LABORATORY MANUAL

POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY (R18A0287)

IV B. Tech I – SEM (EEE)

Prepared by:

Dr. G. MADHU MOHAN, Assistant Professor

Mr. R.SAI KIRAN, Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - - ISO
9001:2015 Certified)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade
NIRF India Ranking 2018, Accepted by MHRD, Govt. of India
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE- Accredited by NBA & NAAC
‘A’ Grade – ISO 9001:2015 Certified)

Certificate

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Certified that in the

bonafide Record of the work done by Mr./Miss.----------------------------Reg.No--

-------------------------------of B-Tech EEE-----------YEAR---------------semester

for the Academic year 20------- to 20------------- in -----------------------------------

-------------------- Laboratory.

Date: Staff Incharge HOD

Internal Examiner External Examiner

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

IV B. Tech EEE I SEM L T/P/D

- / 3 / -1.5
(R18A0287) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To perform testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.

 To determine the load flow analysis on a power system.
 To perform fault analysis on Transmission line models and Generators.
 Formation of Buses using direct inspection method.

List of Experiments

1. Formation of Admittance (Y) BUS using direct inspection method.

2. Formation of Impedance (Z) BUS using direct inspection method.
3. Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.
4. Load Flow Analysis using Newton’s Raphson (NR) Method
5. Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method
6. Characteristics of IDMT over Current Relay.
7. Differential protection of 1-Φ transformer.
8. Characteristics of Micro Processor based Over Voltage/Under Voltage
relay.
9. Testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.
10. ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line model.
11. Power circle diagrams of a 3-Φ transmission line model.
12. LG and LL fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine.
13. LLG and LLLG fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine.

Note: In the above listed experiments, any ten of the experiments are required to beconducted.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completion of this lab, the student will be able to
 Perform various load flow techniques

 Understand Different protection methods

 CONTENTS
S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE.NO MARKS SIGN
EXP.NO: DATE:
Y BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

AIM: To obtain the Ybus matrix for the given power system using Direct inspection method
and to verify the same using MATLAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer with MATLAB software.

FORMATION OF Ybus:

Find the Ybus matrix for the given power system data using Direct inspection method

Sending end Receiving end Reactance values

in ohms

1 2 j0.15

2 3 j0.10

1 3 j0.20

1 4 j0.10

4 3 j0.15

PROGRAM FOR YBUS FORMATION:

% ***** Matlab code for Ybus formation by direct inspection method********** %

clc;
close all;
clear all;
zdata=[1 2 0 0.15;
1 3 0 0.2;
1 4 0 0.1;
2 3 0 0.1;
3 4 0 0.15];
nl=zdata(:,1); % Sending end bus
nr=zdata(:,2); % Receiving end bus
R=zdata(:,3); % Resistance
X=zdata(:,4); % Reactance
nbr=length(zdata(:,1));
nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else
end
end
end
Ybus

OUTPUT:
Calculation:
Calculation:
EXP.NO: DATE:

Z BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

AIM: To obtain the Zbus matrix for the given power system using Zbus building
algorithm and to verify the same using MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer with MATLAB software.

FORMATION OF Zbus :
Find the bus impedance matrix using Zbus building algorithm for the given power system
whose reactance values are as follows.

Sending end Receiving end Reactance values

in ohms

1 0 J0.25

2 1 J0.1

3 1 J0.1

2 0 J0.25

2 3 J0.1

PROGRAM FOR ZBUS FORMATION:

