A TRIAC is defined as a three-terminal AC switch that can conduct in both directions, unlike other A TRIAC is defined as a three-terminal AC switch

switch that can conduct in both directions, unlike other

silicon controlled rectifiers. It can conduct whether the applied gate signal is positive or negative, silicon controlled rectifiers. It can conduct whether the applied gate signal is positive or negative,
making it ideal for AC systems.This is a three terminal, four layer, bi-directional semiconductor making it ideal for AC systems.This is a three terminal, four layer, bi-directional semiconductor
device that controls AC power.The triac of maximum rating of 16 kw is available in the market. device that controls AC power.The triac of maximum rating of 16 kw is available in the market.
Construction of Triac,Two SCRs are connected in inverse parallel with a common gate terminal.The Construction of Triac,Two SCRs are connected in inverse parallel with a common gate terminal.The
gate is connected to both the N and P regions, allowing a gate signal regardless of polarity. Unlike gate is connected to both the N and P regions, allowing a gate signal regardless of polarity. Unlike
other devices,it doesn't have an anode and cathode, working bilaterally with three terminals: other devices,it doesn't have an anode and cathode, working bilaterally with three terminals:
MT1,MT2,G চিত্র আছে MT1,MT2,G চিত্র আছে
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Operation of Triac The TRIAC can be activated by applying a gate voltage higher than the break Operation of Triac The TRIAC can be activated by applying a gate voltage higher than the break
over voltage.There are four different modes of operations,1.When MT2, and Gate being Positive over voltage.There are four different modes of operations,1.When MT2, and Gate being Positive
with Respect to MT1 When this happens,current flows through the path P1-N1-P2 N2. Here, P1-N1 with Respect to MT1 When this happens,current flows through the path P1-N1-P2 N2. Here, P1-N1
and P2 N2 are forward biased but N1-P2 is reverse biased.2.When MT2 is Positive but Gate is and P2 N2 are forward biased but N1-P2 is reverse biased.2.When MT2 is Positive but Gate is
Negative with Respect to MT1The current flows through the path P1-N1-P2-N2.3.When M2 and Negative with Respect to MT1The current flows through the path P1-N1-P2-N2.3.When M2 and
Gate are Negative with Respect to MT1Current flows through the path P2-N1-P1-N4 Two junctions Gate are Negative with Respect to MT1Current flows through the path P2-N1-P1-N4 Two junctions
P2-N1 and P1-N4; are forward biased but the junction N1-P1 is reverse biased.4.When MT2 is P2-N1 and P1-N4; are forward biased but the junction N1-P1 is reverse biased.4.When MT2 is
Negative but Gate is Positive with Respect to MT1 P2-N2 is forward biased at that condition. Negative but Gate is Positive with Respect to MT1 P2-N2 is forward biased at that condition.
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Advantages of Triac,1.It can be triggered with positive or negative polarity of gate pulses. Advantages of Triac,1.It can be triggered with positive or negative polarity of gate pulses.
2.It requires single fuse for protection.3.A safe breakdown in either direction is possible but for SCR 2.It requires single fuse for protection.3.A safe breakdown in either direction is possible but for SCR
protection should be given with parallel diode.Disadvantages of Triac.1They are not much reliable protection should be given with parallel diode.Disadvantages of Triac.1They are not much reliable
compared to SCR.2.It has (dv/dt) rating lower than SCR.3. Lower ratings are available compared to compared to SCR.2.It has (dv/dt) rating lower than SCR.3. Lower ratings are available compared to
SCR.Uses of Triac.1.They are used in control circuits.2.It is used in High power lamp switching. SCR.Uses of Triac.1.They are used in control circuits.2.It is used in High power lamp switching.
3.It is used in AC power control. 3.It is used in AC power control.
