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 International Macroeconomics 4th Edition Feenstra
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1. Which of the following is NOT a reason why countries trade goods with one another?
A) differences in technology used in different countries
B) differences in countries' total amount of resources
C) the proximity of countries to one another
D) differences in countries' languages and cultures

2. David Ricardo's model explains trade based on:

A) labor supply.
B) technology.
C) population.
D) government control.

3. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for a Detroit construction
company's imports of concrete blocks made in Windsor, Ontario?
A) the Ricardian model
B) offshoring
C) technology
D) proximity

4. What is the MOST likely reason why neighboring nations engage in trade?
A) labor availability
B) similar tastes and preferences
C) proximity
D) shared membership in a free-trade area

5. A country's factors of production includes:

A) its labor, capital, natural resources, and markets.
B) only its labor and capital.
C) only its capital and natural resources.
D) its labor, capital, and natural resources.

6. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a factor of production?

A) labor
B) capital
Page 1
C) natural resources
D) government

Page 2
 7. When a firm in one nation purchases unfinished products internationally and adds
further processing to sell in the domestic market, this is known as:
A) barter.
B) offshoring.
C) factor movement.
D) marketing arrangements.

8. In some cases, a country can export a good without having any advantage in the natural
resources needed to produce it. Which of the following is an example of this type of
export?
A) Austrian exports of snowboards
B) U. S. exports of “icewine”
C) Japanese exports of Toyotas
D) Canadian exports of lumber

9. In some cases, a country can export a good without having any advantage in the natural
resources needed to produce it. Which of the following is an example of this type of
export?
A) United Arab Emirates's exports of high-quality snowboards
B) U. S. exports of Caterpillar bulldozers
C) French exports of wine
D) Canadian exports of lumber

10. In trade, if a nation has the technology to produce a good with fewest resources (such as
Germany's production of snowboards), it is known as a(n):
A) absolute advantage.
B) technology advantage.
C) comparative advantage.
D) resource advantage.

11. The Ricardian model focuses on how:

A) countries' resource bases explain international trade.
B) countries' different technologies explain international trade.
C) transportation costs explain international trade.
D) different languages and cultures explain international trade.

Page 3
12. When a country requires fewer resources to produce a product than other countries, it is
said to have a(n):
A) absolute advantage in the production of the product.
B) comparative advantage in the production of the product.
C) higher opportunity cost of producing the product.
D) lower opportunity cost of producing the product.

13. When a country requires more resources to produce a product than other countries, it is
said to have a(n):
A) absolute disadvantage in the production of the product.
B) comparative disadvantage in the production of the product.
C) lower opportunity cost of producing the product.
D) higher opportunity cost of producing the product.

14. The primary explanation of trade among nations is Ricardo's theory of:
A) offshoring.
B) resource abundance.
C) absolute advantage.
D) comparative advantage.

15. The Ricardian model focuses on how differences in influence international

trade patterns.
A) demand
B) comparative costs
C) absolute costs
D) transportation costs

16. Ricardo's theory of trade discredited the school of economic thought that believed
inflows of gold or silver as a result of exporting helped a nation, while outflows of gold
or silver as a result of importing hurt a nation. This school of economic thought was
known as:
A) export preference.
B) mercantilism.
C) monetary economics.
D) price-specie-flow mechanism.

Page 4
17. Ricardo's theory made a number of assumptions, including which of the following?
A) Nations had balanced trade with their partners.
B) There were barriers to trade.
C) There was no transfer of gold or silver.
D) Nations' factors of production consisted of labor and capital.

18. According to Ricardo:

A) all countries can gain from trade if they export goods for which they have an
absolute advantage.
B) one country can gain from trade only at the expense of another country.
C) all countries can gain from trade if they export goods for which they have a
comparative advantage.
D) all countries lose from international trade.

19. According to the Ricardian principle of comparative advantage, international trade

increases a nation's total output because:
A) the nation's resources are used where they are most productive.
B) the output of the nation's trading partner declines.
C) the nation can produce outside of its production possibilities frontier.
D) the nation is able to increase its consumption.

20. David Ricardo believed that:

A) trade is a zero-sum game; that is, a country benefits at the expense of other
countries.
B) trade will benefit countries when it generates gold and silver for the national
treasury.
C) all nations can gain from free international trade.
D) trade cannot increase the world's output of goods.

21. Mercantilists believed that:

A) exporting goods will leave fewer goods for the local economy.
B) importing goods is beneficial for the economy.
C) exports and imports are both bad for the economy.
D) exports are good and imports are bad for the economy.

Page 5
22. Ricardo's theory showed that if nations are allowed to trade freely, the result will be
that:
A) all trading nations benefit by trade.
B) the manufacturing sector benefits but the consumers lose out.
C) workers benefit but the government loses tax revenue.
D) the gains from trade offset the losses from trade exactly.

23. The Ricardian model can be simplified and made more explanatory by assuming that
there is only one resource used in producing goods. What did Ricardo assume the
resource was?
A) capital
B) technology
C) labor
D) loanable funds

24. What is the marginal product of labor?

A) the average output of a unit of labor
B) the extra output obtained by using one more unit of labor
C) the average output obtained by using one more unit of labor
D) the total output obtained by using one more unit of labor

25. In the Ricardian model, the marginal product of labor:

A) first rises, then falls, as more labor is employed to produce a good.
B) first falls, then rises, as more labor is employed to produce a good.
C) continuously falls as more labor is employed to produce a good.
D) does not change as more labor is employed to produce a good.

26. The Ricardian model assumes that the marginal product of labor is:
A) increasing.
B) decreasing.
C) constant.
D) zero.

27. Production possibilities frontiers in the Ricardian model:

A) are linear (i.e., straight lines), with end points showing a country's production when
it produces only one or the other good.
B) are bowed out from the origin, with end points showing a country's production
when it produces only one or the other good.
C) are linear and begin from the origin.
D) are curvilinear and increase at a decreasing rate.

Page 6
28. When the production possibilities frontier is a straight line, then production occurs
under conditions of:
A) increasing costs.
B) decreasing costs.
C) constant costs.
D) increasing, then decreasing, then constant costs.

29. The Ricardian model employs the concept of alternate uses of economic resources in
production. We refer to this technique as:
A) the production possibilities frontier.
B) the labor theory of value technique.
C) the least-cost option.
D) the labor productivity model.

30. With the assumption that the marginal product of labor is constant and that labor is the
only variable resource, the slope of the PPF is:
A) positive and increasing.
B) negative and decreasing.
C) negative and constant.
D) unrelated to the issue at hand.

31. Assume the MPLt = 5 tennis rackets and MPLb = 4 baseball bats. If the economy has
100 workers, then the economy can produce:
A) a maximum of 500 tennis rackets.
B) a maximum of 350 baseball bats.
C) 500 tennis rackets and 400 baseball bats.
D) either 100 tennis rackets only or 100 baseball bats only.

32. Assume the MPLc = 2 cars and the MPLb = 5 boats. There are 150 workers in this
hypothetical economy. What is the maximum number of boats that can be produced?
A) 30
B) 300
C) 750
D) 150

Page 7
33. The slope of the PPF can be expressed as:
A) the ratio of abundance of capital to labor.
B) the preferences of consumers in terms of marginal utility.
C) the ratio of the quantities of good 1 and good 2.
D) the negative of the ratio of the marginal products of labor in producing each good.

34. If the maximum number of units of cloth produced is 300 and the maximum number of
units of corn produced is 600, then with an MPLcloth = 2, what is the number of workers
in the economy?
A) 100
B) 200
C) 150
D) 600

35. If the maximum number of units of cloth produced is 300 and the maximum number of
units of corn produced is 600, then with an MPLcloth = 2, what is the MPLcorn?
A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

36. To complete the model of international trade using the PPF, we must also use the idea of
indifference curves. One of these curves represent:
A) a set of alternate quantities of both goods (sloped negatively), whereby consumers
are equally satisfied in their level of utility gained.
B) consumers who are indifferent to everything.
C) producers who do not care which production method is chosen.
D) a fixed quantity of one good (such as wheat) and a varying amount of the other
good.

37. As a consumer moves down one of her indifference curves, her satisfaction:
A) falls.
B) rises.
C) remains unchanged.
D) first falls, then levels out.

Page 8
38. If a consumer moves to a higher indifference curve, her satisfaction:
A) falls.
B) rises.
C) remains unchanged.
D) first falls, then levels out.