%%%%% final year EEE %%%%%%
%%%%% power system simulation lab%%%%
%%%% zbus building algorithm%%%%%
clc; % clear command window
Clear all; % clear workspace
Close all; % close all windows
%%% Sending bus receving bus reactance value
z=[ 1 0 0.25
2 1 0.1
3 1 0.1
2 0 0.25
2 3 0.1]; % input data
[m n]=size(z); % selecting size of rows and coloums of z data
zbus=[]; % intailizing of zbus with empty matrix
currentbusno=0; % intailizing currentbusno to zero
for a=1:m
 [rows cols]=size(zbus); % selecting size of zbus
fb=z(a,1); % selecting sending end bus
tb=z(a,2); % selecting receving end bus
value=z(a,3); % selecting reactance value
newbus=max(fb,tb); % selecting new bus value
ref=min(fb,tb); % selecting ref value
%%%% TYPE-1 MODIFICATION
if newbus>currentbusno && ref==0
zbus=[zbus zeros(rows,1); zeros(1,cols) value];
currentbusno=newbus;
continue
end
%%%% TYPE-2 MODIFICATION
if newbus>currentbusno && ref~=0
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,ref); zbus(ref,:) value+zbus(ref,ref)];
currentbusno=newbus;
continue
end
%%%% TYPE-3 MODIFICATION
if newbus<=currentbusno & ref==0
zbus=zbus-1/(zbus(newbus,newbus)+value)*zbus(:,newbus)*zbus(newbus,:);
continue
end
%%%% TYPE-4 MODIFICATION
if newbus<=currentbusno & ref~=0
zbus=zbus-1/(value+zbus(fb,tb)+zbus(tb,tb)-2*zbus(fb,tb))*((zbus(:,fb)-
zbus(:,tb))*(zbus(fb,:)-zbus(tb,:)));
continue
end
end
zbus

Output:
CALCULATION
CALCULATION
CALCULATION
EXP.NO: DATE:

GAUSS-SEIDEL LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim:- To solve power flow problems by the method of Gauss-Seidel using

MATLAB.

Apparatus Required: -

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1
2 Keyboard 1
3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure: -
1. Turn on your personal computer.
2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

% Program for Gauss - Seidel Load Flow Analysis

% Tripavan BTech IV Year, EEE Dept., Mrcet, India, Email
:[email protected]
clc;
close all;
clear all;
% From TO Resistance Reactance
linedata = [ 1 2 0.10 0.20;
1 4 0.05 0.20;
1 5 0.08 0.30;
2 3 0.05 0.25;
2 4 0.05 0.10;
2 5 0.10 0.30;
2 6 0.07 0.20;
 3 5 0.12 0.26;
3 6 0.02 0.10;
4 5 0.20 0.40;
5 6 0.10 0.30];
nl=linedata(:,1); % Sending end bus
nr=linedata(:,2); % Receiving end bus
R=linedata(:,3); % Resistance
X=linedata(:,4); % Reactance
nbr=length(linedata(:,1));
nbuses = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(nbuses,nbuses); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbuses % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else
end
end
end
% |Bus|Type| Vsp |theta |PGi |QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |
busdata = [ 1 1 1.05 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 2 1.05 0 0.5 0 0 0 -0.5 1.0;
3 2 1.07 0 0.6 0 0 0 -0.5 1.5;
4 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0;
5 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0;
6 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0 ];
bus = busdata(:,1); % Bus number
type = busdata(:,2); % Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ.
V = busdata(:,3); % Initial Bus Voltages.
th = busdata(:,4); % Initial Bus Voltage Angles.
GenMW = busdata(:,5); % PGi, Real Power injected into the buses.
GenMVAR = busdata(:,6); % QGi, Reactive Power injected into the buses.
LoadMW = busdata(:,7); % PLi, Real Power Drawn from the buses.
LoadMVAR = busdata(:,8); % QLi, Reactive Power Drawn from the buses.
Qmin = busdata(:,9); % Minimum Reactive Power Limit
Qmax = busdata(:,10); % Maximum Reactive Power Limit
nbus = max(bus); % To get no. of buses
P = GenMW - LoadMW; % Pi = PGi - PLi, Real Power at the buses.
Q = GenMVAR - LoadMVAR; % Qi = QGi - QLi, Reactive Power at the buse
Vprev = V;
toler = 1; % Tolerence.
iteration = 1; % iteration starting
while (toler > 0.00001) % Start of while loop
for i = 2:nbus
sumyv = 0;
for k = 1:nbus
if i ~= k
sumyv = sumyv + Ybus(i,k)* V(k); % Vk * Yik
end
end
if type(i) == 2 % Computing Qi for PV bus
Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(sumyv + Ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
if (Q(i) > Qmax(i)) || (Q(i) < Qmin(i)) % Checking for Qi Violation.
 if Q(i) < Qmin(i) % Whether violated the lower limit.
Q(i) = Qmin(i);
else % No, violated the upper limit.
Q(i) = Qmax(i);
end
type(i) = 3; % If Violated, change PV bus to PQ bus.
end
end
V(i) = (1/Ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i)) - sumyv); % Compute Bus
Voltages.
if type(i) == 2 % For PV Buses, Voltage Magnitude remains same, but Angle
changes.
r=abs(Vprev(i));
o=angle(V(i));
V(i) = r*cos(o) + j*r*sin(o); % rect = real + j*imag

