3/3/25, 5:58 AM Revision Notes for Science Chapter 11 - Work and energy (Class 9th) | askIITians

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Revision Notes on Work and Energy

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Work
Exam Info
The definition of work done may vary in real life and scientifically. For
Example, We may consider studying, talking, singing, reading as work but
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it is not so in the case of science.

Examples of Scientific Work Done are:

Notes
Moving a chair from one location to another
Upcoming

Lifting a book from the shelf and placing it on a table

Examination
Pushing a pebble lying on the ground.

In all these situations we are applying a force on an object which is then

changing the state of rest or motion of the object.

So, we can conclude that work is done if and only if:

A force is applied to an object.

If the object is displaced from one point to another point.

These are also called ‘Conditions of Work Done’.

When you play a certain force ‘F Newton’ on an object and the object
moves a distance of ‘ d meters’ in the direction where you applied the
force then, the amount of work done can be calculated as:

Work done = Force * Displacement

W=F*d

Definition of Work Done: Work is defined as the product of the force

applied on an object and displacement caused due to the applied force
in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar quantity. It has no direction of
its own but a magnitude.
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SI unit of Work: N-m or J (Joule)
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What is 1 Joule Work? Courses

A situation where 1 Newton force is applied on an object that can move

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the object by a distance of 1m in the direction of the applied force, then 1
joule of work is said to be done.
Exam Info
Depending upon the direction of displacement and force applied the
nature of work done may vary. Consider the table given below:
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Angle
Notes
between
The direction Upcoming
Nature of Force applied
of Work DoneExamination
Work Done and
Displacement
Displacement
occurred

0o (Force and
Same as the
Displacement
direction of W=F*d Positive
are Parallel to
Force
each other)

Opposite as
direction of W = -F * d Negative 180o
Force

No change in
W=F*0=0 Zero 90o
position

Positive
Work
Done

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Negative
Work Courses
Done
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Exam Info

Forum

Notes
Upcoming

Zero Examination
Work
Done

Energy

Any object that is capable of doing work processes some energy. The
object can gain or lose energy depending upon the work done. If an
object does some work it loses its energy and if some work is done on an
object it gains energy.

Different forms of energies

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Kinetic Energy
Every moving object possesses some energy called Kinetic Energy. As
the speed of the object increases so is its kinetic energy.

Formula for Kinetic Energy

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Potential Energy
Every object possesses some energy called Potential Energy. An object
when gains energy may store it in itself as potential energy.

We know that when an object rises above the ground some work is done
against gravity. Since work is done on the object, the object would gain
some energy. The energy that the object gains at a height is called
Gravitational Potential Energy. It is defined as the amount of work done
required in raising an object above the ground up to a certain point
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Consider
 the example given below,
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Exam Info

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Notes
An object ‘A’ having mass ‘m’ is raised by height ‘h’ above the ground. Let
Upcoming
us calculate the potential energy of object A at height ‘h’:
Examination
We know that,

W = F * d = F * h (height)
And F = m * g (because the force is applied against gravity)
So, W = m * g * h
Hence potential energy of object A, Ep = m * g * h

Gravitational potential energy does not get affected due to

the path taken by the object to reach a certain height.

Other forms of Energies:

Mechanical Energy – It is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of
an object. Therefore, it is the energy obtained by an object due to
motion or by the virtue of its location. Example, a bicycle climbing a
hill possesses kinetic energy as well as potential energy.

Heat Energy – It is the energy obtained by an object due to its

temperature. It is also called Thermal Energy. Example, energy
possessed by a hot cup.

Chemical Energy – It is the energy accumulated in the bonds of

chemical compounds. Chemical energy is released at the time of
chemical reactions. Example, energy possessed by natural gas and
biomass.

Electrical Energy – It is kind of kinetic energy caused due to the

motion of electrons. It depends upon the speed of electrons. As the
speed increases so does the electrical energy. Example, electricity
produced by a battery, lightning at thunderstorms

Light Energy – It is the energy due to light or electromagnetic waves.

It is also called as Radiant Energy or Electromagnetic Energy.
Example, energy from the sun

Nuclear Energy – It is the energy present in the nucleus of an atom.

Nuclear energy releases when the nucleus combines or separate.
Therefore, we can say that every atom in this universe comprises of
nucleus energy. Example, uranium is a radioactive metal capable of
producing nuclear energy in nuclear power plants
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 Sonic Energy – It is the energy produced bya substance

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vibrates. This energy flows through the substance in the form of
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sound waves. Example, music instruments produce sound energy
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Ionization Energy – It is the energy that binds electrons with its
nucleus. It is thus the amount of energy required to remove one
electron completely fromResources
its atom (called First Ionization Energy).
Subsequently, the ionization energy increases as we remove the
Exam( Info
second electron from the atom called Second Ionization Energy).

- One form of energy can be transformed into other forms of energy.

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Law of Conservation of Energy
According to the law of conservation
Notes of energy, the total amount of
energy before and after transformation remains the same.
Upcoming

Consider the following example where an object of mass ‘m’ is made to

Examination
fall freely from a height ‘h’.

Height at Kinetic Potential Sum of KE

Instant
an instant Energy Energy + PE = ME

0 (velocity is
1 Height = h mgh 0 + mgh
0)

(1/2) mv12 (1/2) mv12

2 Height = k mgk
(velocity = v1) + mgk

(1/2) mv22 (1/2) mv22

3 Height = 0 0
(velocity = v2) +0

We can see that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy at every
instant is constant. Hence, we can say the energy is conserved during
transformation.

Power – The rate of doing work is defined as Power.

Power = Work Done / Time

P = W/ t
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SI Unit: W (Watt) or J/s

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1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
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1 kW = 1000 W
1 W = 1000 J s-1 Courses
Average Power = Total Energy Consumed / Total Time taken
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Commercial Unit of Power
We cannot use Joule to measure power commercially. Instead, we use
Exam Info
kilowatt-hour (kWh).

Commercial unit of energy = 1 kilowatt hour (kwh)

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∴ 1 kWh = 1 kilowatt × 1 hour

= 1000 watt × 3600 seconds

Notes
= 3600000 Joule (watt × Upcoming
second)

1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J. Examination

∴ 1 kWh = 1 unit

The energy used in one hour at the rate of 1 kW is called 1 kWh.

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