CAM 10 TEST 1

🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Why are so few companies truly innovative? Complete each sentence with
the correct ending, A-G, below.
Innovation is key to business survival, and
companies put substantial resources into Write the correct letter, A-G, in
inspiring employees to develop new ideas. boxes 31-35 on your answer
There are, nevertheless, people working in sheet
luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to
stimulate innovation who find that their A take chances.
environment doesn’t make them feel at all
creative. And there are those who don’t have B share their ideas.
a budget, or much space, but who innovate
successfully. C become competitive.

For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of D get promotion.

Psychology at Arizona State University, one
reason that companies don’t succeed as often E avoid risk.
as they should is that innovation starts with
recruitment. Research shows that the fit
F ignore their duties.
between an employee’s values and a
company’s values makes a difference to what
G remain in their jobs.
contribution they make and whether, two
years after they join, they’re still at the
company. Studies at Harvard Business 31. Employees whose values
School show that, although some individuals match those of their employers
may be more creative than others, almost are more likely to
every individual can be creative in the right
circumstances. 32. At times of change, people
tend to
One of the most famous photographs in the
story of rock’n’roll emphasises Ciaidini’s 33. If people are aware of what
views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis they might lose, they will often
Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry
Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios 34. People working under a
in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun’s dominant boss are liable to
‘million-dollar quartet’ could have been a
quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy 35. Employees working in
Orbison’ a greater natural singer than Lewis, organisations with few rules are
Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned more likely to
Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music
with songs that fused black and white music,
and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins
and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips’s
ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn’t
inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved
one hit with the Sun label.

The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because Complete each sentence with
innovation is, in part, a process of change, the correct ending, A-G, below.
and under that pressure we, as a species,
behave differently, ‘When things change, we Write the correct letter, A-G, in
are hard-wired to play it safe.’ Managers boxes 31-35 on your answer
should therefore adopt an approach that sheet
appears counterintuitive -they should explain
what stands to be lost if the company fails to A take chances.
seize a particular opportunity. Studies show
that we invariably take more gambles when B share their ideas.
threatened with a loss than when offered a
reward. C become competitive.
Managing innovation is a delicate art. It’s D get promotion.
easy for a company to be pulled in
conflicting directions as the marketing,
E avoid risk.
product development, and finance
departments each get different feedback from
F ignore their duties.
different sets of people. And without a
system which ensures collaborative
exchanges within the company, it’s also easy G remain in their jobs.
for small ‘pockets of innovation’ to
disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You 31. Employees whose values
can’t brief people just by saying, ‘We’re match those of their employers
going in this direction and I’m going to take are more likely to
you with me.’
32. At times of change, people
tend to

33. If people are aware of what

they might lose, they will often

34. People working under a

dominant boss are liable to

35. Employees working in

organisations with few rules are
 more likely to

Cialdini believes that this ‘follow-the-leader Complete each sentence with

syndrome, is dangerous, not least because it the correct ending, A-G, below.
encourages bosses to go it alone. ‘It’s been
scientifically proven that three people will be Write the correct letter, A-G, in
better than one at solving problems, even if boxes 31-35 on your answer
that one person is the smartest person in the sheet
field.’ To prove his point, Cialdini cites an
interview with molecular biologist James A take chances.
Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick,
discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic B share their ideas.
information carrier of all living organisms.
‘When asked how they had cracked the code C become competitive.
ahead of an array of highly accomplished
rival investigators, he said something that
D get promotion.
stunned me. He said he and Crick had
succeeded because they were aware that they
E avoid risk.
weren’t the most intelligent of the scientists
pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist
was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson F ignore their duties.
said, “was so intelligent she rarely sought
advice”.’ G remain in their jobs.

Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers 31. Employees whose values
of human behaviour. ‘The principle of social match those of their employers
proof is so pervasive that we don’t even are more likely to
recognise it,’ says Cialdini. ‘If your project is
being resisted, for example, by a group of 32. At times of change, people
veteran employees, ask another old-timer to tend to
speak up for it.’ Cialdini is not alone in
advocating this strategy. Research shows that 33. If people are aware of what
peer power, used horizontally not vertically, they might lose, they will often
is much more powerful than any boss’s
speech. 34. People working under a
dominant boss are liable to

35. Employees working in

organisations with few rules are
more likely to

Writing, visualising and prototyping can Complete each sentence with

stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites the correct ending, A-G, below.
scores of research papers and historical
events that prove that even something as Write the correct letter, A-G, in
simple as writing deepens every individual’s boxes 31-35 on your answer
engagement in the project. It is, he says, the sheet
reason why all those competitions on
breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to
write in saying, in no more than 10 words: ‘I A take chances.
like Kellogg’s Com Flakes because… .’ The
very act of writing makes us more likely to B share their ideas.
believe it.
C become competitive.
Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation
but it often does. The wrong kind of D get promotion.
leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls
‘captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team E avoid risk.
members to opt out of team responsibilities
that are properly theirs’. He calls it captainitis
F ignore their duties.
because, he says, ‘crew members of
multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly
G remain in their jobs.
passivity when the flight captain makes a
clearly wrong-headed decision’. This
behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, 31. Employees whose values
but can happen in any workplace where the match those of their employers
leader is overbearing. are more likely to

32. At times of change, people

tend to

33. If people are aware of what

they might lose, they will often

34. People working under a

dominant boss are liable to

35. Employees working in

organisations with few rules are
more likely to

At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Complete each sentence with
Memphis design collective, a group of young the correct ending, A-G, below.
designers for whom ‘the only rule was that
there were no rules’. This environment Write the correct letter, A-G, in
encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which boxes 31-35 on your answer
led to more creativity with form, function, sheet
colour and materials that revolutionised
attitudes to furniture design. A take chances.

Many theorists believe the ideal boss should B share their ideas.
lead from behind, taking pride in collective
accomplishment and giving credit where it is C become competitive.
due. Cialdini says: ‘Leaders should
encourage everyone to contribute and D get promotion.
simultaneously assure all concerned that
every recommendation is important to
making the right decision and will be given E avoid risk.
full attention.’ The frustrating thing about
innovation is that there are many approaches, F ignore their duties.
but no magic formula. However, a manager
who wants to create a truly innovative culture G remain in their jobs.
can make their job a lot easier by recognising
these psychological realities. 31. Employees whose values
match those of their employers
are more likely to

32. At times of change, people

tend to

33. If people are aware of what

they might lose, they will often

34. People working under a

dominant boss are liable to

35. Employees working in

organisations with few rules are
more likely to

🟡 CAM 10 TEST 4
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Evolution isn’t supposed to run backwards – Complete each sentence with

yet an increasing number of examples show the correct ending, A-G, below.
that it does and that it can sometimes
represent the future of a species. Write the correct letter, A-G, in
boxes 32-36 on your answer
The description of any animal as an sheet.
‘evolutionary throwback’ is controversial. For
the better part of a century, most biologists A the question of how
have been reluctant to use those words, certain long-lost traits could
mindful of a principle of evolution that says reappear.
‘evolution cannot run backwards. But as more
and more examples come to light and modern B the occurrence of a
genetics enters the scene, that principle is particular feature in different
having to be rewritten. Not only are species.
evolutionary throwbacks possible, they
sometimes play an important role in the C parallels drawn between
forward march of evolution. behaviour and appearance.

The technical term for an evolutionary D the continued existence of

throwback is an ‘atavism’, from the Latin certain genetic information.
atavus, meaning forefather. The word has
ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare E the doubts felt about
Lombroso, a 19th-century Italian medic who evolutionary throwbacks.
argued that criminals were born not made and
could be identified by certain physical F the possibility of evolution
features that were throwbacks to a primitive, being reversible.
sub-human state.
G Dollo’s findings and the
convictions held by Lombroso.