end
end
iteration = iteration + 1; % Increment iteration count.
toler = max(abs(abs(V) - abs(Vprev))); % Calculate tolerance.
Vprev = V; % Vprev is required for next iteration, V(i) =
pol2rect(abs(Vprev(i)), angle(V(i)));
end % End of while loop / Iteration
iteration; % Total iterations.
V; % Bus Voltages in Complex form.
Vmag = abs(V); % Final Bus Voltages.
Ang = 180/pi*angle(V); % Final Bus Voltage Angles in Degree
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Gauss Seidel Load-Flow Study ')
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Bus Voltage Angle ')
disp(' no Volts Degree ')
ywz=[ bus(:,1) Vmag Ang ];
disp(ywz)
disp('***************************************** ')

Output:
Calculation
Calculation
Calculation
EXP.NO: DATE:

FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim:- To solve power flow problems by the method of fast decoupled using
MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure: -

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. % Program for Fast decoupled Load Flow Analysis
8. clc;
9. close all;
10. clear all;
11.
12. % from to Resistance Reactance%
13. line = [1 4 0.0 0.0576;
14. 4 5 0.017 0.092;
15. 5 6 0.039 0.17;
16. 3 6 0.0 0.0586;
17. 6 7 0.0119 0.1008;
18. 7 8 0.0085 0.072;
19. 8 2 0.0 0.0625;
20. 8 9 0.032 0.161;
21. 9 4 0.01 0.085];
22. nl=line(:,1); % Sending end bus
23. nr=line(:,2); % Receiving end bus
24. R=line(:,3); % Resistance
25. X=line(:,4); % Reactance
26. nbr=length(line(:,1));
27. nbuses = max(max(nl), max(nr));
28. Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
29. y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
30. Ybus=zeros(nbuses,nbuses); % initialize Ybus to zero
31. for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
32. if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
33. Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
34. Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
35. end
36. end
37. for n = 1:nbuses % formation of the diagonal elements
38. for k = 1:nbr
39. if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
40. Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
41. else
42. end
43. end
44. end
45. b = -imag(Ybus);
46. % |Bus| Vsp |theta |PGi |QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |type
47. bus = [ 1 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1;
48. 2 1.02533 0.00 1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2;
49. 3 1.02536 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2;
50. 4 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3;
51. 5 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.30 0.00 0.00
3;
52. 6 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3;
53. 7 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
3;
54. 8 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3;
55. 9 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.50 0.00 0.00
3];
56.
57. %formation of b' matrtix
58. b1=zeros(nbuses-1,nbuses-1);
59. for i = 1:nbuses-1
60. for j = 1:nbuses-1
61. b1(i,j) =b(i+1,j+1);
62. end
63. end
64. b1;
65. %formation of b" matrtix
66. %assuming all the load buses are at last
67. b2=zeros(nbuses-3,nbuses-3);
68. for i = 1:nbuses-3
69. for j = 1:nbuses-3
70. b2(i,j) =b(i+3,j+3);
71. end
72. end
73. b2;
74. v = bus(:,2);
75. del = bus(:,3);
76. Pg = bus(:,4);
77. Qg = bus(:,5);
78. Pd = bus(:,6);
79. Qd = bus(:,7);
80. Pspec = Pg-Pd;
81. Qspec = Qg-Qd;
82. iter = 1;
83. slack = 1;
84. tolerance = .01;
85. flag=1;
86. while flag==1;
87.
88. m = real(Ybus);
89. n = imag(Ybus);
90. P = zeros(nbuses,1);
91. Q = zeros(nbuses,1);
92. iter= iter+1;
93.
94.
95. for i=1:nbuses %finding bus real and reactive power
96. for j=1:nbuses
97. P(i) = P(i)+ (v(i)*v(j)*(m(i,j)*cos(del(i)-
del(j))+n(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))));
98. Q(i) = Q(i)+ (v(i)*v(j)*(m(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))-
n(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j))));
99. end
100. end
101.
102. P
103. Q
104. %finding del P by v
105. for i=1:(nbuses-1)
106. if(i<slack)
107. delP(i,1)= Pspec(i)-P(i);
108. else
109. delP(i,1)=(Pspec(i+1)-P(i+1));
110.
111. end
112. delPbyv(i,1)=delP(i,1)/v(i,1);
113. end
114.
115. %finding del Q by v
116. c=0;
117. for i=1:nbuses
118. if bus(i,10)==3
119. c=c+1;
120. delQ(c,1)= (Qspec(i)-Q(i));
121. delQbyv(c,1)= delQ(c,1)/v(i,1);
122. end
123. end
124.
125. if max(abs(delP))>tolerance | max(abs(delQ))>tolerance
126. flag=1; % tolerance check
127. else
128. flag=0;
129. end
130.
131. %calc correction vector
132. deldel = inv(b1)*delPbyv;
133. delv = inv(b2)*delQbyv;
134.
135. %updating values
136. for i=1:(nbuses-1)
137. del(i+1,1)= del(i+1,1)+deldel(i,1);
138. end
139.
140. c=0;
141. for i=1:nbuses
142. if bus(i,10)==3
143. c=c+1;
144. v(i,1)=v(i,1)+delv(c,1);
145. end
146. end
147.
148. iter
149. v
150. del
151. end
152. disp('***************************************** ')
153. disp(' Fast decoupled Load-Flow Study ')
154. disp('***************************************** ')
155. disp(' Bus Voltage Angle ')
156. disp(' no Volts Degree ')
157. ywz=[ bus(:,1) v del ];
158. disp(ywz)
159. disp('***************************************** ')