39. International trade allows countries to:

A) produce outside their PPF.
B) produce inside their PPF.
C) consume inside their PPF.
D) consume outside their PPF.

40. (Figure: Home Production and Consumption) The figure gives Home's international
trading pattern. Point P is production with trade, and point C is consumption with trade.
Which product does Home export?

A) clothing
B) chemicals
C) It exports neither chemicals nor clothing.
D) It exports both chemicals and clothing.

Page 9
41. (Figure: Home Production and Consumption) The figure gives Home's international
trading pattern. Point P is production with trade, and point C is consumption with trade.
Which product does Home import?

A) clothing
B) chemicals
C) It imports neither chemicals nor clothing.
D) It imports both chemicals and clothing.

42. (Figure: Home Production and Consumption) The figure gives Home's international
trading pattern. Point P is production with trade and point C is consumption with trade.
How many units of which product does Home export and how many units of which
product does it import?

A) Home exports 60 units of chemicals and imports 20 units of clothing.

B) Home exports 40 units of chemicals and imports 60 units of clothing.
C) Home exports 40 units of clothing and imports 20 units of chemicals.
D) Home exports 20 units of chemicals and imports 40 units of clothing.

Page
10
43. (Figure: Home Production and Consumption) The figure gives Home's international
trading pattern. Point P is production with trade, and point C is consumption with trade.
What is the international price of chemicals according to the figure?

A) 1/2 unit of clothing per unit of chemicals

B) one unit of clothing per unit of chemicals
C) two units of clothing per unit of chemicals
D) three units of clothing per unit of chemicals

44. Where will a nation that gains from trade find its consumption point located?
A) inside its production possibilities frontier
B) along its production possibilities frontier
C) outside its production possibilities frontier
D) at the center of its production possibilities frontier

45. When a nation is in autarky (a no-trade state) and maximizes its living standard, its
consumption and production points are:
A) along its production possibilities frontier.
B) above its production possibilities frontier.
C) beneath production possibilities frontier.
D) along, above, or beneath its production possibilities frontier.

46. Assume the MPLc = 2 cars and the MPLb = 5 boats. There are 150 workers in this
hypothetical economy. If cars are measured on the vertical axis and boats are measured
on the horizontal axis, the slope of the PPF for this economy is:
A) –5.
B) –5/2.
C) –2/5.
D) –1/5.

Page 10
47. The slope of the PPF can also be expressed as:
A) the ratio of abundance of labor to capital.
B) consumer utility.
C) the opportunity cost of the good measured on the vertical axis.
D) the ratio of the marginal products of labor to the marginal product of capital.

48. (Figure: Home Equilibrium with No Trade) Under the condition of no trade, which
attainable combination gives the nation the MOST utility?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Page 11
49. (Figure: Home Equilibrium with No Trade) Under the condition of no trade, which
combinations are NOT attainable?

A) A and D
B) A and B
C) B and D
D) B and C

50. (Figure: Home Equilibrium with No Trade) Suppose that trade occurs and Home finds
its comparative advantage in the production of wheat. How many bushels of wheat will
it produce?

A) 0 bushels
B) 50 bushels
C) 100 bushels
D) between 50 and 100 bushels

Page 12
51. Assume a hypothetical economy where cloth and wheat can be produced. What is the
opportunity cost of producing wheat in this economy?
A) the amount of cloth that must be given up to produce one more unit of wheat
B) the amount of money received by selling wheat
C) the number of workers it takes to produce all the wheat
D) More information is needed to answer the question.

52. Among the indifference curves for an economy, to achieve higher utility:
A) you must move to the indifference curve farthest away from the origin.
B) you must move to the indifference curve closest to the origin.
C) it is necessary to always close the borders.
D) it does not matter which indifference curve you select; your utility is the same
along every curve.

53. If the opportunity cost is constant (the PPF is a straight line), then a country will:
A) partially specialize in the production of its exported product.
B) completely specialize in the production of its exported product.
C) not benefit from importing goods from another country.
D) benefit by raising trade barriers.

54. Moving to a lower indifference curve means that a country is:

A) better off.
B) worse off.
C) indifferent.
D) lowering production.

55. In order for the production possibilities frontier to be a straight line, production must
exhibit:
A) increasing costs.
B) decreasing costs.
C) constant costs.
D) increasing, then decreasing, then constant costs.