32. For a long time biologists

rejected

33. Opposing views on

evolutionary throwbacks are
represented by

34. Examples of evolutionary

throwbacks have led to

35. The shark and killer whale

are mentioned to exemplify

36. One explanation for the

findings of Wagner’s research
is

While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Complete each sentence with

Belgian palaeontologist called Louis Dollo the correct ending, A-G, below.
was studying fossil records and coming to the
opposite conclusion. In 1890 he proposed that Write the correct letter, A-G, in
evolution was irreversible: that ‘an organism boxes 32-36 on your answer
is unable to return, even partially, to a sheet.
previous stage already realised in the ranks of
its ancestors. Early 20th-century biologists A the question of how
came to a similar conclusion, though they certain long-lost traits could
qualified it in terms of probability, stating that reappear.
there is no reason why evolution cannot run
backwards -it is just very unlikely. And so the B the occurrence of a
idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and particular feature in different
came to be known as ‘Dollo’s law. species.

If Dollo’s law is right, atavisms should occur C parallels drawn between

only very rarely, if at all. Yet almost since the behaviour and appearance.
idea took root, exceptions have been cropping
up. In 1919, for example, a humpback whale D the continued existence of
with a pair of leglike appendages over a metre certain genetic information.
long, complete with a full set of limb bones,
was caught off Vancouver Island in Canada. E the doubts felt about
Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at evolutionary throwbacks.
the time that the whale must be a throwback
to a land-living ancestor. ‘I can see no other F the possibility of evolution
explanation,’ he wrote in 1921. being reversible.

G Dollo’s findings and the

convictions held by Lombroso.

32. For a long time biologists

rejected

33. Opposing views on

evolutionary throwbacks are
represented by

34. Examples of evolutionary

throwbacks have led to

35. The shark and killer whale

are mentioned to exemplify

36. One explanation for the

findings of Wagner’s research
is

Since then, so many other examples have Complete each sentence with
been discovered that it no longer makes sense the correct ending, A-G, below.
to say that evolution is as good as irreversible.
And this poses a puzzle: how can Write the correct letter, A-G, in
characteristics that disappeared millions of boxes 32-36 on your answer
years ago suddenly reappear? sheet.

In 1994, Rudolf Raff and colleagues at A the question of how

Indiana University in the USA decided to use certain long-lost traits could
genetics to put a number on the probability of reappear.
evolution going into reverse. They reasoned
that while some evolutionary changes involve B the occurrence of a
the loss of genes and are therefore particular feature in different
irreversible, others may be the result of genes species.
being switched off. If these silent genes are
somehow switched back on, they argued, C parallels drawn between
long-lost traits could reappear. behaviour and appearance.
Raff’s team went on to calculate the D the continued existence of
likelihood of it happening. Silent genes certain genetic information.
accumulate random mutations, they reasoned,
eventually rendering them useless. So how E the doubts felt about
long can a gene survive in a species if it is no evolutionary throwbacks.
longer used? The team calculated that there is
a good chance of silent genes surviving for up F the possibility of evolution
to 6 million years in at least a few individuals being reversible.
in a population, and that some might survive
as long as 10 million years. In other words, G Dollo’s findings and the
throwbacks are possible, but only to the convictions held by Lombroso.
relatively recent evolutionary past.
32. For a long time biologists
rejected

33. Opposing views on

evolutionary throwbacks are
represented by

34. Examples of evolutionary

throwbacks have led to

35. The shark and killer whale

are mentioned to exemplify

36. One explanation for the

findings of Wagner’s research
is

As a possible example, the team pointed to Complete each sentence with

the mole salamanders of Mexico and the correct ending, A-G, below.
California. Like most amphibians these begin
life in a juvenile ‘tadpole’ state, then Write the correct letter, A-G, in
metamorphose into the adult form – except boxes 32-36 on your answer
for one species, the axolotl, which famously sheet.
lives its entire life as a juvenile. The simplest
explanation for this is that the axolotl lineage A the question of how
alone lost the ability to metamorphose, while certain long-lost traits could
others retained it. From a detailed analysis of reappear.
the salamanders’ family tree, however, it is
clear that the other lineages evolved from an B the occurrence of a
ancestor that itself had lost the ability to particular feature in different
metamorphose. In other words, species.
metamorphosis in mole salamanders is an
atavism. The salamander example fits with C parallels drawn between
Raff’s 10million-year time frame. behaviour and appearance.
More recently, however, examples have been D the continued existence of
reported that break the time limit, suggesting certain genetic information.
that silent genes may not be the whole story.
In a paper published last year, biologist E the doubts felt about
Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported evolutionary throwbacks.
some work on the evolutionary history of a
group of South American lizards called F the possibility of evolution
Bachia. Many of these have minuscule limbs; being reversible.
some look more like snakes than lizards and a
few have completely lost the toes on their G Dollo’s findings and the
hind limbs. Other species, however, sport up convictions held by Lombroso.
to four toes on their hind legs. The simplest
explanation is that the toed lineages never lost 32. For a long time biologists
their toes, but Wagner begs to differ. rejected
According to his analysis of the Bachia
family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes
33. Opposing views on
from toeless ancestors and, what is more,
evolutionary throwbacks are
digit loss and gain has occurred on more than
represented by
one occasion over tens of millions of years.
34. Examples of evolutionary
throwbacks have led to

35. The shark and killer whale

are mentioned to exemplify

36. One explanation for the

findings of Wagner’s research
is

So what’s going on? One possibility is that Complete each sentence with
these traits are lost and then simply reappear, the correct ending, A-G, below.
in much the same way that similar structures
can independently arise in unrelated species, Write the correct letter, A-G, in
such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer boxes 32-36 on your answer
whales. Another more intriguing possibility is sheet.
that the genetic information needed to make
toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps A the question of how
hundreds of millions of years in the lizards certain long-lost traits could
and was reactivated. These atavistic traits reappear.
provided an advantage and spread through the
population, effectively reversing evolution. B the occurrence of a
particular feature in different
But if silent genes degrade within 6 to million species.
years, how can long-lost traits be reactivated
over longer timescales? The answer may lie C parallels drawn between
in the womb. Early embryos of many species behaviour and appearance.
develop ancestral features. Snake embryos,
for example, sprout hind limb buds. Later in D the continued existence of
development these features disappear thanks certain genetic information.
to developmental programs that say ‘lose the
leg’. If for any reason this does not happen,
E the doubts felt about
the ancestral feature may not disappear, evolutionary throwbacks.
leading to an atavism.
F the possibility of evolution
being reversible.

G Dollo’s findings and the

convictions held by Lombroso.

32. For a long time biologists

rejected

33. Opposing views on

evolutionary throwbacks are
represented by

34. Examples of evolutionary

throwbacks have led to

35. The shark and killer whale

are mentioned to exemplify

36. One explanation for the

findings of Wagner’s research
is

🟡 CAM 11 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Animal migration, however it is defined, is Complete each sentence with

far more than just the movement of animals. the correct ending, A-G, below.
It can loosely be described as travel that takes
place at regular intervals – often in an annual Write the correct letter, A-G, in
cycle – that may involve many members of a boxes 19-22 on your answer
species, and is rewarded only after a long sheet.
journey. It suggests inherited instinct. The
biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five A be discouraged by
characteristics that apply, in varying degrees difficulties.
and combinations, to all migrations. They are
prolonged movements that carry animals B travel on open land where
outside familiar habitats; they tend to be they can look out for predators.
linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special
behaviours concerning preparation (such as C eat more than they need for
overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special immediate purposes.
allocations of energy. And one more:
migrating animals maintain an intense D be repeated daily.
attentiveness to the greater mission, which
keeps them undistracted by temptations and E ignore distractions.
undeterred by challenges that would turn
other animals aside. F be governed by the
availability of water.
An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from
the extreme south of South America to the G follow a straight line.
Arctic circle, will take no notice of a nice
smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s 19. According to Dingle,
boat along the way. While local gulls will migratory routes are likely to
dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern
flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists
20. To prepare for migration,
distraction because it is driven at that
animals are likely to
moment by an instinctive sense of something
we humans find admirable: larger purpose. In
21. During migration, animals
other words, it is determined to reach its
are unlikely to
destination. The bird senses that it can eat,
rest and mate later. Right now it is totally
focused on the journey; its undivided intent is 22. Arctic terns illustrate
arrival. migrating animals’ ability to

Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Complete each sentence with

Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have the correct ending, A-G, below.
converged, will serve its larger purpose as
shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, Write the correct letter, A-G, in
and a set of circumstances in which it can boxes 19-22 on your answer
successfully hatch and rear offspring. sheet.