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An Oscillator is a positive feedback electronic circuit in which the input signal and the feedback An Oscillator is a positive feedback electronic circuit in which the input signal and the feedback
signal are In Phase with each other. It can be used to generate oscillating signals like a square wave, signal are In Phase with each other. It can be used to generate oscillating signals like a square wave,
triangular wave,sine wave,etc,,Therefore 3 cases arise:Case 1) Ap<1:Here decaying oscillations are triangular wave,sine wave,etc,,Therefore 3 cases arise:Case 1) Ap<1:Here decaying oscillations are
generated by the oscillator. Below is an example of decaying oscillationsCase 2) Ap>1:Here, growing generated by the oscillator. Below is an example of decaying oscillationsCase 2) Ap>1:Here, growing
oscillations are generated. Below is an example of growing oscillations.Case 3) Ap=1:Here, oscillations are generated. Below is an example of growing oscillations.Case 3) Ap=1:Here,
sustained oscillations are generated by the oscillator: Below is an example of sustained oscillations sustained oscillations are generated by the oscillator: Below is an example of sustained oscillations
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Frof,,Output Voltage Amplification factor*Net Input Voltage(1)Vo=A*Vi,connecting feedback to the Frof,,Output Voltage Amplification factor*Net Input Voltage(1)Vo=A*Vi,connecting feedback to the
above system gives,Here,'ẞ'fraction of the output current Vo,is feedback as input to the system,i.e above system gives,Here,'ẞ'fraction of the output current Vo,is feedback as input to the system,i.e
V₁=BVo…(2),,Also, in the case of oscillators, the feedback element provides 0°or 360°of total V₁=BVo…(2),,Also, in the case of oscillators, the feedback element provides 0°or 360°of total
phase.shift to the feedback signal.,So, the total input to the system becomes (Vi; + Vf),From phase.shift to the feedback signal.,So, the total input to the system becomes (Vi; + Vf),From
equation(1)we get, Vo=A*(Vi+Vf),,Vo=AVi+AVf,,Vo=AVi+ABVo (from eq (2),, equation(1)we get, Vo=A*(Vi+Vf),,Vo=AVi+AVf,,Vo=AVi+ABVo (from eq (2),,
Vo(1Αβ)=AVi,,Vo/Vi=A/(1-Αβ),,→ Gain of a system with positive feedback is given by A/(1-Αβ). Vo(1Αβ)=AVi,,Vo/Vi=A/(1-Αβ),,→ Gain of a system with positive feedback is given by A/(1-Αβ).
It can be clearly noted that whether the input signal in the system will be amplified or attenuated It can be clearly noted that whether the input signal in the system will be amplified or attenuated
or will remain sustained depends on the value of 'Aẞ'. or will remain sustained depends on the value of 'Aẞ'.
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Types of Oscillators,,Oscillators are broadly classified into two types: (on the basis of the nature of Types of Oscillators,,Oscillators are broadly classified into two types: (on the basis of the nature of
the output signal)1.Sinusoidal,,2.Non-Sinusoidal,The oscillators which generate a sinusoidal wave the output signal)1.Sinusoidal,,2.Non-Sinusoidal,The oscillators which generate a sinusoidal wave
as output are called sinusoidal oscillators. Exa:RC Oscillators,,LC Oscillator,,Crystal Oscillators,, as output are called sinusoidal oscillators. Exa:RC Oscillators,,LC Oscillator,,Crystal Oscillators,,
The oscillators which generate a non-sinusoidal wave as output are called non-sinusoidal The oscillators which generate a non-sinusoidal wave as output are called non-sinusoidal
oscillators.Exa:Relaxation,,MultiVibrators Barkhausen Criterion: These are the two conditions that oscillators.Exa:Relaxation,,MultiVibrators Barkhausen Criterion: These are the two conditions that
a system must satisfy to behave as an Oscillator: 1) The total phase shift of the signals in the close a system must satisfy to behave as an Oscillator: 1) The total phase shift of the signals in the close
loop system must be equal to 0 or 360 degrees. 2) The magnitude of Aẞ should be equal to 1. loop system must be equal to 0 or 360 degrees. 2) The magnitude of Aẞ should be equal to 1.
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An Operational Amplifier, or Op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device An Operational Amplifier, or Op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device
designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors
between its output and input terminals.uses:Mathematical operation,, Filtering ,,Oscillator,,Zero between its output and input terminals.uses:Mathematical operation,, Filtering ,,Oscillator,,Zero
crossing detectorচিত্র আছে. Why Operational amplifier is called operational amplifier ? crossing detectorচিত্র আছে. Why Operational amplifier is called operational amplifier ?
The name "operational amplifier" originates from the device's initial purpose in analog computers, The name "operational amplifier" originates from the device's initial purpose in analog computers,
where itperformed mathematical "operations" like addition and integration. Its core function, where itperformed mathematical "operations" like addition and integration. Its core function,
signal "amplification," is also reflected in the name, signal "amplification," is also reflected in the name,
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The unity-follower circuit provides a gain of unity (1) with no polarity or phase reversal. Here , The unity-follower circuit provides a gain of unity (1) with no polarity or phase reversal. Here ,
Vin = Vout It is a circuit where output voltage follows the input voltage.So it is called a unity Vin = Vout It is a circuit where output voltage follows the input voltage.So it is called a unity
follower circuit. Its main purpose is to act as a buffer, isolating one circuit from another. follower circuit. Its main purpose is to act as a buffer, isolating one circuit from another.