Output:
CALCULATION
CALCULATION
CALCULATION
 EXP.NO: DATE:

ABCD PARAMETERS OF 3-PH TRANSMISSION MODEL

Aim: To obtain ABCD parameters of a long transmission line model by performing open
circuit and short circuit test on both sending and receiving end.

Apparatus:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Quantity

1 Built-in Voltmeter 0-600V 1
2 Built-in Ammeter 0-10A 1
3 Auto Transformer 1-Φ, 230V/ 0-270V 1
4 Built-in Transmission line model 3-Ф 500kV, 1000 MW, 250km long 1

Procedure:

Determination of A and C parameters by conducting open circuit test:

1. Keeping the single-phase autotransformer output at zero volts, switch ON
AC power supply on sending end side by closing DPST switch .
2. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the voltmeter on
sending end side reads230V.
3. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF the
DPST.
Determination of B and D parameters by conducting short circuit test:

1. Keeping the single/ three phase autotransformer output at zero

volts, switch ON AC power supply on sending end side by
closing DPST switch.
2. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the ammeter on sending
end side reads 5AV.
3. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
4. Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF
the DPST switch.
 TABULAR FORM:

S.NO TYPE VS IS VR IR

1 Open circuit

2 Short circuit

The Calculated values of A, B, C, D Parameters are:

A=………; B= ......... Ω; C=……mho; D =............ ;

 CALCULATIONS:

A= Vs / Vr (Ir=0)

B= Vs/I r (Vr=0)
C= Is /Vr (Ir=0)

D= Is/Ir (Vr=0)

Result:
 EXP.NO: DATE:

POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF A 3-PH TRANSMISSION MODEL

Aim: To obtain ABCD parameters of a long transmission line model by performing open
circuit and short circuit test on both sending and receiving end.