But migration is a complex issue, and A be discouraged by

biologists define it differently, depending in difficulties.
part on what sorts of animals they study. Joel
Berger, of the University of Montana, who B travel on open land where
works on the American pronghorn and other they can look out for predators.
large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he
calls a simple, practical definition suited to C eat more than they need for
his beasts: ‘movements from a seasonal home immediate purposes.
area away to another home area and back
again’. Generally the reason for such D be repeated daily.
seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek
resources that aren’t available within a single
E ignore distractions.
area year-round.
F be governed by the
availability of water.

G follow a straight line.

19. According to Dingle,

migratory routes are likely to

20. To prepare for migration,

animals are likely to

21. During migration, animals

are unlikely to

22. Arctic terns illustrate

migrating animals’ ability to

But daily vertical movements by zooplankton Complete each sentence with

in the ocean – upward by night to seek food, the correct ending, A-G, below.
downward by day to escape predators – can
also be considered migration. So can the Write the correct letter, A-G, in
movement of aphids when, having depleted boxes 19-22 on your answer
the young leaves on one food plant, their sheet.
offspring then fly onward to a different host
plant, with no one aphid ever returning to A be discouraged by
where it started. difficulties.

Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who B travel on open land where

studies insects. His definition is more they can look out for predators.
intricate than Berger’s, citing those five
features that distinguish migration from other C eat more than they need for
forms of movement. They allow for the fact immediate purposes.
that, for example, aphids will become
sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when D be repeated daily.
it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and
sensitive to yellow light (reflected from
E ignore distractions.
tender young leaves) when it’s appropriate to
land. Birds will fatten themselves with heavy
F be governed by the
feeding in advance of a long migrational
availability of water.
flight. The value of his definition, Dingle
argues, is that it focuses attention on what the
phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares G follow a straight line.
with the phenomenon of the aphids, and
therefore helps guide researchers towards 19. According to Dingle,
understanding how evolution has produced migratory routes are likely to
them all.
20. To prepare for migration,
animals are likely to
 21. During migration, animals
are unlikely to

22. Arctic terns illustrate

migrating animals’ ability to

Human behaviour, however, is having a Complete each sentence with

detrimental impact on animal migration. The the correct ending, A-G, below.
pronghorn, which resembles an antelope,
though they are unrelated, is the fastest land Write the correct letter, A-G, in
mammal of the New World. One population, boxes 19-22 on your answer
which spends the summer in the mountainous sheet.
Grand Teton National Park of the western
USA, follows a narrow route from its A be discouraged by
summer range in the mountains, across a difficulties.
river, and down onto the plains. Here they
wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly B travel on open land where
on sagebrush blown clear of snow. These they can look out for predators.
pronghorn are notable for the invariance of
their migration route and the severity of its C eat more than they need for
constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can’t immediate purposes.
pass through each of the three during their
spring migration, they can’t reach their
D be repeated daily.
bounty of summer grazing; if they can’t pass
through again in autumn, escaping south onto
E ignore distractions.
those windblown plains, they are likely to die
trying to overwinter in the deep snow.
Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and F be governed by the
speed to keep safe from predators, traverse availability of water.
high, open shoulders of land, where they can
see and run. At one of the bottlenecks, G follow a straight line.
forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a
corridor of open ground only about 150 19. According to Dingle,
metres wide, filled with private homes. migratory routes are likely to
Increasing development is leading toward a
crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke 20. To prepare for migration,
off their passageway. animals are likely to

21. During migration, animals

Conservation scientists, along with some are unlikely to
biologists and land managers within the
USA’s National Park Service and other 22. Arctic terns illustrate
agencies, are now working to preserve migrating animals’ ability to
migrational behaviours, not just species and
habitats. A National Forest has recognised
the path of the pronghorn, much of which
passes across its land, as a protected
migration corridor. But neither the Forest
Service nor the Park Service can control what
happens on private land at a bottleneck. And
with certain other migrating species, the
challenge is complicated further – by vastly
greater distances traversed, more
jurisdictions, more borders, more dangers
along the way. We will require wisdom and
resoluteness to ensure that migrating species
can continue their journeying a while longer.

🟡 CAM 11 TEST 4
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Though we might think of film as an Complete each sentence with

essentially visual experience, we really the correct letter below.
cannot afford to underestimate the
importance of film sound. A meaningful Write the correct letter, A-E, in
sound track is often as complicated as the boxes 24-26 on your answer
image on the screen, and is ultimately just as sheet.
much the responsibility of the director. The
entire sound track consists of three essential A when the audience listens to
ingredients: the human voice, sound effects the dialogue.
and music. These three tracks must be mixed
and balanced so as to produce the necessary B if the film reflects the
emphases which in turn create desired audience’s own concerns.
effects. Topics which essentially refer to the
three previously mentioned tracks are C if voice, sound and music are
discussed below. They include dialogue, combined appropriately.
synchronous and asynchronous sound effects,
and music.
D when the director is aware of
how the audience will respond.
Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with
stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story
E when the actor s appearance,
and expresses feelings and motivations of
voice and moves are consistent
characters as well. Often with film
with each other.
characterization the audience perceives little
or no difference between the character and
24. The audience’s response to
the actor. Thus, for example, the actor
different parts of a film can be
Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam
controlled
Spade; film personality and life personality
seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the
very texture of a performer’s voice supplies 25. The feelings and
an element of character. motivations of characters
 become clear
When voice textures fit the performer’s
physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very 26. A character seems to be a
realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees real person rather than an actor
not an actor working at his craft, but another
human being struggling with life. It is
interesting to note that how dialogue is used
and the very amount of dialogue used varies
widely among films. For example, in the
highly successful science-fiction film 2001,
little dialogue was evident, and most of it
was banal and of little intrinsic interest. In
this way the film-maker was able to portray
what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian
Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film,
the ‘inadequacy of human responses when
compared with the magnificent technology
created by man and the visual beauties of the
universe’.

The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other Complete each sentence with
hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue the correct letter below.
delivered at breakneck speed. This use of
dialogue underscores not only the dizzy Write the correct letter, A-E, in
quality of the character played by Katherine boxes 24-26 on your answer
Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film sheet.
itself and thus its humor. The audience is
bounced from gag to gag and conversation to A when the audience listens to
conversation; there is no time for audience the dialogue.
reflection. The audience is caught up in a
whirlwind of activity in simply managing to B if the film reflects the
follow the plot. This film presents pure audience’s own concerns.
escapism – largely due to its frenetic
dialogue. C if voice, sound and music are
combined appropriately.
Synchronous sound effects are those sounds
which are synchronized or matched with D when the director is aware of
what is viewed. For example, if the film how the audience will respond.
portrays a character playing the piano, the
sounds of the piano are projected.
E when the actor s appearance,
Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism
voice and moves are consistent
of film and also help to create a particular
with each other.
atmosphere. For example, the ‘click’ of a
door being opened may simply serve to
24. The audience’s response to
convince the audience that the image
different parts of a film can be
portrayed is real, and the audience may only
controlled
subconsciously note the expected sound.
However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is
part of an ominous action such as a burglary, 25. The feelings and
the sound mixer may call attention to the motivations of characters
‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps become clear
to engage the audience in a moment of
suspense. 26. A character seems to be a
real person rather than an actor
Asynchronous sound effects, on the other
hand, are not matched with a visible source
of the sound on screen. Such sounds are
included so as to provide an appropriate
emotional nuance, and they may also add to
the realism of the film. For example, a film-
maker might opt to include the background
sound of an ambulance’s siren while the
foreground sound and image portrays an
arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance
siren underscores the psychic injury incurred
in the argument; at the same time the noise of
the siren adds to the realism of the film by
acknowledging the film’s city setting.

