Certified HVAC Designer (CHD) Exam Preparation

Guide
Welcome to the comprehensive study guide for the Certified HVAC Designer (CHD) certification exam. This presentation will prepare
you for success by covering all essential domains, tasks, and knowledge areas required to design HVAC systems that meet building
requirements. From system design to calculations, procedural knowledge, and coordination, we'll provide you with the tools and
knowledge necessary to validate your competency as an HVAC designer working under the responsible charge of an engineer.

The CHD certification validates your ability to design HVAC systems, perform load calculations, select equipment, design mechanical
equipment rooms, and develop duct and piping layouts for permit and construction. Throughout this presentation, we'll break down
complex topics into manageable sections and provide practical examples to reinforce your understanding of critical concepts.

MY by Mohamed Yassein
Guide Overview and Purpose
Validate Competency
Verify your knowledge and skills in HVAC design

Targeted Study
Focus on key elements of recommended resources

Build Knowledge
Develop expertise across all four exam domains

This study guide provides a framework to help you assess your knowledge in HVAC design and create a customized study plan for the
CHD exam. You'll evaluate your skills against numerous tasks organized into four domains, identifying areas for growth. The guide will
direct you to specific ASHRAE resources that address your knowledge gaps, helping you develop solutions for HVAC-related problems.
The Four Exam Domains
Domain 1: System Design Domain 2: Design Calculations
Covers conceptualization and design development, including Focuses on the scientific and mathematical aspects of HVAC
duct sizing, zoning plans, control sequences, flow diagrams, design, including load calculations, flow rates, pressure loss,
system types, air diffusion, and equipment selection. thermal loads, ventilation requirements, and fluid properties.
Represents 40% of the exam content and includes 26 specific Represents 30% of the exam content.
tasks.

Domain 3: Procedural Domain 4: Coordination

Addresses processes related to implementing designs, Covers collaboration with other disciplines, stakeholders, and
including code compliance, BIM standards, shop drawing team members, including basis of design development,
review, document interpretation, field verification, and permit space requirements, structural coordination, and system
documentation. Represents 15% of the exam content. integration. Represents 15% of the exam content.
How to Use This Study Guide

Study Planning
Practice Exams Create a personalized study
Resource Consultation Test your knowledge with plan based on your self-
Self-Assessment Use the Task-by-Task domain-specific practice assessment results. The guide
Begin by taking the Quick Quiz Resource Guide to locate questions. Review the answer includes planning tools to help
and completing the Self- specific ASHRAE publications, key with feedback to identify you organize your preparation
assessment for each domain chapters, and pages that areas needing further study. week by week, focusing on
section. These tools will help address your knowledge gaps. Use these questions as pre- areas requiring the most
you identify your strengths and The guide provides both tests, post-tests, or progress attention.
weaknesses, allowing you to standard and "deep dive" checks throughout your
focus your study efforts on resources for comprehensive preparation.
areas where you need the understanding of each topic.
most improvement.
Key Exam Preparation Resources
Primary Publications Secondary Publications Additional Resources
2019 ASHRAE Handbook4HVAC ANSI/ASHRAE Standards (15, 55, ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALI)
Applications 62.1, 90.1, 202, 209) courses
2017 ASHRAE Handbook4 Standard 90.1 User's Manual ASHRAE eLearning On Demand
Fundamentals ASHRAE Guideline 36 modules

2016 ASHRAE Handbook4HVAC Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and CHD Practice Exam
Systems & Equipment Air-Conditioning Various building codes (ICC, NFPA)
Air-Conditioning Systems Design
Manual
Domain 1: System Design Overview

Conceptualization System Selection

Developing the initial design concept Choosing appropriate HVAC system
based on building requirements types for specific applications

Documentation Distribution Design

Creating detailed plans, schematics, Designing ductwork, piping, and
and specifications equipment layout

Domain 1 represents the art of HVAC design, involving conceptualization and higher-level design decisions. This domain tests your
ability to break your concept into individual segments, identify unique demands for different spaces, and develop a logical layout for
equipment and distribution systems. The work done in this domain will establish the foundation for all subsequent design tasks.
Domain 1: Duct Sizing and Zoning
Supply, Return, and Exhaust Ducts HVAC Zoning Plans
When sizing ducts, the equal friction method is recommended Effective zoning considers similar operating conditions,
for downstream of terminal boxes, toilet exhaust ducts, and occupancy patterns, and thermal loads. Proper sensor
other low-pressure systems. For high-pressure systems, the placement is critical for maintaining comfort conditions.
static regain method may be more appropriate to maintain
Zone design factors:
consistent velocity and pressure.
Building orientation and solar exposure
Key considerations include:
Space function and occupancy schedules
Pressure loss requirements
Internal heat gains
Space constraints
Exterior vs. interior zones
Noise limitations
Control requirements
System leakage (max 5% for typical systems)
Domain 1: Control Sequences and Distribution