Apparatus:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Quantity

1 Built-in Voltmeter 0-600V 1
2 Built-in Ammeter 0-10A 1
3 Auto Transformer 1-Φ, 230V/ 0-270V 1
4 Built-in Transmission line model 3-Ф 500kV, 1000 MW, 250km 1
long

Front Panel:

Procedure:

Determination of A and C parameters by conducting open circuit test:

1. Keeping the single-phase autotransformer output at zero volts, switch ON
AC power supply on sending end side by closing DPST switch .
2. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the voltmeter on
sending end side reads230V.
3. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF the
 DPST.

Determination of B and D parameters by conducting short circuit test:

1. Keeping the single/ three phase autotransformer output at zero

volts, switch ON AC power supply on sending end side by
closing DPST switch.
2. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the ammeter on sending
end side reads 5AV.
3. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
4. Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF
the DPST switch.
 Observations:

𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑺 𝑾𝑺 𝒁𝑶𝑪 ∗ 𝒁𝑺𝑪 Calculation

Open Circuit 𝑾𝑺 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒁𝒐𝒄 𝟐
at Receiving 𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑺 𝑨=( )
End 𝑽𝑺 𝒁𝑶𝑪 − 𝒁𝑺𝑪
𝒁𝑶𝑪 =
𝑰𝑺
𝐵 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑍𝑆𝐶 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝒁𝑶𝑪 = 𝒁𝑶𝑪 < 𝜽
Short Circuit 𝑾𝑺 𝑨
𝒄𝒐𝒔ф = 𝑪= 𝒎𝒉𝒐
at Receiving 𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑺 𝒁𝑶𝑪
End 𝑽𝑺 𝑫 = 𝑨 ∗ 𝒁𝑺𝑪 𝒐𝒉𝒎
𝒁𝑺𝑪 =
𝑰𝑺
𝒁𝑺𝑪 = 𝒁𝑺𝑪 < ф
Capacitance= 2.5 microfarad

Result:
Calculation:
Calculation:
EXP.NO: DATE:

FAULT ANALYSIS – I
Aim: - To find the fault currents and fault voltages when a single line to ground (L-G)
faultand line to line (L-L) faults occurred on unloaded alternator.

Name Plate Details:-

S.NO PARAMETER ALTERNATOR MOTOR

1 Rated voltage 415v 220v

2 Rated current 7A 27.2 A

3 speed 1500 RPM 1500 RPM

4 Rating 5KVA 7.5HP

Apparatus Required:-

S.N0 Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
MI (0-5)A 1
2. Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 3
MI (0-150)V 3

3. Rheostat WWC 360Ω/1.2A 1

4. Connecting wires -- --- As per required

Procedure:-
(a) LG Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position
and DPST switch in off position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying
field rheostat, run the motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an
alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.
Circuit diagram for L-G Fault:-

(b) LL Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position and DPST
switch inoff position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying field
rheostat, runthe motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.
 Tabular Column:-
(a) LG Fault: -

V RN (V) V YN (V) VBN (V) I R (A) V RY (V) V YB (V) VB R (V) IF (A)

(b) LL Fault: -

V RN (V) V YN (V) VBN (V) I R (A) V RY (V) V YB (V) VB R (V) IF (A)

Precautions: -
1. Avoid the loose connections.
2. Note down the readings without parallax error.
3. Keep the field rheostat in maximum resistance position.
4. Keep the variac of the static exciter in minimum voltage output position.

RESULT:
CALCULATION:
CALCULATION:
EXP.NO: DATE:

FAULT ANALYSIS – II
Aim: - To find the fault currents and fault voltages when a double line to ground (LLG)
faultand Triple line to ground (LLLG) faults occurred on unloaded alternator.

Name Plate Details: -

S.NO PARAMETER ALTERNATOR MOTOR

1 Rated voltage 415v 220v

2 Rated current 7A 27.2 A

3 speed 1500 RPM 1500 RPM

4 Rating 5KVA 7.5HP

Apparatus Required: -

S.N0 Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
MC (0-5)A 1
2. Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 3
MI (0-150)V 3

3. Rheostat WWC 360Ω/1.2A 1

4. Connecting wires -- --- As per required

Procedure:-
(a) LLG Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position and DPST
switch inoff position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying field
rheostat, runthe motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.
Circuit diagram for LLG Fault:-

(b) LLLG Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position
and DPST switch in off position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying
field rheostat, run the motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an
alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.
Tabular Column:-
(c) LLG Fault:-

V RN (V) V YN (V) VBN (V) I R (A) V RY (V) V YB (V) VB R (V) IF (A)

(d) LLLG Fault:-

V RN (V) V YN (V) VBN (V) I R (A) V RY (V) V YB (V) VB R (V) IF (A)

Precautions:-

1. Avoid the loose connections.

2. Note down the readings without parallax error.
3. Keep the field rheostat in maximum resistance position.
4. Keep the variac of the static exciter in minimum voltage output position.

