Unit I: Introduction:

a.​ Definition, historical and philosophical review;- Butcher & Mineka- (chapter 2)

​ Changing attitudes and concepts of mental health: Article on changing attitudes

Policies on Mental Health- Article on National Policies

b.​ Models of abnormality: Biological Model, Psychodynamic Model, Behavioral Model, Cognitive Model, Humanistic-Existential Model,
Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives, Complex Systems Model - Butcher & Mineka- (chapter 3); Oxford Textbook of
Psychopathology; Synopsis- (attachment theory; Learning theory; sigmund freud; transcultural psychiatry)
c.​ Types of classification of mental disorders: DSM and ICD systems of classification. DSM 5 and ICD 11.- Butcher and Mineka- Pages-
(Pages 7-8; Pages 44-47; Pg 122-123 of chapter 4 ); Synopsis- (Classification in Psychiatry-Page 278)

Unit II: Anxiety, Stress and Mood, Related Disorders:

a.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of anxiety disorders; Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social
anxiety disorder.

b.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of trauma and stress related disorders; Post traumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder,

c.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of dissociative Disorders.

d.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of mood disorders: Depressive disorders; Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymia, Bipolar
Affective Disorder I & II

Unit III: Psychotic and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

a.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders: obsessive compulsive disorder,

SDL -body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder; refer Butcher & Synopsis

b.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, catatonia

Unit IV: Personality Disorders,

 a.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of Personality Disorders: Cluster A personality disorders, cluster B personality disorders,
cluster C personality disorders

Focus on key features and differences across clusters; common etiology; refer Butcher & Synopsis

Unit V: Substance Related and Addictive Disorders

a.​ Clinical features, epidemiology and etiology of substance use disorders: Disorders due to use of alcohol, cannabis, opioids, cocaine,
caffeine, nicotine and volatile inhalants; Gambling disorder.

Focus on key mechanism of action and effects of different classes of psychoactive substances; common etiological factors- refer
Butcher & Synopsis; class notes

Answers for elaborate, discuss- example from midterm:

What is ICD and DSM ? discuss types of classification

●​ Purpose of classification: Advantages-Nomenclature; learn about cause; social /political/insurance; research ; Disadvantages-loss of
info of context; stigma; stereotyping; labelling
●​ Classification - Hybrid approach: describes prototypes of both; Categorical approach- distinct syndromes are grouped together as
distinct disorders; indicators for definite presence /absence; Dimensional approach - used to describe signs and symptoms; normality to
severity indicators; takes into account chronology of presentation as well as degree of presence-
●​ DSM & ICD- symptoms occurring together form a disorder; each type has a predictable course; DSM-5>US; research based; ICD-
WHO; numerical codes; other differences in organisation of specifiers/conditions (

History of psychopathology or similar such detailed elaboration

●​ Ancient Egypt and early ages:

●​ Egypt papyrus;edwin smith; ebers; Demonology, Gods, Magic- possession; hippocrates-, Maher & Maher- 4 humors; Melancholia &
Galen;
●​ Plato; Aristotle; C/hina- yin and yang; Chung Ching;
●​ Middle ages- Mass madness; tarantism, St Vitus’s dance; lycanthropy; exorcism;
●​ Toward humanitarian approaches-Paracelcus;Magnetism; Malleus Malcifere; early asylums-bedlm; Tuke; Franklin. ;
 ●​ Pinel’s ; york retreat tuke; Dorothea dix- mental hygiene movement; franklin;
●​ 19th century- alienists; 20th century- clifford beers; syphilis of the brain; desinstitutionalization; current causal factors- biological- brain,
psychoanalysis;

Elaborate on biological and psychoanalytic model

Biological model: Discussing the impact of the biological model in understanding psychopathology (mention of key concepts)-

1.​ Genetics and Environment: Key words the relationship of genotypes to phenotypes (twin studies, adoption studies, environmental)developmental
systems approach; nature vs nurture
2.​ Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity: — Key words flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to functional
circuit changes; structural/electrophysiological changes; changes due to infections, metabolic factors, stress, diet
3.​ Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones: Key words norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma aminobutyric acid GABA
4.​ Temperament: Key words child’s reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation, which are believed to be biologically programmed

Psychoanalytical model: explaining the psychoanalytic perspective in understanding psychopathology. Highlighting the Fundamentals of Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory

1.​ The Structure of Personality: Key words: Id, Ego, and Superego, structure of unconscious life instincts, death instincts.
2.​ Ego defenses Key words ); Defence mechanisms; key defenses; .
3.​ psychosexual stages Key words: Oral stage: Anal stage, Phallic stage: Latency period, Genital stage, The Oedipus Complex and the Electra
Complex.