Control Basics Sequence System Integration Specification

Develop input/output Development Connect controls with Document requirements for
relationships, sensor Create operating logic for building automation systems implementation
locations, and control points normal and emergency
conditions

Control sequences are essential for proper system operation. They must address startup, normal operation, setback modes,
emergency operation, and shutdown procedures. When designing ductwork and piping, shaft and ceiling space requirements must be
coordinated with other building systems. Vertical shafts are typically needed for buildings over 3 stories high to consolidate
mechanical distribution throughout the facility.
Domain 1: HVAC System
Types

Variable Air Variable Radiant Systems

Volume (VAV) Refrigerant Flow Systems that heat or
Systems that vary the (VRF) cool using radiation as
amount of air delivered Systems using the primary heat
to spaces while refrigerant as the transfer mechanism,
maintaining constant cooling/heating often integrated into
supply air temperature. medium with the ability floors, walls, or
Ideal for buildings with to control refrigerant ceilings.
multiple zones and flow to multiple
varying loads. evaporators. Available
in cooling-only, heat
pump, and heat
recovery
configurations.

Thermal Storage
Systems that store
thermal energy (hot or
cold) for later use,
often utilizing off-peak
electricity rates to
reduce operational
costs.
Domain 1: Flow Diagrams and Air Diffusion
HVAC Flow Diagrams Air Diffusion Design
Flow diagrams visually represent system components and their Proper air diffusion is critical for occupant comfort and system
relationships, showing how heating, cooling, and ventilation are efficiency. Key considerations include:
distributed throughout a building. These diagrams include:
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) for predicting outlet
Equipment locations and connections performance
Piping or duct routes Throw distance and velocity at terminal points
Control points and sensors Occupied zone conditions (typically up to 6 ft above floor)
Flow direction indicators Diffuser selection based on ceiling type, throw requirements,
System operating parameters and noise criteria
Avoidance of drafts and stagnant areas
Domain 1: System Selection and Pressure Loss
Analyze requirements
Determine building needs, loads, and constraints

Calculate system parameters

Determine flow rates, pressures, and capacities

Select appropriate equipment

Choose AHUs, fans, pumps, chillers based on calculations

Optimize system design

Minimize pressure loss and power requirements

The selection of HVAC equipment should be based on detailed calculations, considering not only capacity but also efficiency, space
constraints, and maintenance requirements. Designing duct and fluid systems to minimize pressure loss is crucial for energy
efficiency. Best practices include routing ducts as straight as possible, avoiding consecutive fittings, and using appropriately sized
equipment.
Domain 1: Diffusers and Grilles Selection
Selection Criteria Common Diffuser Types Architectural Coordination
When selecting diffusers and grilles, Square diffusers: Versatile for Coordination with architectural elements
consider the following factors: various applications is essential:
Slot diffusers: Architectural
Required air flow rate Ceiling grid compatibility
integration with linear design
Throw distance and pattern Underfloor system integration
Swirl diffusers: Feature radial
Noise criteria (NC) requirements Sidewall mounting requirements
openings for excellent mixing
Pressure drop limitations Special architectural features
Linear bar grilles: Used for precise air
Architectural integration direction control Transfer air provisions
Thermal comfort parameters Perforated diffusers: Provide even
distribution over large areas
Domain 1: Building Design
Modifications
Impact Assessment
Evaluate how proposed architectural changes affect HVAC
requirements, including load changes, equipment relocation, or system
reconfiguration.

Adaptation Strategies
Develop approaches to modify existing systems to accommodate
building changes while maintaining performance and efficiency.

Documentation Updates
Update plans, calculations, and specifications to reflect modifications
and ensure compliance with current codes and standards.

Stakeholder Coordination
Communicate implications of changes to architects, owners, and other
disciplines to ensure integrated design solutions.

Building modifications often present unique challenges for HVAC designers.

When evaluating proposed changes, consider the impacts on load
calculations, equipment capacity, distribution systems, and control strategies.
Energy modeling can be a valuable tool for comparing retrofit alternatives and
optimizing system modifications.
Domain 1: New Technology
Integration
Variable Electronicall Building
Refrigerant y Automation
Flow (VRF) Commutated Integrated control
Advanced heat Motors systems that
pump technology (ECM) optimize HVAC
offering High-efficiency operation, energy
simultaneous motors with use, comfort, and
heating and integrated maintenance
cooling with high controls that through advanced
efficiency and provide algorithms.
zoning flexibility. significant energy
savings and
operational
flexibility.

Automated
Fault
Detection
Systems that
continuously
monitor
equipment
performance,
identify
inefficiencies,
and diagnose
potential failures
before they occur.

Integrating new technologies requires careful consideration of compatibility

with existing systems, control requirements, maintenance implications, and
life-cycle costs. The HVAC designer must also evaluate the technology's
maturity, reliability, and appropriateness for the specific application.
Domain 1: Existing
Equipment Evaluation
Document Review
Begin by examining available equipment documentation, including
original specifications, shop drawings, maintenance manuals, and
previous operational records. For missing information, field verification
becomes essential.