RESULT:
CALCULATION:
CALCULATION:
Exp.No.: Date:

CHARACTERISTICS OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

Aim: To study the performance of electromechanical over voltage relay and

microprocessor over voltage relays and to plot the graph between time vs. plug
setting multiplier

Apparatus required:
1. Over voltage relays
2. 3 - ɸ Auto Transformer
3. Connecting wires

Front Panel Details:

1. Microprocessor Relay 415V, 50Hz, 3 - ɸ, AC
2. Contactor, MCB
3. Voltmeter & Ammeter

Front Panel:

KEY OPERATIONS:

MENU/ENTER/HOLD/SCROLL KEY
RUN MODE: used to select scroll/hold the parameters.
PROGRAM MODE: Used to enter into program mode.
: Used to select next parameters.
INC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to increase the values.
 DEC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to decrease the values.
MANUAL/ESC KEY
RUN MODE: When fault recovery happens, this key shall
used to load ON/OFF manually.
PROGRAM MODE: It is used to view the previous
parameters.

RUN Mode:
1. On power application, relay will be in NC condition for approximately 10 sec.
2. During health condition, all the voltage parameters shall be displayed with
instantaneous values. Relay and relay LED will be in ON or OFF condition
depending upon the relay ‘y’ or relay ‘n’ settings.
3. During fault condition, type of fault shall be displayed with relay OFF or ON
status depending on relay ’y’ or ‘n’ setting.

AUTO Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – short)

1. Once the fault is recovered, unit automatically comes back to parameter display
mode as mentioned above.

MANUAL Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – open)

1. Once the fault is recovered, manual key to be pressed to bring back display
mode as mentioned above.
2. If faults are rectifiers before set trip delay timing of relay, display will
continue to show fault status. Relay status remain unaltered. Press manual
key to show the parameter display. Press MENU/ENER key for 35 seconds
to HOLD/SCROLL display.
3. PROGRAM Mode: (Short 5 & 6 for programming)
4.
FACTORY
RANGE SETTINGS
DISPLAY
CODE
“nUOL” Nominal voltages:415V 415
“OUOL” Over Voltage Range: 5 to 100V 030
“UUOL” Under Voltage Range: 5 to 100V 030
“Ucrt” Under Current Range:20 – 95% 20
“PUbl” Phase Unbalance Range: P 1 – 20% 20
“IrdY” Inrush delay Range: 1- 60sec 01
“tdOU” Trip delay Over Voltage range: 1 – 250sec 005
“tdUU” Trip delay Under Voltage range: 1 – 250sec 005
“tdUC” Trip delay Under Current range: 1 – 250sec 005
“tdUb” Trip delay Un-balance range: 1 – 250sec 005
bYPS “OUL Bypass Over Voltage n
Y/n”
bYPS “UUL Bypass Under Voltage n
Y/n”
 bYPS “UCt Y/n” Bypass Under Current n
bYPS “UBL Bypass Phase Unbalance n
Y/n”
CntL rLY ’n’ Relay and status LED OFF in health V
condition
rLY ’Y’ Relay and status LED ON in health
condition

Wiring-Diagram:

Procedure:

Microprocessor over Voltage Relay:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given.