uses:Buffering,,Impedance matching,,Sample and hold circuit.A summing amplifier is a type of uses:Buffering,,Impedance matching,,Sample and hold circuit.A summing amplifier is a type of
operational amplifier(op-amp)circuit used to combine multiple input signals into a single output operational amplifier(op-amp)circuit used to combine multiple input signals into a single output
signal. It is commonly referred to as a voltage adder because it adds the voltages present at its signal. It is commonly referred to as a voltage adder because it adds the voltages present at its
input terminals.The output voltage Vout of a summing amplifier can be represented by the input terminals.The output voltage Vout of a summing amplifier can be represented by the
equation: চিত্র আছে equation: চিত্র আছে
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A subtraction amplifier, also known as a difference amplifier or subtractor, is an electronic circuit A subtraction amplifier, also known as a difference amplifier or subtractor, is an electronic circuit
that uses an operational amplifier (op-amp) to produce an output voltage that is proportional to that uses an operational amplifier (op-amp) to produce an output voltage that is proportional to
the difference between two input voltages চিত্র আছে.differentiator amplifier, also known as a the difference between two input voltages চিত্র আছে.differentiator amplifier, also known as a
differentiating amplifier, is an electronic circuit that uses an operational amplifier(op-amp)to differentiating amplifier, is an electronic circuit that uses an operational amplifier(op-amp)to
produce an output voltage proportional to the time derivative of its input signal. চিত্র আছে produce an output voltage proportional to the time derivative of its input signal. চিত্র আছে
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A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is defined as a unidirectional semiconductor device made of A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is defined as a unidirectional semiconductor device made of
silicon. It functions like a solid-state thyratron, also known as a thyristor. General Electric Company silicon. It functions like a solid-state thyratron, also known as a thyristor. General Electric Company
coined the name SCR. It is a three-terminal, four-layer device with alternating layers of p-type and coined the name SCR. It is a three-terminal, four-layer device with alternating layers of p-type and
n-type material.Hence it has three pn junctions J1, J2 and J3. The figure below shows an SCR with n-type material.Hence it has three pn junctions J1, J2 and J3. The figure below shows an SCR with
the layers p-n-p-n. The device has terminals Anode(A), Cathode(K) and the Gate(G). The Gate the layers p-n-p-n. The device has terminals Anode(A), Cathode(K) and the Gate(G). The Gate
terminal(G) is attached to the p-layer nearer to the Cathode(K) terminal. terminal(G) is attached to the p-layer nearer to the Cathode(K) terminal.
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Reverse Blocking Mode of SCR In this mode, the SCR is reverse biased by connecting its anode Reverse Blocking Mode of SCR In this mode, the SCR is reverse biased by connecting its anode
terminal (A) to negative end and the cathode terminal (K) to the positive end of the battery. terminal (A) to negative end and the cathode terminal (K) to the positive end of the battery.
Forward Blocking Mode of SCR Here a positive bias is applied to the SCR by connecting anode Forward Blocking Mode of SCR Here a positive bias is applied to the SCR by connecting anode
terminal (A) to the positive and cathode terminal (K) to the negative terminal of the battery, terminal (A) to the positive and cathode terminal (K) to the negative terminal of the battery,
junction J2 gets reverse biased. Forward Conduction Mode of SCR The SCR can be made to conduct junction J2 gets reverse biased. Forward Conduction Mode of SCR The SCR can be made to conduct
either (i) By increasing the positive voltage applied at anode terminal (A) beyond the Break Over either (i) By increasing the positive voltage applied at anode terminal (A) beyond the Break Over
Voltage, VB or (ii) By applying positive voltage at the gate terminal (G)
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Voltage, VB or (ii) By applying positive voltage at the gate terminal (G)
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Oscillator Applications:1.Electronic devices like computers have microprocessors that work on Oscillator Applications:1.Electronic devices like computers have microprocessors that work on
clock pulses. The oscillators provide these clock pulses. 2.Signal generators generate different clock pulses. The oscillators provide these clock pulses. 2.Signal generators generate different
signals which are used in laboratories. 3.Day-to-day devices like TV, computers, Inverters, Audio, signals which are used in laboratories. 3.Day-to-day devices like TV, computers, Inverters, Audio,
Video systems, etc. 4.Metal detectors, Quartz watches.Normally SCRs have high switching speed Video systems, etc. 4.Metal detectors, Quartz watches.Normally SCRs have high switching speed
and can handle heavy current flow. This makes the thyristor (SCR) ideal for many applications and can handle heavy current flow. This makes the thyristor (SCR) ideal for many applications
like1.Power switching circuits(for both AC and DC)2.Zero-voltage switching circuits3.Over voltage like1.Power switching circuits(for both AC and DC)2.Zero-voltage switching circuits3.Over voltage
protection circuits4.Controlled Rectifiers5.Inverters protection circuits4.Controlled Rectifiers5.Inverters