Field Investigation
Conduct on-site assessment of equipment condition, verifying
nameplate data, actual capacities, physical dimensions, and
connection points. Document the current state with photographs,
measurements, and notes.

Performance Testing
When possible, measure actual equipment performance including
airflow rates, temperature differentials, and energy consumption.
Compare results with design parameters to identify degradation.

Capacity Determination
Analyze collected data to establish current equipment
capacities, remaining useful life, and suitability for continued
service with renovated systems. Consider both design capacity
and actual operational performance.
Domain 1: HVAC Demolition
Drawings
Purpose of Demolition Essential Elements
Drawings Clear identification of items
Demolition drawings clearly to be removed
identify which equipment, Equipment and systems to
ductwork, piping, and remain
accessories are to be removed,
Temporary provisions for
relocated, or protected during
continued operation
renovation projects. These
Phasing requirements and
drawings serve as instructions
sequence
for contractors, prevent
accidental removal of required Connection points for new
equipment, and coordinate systems
phased construction.

Drawing Conventions
Dashed lines for items to be removed
Solid lines for items to remain
Hatching for areas requiring special attention
Clear annotations and keyed notes
Coordination with other disciplines
Domain 1: Redundancy and Serviceability
Redundancy Strategies Serviceability Considerations
Minimizing downtime is critical for many facilities. Common System configurations should facilitate maintenance and
redundancy approaches include: repairs:

N+1 configuration: One additional unit beyond what is Adequate clearances around equipment
needed for full capacity Coil pull space and motor replacement access
2N configuration: Complete duplication of all critical Safety features for maintenance personnel
equipment
Isolation valves and bypass provisions
Fan arrays: Multiple smaller fans instead of a single large fan
Access doors and panels at key locations
Direct drive fans: Elimination of belt failure risks
Monitoring points for critical components
VRF systems: Multiple compressors and distributed
architecture

Designing for both redundancy and serviceability requires balancing initial costs against the potential impacts of system downtime.
Critical facilities like hospitals, data centers, and certain manufacturing processes may justify higher levels of redundancy than office
buildings or retail spaces.
Domain 1: System Balancing Design
Balancing Plan Development
Create a comprehensive strategy for testing and balancing the entire system

Component Selection
Choose appropriate balancing dampers, valves, and measurement devices

Device Placement
Position balancing devices at strategic locations for optimal control

Documentation Requirements
Specify necessary testing points, procedures, and reporting formats

Effective system balancing requires thoughtful design integration. Static and dynamic balancing dampers are the two primary styles
for air systems, while water systems may use manual balancing valves, automatic flow limiters, or pressure-independent control
valves. Self-balancing control valves can equalize head loss across all system flow paths when properly adjusted, reducing
commissioning time and improving system performance.
Domain 1: Flow Diagrams for Distribution
Primary/Secondary Systems Pumping and Isolation Duct Loops and Risers
Flow diagrams for primary/secondary Pumping arrangements (series, For air distribution systems, show
hydronic systems must clearly show parallel, standby) and isolation main duct runs, branch connections,
the hydraulic separation between strategies must be clearly and riser configurations. Exhaust
loops, decoupling primary production documented to ensure proper risers with sub-ducts require special
from secondary distribution. These installation and maintenance. Flow attention to ensure proper pressure
diagrams should detail flow rates, diagrams should indicate valve relationships and flow control
temperatures, and control strategies locations, pump head requirements, throughout the building.
for each loop. and variable flow control methods.

Well-designed flow diagrams serve as essential communication tools between designers, installers, and facility operators. They should
include sufficient detail for system understanding without becoming overly complex, and should be coordinated with equipment
schedules, control sequences, and construction documents.
Domain 1: Piping and Ductwork Layout

Sizing Principles Routing Strategies

Apply appropriate sizing methodologies based on system Develop optimal paths considering building structure,
type, balancing pressure drop against initial cost, noise, other services, maintenance access, and expansion
and energy consumption. provisions.

Spatial Coordination Efficiency Considerations

Coordinate with architectural and structural elements to Minimize pressure loss through strategic layout decisions
prevent conflicts and maximize available space. including reducing fittings, avoiding sharp transitions, and
maintaining appropriate velocities.

Effective piping and ductwork layout requires balancing technical requirements with practical installation considerations. The
maximum friction loss for typical piping systems should not exceed 4 ft per 100 ft of pipe, while duct sizing should consider both
pressure drop and space constraints. Round ducts are generally preferred for their superior structural integrity and lower pressure loss.
Domain 1: Expansion Tanks
Types of Expansion Tanks Selection Criteria
Plain steel (conventional): Uses an air cushion in direct When selecting expansion tanks, consider:
contact with the water
System volume and fluid type
Diaphragm type: Contains a flexible membrane to separate
Operating temperature range
air and water
Pressure requirements
Bladder type: Uses a flexible membrane inserted between air
and water Installation location constraints
Acceptance volume needed
Each type has specific applications, advantages, and limitations.
Precharge pressure settings
Diaphragm and bladder types prevent air absorption into the
system water but typically cost more than conventional tanks.