2. Set voltage of the relay at a fixed value.
3. The fault voltage in relay coil is adjusted to desired value by
varying the 3 - ɸ autotransformer
4. Whenever the fault voltage is set, the relay coil trips the circuit
and note down the corresponding operating time of the relay using
digital timer.
5. Note down the fault voltage, operating time of the relay
Repeat the experiment for different values of set voltage and time
setting multiplier
OBSERVATION

S.No. Operating Time (sec) Set Voltage (V) Fault Voltage (V)

Definite Time (10sec)

S.No. Operating Time (sec) Set Voltage (V) Fault Voltage (V)

Model Graphs:
RESULT:
Exp. No. Date:

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDMT OVER CURRENT RELAY

Aim: To study the performance of an IDMT overcurrent relay and plot the
graph between time and plug setting multiplier

Apparatus:

1. Over current relay

2. 3 - ɸ Auto Transformer 415/470V,10A 1 No’s
3. Current Transformer 10/1A 1 No’s
4. 3 - ɸ contactor 3 pole, 10 A 1 No’s
5. Rheostat 100 Ω/5A 1 No’s
6. Digital timer
7. Connecting wires
Front panel:

Keys and Operation:

MENU/ENTER/HOLD/SCROLL KEY
RUN MODE: used to select scroll/hold the parameters.
PROGRAM MODE: Used to enter into program mode.
: Used to select next parameters.
INC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to increase the values.
DEC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to decrease the values.
 MANUAL/ESC KEY
RUN MODE: When fault recovery happens this key shall
used to load ON/OFF manually.
PROGRAM MODE: It is used to view the previous
parameters.
RUN Mode:
1. On power application, relay will be in NC condition for approximately
10 sec.
2. During health condition, all the voltage parameters shall be
displayed with instantaneous values. Relay and relay LED will
be in ON or OFF condition depending upon the relay ‘y’ or relay
‘n’ settings.
3. During fault condition, type of fault shall be displayed with
relay OFF or ON statusdepending on relay ’y’ or ‘n’ setting.
AUTO Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – short)
1. Once the fault is recovered, unit automatically comes back to
parameter display mode as mentioned above.
MANUAL Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – open)
1. Once the fault is recovered, manual key to be pressed to bring
back display mode as mentioned above.
2. If faults are rectifiers before set trip delay timing of relay, display
will continue to show fault status. Relay status remain unaltered.
Press manual key to show the
3. parameter display. Press MENU/ENER key for 35 seconds to
HOLD/SCROLL display.
4. PROGRAM Mode: (Short 5 & 6 for programming)
PROGRAMMING FACTORY
PARAMETERS RANGE SETTINGS
S. NO DISPLAY
CODE
1) “nUOL” Nominal voltages:415V 415
2) “CT - P” CT Primary range:5 to 2500 A 005
3) “nCrt” Nominal Current Range: 0.5 to 500V 005.0
4) “Ocrt” Over Current Range:105 - 800% 120
5) “Ucrt” Under Current Range:20 – 95% 20
6) “PUbl” Phase Unbalance Range: P 1 – 20% 20
7) “IrdY” Inrush delay Range: 1- 60sec 01
8) “tdOC” Trip delay Over Current range: 1 – 250sec 005
9) “tdUC” Trip delay Under Current range: 1 – 250sec 005
10) “tdUb” Trip delay Un-balance range: 1 – 250sec 005
11) bYPS “OCt Bypass Over Current n
Y/n”
 12) bYPS “UCt Bypass Under Current n
Y/n”
13) bYPS “UBL Bypass Phase Unbalance n
Y/n”
14) CntL rLY ’n’ Relay and status LED OFF in health V
condition
rLY ’Y’ Relay and status LED ON in health
condition

5. Note: C.T primary must be set at 50/5 A. If a different C.T is

used then the settings must be changed accordingly.

Wiring-Diagram:

Procedure:

Microprocessor over Voltage Relay:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given.

2. Set voltage of the relay at a fixed value.
3. The fault voltage in relay coil is adjusted to desired value by
varying the 3 - ɸ autotransformer
 4. Whenever the fault voltage is set, the relay coil trips the circuit and
note down the corresponding operating time of the relay using
digital timer.
5. Note down the fault voltage, operating time of the relay
6. Repeat the experiment for different values of set voltage and time
setting multiplier
Observations:

Current
% NCRT through Time of Fault Current
S. no. (Normal contactor operation
Current) (amps) (sec)
1.

2.
3.
4.

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 % = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝑪𝑹𝑻(𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕)
Result: