 𝑛= + 1= cm
𝑓2

RESULTS:-
1. The refractive index of water = 𝑛𝑤 = 1.333
2. The refractive index of the other liquid (coconut oil) 𝑛𝑙 = 1.445
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax error should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while
removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that it’s layer should be
thick.
6. The lens of spherometer should be vertical.
7. The center leg of spherometer should be turned in one direction only.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Liquid may no be quite transparent
2. The parallax may not be fully removed
3. The spherometer legs should be symmetrical on the surface of convex
lens
4. The tip of central screw should not just touch the surface of lens or
mirror
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CBSE suggested project list.
2. Google website
3. Comprehensive Practical Manual
4. NCERT class XII Book

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