We are probably all familiar with background Complete each sentence with
music in films, which has become so the correct letter below.
ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence.
We are aware that it is used to add emotion Write the correct letter, A-E, in
and rhythm. Usually not meant to be boxes 24-26 on your answer
noticeable, it often provides a tone or an sheet.
emotional attitude toward the story and /or
the characters depicted. In addition, A when the audience listens to
background music often foreshadows a the dialogue.
change in mood. For example, dissonant
music may be used in film to indicate an B if the film reflects the
approaching (but not yet visible) menace or audience’s own concerns.
disaster.
C if voice, sound and music are
Background music may aid viewer combined appropriately.
understanding by linking scenes. For
example, a particular musical theme D when the director is aware of
associated with an individual character or how the audience will respond.
situation may be repeated at various points in
a film in order to remind the audience of
E when the actor s appearance,
salient motifs or ideas.
voice and moves are consistent
with each other.
Film sound comprises conventions and
innovations. We have come to expect an
24. The audience’s response to
acceleration of music during car chases and
different parts of a film can be
creaky doors in horror films. Yet, it is
controlled
important to note as well that sound is often
brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound
are often largely subtle and often are noted 25. The feelings and
by only our subconscious minds. We need to motivations of characters
foster an awareness of film sound as well as become clear
film space so as to truly appreciate an art
form that sprang to life during the twentieth 26. A character seems to be a
century – the modern film. real person rather than an actor

🟡 CAM 12 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Why does music make us feel? One the one Complete each sentence with
hand, music is a purely abstract art form, the correct ending, A-F, below.
devoid of language or explicit ideas. And yet,
even though music says little, it still manages Write the correct letter, A-F, in
to touch us deeply. When listening to our boxes 37-40 on your answer
favourite songs, our body betrays all the sheet.
symptoms of emotional arousal. The pupils in
our eyes dilate, our pulse and blood pressure A our response to music
rise, the electrical conductance of our skin is depends on our initial
lowered, and the cerebellum, a brain region emotional state.
associated with bodily movement, becomes
strangely active. Blood is even re-directed to B neuron activity decreases if
the muscles in our legs. In other words, sound outcomes become predictable.
stirs us at our biological roots.
C emotive music can bring to
mind actual pictures and
events.

D experiences in our past can

influence our emotional
reaction to music.

E emotive music delays

giving listeners what they
expect to hear.

F neuron activity increases

prior to key points in a musical
piece.
 37. The Montreal researchers
discovered that

38. Many studies have

demonstrated that

39. Meyer’s analysis of

Beethoven’s music shows that

40. Earlier theories of music

suggested that

A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a Complete each sentence with

research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an the correct ending, A-F, below.
important step in revealing the precise
underpinnings of the potent pleasurable Write the correct letter, A-F, in
stimulus’ that is music. Although the study boxes 37-40 on your answer
involves plenty of fancy technology, including sheet.
functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) and ligand-based positron emission A our response to music
tomography (PET) scanning, the experiment depends on our initial
itself was rather straightforward. After emotional state.
screening 217 individuals who responded to
advertisements requesting people who B neuron activity decreases if
experience ‘chills’ to instrumental music, the outcomes become predictable.
scientists narrowed down the subject pool to
ten. They then asked the subjects to bring in C emotive music can bring to
their playlist of favourite songs – virtually mind actual pictures and
every genre was represented, from techno to events.
tango – and played them the music while their
brain activity was monitored. Because the
D experiences in our past can
scientists were combining methodologies
influence our emotional
(PET and fMRI), they were able to obtain an
reaction to music.
impressively exact and detailed portrait of
music in the brain. The first thing they
E emotive music delays
discovered is that music triggers the
giving listeners what they
production of dopamine – a chemical with a
expect to hear.
key role in setting people’s moods – by the
neurons (nerve cells) in both the dorsal and
ventral regions of the brain. As these two F neuron activity increases
regions have long been linked with the prior to key points in a musical
experience of pleasure, this finding isn’t piece.
particularly surprising.
37. The Montreal researchers
discovered that

38. Many studies have

demonstrated that
 39. Meyer’s analysis of
Beethoven’s music shows that

40. Earlier theories of music

suggested that

What is rather more significant is the finding Complete each sentence with
that the dopamine neurons in the caudate – a the correct ending, A-F, below.
region of the brain involved in learning
stimulus-response associations, and in Write the correct letter, A-F, in
anticipating food and other ‘reward’ stimuli – boxes 37-40 on your answer
were at their most active around 15 seconds sheet.
before the participants’ favourite moments in
the music. The researchers call this the A our response to music
‘anticipatory phase’ and argue that the depends on our initial
purpose of this activity is to help us predict the emotional state.
arrival of our favourite part. The question, of
course, is what all these dopamine neurons are B neuron activity decreases if
up to. Why are they so active in the period outcomes become predictable.
preceding the acoustic climax? After all, we
typically associate surges of dopamine with C emotive music can bring to
pleasure, with the processing of actual mind actual pictures and
rewards. And yet, this cluster of cells is most events.
active when the ‘chills’ have yet to arrive,
when the melodic pattern is still unresolved.
D experiences in our past can
influence our emotional
One way to answer the question is to look at reaction to music.
the music and not the neurons. While music
can often seem (at least to the outsider) like a
E emotive music delays
labyrinth of intricate patterns, it turns out that
giving listeners what they
the most important part of every song or
expect to hear.
symphony is when the patterns break down,
when the sound becomes unpredictable. If the
F neuron activity increases
music is too obvious, it is annoyingly boring,
prior to key points in a musical
like an alarm clock. Numerous studies, after
piece.
all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons
quickly adapt to predictable rewards. If we
know what’s going to happen next, then we 37. The Montreal researchers
don’t get excited. This is why composers often discovered that
introduce a key note in the beginning of a
song, spend most of the rest of the piece in the 38. Many studies have
studious avoidance of the pattern, and then demonstrated that
finally repeat it only at the end. The longer we
are denied the pattern we expect, the greater 39. Meyer’s analysis of
the emotional release when the pattern returns, Beethoven’s music shows that
safe and sound.
40. Earlier theories of music
suggested that
To demonstrate this psychological principle, Complete each sentence with
the musicologist Leonard Meyer, in his classic the correct ending, A-F, below.
book Emotion and Meaning in Music (1956),
analysed the 5th movement of Beethoven’s Write the correct letter, A-F, in
String Quartet in C-sharp minor, Op. 131. boxes 37-40 on your answer
Meyer wanted to show how music is defined sheet.
by its flirtation with – but not submission to –
our expectations of order. Meyer dissected 50 A our response to music
measures (bars) of the masterpiece, showing depends on our initial
how Beethoven begins with the clear emotional state.
statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern
and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, B neuron activity decreases if
carefully holds off repeating it. What outcomes become predictable.
Beethoven does instead is suggest variations
of the pattern. He wants to preserve an C emotive music can bring to
element of uncertainty in his music, making mind actual pictures and
our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to events.
give us. Beethoven saves that chord for the
end.
D experiences in our past can
influence our emotional
According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful reaction to music.
tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled
expectations, that is the source of the music’s
E emotive music delays
feeling. While earlier theories of music
giving listeners what they
focused on the way a sound can refer to the
expect to hear.
real world of images and experiences – its
‘connotative’ meaning – Meyer argued that
F neuron activity increases
the emotions we find in music come from the
prior to key points in a musical
unfolding events of the music itself. This
piece.
‘embodied meaning’ arises from the patterns
the symphony invokes and then ignores. It is
this uncertainty that triggers the surge of 37. The Montreal researchers
dopamine in the caudate, as we struggle to discovered that
figure out what will happen next. We can
predict some of the notes, but we can’t predict 38. Many studies have
them all, and that is what keeps us listening, demonstrated that
waiting expectantly for our reward, for the
pattern to be completed. 39. Meyer’s analysis of
Beethoven’s music shows that

40. Earlier theories of music

suggested that

🟡 CAM 13 TEST 1
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number List of Ideas

of computer programs which, so their makers
claim, possess creative talents. Classical music A generating work that was
by an artificial composer has had audiences virtually indistinguishable
enraptured, and even tricked them into from that of humans.
believing a human was behind the score.
Artworks painted by a robot have sold for B knowing whether it was
thousands of dollars and been hung in the work of humans or
prestigious galleries. And software has been software.
built which creates art that could not have
been imagined by the programmer. C producing work entirely
dependent on the imagination
Human beings are the only species to perform of its creator.
sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can
break this process down into computer code, D comparing the artistic
where does that leave human creativity? ‘This achievements of humans and
is a question at the very core of humanity,’ computers.
says Geraint Wiggins, a computational
creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University E revealing the technical
of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are details of his program.
worried that it is taking something special
away from what it means to be human.’
F persuading the public to
appreciate computer art.

G discovering that it was the

product of a computer program

32. Simon Colton says it is

important to consider the long-
term view when

33. David Cope’s EMI

software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized

Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter

claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had

listened to EMI’s music
became angry after
 37. The participants in David
Moffat’s study had to assess
music without

To some extent, we are all familiar with List of Ideas

computerised art. The question is: where does
the work of the artist stop and the creativity of A generating work that was
the computer begin? Consider one of the virtually indistinguishable
oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has from that of humans.
had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate
Modern and the San Francisco Museum of B knowing whether it was
Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush the work of humans or
and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive software.
perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to
realise the programmer’s own creative ideas. C producing work entirely
dependent on the imagination
of its creator.

D comparing the artistic

achievements of humans and
computers.

E revealing the technical

details of his program.

F persuading the public to

appreciate computer art.

G discovering that it was the

product of a computer program

32. Simon Colton says it is

important to consider the long-
term view when

33. David Cope’s EMI

software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized

Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter

claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had

listened to EMI’s music
became angry after

37. The participants in David

 Moffat’s study had

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting List of Ideas

Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t
attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier A generating work that was
‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only virtually indistinguishable
needs minimal direction and can come up with from that of humans.
its own concepts by going online for material.
The software runs its own web searches and B knowing whether it was
trawls through social media sites. It is now the work of humans or
beginning to display a kind of imagination software.
too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its
original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, C producing work entirely
depicting trees and sky. While some might say dependent on the imagination
they have a mechanical look, Colton argues of its creator.
that such reactions arise from people’s double
standards towards software-produced and D comparing the artistic
human-produced art. After all, he says, achievements of humans and
consider that the Painting Fool painted the computers.
landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a
child painted a new scene from its head, you’d
E revealing the technical
say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he
details of his program.
points out. ‘The same should be true of a
machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to
F persuading the public to
unexpected results. Some of the Painting
appreciate computer art.
Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black
and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This
gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. G discovering that it was the
Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth product of a computer program
Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour
palette – so why should computers be any 32. Simon Colton says it is
different? important to consider the long-
term view when

33. David Cope’s EMI

software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized

Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter

claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had

listened to EMI’s music
became angry after

37. The participants in David

Moffat’s study had to assess
music without
Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is List of Ideas
right to measure machine creativity directly to
that of humans who ‘have had millennia to A generating work that was
develop our skills’. Others, though, are virtually indistinguishable
fascinated by the prospect that a computer from that of humans.
might create something as original and subtle
as our best artists. So far, only one has come B knowing whether it was
close. Composer David Cope invented a the work of humans or
program called Experiments in Musical software.
Intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMI create
compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of C producing work entirely
the most revered classical composers, dependent on the imagination
including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. of its creator.
Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even
fooled classical music experts into thinking D comparing the artistic
they were hearing genuine Bach. Not achievements of humans and
everyone was impressed however. Some, such computers.
as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as
pseudoscience, and condemned him for his
E revealing the technical
deliberately vague explanation of how the
details of his program.
software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas
Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI
F persuading the public to
created replicas which still rely completely on
appreciate computer art.
the original artist’s creative impulses. When
audiences found out the truth they were often
outraged with Cope, and one music lover even G discovering that it was the
tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, product of a computer program
Cope destroyed EMI’s vital databases.
32. Simon Colton says it is
important to consider the long-
term view when

33. David Cope’s EMI

software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized

Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter

claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had

listened to EMI’s music
became angry after

37. The participants in David

Moffat’s study had to assess
music without

But why did so many people love the music, List of Ideas
yet recoil when they discovered how it was
composed? A study by computer scientist A generating work that was
David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian virtually indistinguishable
University provides a clue. He asked both from that of humans.
expert musicians and non-experts to assess six
compositions. The participants weren’t told B knowing whether it was
beforehand whether the tunes were composed the work of humans or
by humans or computers, but were asked to software.
guess, and then rate how much they liked each
one. People who thought the composer was a C producing work entirely
computer tended to dislike the piece more than dependent on the imagination
those who believed it was human. This was of its creator.
true even among the experts, who might have
been expected to be more objective in their D comparing the artistic
analyses. achievements of humans and
computers.

E revealing the technical

details of his program.

F persuading the public to

appreciate computer art.

G discovering that it was the

product of a computer program

32. Simon Colton says it is

important to consider the long-
term view when

33. David Cope’s EMI

software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized

Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter

claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had

listened to EMI’s music
became angry after

37. The participants in David

Moffat’s study had to assess
music without

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul List of Ideas

Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he
reckons part of the pleasure we get from art A generating work that was
stems from the creative process behind the virtually indistinguishable
work. This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, from that of humans.
says Bloom. Meanwhile, experiments by
Justin Kruger of New York University have B knowing whether it was
shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork the work of humans or
increases if they think more time and effort software.
was needed to create it. Similarly, Colton
thinks that when people experience art, they C producing work entirely
wonder what the artist might have been dependent on the imagination
thinking or what the artist is trying to tell of its creator.
them. It seems obvious, therefore, that with
computers producing art, this speculation is D comparing the artistic
cut short – there’s nothing to explore. But as achievements of humans and
technology becomes increasingly complex, computers.
finding those greater depths in computer art
could become possible. This is precisely why E revealing the technical
Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into details of his program.
online social networks for its inspiration:
hopefully this way it will choose themes that
F persuading the public to
will already be meaningful to us.
appreciate computer art.

G discovering that it was the

product of a computer program

32. Simon Colton says it is

important to consider the long-
term view when

33. David Cope’s EMI

software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized

Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter

claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had

listened to EMI’s music
became angry after

37. The participants in David

Moffat’s study had to assess
music without
🟡 CAM 13 TEST 2
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Most managers can identify the major trends Complete each sentence with
of the day. But in the course of conducting the correct ending, A, B, C or
research in a number of industries and D below.
working directly with companies, we have
discovered that managers often fail to Write the correct letter, A, B,
recognize the less obvious but profound ways C or D, in boxes 38-40 on your
these trends are influencing consumers’ answer sheet.
aspirations, attitudes, and behaviors. This is
especially true of trends that managers view as A employ a combination of
peripheral to their core markets. strategies to maintain your
consumer base.
Many ignore trends in their innovation
strategies or adopt a wait-and-see approach B identify the most
and let competitors take the lead. At a appropriate innovation strategy
minimum, such responses mean missed profit to use.
opportunities. At the extreme, they can
jeopardize a company by ceding to rivals the C emphasise your brand’s
opportunity to transform the industry. The traditional values with the
purpose of this article is twofold: to spur counteract-and-affirm strategy.
managers to think more expansively about
how trends could engender new value D use the combine-and-
propositions in their core markets, and to transcend strategy to integrate
provide some high-level advice on how to the two worlds.
make market research and product
development personnel more adept at
38. If there are any trend-
analyzing and exploiting trends.
related changes impacting on
your category, you should
One strategy, known as ‘infuse and augment’,
is to design a product or service that retains
39. If a current trend highlights
most of the attributes and functions of existing
a negative aspect of your
products in the category but adds others that
category, you should
address the needs and desires unleashed by a
major trend. A case in point in the Poppy
40. If the consumers’ new
range of handbags, which the firm Coach
focus has an increasing lack of
created in response to the economic downturn
connection with your offering
of 2008. The Coach brand had been a symbol
you should
of opulence and luxury for nearly 70 years,
and the most obvious reaction to the downturn
would have been to lower prices. However,
that would have risked cheapening the brand’s
image. Instead, they initiated a consumer-
research project which revealed that customers
were eager to lift themselves and the country
out of tough times. Using these insights,
Coach launched the lower-priced Poppy
handbags, which were in vibrant colors, and
looked more youthful and playful than
conventional Coach products. Creating the
sub-brand allowed Coach to avert an across-
the-board price cut. In contrast to the many
companies that responded to the recession by
cutting prices, Coach saw the new consumer
mindset as an opportunity for innovation and
renewal.