Discuss / elaborate/ analyse between different clinical conditions

●​ Intro- what is anxiety/stress/ dissociation/ depression/bipolar/ Obsessions Compulsions/ schizophrenia/ personality/

psychoactive substance & when its abuse

●​ Incase asked to analyse or critically evaluate: key differences in epidemiology- typical age of onset, gender difference,
socio-culture factors of prevalence; comorbidities
 ●​ Incase asked to describe a standalone condition- include brief of all; incase asked description of set of sub conditions- any
key 2 (prevalence/onset/gender ratios)

●​ Clinical features- describe key different specifiers for each; discuss the commonality for diagnosis

●​ In case of critically evaluate/differentiate/analyse: think about key differences in etiology as well and include

Substance use disorders notes:

Classification Drugs Neurotransmitter action Effect

Sedatives Alcohol (both Increase GABA & inhibit NMDA Alcohol- initial relaxation,
stimulant & receptors-(sedation); bind to glutamate disinhibition, pleasure; then
depressant) receptors and prevents its excitatory sedation-( reduced alertness,
Barbiturates(dep action; μ-opioid receptors; disinhibit judgement); interferes with thiamine
ressant) dopamine neurons- increase dopamine metabolism> korsakoff syndrome;
in brain (stimulant action) delirium tremens- overactive
sympathetic nervous system

Stimulants Cocaine Increase synaptic monoamine levels- Owing to the excess dopamine-
Nicotine by inhibiting their active transport to extreme high.
Caffeine; synaptic vesicles; slow down But from first use onwards, brain fails
Amphetamines( catecholamine metabolism (ANS to normally produce regular
MDMA) arousal) dopamine levels; leading to higher
Meth- mimics dopamine; dopamine craving & tolerance; affects ex
transporters take it into post-synaptic functions & memory
 cell; it enters dopamine vesicles and
pushes it out, which is pumped out into
synapse- and excess dopamine keeps
exciting the neuron. Ecstasy(MDMA)-
same effect on serotonin
Cocaine- blocks dopamine transporters

Opiates Heroin Attach to μ-opioid receptors; disinhibit Pain relief; sedation; mild levels of
Morphine & dopamine neurons- increase dopamine pleasure / well being
Codeine in brain
Opium
derivatives

Anxiolytics Benzodiazepines Action on increasing GABA Pain relief; sedation; mild levels of
(minor (depressant) pleasure / well being
tranqullizers) Xanax

Hallucinogen Cannabis Cannabis- Acts like anandamide> Both excitatory and inhibitory effects;
s LSD inhibitory action; reduced GABA causes reduction of regulatory effect
●​ Psilocybin release & more synaptic dopamine of serotonin> leads to increase in
level dopamine release; perceptual
LSD- mimics serotonin action; can distortion
inhibit type 2 receptor but excite type 1
receptor;
Psilocybin- increase monoamines; 2
hours increase of glutamate + increase
 GABA

Inhalants Solvents; gases Glutamate, GABA & dopamine Similar effects as a combination of
(NO) the above; needs further research.

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/

Model chart for Etiology of each condition:

(as part of your exam prep, keep adding notes to this table in the relevant columns;Note: not all disorders may have sub
points under each etiological model-stick to the information from Butcher & Synopsis)

Anxiety Stress Dissociat Mood Disorders O Psychotic Personality disorders Substance

Disorders related ive C disorders use
disorders disorders D disorders

Clinical features GAD Acute Dissociat MDD(specifiers) B Schizophrenia Cluster A (Schizoid,

Panic PTSD ive Dysthymia D Schizoaffective Schizotypal, Paranoid)
 Specific Adjustme -Amnesia Double D Delusional Cluster B
Phobia nt -fugue depression & Paranoid (ASPD,BPD,NArcissisti
Social -identity Bipolar I & II H Catatonia c, Histrionic)
phobia Cyclothymia Cluster C (Dependent,
Avoidant,OCPD)

Epidemiology- (Prevalence in
India/Global; typical age of
onset, gender difference,
socio-culture factors of
prevalence; comorbidities)

Biological Model:

Psychoanalytic:

Behavioral:

Cognitive:

Humanistic & Existential:

Family & Socio cultural:

Diathesis Stress Model

Bio-Psycho-Social
Complex Systems