Proper expansion tank sizing is critical to system performance and safety. Undersized tanks can lead to pressure relief valve discharge
and system damage, while oversized tanks represent unnecessary cost. Calculations must account for the system's total water
volume, temperature range, and pressure limitations of all components.
Domain 1: Major Air-Side Units
Air-Handling Units (AHUs)
Rooftop Units (RTUs)
Central equipment that conditions and 1 2
Self-contained packaged systems installed
circulates air throughout a building. AHUs
on roofs, containing all necessary
may include filters, coils, fans, humidifiers,
components for complete air conditioning.
and dampers in various configurations.

Fan-Coil Units Terminal Units

Room-level units containing a fan and coil Zone-level devices that control airflow and
for localized conditioning, often used in 4 temperature, including VAV boxes, fan-
perimeter zones or individual spaces. powered boxes, and chilled beams.

When selecting air-side equipment, consider not just capacity but also fan efficiency, filtration requirements, acoustic performance,
and physical dimensions. Custom units may be necessary for specialized applications, while standard products often offer cost
advantages and shorter lead times.
Domain 1: Heating Plant Components
Boilers Heat Exchangers Distribution Components
Firetube: Combustion gases inside Plate: Compact design with high Pumps: Circulate water through
tubes, water surrounding efficiency the system

Watertube: Water inside tubes, Shell and tube: Traditional design Expansion tanks: Accommodate
combustion gases surrounding for many applications water expansion
Condensing: Extracts latent heat Primary/secondary: Hydraulically Air separators: Remove entrained
from flue gases separates systems air
Electric: Converts electrical energy Chemical treatment: Maintains
directly to heat water quality

Sizing heating plant components requires accurate load calculations and consideration of diversity factors. For a typical hot water
heating system operating with a 40°F delta T, the flow rate is approximately 2 GPM per 100,000 BTU/hr of heat load. Multiple boiler
arrangements provide better turndown ratio and redundancy for varying load conditions.
Domain 1: Leak Detection Systems
System Types Design Considerations
Several methods are available for detecting refrigerant leaks: When designing leak detection systems, consider:

Electronic sensors: Monitor refrigerant concentration in air Refrigerant type and safety classification
Bubble testing: Pressurize system with air/nitrogen and Equipment location and ventilation
apply soapy solution Room volume and occupancy
Dye methods: Introduce fluorescent dye into the system Sensor placement and coverage
Ultrasonic detection: Identify high-frequency sounds from Integration with building automation
leaks
Alarm and notification requirements
Halide torch: Traditional method being phased out
Response procedures and fail-safe operations

ASHRAE Standard 15 provides requirements for refrigeration system safety, including leak detection provisions. The design must
account for refrigerant characteristics, potential concentration levels, and appropriate response actions. For large systems or those
using high-GWP refrigerants, multiple detection methods may be integrated for comprehensive protection.
Domain 1: Cooling Plant Components - Fans

Centrifugal Fans Axial Fans

Available in forward-curved, backward-inclined, or airfoil Include propeller, tube-axial, and vane-axial types.
configurations. May be single-width/single-inlet (SWSI) or Generally provide higher flow rates with lower pressure
double-width/double-inlet (DWDI) depending on capacity capabilities than centrifugal fans.
requirements.

Plenum Fans Fan Arrays

Unhoused centrifugal fans that discharge directly into a Multiple smaller plug fans on a common plenum wall,
plenum. Increasingly popular in fan arrays for redundancy reducing unit size and providing redundancy and
and acoustical benefits. maintenance advantages.

When selecting fans for cooling plant applications, noise level is typically the most important criterion for condenser fans, while energy
efficiency, pressure capabilities, and space constraints drive selections for air-handling applications. Fan selection should consider
both initial cost and life-cycle energy consumption.
Domain 1: Cooling Plant Components - Coils
Coil Types Selection Factors Performance Considerations
Chilled water: Circulate cooled water Key considerations when selecting Frosting potential with low-
through tubes cooling coils include: temperature applications
Direct expansion (DX): Refrigerant Drainage provisions for condensate
Space limitations and installation
evaporates inside tubes Air bypass factor affects
constraints
Heat recovery: Extract energy from dehumidification
Face velocity and pressure drop
exhaust air Row depth impacts temperature
limitations
Dehumidification: Focus on latent change capability
Sensible/latent load balance
heat removal Face area determines velocity and
requirements
water carryover
Fin spacing and materials for
corrosion resistance
Tube material compatibility with
refrigerant/water
Coil pull space for maintenance
Domain 1: Cooling Plant Components - Piping
Material Selection Design Considerations
Common piping materials for cooling applications include: Important factors in piping design include:

Steel: Most common for chilled water applications Pressure rating requirements
Copper: Used for smaller diameter runs and refrigerant lines Temperature limitations
PVC/CPVC: Limited to specific non-pressure applications Chemical compatibility
HDPE: Growing in popularity for below-grade installations Flow velocity constraints
Pressure drop limitations

Thermal expansion provisions

Support and anchoring requirements

For chilled water applications, the maximum recommended velocity is typically 8-10 ft/s for main pipes and 4-5 ft/s for branch pipes.
Pressure drop should generally not exceed 4 ft per 100 ft of pipe. Chilled water piping requires proper insulation and vapor barriers to
prevent condensation, with particular attention to valves, fittings, and supports where thermal bridging can occur.
Domain 1: Cooling Plant Components - Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps Pump Arrangements

Most common type for HVAC applications. Configurations Can be configured in series (for increased head), parallel
include close-coupled single-stage end-suction, frame- (for increased flow and redundancy), or primary-secondary
mounted end-suction, and vertical in-line designs. arrangements (for operational flexibility).

Variable Speed Applications Selection Criteria

Increasingly common for energy savings. Proper control Key factors include flow rate, head requirements, NPSH
strategies are essential to maintain minimum flow rates availability, efficiency, space constraints, and life-cycle
and prevent dead-heading. cost.

When selecting pumps, it's important to avoid both undersizing (inadequate flow/pressure) and oversizing (excessive energy use,
noise, cavitation). Consider the system curve interaction with the pump curve, particularly for variable flow systems. NPSH available
should always exceed NPSH required with an appropriate margin of safety.
Domain 2: Design Calculations Overview
Thermal Load Analysis
1
Determining heating and cooling requirements

Fluid System Calculations

2
Sizing pipes, ducts, and distribution components

Ventilation Requirements
Calculating fresh air needs for occupant health and comfort

Equipment Selection
Determining capacities and specifications based on
calculations

Domain 2 represents the science of HVAC design, focusing on the calculations that transform conceptual designs into practical
systems. While Domain 1 established the foundation and overall approach, Domain 2 provides the quantitative basis for equipment
selection, sizing, and performance verification. Accurate calculations are essential for system effectiveness, energy efficiency, and
occupant comfort.
Domain 2: System Requirements Calculation
Water Flow Calculations Airflow Calculations Additional System
Requirements
Water flow rates are determined using Airflow requirements are calculated
the relationship between heat transfer, based on either load or ventilation needs: Pump head: Calculated based on
temperature differential, and fluid system pressure loss plus static
For cooling loads: CFM = Sensible Load
properties: height
÷ (1.085 × —T)
Suction head: NPSH requirements for
For chilled water (in I-P units): GPM =
For heating loads: CFM = Heating Load ÷ pump selection
(Tons × 24) ÷ —T
(1.08 × —T) Expansion compensation: Accounts
For hot water (in I-P units): GPM = (MBH
For ventilation: Based on ASHRAE 62.1 for thermal expansion in piping
× 500) ÷ —T
requirements for occupancy and area.
Where —T is the temperature difference
in °F between supply and return water.
Domain 2: Project Estimate Preparation
Initial Cost Analysis
Equipment, installation, and commissioning expenses

Operating Cost Projection

Energy, maintenance, and replacement expenditures

Life-Cycle Cost Evaluation

3
Total cost of ownership over system lifespan

When preparing project estimates for comparative system selection, the HVAC designer must consider multiple factors beyond simple
equipment costs. Space limitations may dictate more expensive compact equipment. Water availability influences cooling tower
versus air-cooled condenser decisions. Power requirements affect both initial electrical infrastructure and ongoing operational costs.

A thorough life-cycle cost analysis considers not just initial expense but also energy consumption, maintenance requirements,
equipment lifespan, and replacement costs over a defined period (typically 20 years). When evaluating systems with different
lifespans, replacement costs must be factored into the analysis.
Domain 2: Pipe and Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing Methods Pipe Sizing Principles
Common approaches to duct sizing include: Pipe sizing balances several factors:

Equal Friction: Maintains consistent pressure drop per unit Flow rate requirements
length Acceptable pressure drop (typically 1-4 ft per 100 ft)
Static Regain: Converts velocity pressure to static pressure Velocity limitations (8-10 ft/s for main lines)
Constant Velocity: Maintains consistent air speed Noise considerations
throughout
Erosion potential (particularly with steam)
Velocity Reduction: Progressively reduces velocity in
Economic pipe diameter
branches

Equal friction is recommended for low-pressure systems, while

static regain is preferred for high-pressure systems but should
be avoided for negative-pressure applications.

Both piping and ductwork must be adapted to physical constraints while maintaining proper performance. Head loss through the
critical path determines pump and fan sizing, making accurate calculation essential for energy-efficient design. For best results,
ductwork should be routed as straight as possible, with gradual transitions and minimal consecutive fittings.
Domain 2: Building Modifications Impact

Envelope Changes Space Use Modifications

Modifications to walls, windows, roofs, or insulation Changes in occupancy type, density, or equipment alter
directly impact load calculations and may necessitate both sensible and latent loads as well as ventilation
system resizing. requirements.

Layout Reconfigurations Operational Adjustments

Revised interior partitions affect zone boundaries, airflow Modified operating schedules or set points require
patterns, and equipment placement opportunities. reconsideration of system sizing and control strategies.

When adjusting thermal loads based on building modifications, designers must recalculate both heating and cooling requirements.
Envelope improvements typically reduce loads, while increased glazing or occupancy may increase them. The designer must also
consider the impact on existing distribution systems, which may need reconfiguration or replacement to accommodate the revised
loads.
Domain 2: Critical Path Head Loss

Identify Critical Path Calculate Component Apply Safety Factors Size Pumps/Fans
Determine the hydraulic path Losses Include margins for design Select equipment to
with greatest resistance Add pressure drops from uncertainties overcome calculated
pipes, fittings, and resistance
equipment

The critical path in a distribution system represents the route with the highest total pressure drop, determining the minimum pump or
fan pressure requirement. Head loss includes both friction losses in straight pipe/duct runs and dynamic losses through fittings and
equipment. Equipment pressure drops (coils, filters, dampers) often constitute a significant portion of the total system pressure drop
and must be obtained from manufacturer data.

For piping systems, the Darcy-Weisbach equation is commonly used to calculate friction losses, while duct systems typically use the
equal friction method for sizing and pressure drop calculations.
Domain 2: Space Heat Load Calculations
Heating Load Components Calculation Methods
Conduction through walls, roofs, floors For each component:
Infiltration and ventilation air
Conduction Heat Loss = U-value × Area × —T
Window transmission losses
Where:
Slab edge and below-grade losses
U-value = thermal transmittance (BTU/hr·ft²·°F)
Heating calculations typically use worst-case assumptions with
Area = surface area (ft²)
no solar or internal gains, and no heat storage (all losses
evaluated instantaneously). —T = temperature difference (°F)

Infiltration/Ventilation Heat Loss = 1.08 × CFM × —T

Space heating loads must be calculated individually for each room or zone to properly size terminal units and distribution systems. The
designer must account for diversity factors when sizing central equipment, as not all spaces will experience peak loads
simultaneously. Heat losses through completely below-grade structures are typically analyzed using heat flow paths to find the steady-
state heat loss to the ground surface.
Domain 2: Building Load Analysis

Heat Transmission Solar Heat Gain

Heat transfer through building envelope components Radiation through glazing and opaque surfaces, affected
including walls, roof, floors, and fenestration, calculated by orientation, shading, glass properties, and time of
based on construction U-values and temperature day/year. Critical for cooling load calculations.
differentials.

Internal Heat Sources Air Exchange

Heat generated by occupants, lighting, equipment, and Heat gain or loss from ventilation and infiltration,
other sources within the building. Varies by space function calculated based on airflow rates and indoor/outdoor
and occupancy patterns. conditions including both temperature and humidity.

Building load calculations must address both sensible and latent components. Peak loads typically occur at different times for
different orientations and space types, requiring either multiple calculation points or the use of sophisticated modeling software to
determine the true peak for equipment sizing.
Domain 2: Fan and Duct Pressure Calculations
Total Pressure Components Calculating System Pressure
The total pressure in a duct system consists of: To determine the required fan pressure:

Static pressure: The potential energy of the air 1. Calculate friction losses in straight duct sections
Velocity pressure: The kinetic energy of the air 2. Add dynamic losses through fittings and transitions
3. Include pressure drops through components (filters, coils,
Total Pressure = Static Pressure + Velocity Pressure
dampers, diffusers)
External static pressure (ESP) represents the pressure external 4. Add a safety factor (typically 10-25%)
to the air-handling unit that the fan must overcome, while total
static pressure includes both external components and internal At diverging transitions, static pressure can increase while
pressure drops. velocity pressure decreases, but total pressure always
decreases in the direction of flow.

External static and total pressures must be specified in equipment schedules to ensure proper fan selection. For existing systems with
new components, the fan speed or motor may need to be adjusted using fan laws to maintain the required airflow against increased
resistance.
Domain 2: Ventilation Rate Calculations

15 0.18 30-60%
cfm/person cfm/sq.ft RH Range
Typical outside air requirement for office Common area-based ventilation rate Preferred humidity range for comfort
spaces

Ventilation rates must be calculated according to applicable codes and standards, primarily ASHRAE Standard 62.1. The ventilation
rate procedure combines both people-based and area-based components: Vbz = Rp × Pz + Ra × Az, where Rp is the required outdoor
airflow rate per person, Pz is the zone population, Ra is the required outdoor airflow rate per unit area, and Az is the zone floor area.