A further example of this strategy was Complete each sentence with

supermarket Tesco’s response to consumers’ the correct ending, A, B, C or
growing concerns about the environment. D below.
With that in mind, Tesco, one of the world’s
top five retailers, introduced its Greener Write the correct letter, A, B,
Living program, which demonstrates the C or D, in boxes 38-40 on your
company’s commitment to protecting the answer sheet.
environment by involving consumers in ways
that produce tangible results. For example, A employ a combination of
Tesco customers can accumulate points for strategies to maintain your
such activities as reusing bags, recycling cans consumer base.
and printer cartridges, and buying home-
insulation materials. Like points earned on B identify the most
regular purchases, these green points can be appropriate innovation strategy
redeemed for cash. Tesco has not abandoned to use.
its traditional retail offering but augmented its
business with these innovations, thereby C emphasise your brand’s
infusing its value proposition with a green traditional values with the
streak. counteract-and-affirm strategy.
A more radical strategy is ‘combine and D use the combine-and-
transcend’. This entails combining aspects of transcend strategy to integrate
the product’s existing value proposition with the two worlds.
attributes addressing changes arising from a
trend, to create a novel experience – one that
38. If there are any trend-
may land the company in an entirely new
related changes impacting on
market space. At first glance, spending
your category, you should
resources to incorporate elements of a
seemingly irrelevant trend into one’s core
39. If a current trend highlights
offerings sounds like it’s hardly worthwhile.
a negative aspect of your
But consider Nike’s move to integrate the
category, you should
digital revolution into its reputation for high-
performance athletic footwear. In 2006, they
teamed up with technology company Apple to 40. If the consumers’ new
launch Nike+, a digital sports kit comprising a focus has an increasing lack of
sensor that attaches to the running shoe and a connection with your offering
wireless receiver that connects to the user’s you should
iPod. By combining Nike’s original value
proposition for amateur athletes with one for
digital consumers, the Nike+ sports kit and
web interface moved the company from a
focus on athletic apparel to a new plane of
engagement with its customers.

A third approach, known as ‘counteract and Complete each sentence with

reaffirm’, involves developing products or the correct ending, A, B, C or
services that stress the values traditionally D below.
associated with the category in ways that
allow consumers to oppose – or at least Write the correct letter, A, B,
temporarily escape from – the aspects of C or D, in boxes 38-40 on your
trends they view as undesirable. A product answer sheet.
that accomplished this is the ME2, a video
game created by Canada’s iToys. By A employ a combination of
reaffirming the toy category’s association with strategies to maintain your
physical play, the ME2 counteracted some of consumer base.
the widely perceived negative impacts of
digital gaming devices. Like other handheld B identify the most
games, the device featured a host of exciting appropriate innovation strategy
interactive games, a full-color LCD screen, to use.
and advanced 3D graphics. What set it apart
was that it incorporated the traditional C emphasise your brand’s
physical component of children’s play: it traditional values with the
contained a pedometer, which tracked and counteract-and-affirm strategy.
awarded points for physical activity (walking,
running, biking, skateboarding, climbing
D use the combine-and-
stairs). The child could use the points to
transcend strategy to integrate
enhance various virtual skills needed for the
the two worlds.
video game. The ME2, introduced in mid-
2008, catered to kids’ huge desire to play
38. If there are any trend-
video games while countering the negatives,
related changes impacting on
such as associations with lack of exercise and
your category, you should
obesity.
39. If a current trend highlights
Once you have gained perspective on how
a negative aspect of your
trend-related changes in consumer opinions
category, you should
and behaviors impact on your category, you
can determine which of our three innovation
strategies to pursue. When your category’s 40. If the consumers’ new
basic value proposition continues to be focus has an increasing lack of
meaningful for consumers influenced by the connection with your offering
trend, the infuse-and-augment strategy will you should
allow you to reinvigorate the category. If
analysis reveals an increasing disparity
between your category and consumers’ new
focus, your innovations need to transcend the
category to integrate the two worlds. Finally,
if aspects of the category clash with undesired
outcomes of a trend, such as associations with
unhealthy lifestyles, there is an opportunity to
counteract those changes by reaffirming the
core values of your category.

Trends – technological, economic,

environmental, social, or political – that affect
how people perceive the world around them
and shape what they expect from products and
services present firms with unique
opportunities for growth.

🟡 CAM 13 TEST 4
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Complete each sentence with

the correct ending, A-F, below.
More than a third of the world’s soil is Write the correct letter, A-F, in
endangered, according to a recent UN report. boxes 18-21 on your answer
If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil sheet.
could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows
95% of our food, and sustains human life in A may improve the number
other more surprising ways, that is a huge and quality of plants growing
problem. there.

B B may contain data from up

to nine countries.
Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of
Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out C may not be put back into
that soil scientists have been warning about the soil.
the degradation of the world’s soil for
decades. At the same time, our understanding D may help governments to
of its importance to humans has grown. A be more aware of soil-related
single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 issues.
million bacteria, as well as other
microorganisms such as viruses and fungi,
living amid decomposing plants and various E may cause damage to
minerals. different aspects of the
environment.
That means soils do not just grow our food,
but are the source of nearly all our existing F may be better for use at a
antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the global level.
fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Soil
is also an ally against climate change: as 18. Nutrients contained in the
microorganisms within soil digest dead unused parts of harvested
animals and plants, they lock in their carbon crops
content, holding three times the amount of
carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils 19. Synthetic fertilisers
also store water, preventing flood damage: in produced with Haber-Bosch
the UK, damage to buildings, roads and process
bridges from floods caused by soil
degradation costs £233 million every year. 20. Addition of a mixture
developed by Pius Floris to the
soil

21. The idea of zero net soil

degradation

C Complete each sentence with

the correct ending, A-F, below.
If the soil loses its ability to perform these Write the correct letter, A-F, in
functions, the human race could be in big boxes 18-21 on your answer
trouble. The danger is not that the soil will sheet.
disappear completely, but that the
microorganisms that give it its special A may improve the number
properties will be lost. And once this has and quality of plants growing
happened, it may take the soil thousands of there.
years to recover.
B may contain data from up
Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In to nine countries.
the wild, when plants grow they remove
nutrients from the soil, but then when the C may not be put back into
plants die and decay these nutrients are the soil.
returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not
to return unused parts of harvested crops D may help governments to
directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that be more aware of soil-related
the soil gradually becomes less fertile. In the issues.
past we developed strategies to get around the
problem, such as regularly varying the types E may cause damage to
of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated different aspects of the
for a season. environment.

F may be better for use at a

global level.
 18. Nutrients contained in the
unused parts of harvested
crops

19. Synthetic fertilisers

produced with Haber-Bosch
process

20. Addition of a mixture

developed by Pius Floris to the
soil

21. The idea of zero net soil

degradation

D Complete each sentence with

the correct ending, A-F, below.
But these practices became inconvenient as Write the correct letter, A-F, in
populations grew and agriculture had to be run boxes 18-21 on your answer
on more commercial lines. A solution came in sheet.
the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch
process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. A may improve the number
Farmers have been putting this synthetic and quality of plants growing
fertiliser on their fields ever since. there.

