Scribd
Upload
2 views

Cardio Introduction

The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including its structure, function, and assessment techniques. It outlines learning outcomes, key terms, and factors affecting cardiac output and stroke volume. The assessment section emphasizes the importance of gathering subjective data, including medical history, risk factors, and lifestyle habits.

Uploaded by

arabelapelota28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Cardio Introduction

The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including its structure, function, and assessment techniques. It outlines learning outcomes, key terms, and factors affecting cardiac output and stroke volume. The assessment section emphasizes the importance of gathering subjective data, including medical history, risk factors, and lifestyle habits.

Uploaded by

arabelapelota28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

NCM112:

Oxygenation & Perfusion

LICEL ANITA A. DISTRITO, RN, MN


Lecturer
Nursingcaremngt112:
Cardiovascular
System

1: Introduction
2
Learning Outcomes

1. Describe the structure and function of the


cardiovascular system as well as associated cardiac
risk factors.
2. Explain and demonstrate the proper techniques to
perform a comprehensive cardiovascular assessment.
3. Discriminate between normal and abnormal
assessment findings identified by inspection, palpation,
percussion, and auscultation of the cardiovascular
system.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Comprises:
1. Heart
2. Blood
3. Blood vessels
HEART

 hollow, muscular,
 size: clenched fist
 location: mediastinum
 borders: 2nd to 5th ICS (V) & R
edge of sternum to L MCL
(H)
 weight: 300g (10.6 oz)
Layers of the Heart
Heart’s Functions
- generate BP
- route blood
- ensure one-way flow of blood
- regulate blood supply
Chambers of the Heart
Associated Great Vessels

 Superior and inferior vena cava


 Pulmonary trunk
 Pulmonary arteries.
 Pulmonary veins.
 Aorta
Coronary
arteries
Blood
Circulation
in the Heart
AnaPhy Review
Terms to Remember:

▪ Cardiac Output
▪ Stroke Volume
▪ Heart Rate
▪ Venous Return
▪ Preload
▪ Afterload
▪ Starling’s Law of the Heart
Electrical System of the Heart
Cardiac
Electrophysiology
3 physiologic
characteristics of the nodal
cells
and the Purkinje cells:

1. Automaticity
2. Excitability
3. Conductivity
Pacemakers of the Heart

SA node: - 60-100 bpm intrinsic HR


- dominant pacemaker
AV node: 40-60 bpm intrinsic HR
back-up pacemaker
Ventricular cells: 20-45 bpm
30-40 bpm intrinsic HR
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers
PQRST
Action potential
SA node

Spreads through
the walls of the Atria
contracts
atria
- P wave
Slowdown ( allows
ventricle fill with
blood)
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Q wave
Purkinje fiber Spreads to
ventricle

Ventricles
contract
RV - S wave
LV - R wave
Ventricles relax
- T-wave
Cardiac output
➢the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters
per minute
➢ SVxHR
Stroke volume
➢ is the amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per
heartbeat.
Factors that determines the stroke volume:

1. Preload – the degree of stretch the ventricular cardiac


muscle fibers at the end of the diastole
2. Afterload - resistance to ejection of blood from the
ventricle
- the second determinant to stroke volume
3. Contractility - the force generated by the contracting
myocardium
Blood Vessels

1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries
Cardiovascular Assessment:

Subjective Data gathering

History:
A. Biographic and Demographic Data
- age, race, gender and heredity

B. History of present illness


Chief Complaint
- reason the patient is seeking health care
Cardiovascular Assessment:

C. Presenting symptoms
1. Date and mode of onset
- to find out when and how the symptoms first began
Example:
- has the shortness of breath been a problem
For weeks, or a new occurrence ?
COLD SPA

• describe the sign & symptom


C – character
• when did it begin.
O – Onset
L – location: • Where is it? Does it radiate?

D – duration: • how long does it last? Does it


recur?
COLD SPA
S – severity: • how bad is it?
P – pattern: • what makes it better/ worst?
• what are the other signs &
A – associated symptoms that occurs with it?
factors:
Clinical Manifestation

1. Chest pain or discomfort


2. Pain or discomfort in other areas of upper body,
including one or both arms, back, jaw, or stomach
3. Shortness of breath or Dyspnea
4. Peripheral edema, weight gain, abdominal distention
due to enlarged spleen and liver or ascites
5. Palpitation
6. Unusual fatigue, sometimes referred to as vital exhaustion
7. Dizziness, syncope, or changes in level of consciousness
PAIN ASSESSMENT

PQRST
P - precipitating/predisposing factors
etiology or provoking factors

Q – quality .
“ explain the feeling of pain “ Crushing?
burning ? Etc.

R –Region/radiation
“ where is the origin and how far does it
radiate “
PAIN ASSESSMENT

PQRST
S – severity
0= no pain; 1-3= mild; 4-6 moderate; 7-10= severe
in a range of 1-10, how painful it is ?
T –timing
( onset of duration )
is it recurrent ? Persistent ? Intermittent ?
Cardiovascular Assessment:

D. Past Medical History


1. Childhood illnesses and
immunizations
2. Previous Illnesses and hospitalization
3. Diagnostic/ Interventional Cardiac
procedures or surgeries
Ex. Cardiac catheterization,
2d Echo, ECG, hospital admission, etc.
4. Medications
5. Cultural considerations
6. Allergies
E. Family Health History
Disease Maternal Paternal
Hypertension x
Myocardial x
Infarction
Coronary Artery x
Disease
x
Diabetes mellitus
F. Risk factors
1. Non-Modifiable
- not subject to interventions to decrease their
significance
( gender, family History and race )
2. Modifiable
- cigarette smoking, hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia, physical inactivity, DM, stress, and
obesity
Cardiovascular Assessment:

G. Social History
H. Occupation - job stress
I. Culture
J. Environment - exposure to pollutants
and chemicals
K. Habits

- secondhand smoke

Formula = packs smoked per day


x years smoked
K. Habits

2. Coping and
Tolerance
- anxiety, depression,
- Stress ( sources, recent or
ongoing stressors)
K. Habits

3. alcohol consumption
4. eating habits
K. Habits

5. Activity and exercise


Exercise
1. Determine change in activity
pattern for the past 6 months
2. Fatigue
3. Exercise - intensity/ duration /
frequency
K. Habits

- low level of physical activity


- consumption of excess
calories,
- inherited genes
= obesity
K. Habits

6. Sexuality and reproduction

• physical demands are


greatest during orgasm
• reproductive history
• menopausal status
K. Habits

7. Rest and sleep


When/ how patient sleeps or rests:
- recent sleep changes
- sleeping upright in a chair instead
of bed
- no. of pillows
- awakening short of breath
K. Habits

8. Nutrition

Factors to consider:
1. Current height and weight
- waist measurement
- BP, Laboratory tests
K. Habits

2. How often the patient


self monitors
3. Level of awareness
4. He normally eats and
drinks
5. Eating habits
K. Habits

9. Elimination
✓ Nocturia
✓ straining during defecation/
Urination
✓ bloating, diarrhea,
constipation,
✓ Heartburn, nausea and
vomiting
K. Habits

10. Self perception and self concept


• Make difficult lifestyle changes – quit smoking
• NON COMPLIANCE - patient who do not understand
consequences fail to return to normal functioning
K. Habits

11. Roles and relationships

You might also like