These base ventilation rates must be adjusted for zone air distribution effectiveness and system ventilation efficiency. The designer
must also consider thermal comfort parameters (typically 68-75°F in winter and 73-79°F in summer, with 30-60% relative humidity) and
indoor air quality requirements specific to the space use.
Domain 2: Piping System Design for Fluid
Properties
Freeze Protection Expansion Compensation Fluid Density and Transfer
Systems exposed to freezing Thermal expansion must be Capacity
temperatures require either glycol accommodated through expansion The density and specific heat of
solutions or heat tracing. Glycol loops, joints, or flexible connectors. different fluids directly impact flow
affects system performance by Pipe stress calculations determine the requirements for given heat transfer
reducing heat transfer efficiency required compensation, with needs. Increased fluid density typically
(requiring larger coils) and increasing anchoring and guiding arrangements increases pressure drop but may
pumping power due to higher viscosity to direct movement appropriately. improve heat transfer characteristics.
and different fluid properties.

When using glycol solutions, concentration should be verified using methods other than density measurements, as inhibitor
concentrations can affect density. For propylene glycol, values exhibit a maximum at 50-55% concentration. System metallurgy must
be compatible with the fluid, and appropriate corrosion inhibitors should be specified.
Domain 3: Procedural Overview
Document Analysis
Reviewing building designs and HVAC plans

Code Verification
2
Ensuring adherence to regulations and standards

Field Documentation
Verifying and recording as-built conditions

Domain 3 focuses on the procedural aspects of HVAC design, addressing how designers execute their work in practice. This domain
covers the transition from design to implementation, including code compliance, construction documentation, field verification, and
quality assurance processes. These procedural elements are essential for ensuring that the theoretical design work developed in
Domains 1 and 2 is properly translated into real-world systems.

Strong procedural knowledge enables designers to effectively communicate with contractors, respond to field conditions, and navigate
the complexities of the construction process while maintaining design integrity and compliance with applicable requirements.
Domain 3: Code Compliance Analysis
Key Codes and Standards Compliance Analysis Process
International Building Code (IBC) The systematic evaluation of designs includes:
International Mechanical Code (IMC)
1. Identifying applicable code sections by system type
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
2. Reviewing designs against specific requirements
ASHRAE Standards (62.1, 90.1, 55, 15)
3. Documenting compliance through calculations
NFPA Standards (90A, 90B, 92, 101)
4. Preparing narratives explaining compliance strategies
Local amendments and jurisdictional requirements
5. Coordinating with Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)

Code compliance analysis must be performed throughout the design process, not just at submission for permit. Early identification of
requirements helps avoid costly revisions later. Special attention should be paid to energy code compliance, ventilation requirements,
refrigerant safety, and fire/smoke control provisions. Many jurisdictions require signed and sealed compliance forms as part of the
permit application process.
Domain 3: BIM Standards Implementation

3D Coordination Data Management

Create accurately sized components in proper spatial Embed pertinent equipment and system data within the
relationships to detect conflicts early and coordinate with model to support scheduling, specifications, and facility
other disciplines. management.

Standards Compliance Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Follow project-specific BIM execution plans and industry Participate in model coordination meetings to resolve
standards for consistency across disciplines and project spatial conflicts and optimize system integration.
phases.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a methodology that relies on creating and collecting interrelated, computable
information about a building project. Unlike traditional CAD, BIM provides a reliable, coordinated digital representation that supports
visualization, conflict detection, and data extraction. HVAC designers must understand not just modeling techniques but also the
workflow and collaboration aspects of the BIM process.
Domain 3: Shop Drawing Review

Documentation
Coordination Review Provide clear, actionable
Technical Evaluation Ensure compatibility with other feedback on submittals, noting
Compliance Assess equipment capacity, building systems, including approval status and any
Verification connections, clearances, and structural supports, electrical required corrections or
Compare submittals against installation requirements. requirements, and spatial clarifications. Maintain records
contract documents, including Verify that selected products clearances. Identify potential of all reviewed documents.
drawings, specifications, and will function properly within conflicts before installation.
addenda. Check for the designed system and meet
conformance with design specified criteria.
intent, performance
requirements, and dimensional
constraints.

Shop drawing review is a critical quality control process, not merely an administrative task. The reviewer should focus on confirming
that contractors understand the design intent while allowing reasonable flexibility in implementation methods. Substitution requests
should be evaluated based on both technical equivalence and impact on other systems or trades.
Domain 3: Document Interpretation
Document Hierarchy Technical Interpretation Coordination Assistance
When interpreting design documents Provide clarification on design intent, Assist in resolving apparent conflicts
during bidding and construction, performance requirements, and between documents or between
understand the hierarchy of installation methods. Help contractors different trades. Identify the governing
documents. In disputes or ambiguities, understand not just what to install but requirements and provide direction
contracts typically take precedence why certain approaches were that maintains design integrity while
over project manuals, which take specified, facilitating better decision- accommodating field realities.
precedence over drawings. Specific making when field conditions differ
provisions override general provisions, from expectations.
and more recent documents
supersede earlier ones.