But over the past few decades, it has become B may contain data from up
clear this wasn’t such a bright idea. Chemical to nine countries.
fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide
into the atmosphere and excess is often C may not be put back into
washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen the soil.
into rivers. More recently, we have found that
indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil D may help governments to
itself, turning it acidic and salty, and be more aware of soil-related
degrading the soil they are supposed to issues.
nourish.
E may cause damage to
E different aspects of the
environment.
One of the people looking for a solution to this
problem is Pius Floris, who started out F may be better for use at a
running a tree-care business in the global level.
Netherlands, and now advises some of the
world’s top soil scientists. He came to realise 18. Nutrients contained in the
that the best way to ensure his trees flourished unused parts of harvested
was to take care of the soil, and has developed crops
a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and
humus* to do this. Researchers at the 19. Synthetic fertilisers
University of Valladolid in Spain recently produced with Haber-Bosch
used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years process
of fertiliser overuse. When they applied
Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a 20. Addition of a mixture
good crop of plants emerged that were not just developed by Pius Floris to the
healthy at the surface, but had roots strong soil
enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock. The few
plants that grew in the control plots, fed with 21. The idea of zero net soil
traditional fertilisers, were small and weak degradation

F Complete each sentence with

the correct ending, A-F, below.
However, measures like this are not enough to Write the correct letter, A-F, in
solve the global soil degradation problem. To boxes 18-21 on your answer
assess our options on a global scale we first sheet.
need an accurate picture of what types of soil
are out there, and the problems they face. A may improve the number
That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no and quality of plants growing
agreed international system for classifying there.
soil. In an attempt to unify the different
approaches, the UN has created the Global B may contain data from up
Soil Map project. Researchers from nine to nine countries.
countries are working together to create a map
linked to a database that can be fed C may not be put back into
measurements from field surveys, drone the soil.
surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so
on to provide real-time data on the state of the D may help governments to
soil. Within the next four years, they aim to be more aware of soil-related
have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of issues.
100 metres, with the results freely accessible
to all. E may cause damage to
different aspects of the
G environment.

But this is only a first step. We need ways of F may be better for use at a
presenting the problem that bring it home to global level.
governments and the wider public, says
Pamela Chasek at the International Institute 18. Nutrients contained in the
for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, unused parts of harvested
Canada. ‘Most scientists don’t speak language crops
that policy-makers can understand, and vice
versa.’ Chasek and her colleagues have
19. Synthetic fertilisers
proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation’.
produced with Haber-Bosch
Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an
process
easily understood target that can help shape
expectations and encourage action.
20. Addition of a mixture
developed by Pius Floris to the
For soils on the brink, that may be too late.
soil
Several researchers are agitating for the
immediate creation of protected zones for 21. The idea of zero net soil
endangered soils. One difficulty here is degradation
defining what these areas should conserve:
areas where the greatest soil diversity is
present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could
act as a future benchmark of quality?

Whatever we do, if we want our soils to

survive, we need to take action now.

🟡 CAM 15 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Some people think that fairy tales are just Complete each sentence with
stories to amuse children, but their universal the correct ending, A-F, below.
and enduring appeal may be due to more Write the correct letter, A-F, in
serious reasons boxes 27-31 on your answer
sheet.
People of every culture tell each other fairy
tales but the same story often takes a variety A may be provided through
of forms in different parts of the world. In the methods used in biological
story of Little Red Riding Hood that European research.
children are familiar with, a young girl on the
way to see her grandmother meets a wolf and B are the reason for their
tells him where she is going. The wolf runs on survival.
ahead and disposes of the grandmother, then
gets into bed dressed in the grandmother’s C show considerable global
clothes to wait for Little Red Riding Hood. variation.
You may think you know the story – but
which version? In some versions, the wolf D contain animals which
swallows up the grandmother, while in others transform to become humans.
it locks her in a cupboard. In some stories Red
Riding Hood gets the better of the wolf on her E were originally spoken
own, while in others a hunter or a woodcutter rather than written.
hears her cries and comes to her rescue.
F have been developed
The universal appeal of these tales is without factual basis.
frequently attributed to the idea that they
contain cautionary messages: in the case of
27. In fairy tales, details of the
Little Red Riding Hood, to listen to your
plot
mother, and avoid talking to strangers. ‘It
might be what we find interesting about this
story is that it’s got this survival-relevant 28. Tehrani rejects the idea
information in it,’ says anthropologist Jamie that the useful lessons for life
Tehrani at Durham University in the UK. But in fairy tales
his research suggests otherwise. ‘We have this
huge gap in our knowledge about the history 29. Various theories about the
and prehistory of storytelling, despite the fact social significance of fairy
that we know this genre is an incredibly tales
ancient one,’ he says. That hasn’t stopped
anthropologists, folklorists* and other 30. Insights into the
academics devising theories to explain the development of fairy tales
importance of fairy tales in human society.
Now Tehrani has found a way to test these 31. All the fairy tales analysed
ideas, borrowing a technique from by Tehrani
evolutionary biologists.

To work out the evolutionary history, Complete each sentence with

development and relationships among groups the correct ending, A-F, below.
of organisms, biologists compare the Write the correct letter, A-F, in
characteristics of living species in a process boxes 27-31 on your answer
called ‘phylogenetic analysis’. Tehrani has sheet.
used the same approach to compare related
versions of fairy tales to discover how they A may be provided through
have evolved and which elements have methods used in biological
survived longest. research.

Tehrani’s analysis focused on Little Red B are the reason for their
Riding Hood in its many forms, which include survival.
another Western fairy tale known as The Wolf
and the Kids. Checking for variants of these C show considerable global
two tales and similar stories from Africa, East variation.
Asia and other regions, he ended up with 58
stories recorded from oral traditions. Once his D contain animals which
phylogenetic analysis had established that they transform to become humans.
were indeed related, he used the same
methods to explore how they have developed E were originally spoken
and altered over time. rather than written.

F have been developed

without factual basis.

27. In fairy tales, details of the

plot
 28. Tehrani rejects the idea
that the useful lessons for life
in fairy tales

29. Various theories about the

social significance of fairy
tales

30. Insights into the

development of fairy tales

31. All the fairy tales analysed

by Tehrani

First he tested some assumptions about which Complete each sentence with
aspects of the story alter least as it evolves, the correct ending, A-F, below.
indicating their importance. Folklorists believe Write the correct letter, A-F, in
that what happens in a story is more central to boxes 27-31 on your answer
the story than the characters in it – that sheet.
visiting a relative, only to be met by a scary
animal in disguise, is more fundamental than A may be provided through
whether the visitor is a little girl or three methods used in biological
siblings, or the animal is a tiger instead of a research.
wolf.
B are the reason for their
However, Tehrani found no significant survival.
difference in the rate of evolution of incidents
compared with that of characters. ‘Certain C show considerable global
episodes are very stable because they are variation.
crucial to the story, but there are lots of other
details that can evolve quite freely,’ he says. D contain animals which
Neither did his analysis support the theory that transform to become humans.
the central section of a story is the most
conserved part. He found no significant E were originally spoken
difference in the flexibility of events there rather than written.
compared with the beginning or the end.
F have been developed
without factual basis.

27. In fairy tales, details of the

plot

28. Tehrani rejects the idea

that the useful lessons for life
in fairy tales

29. Various theories about the

social significance of fairy
 tales

30. Insights into the

development of fairy tales

31. All the fairy tales analysed

by Tehrani

But the really big surprise came when he Complete each sentence with
looked at the cautionary elements of the story. the correct ending, A-F, below.
‘Studies on hunter-gatherer folk tales suggest Write the correct letter, A-F, in
that these narratives include really important boxes 27-31 on your answer
information about the environment and the sheet.
possible dangers that may be faced there –
stuff that’s relevant to survival,’ he says. Yet A may be provided through
in his analysis such elements were just as methods used in biological
flexible as seemingly trivial details. What, research.
then, is important enough to be reproduced
from generation to generation? B are the reason for their
survival.
The answer, it would appear, is fear – blood-
thirsty and gruesome aspects of the story, such C show considerable global
as the eating of the grandmother by the wolf, variation.
turned out to be the best preserved of all. Why
are these details retained by generations of D contain animals which
storytellers, when other features are not? transform to become humans.
Tehrani has an idea: ‘In an oral context, a
story won’t survive because of one great E were originally spoken
teller. It also needs to be interesting when it’s rather than written.
told by someone who’s not necessarily a great
storyteller.’ Maybe being swallowed whole by
F have been developed
a wolf, then cut out of its stomach alive is so
without factual basis.
gripping that it helps the story remain popular,
no matter how badly it’s told.
27. In fairy tales, details of the
plot

