4CH1 Paper 1 selected question

Principles of Chemistry

State of matter

Describe the differences in the movement of particles in solids and gases. (2 marks)

Describe a physical test to show that the water produced in this reaction is pure. (2 marks)

Atomic structure

State what is meant by the term isotopes. (2 marks)

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Bonding and Structure
State, in terms of electrostatic attraction, what is meant by the term covalent bond. (2 marks)

State the meaning of the term ionic bond. (2 marks)

Explain why silicon dioxide has a much higher melting point than carbon dioxide. (6 marks)

Explain why lithium oxide has a high melting point. (3 marks)

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Carbon structure

Explain why graphite is soft and conducts electricity by referring to structure and bonding. (5 marks)

Discuss the differences between diamond and graphite.

Refer to structure and bonding, electrical conductivity and hardness in your answer. (6 marks)

Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond and graphite. (4 marks)

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Electron diagram

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ammonia (NH3). (2 marks)

Draw diagrams in the boxes to show the arrangement of the electrons in the ions of sodium oxide. (3 marks)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of methanol. (2 marks)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show all the outer electrons in this molecule (CF3Br). (2 marks)

Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram to represent a molecule of chloroethene. (2 marks)

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Paper chromatography

Explain two mistakes that the student makes when setting up the apparatus. (4 marks)

Explain which ink contains a dye that is insoluble in the solvent. (2 marks)

Explain which two inks contain the dye that is likely to be the most soluble in the solvent. (2 marks)

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Inorganic chemistry
Group 1 and 7
Explain the trend in the boiling points. (3 marks)

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Salt preparation

Describe what the student should do next to obtain pure, dry crystal of zinc nitrate. (5 marks)

Describe how the student can obtain dry crystals of hydrated magnesium nitrate from the mixture at the end

of the reaction. (5 marks)

Describe how the student can obtain pure dry crystals of salt from the salt solution. (4 marks)

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Redox

Explain, in terms of electrons, which species acts as a reducing agent in this reaction. (2 marks)

3Mg(s) + 2Al2+ (aq) → 3Mg2+(aq) + 2Al(s)

Explain, in terms of electrons, why this is a redox reaction. (2 marks)

Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Explain why the reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide is a redox reaction. (3 marks)

2Al + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + Al2O3

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Physical chemistry

Kinetics (Rate of reaction)

Explain how increasing the temperature affects the rate of a reaction by particle collision theory.

Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature affects the rate of a reaction. (4

marks)

Explain why using a solution of a lower concentration decreases the rate of reaction. (2 marks)

Explain how increasing the pressure of gases increases the rate of reaction. (3 marks)

Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction. (2 marks)

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Describe a method to show that the solid is a catalyst in the reaction and not a reactant. (3 marks)

Describe the method that the student should use to find out which solids act as catalysts. (3 mark)

Energetics

State what is meant by the term exothermic. (1 mark)

State what is meant by the term endothermic. (1 mark)

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Graphical questions

(i) Plot the results on the grid. (3 marks)

Draw a straight line of best fit through the first five points and another straight line of best fit
through the last four points.

Make sure that the two lines cross.

(ii) The point where the lines cross shows (2 marks)

• the volume of acid needed to exactly neutralise the alkali
• the maximum temperature reached
Use your graph to determine these values.
volume of acid = __________ cm3
maximum temperature = __________ °C

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(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid. (1 mark)
(ii) Draw a circle on the grid around the anomalous result. (1 mark)
(iii) Draw a curve of best fit through the points, ignoring the anomalous result. (1 mark)

(iv) Suggest a mistake that the student might have made to cause the anomalous result. (1 mark)

(v) Determine the volume of oxygen collected during the first 3 minutes. (2 marks)
Show on your graph how you obtain your answer.
volume of oxygen = ____________ cm3

(vi) The student repeats the experiment using the solution of half the concentration of the original
solution.
She keeps the volume of the solution and all other conditions the same.
Draw on the grid the curve you would expect the student to obtain. (2 marks)

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Organic chemistry

General

State the meaning of the term hydrocarbon. (2 mark)

State why chloroethene is described as an unsaturated compound. (1 mark)

Give two characteristics of a homologous series. (2 marks)

Alkane alkene reaction

Ethane (C2H6) and ethene (C2H4) both react with bromine.

Describe the differences in the reactions of ethane and ethene with bromine.

Refer to the conditions, the products and the types of reaction involved. (5 marks)

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Oil industry and combustion

Describe how kerosene is produced from crude oil in fractional distillation. (5 marks)

Explain why cracking is a useful process in the oil industry. (4 marks)

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Isomerism

State what is meant by the term isomers. (2 marks)

Draw the displayed formulae of the other two isomers of pentane. (2 marks)

Organic compound Q reacts with bromine, without the presence of ultraviolet radiation, to form the
compound C4H8Br2.
Draw the displayed formulae of two isomers of Q. (2 marks)

Polymer

Complete the equation to show the repeat unit of the polymer that forms from this monomer. (1 mark)

Complete the equation for the polymerisation reaction. (1 mark)

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