Document interpretation requires both technical knowledge and communication skills. The HVAC designer must be able to explain
complex concepts clearly to contractors and other stakeholders who may have different backgrounds and perspectives. Maintaining
detailed records of interpretations provided is essential for consistency throughout the project.
Domain 3: Field Verification
Processes
Pre-Visit Planning
Prepare documents and identify verification priorities

Systematic Observation
Document existing conditions with measurements and
photographs

Design Comparison
3 Compare field conditions against design documents

Documentation
Record findings and recommend necessary adjustments

Field verification is crucial for both new construction and existing buildings.
For new construction, verify that installations match approved documents,
equipment is properly installed, and required clearances are maintained. For
existing structures, document actual equipment, distribution systems, and
space constraints to inform renovation designs.

When field conditions deviate from plans, the designer must determine
whether the deviation is acceptable or requires correction. This decision
should balance technical requirements, project schedule, and cost
implications while maintaining system integrity and compliance.
Domain 3: Quality Control Investigations

Regular Site Visits Punch List Development

Conduct periodic inspections to verify installation quality, Create comprehensive lists of items requiring correction or
identify issues early, and provide timely guidance to completion before system acceptance, with clear
contractors. descriptions and locations.

3 Equipment Verification Issue Resolution

Confirm that installed equipment matches approved Work with contractors to address identified problems,
submittals in terms of manufacturer, model, capacity, and providing technical guidance and verifying corrections.
configuration.

Quality control investigations require a systematic approach and attention to detail. The HVAC designer should focus on critical
components that affect system performance, energy efficiency, and maintenance accessibility. Documentation should be specific and
actionable, with clear differentiation between items that must be corrected before substantial completion and those that can be
addressed during the warranty period.
Domain 3: Request for Information (RFI)
Management
RFI Response Process Valid RFI Reasons
1. Acknowledge receipt and establish timeline Legitimate RFIs typically involve:
2. Review the request for clarity and completeness
Conflicting information between documents
3. Research applicable requirements and constraints
Missing or unclear details
4. Develop a response that addresses the specific question
Unforeseen field conditions
5. Consider implications for other systems or documents Coordination issues between trades
6. Provide clear, concise direction with supporting details Requests for clarification of design intent
7. Document the response for project records
Invalid reasons include requests for additional compensation,
attempts to shift design responsibility, or information clearly
shown in documents.

RFI management requires balancing timely responses with thorough consideration. Responses become part of the contract
documents and may have significant implications for project cost, schedule, and quality. When an RFI affects multiple disciplines,
coordination with other design team members is essential before responding.
Domain 3: Permit Documentation
Required Documentation Coordination with AHJ Common Submission
Permit applications typically require Effective interaction with code Components
detailed HVAC documentation officials is essential. This includes pre- Mechanical plans showing
including plans, equipment schedules, submission consultations for complex equipment locations and
specifications, and compliance projects, addressing review comments distribution
calculations. These must be prepared promptly, and providing supplemental Ventilation calculations per
according to AHJ standards, often information as requested. ASHRAE 62.1
requiring professional engineer seals Understanding local interpretations of
Energy code compliance
and signatures. code requirements helps streamline
documentation
the process.
Equipment schedules and
specifications
Control sequences and diagrams
Special system details (smoke
control, hazardous exhaust)

The permit documentation process varies significantly by jurisdiction. Research local requirements early in the design process to avoid
delays during submission. For complex or unusual systems, consider requesting a preliminary review to identify potential compliance
issues before finalizing the design.
Domain 3: As-Built Documentation

Final Documentation
Quality Verification Package
Document Update Review updated documents Compile comprehensive
Field Data Collection Process for completeness, accuracy, records including drawings,
Gather comprehensive Incorporate field information and consistency with actual specifications, equipment
information about actual into final record documents, installations. Cross-reference data, testing reports, and
installations, including clearly identifying changes with contractor submissions operational information for
contractor markups, field from the design documents. and field observations to future reference and facility
notes, photographs, and Maintain accuracy in resolve discrepancies. management.
measurement verification. dimensions, equipment
Focus on variations from specifications, and system
design documents and details configurations.
not shown in original plans.

As-built documentation serves as the foundation for future maintenance, troubleshooting, and renovations. Accurate records are
particularly valuable for concealed systems that cannot be easily inspected after construction. The documentation should reflect not
just what was installed but also provide context for why certain changes were made from the original design.
Domain 4: Coordination Overview
Team Collaboration Spatial Coordination
Working effectively with all design Ensuring HVAC components have
disciplines and stakeholders to adequate space and proper
integrate HVAC systems with other relationships with structural and
building elements architectural elements

Life Safety Coordination Systems Integration

Aligning HVAC design with fire Coordinating HVAC requirements with
protection and smoke control electrical, plumbing, and other building
requirements services

Domain 4 addresses the critical coordination aspects of HVAC design. The HVAC designer must work with multiple disciplines to
ensure integrated building systems that function properly together. Effective coordination prevents conflicts, optimizes building
performance, and identifies potential issues before construction, saving time and costs while improving the final result.