28. Tehrani rejects the idea

that the useful lessons for life
in fairy tales

29. Various theories about the

social significance of fairy
tales

30. Insights into the

development of fairy tales

31. All the fairy tales analysed

 by Tehrani

Jack Zipes at the University of Minnesota, Complete each sentence with

Minneapolis, is unconvinced by Tehrani’s the correct ending, A-F, below.
views on fairy tales. ‘Even if they’re Write the correct letter, A-F, in
gruesome, they won’t stick unless they boxes 27-31 on your answer
matter,’ he says. He believes the perennial sheet.
theme of women as victims in stories like
Little Red Riding Hood explains why they A may be provided through
continue to feel relevant. But Tehrani points methods used in biological
out that although this is often the case in research.
Western versions, it is not always true
elsewhere. In Chinese and Japanese versions, B are the reason for their
often known as The Tiger Grandmother, the survival.
villain is a woman, and in both Iran and
Nigeria, the victim is a boy. C show considerable global
variation.
Mathias Clasen at Aarhus University in
Denmark isn’t surprised by Tehrani’s D contain animals which
findings. ‘Habits and morals change, but the transform to become humans.
things that scare us, and the fact that we seek
out entertainment that’s designed to scare us – E were originally spoken
those are constant,’ he says. Clasen believes rather than written.
that scary stories teach us what it feels like to
be afraid without having to experience real
F have been developed
danger, and so build up resistance to negative
without factual basis.
emotions.
27. In fairy tales, details of the
plot

28. Tehrani rejects the idea

that the useful lessons for life
in fairy tales

29. Various theories about the

social significance of fairy
tales

30. Insights into the

development of fairy tales

31. All the fairy tales analysed

by Tehrani
🟡 CAM 19 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

Once the stuff of science fiction, technology Write the correct letter, A-F, in
that enables people to talk using different boxes 31-34 on your answer
languages is now here. But how effective is it? sheet.

Noise, Alex Waibel tells me, is one of the A but there are concerns about
major challenges that artificial speech this.
translation has to meet. A device may be able B as systems do not need to
to recognise speech in a laboratory, or a conform to standard practices.
meeting room, but will struggle to cope with C but they are far from perfect.
the kind of background noise I can hear in my D despite the noise issues.
office surrounding Professor Waibel as he E because translation is
speaks to me from Kyoto station in Japan. I’m immediate.
struggling to follow him in English, on a F and have an awareness of
scratchy line that reminds me we are nearly good manners.
10,000 kilometres apart - and that distance is
still an obstacle to communication even if 31. Speech translation methods
you’re speaking the same language, as we are. are developing fast in Japan
We haven’t reached the future yet. If we had,
Waibel would have been able to speak more 32. TV interviews that use
comfortably in his native German and I would translation voiceover methods
have been able to hear his words in English. are successful

At Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, where 33. Future translation systems

he is a professor of computer science, Waibel should address people
and his colleagues already give lectures in appropriately
German that their students can follow in
English via an electronic translator. The 34. Users may be able to
system generates text that students can read on maintain their local customs
their laptops or phones, so the process is
somewhat similar to subtitling. It helps that
lecturers speak clearly, don’t have to compete
with background chatter, and say much the
same thing each year.

The idea of artificial speech translation has Write the correct letter, A-F, in
been around for a long time. Douglas Adams’ boxes 31-34 on your answer
science fiction novel, The Hitchhiker's Guide sheet.
to the Galaxy, published in 1979, featured a
life form called the 'Babel fish’ which, when A but there are concerns about
placed in the ear, enabled a listener to this.
understand any language in the universe. It B as systems do not need to
came to represent one of those devices that conform to standard practices.
technology enthusiasts dream of long before C but they are far from perfect.
they become practically realisable, like TVs D despite the noise issues.
flat enough to hang on walls: objects that we E because translation is
once could only dream of having but that are immediate.
now commonplace. Now devices that look F and have an awareness of
like prototype Babel fish have started to good manners.
appear, riding a wave of advances in artificial
translation and voice recognition. 31. Speech translation methods
are developing fast in Japan
At this stage, however, they seem to be
regarded as eye-catching novelties rather than 32. TV interviews that use
steps towards what Waibel calls ‘making a translation voiceover methods
language-transparent society’. They tend to be are successful
domestic devices or applications suitable for
hotel check-ins, for example, providing a 33. Future translation systems
practical alternative to speaking traveller’s should address people
English. The efficiency of the translator is less appropriately
important than the social function. However,
‘Professionals are less inclined to be patient in 34. Users may be able to
a conversation,’ founder and CEO at Waverly maintain their local customs
Labs, Andrew Ochoa, observes. To redress
this, Waverly is now preparing a new model
for professional applications, which entails
performance improvements in speech
recognition, translation accuracy and the time
it takes to deliver the translated speech.

For a conversation, both speakers need to have Write the correct letter, A-F, in
devices called Pilots (translator earpieces) in boxes 31-34 on your answer
their ears. ‘We find that there’s a barrier with sheet.
sharing one of the earphones with a stranger,’
says Ochoa. That can’t have been totally A but there are concerns about
unexpected. The problem would be solved if this.
earpiece translators became sufficiently B as systems do not need to
prevalent that strangers would be likely to conform to standard practices.
already have their own in their ears. Whether C but they are far from perfect.
that happens, and how quickly, will probably D despite the noise issues.
depend not so much on the earpieces E because translation is
themselves, but on the prevalence of voice- immediate.
controlled devices and artificial translation in F and have an awareness of
general. good manners.

Waibel highlights the significance of certain 31. Speech translation methods

Asian nations, noting that voice translation has are developing fast in Japan
really taken off in countries such as Japan
with a range of systems. There is still a long 32. TV interviews that use
way to go, though. A translation system needs translation voiceover methods
to be simultaneous, like the translator’s voice are successful
speaking over the foreign politician being
interviewed on the TV, rather than in sections 33. Future translation systems
that oblige speakers to pause after every few should address people
remarks and wait for the translation to be appropriately
delivered. It needs to work offline, for
situations where internet access isn’t possible, 34. Users may be able to
and to address apprehensions about the maintain their local customs
amount of private speech data accumulating in
the cloud, having been sent to servers for
processing.
 Write the correct letter, A-F, in
Systems not only need to cope with physical boxes 31-34 on your answer
challenges such as noise, they will also need sheet.
to be socially aware by addressing people in
the right way. Some cultural traditions A but there are concerns about
demand solemn respect for academic status, this.
for example, and it is only polite to respect B as systems do not need to
this. Etiquette-sensitive artificial translators conform to standard practices.
could relieve people of the need to know these C but they are far from perfect.
differing cultural norms. At the same time, D despite the noise issues.
they might help to preserve local customs, E because translation is
slowing the spread of habits associated with immediate.
international English, such as its readiness to F and have an awareness of
get on first-name terms. good manners.

Professors and other professionals will not 31. Speech translation methods
outsource language awareness to software, are developing fast in Japan
though. If the technology matures into
seamless, ubiquitous artificial speech 32. TV interviews that use
translation, it will actually add value to translation voiceover methods
language skills. Whether it will help people are successful
conduct their family lives or relationships is
open to question - though one noteworthy 33. Future translation systems
possibility is that it could overcome the should address people
language barriers that often arise between appropriately
generations after migration, leaving children
and their grandparents without a shared 34. Users may be able to
language. maintain their local customs

Whatever uses it is put to, though, it will never

be as good as the real thing. Even if
voicemorphing technology simulates the
speaker’s voice, their lip movements won’t
match, and they will look like they are in a
dubbed movie. The contrast will underline the
value of shared languages, and the value of
learning them. Sharing a language can
promote a sense of belonging and community,
as with the international scientists who use
English as a lingua franca, where their
predecessors used Latin. Though the practical
need for a common language will diminish,
the social value of sharing one will persist.
And software will never be a substitute for the
subtle but vital understanding that comes with
knowledge of a language.