56. In the absence of trade, a nation is in equilibrium where an indifference curve:

A) lies above its production possibilities frontier.
B) is tangent to its production possibilities frontier.
C) intersects its production possibilities frontier.
D) lies below its production possibilities frontier.

Page 13
57. A country's indifference curve describes combinations of goods that:
A) a country can purchase.
B) yield equal satisfaction to a country.
C) yield satisfaction to a country.
D) a country can produce.

58. (Figure: Indifference Curves) If this economy produces no cloth, how many units of
wheat are possible?

A) 50
B) 200
C) 300
D) 400

Page 14
59. (Figure: Indifference Curves) What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of wheat in
this example?

A) A unit of cloth may be obtained by foregoing a unit of wheat.

B) A unit of cloth “costs” 2 units of wheat.
C) A unit of cloth “costs” 1/2 unit of wheat.
D) Not enough information is given to answer.

Page 15
60. (Figure: Indifference Curves) Of the following points of consumption, which is MOST
desirable for consumers?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Page 16
61. (Figure: Indifference Curves) Of the following points of consumption, which is LEAST
desirable for consumers?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Page 17
62. (Figure: Indifference Curves) Which point on the diagram represents Home's
equilibrium in the absence of international trade?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Page 18
63. (Figure: Indifference Curves) Which combination of wheat and cloth is represented by
point A in the diagram?

A) 200 units of cloth and 400 units of wheat

B) 100 units of cloth and 200 units of wheat
C) 200 units of cloth and 100 units of wheat
D) 300 units of cloth and 150 units of wheat

64. A nation will gain from trade if it:

A) produces and consumes along its PPF.
B) produces outside its PPF and consumes along its PPF.
C) consumes outside its PPF and produces along its PPF.
D) produces and consumes outside its PPF.

65. The pre-trade Home equilibrium will provide the highest level of consumer satisfaction
from domestic resources whenever:
A) the marginal products of labor are equal.
B) capital and technology are not factors in the decision of what to produce.
C) perfect competition exists in product and labor markets.
D) Adam Smith's “invisible hand” is not an interfering factor.

Page 19
66. In competitive labor markets, the wage equals:
A) the marginal product of labor times the price of output.
B) the marginal product of labor plus the price of output.
C) the marginal product of labor.
D) the price of output.

67. Which of the following statements describes the way the pre-trade home equilibrium
reflects the concepts of competitive markets?
A) The opportunity cost of good 1 is the ratio of labor productivity of good 1 to good
2
B) Prices of each good reflect their opportunity cost.
C) Wages are not equal for each good
D) The value of the marginal product of labor (MPL × P) differs for each good.

68. In the home equilibrium situation, the relative price of wheat (when wheat is on the
horizontal axis) is the same as:
A) the relative price of cloth.
B) the slope of the PPF.
C) the marginal product of wheat.
D) the cost of labor to produce wheat.

69. The United States requires 20 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of steel and 30 hours of
labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber. In Canada, 20 hours of labor are required
to produce 1 ton of steel and 25 hours of labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber.
Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of steel?
A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Neither the United States nor Canada has an absolute advantage.
D) Both the United States and Canada have an absolute advantage.

70. The United States requires 20 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of steel and 30 hours of
labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber. In Canada, 20 hours of labor are required
to produce 1 ton of steel and 25 hours of labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber.
Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of lumber?
A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Neither the United States nor Canada has an absolute advantage.
D) Both the United States and Canada have an absolute advantage.

Page 20
71. The United States requires 20 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of steel and 30 hours of
labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber. In Canada, 20 hours of labor are required
to produce 1 ton of steel and 25 hours of labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber.
Which country has a comparative advantage in the production of steel?
A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Neither the United States nor Canada has a comparative advantage.
D) Both the United States and Canada have a comparative advantage.

72. The United States requires 20 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of steel and 30 hours of
labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber. In Canada, 20 hours of labor are required
to produce 1 ton of steel and 25 hours of labor to produce 1,000 board feet of lumber.
Which country has a comparative advantage in the production of lumber?
A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Neither the United States nor Canada has a comparative advantage.
D) Both the United States and Canada have a comparative advantage.

73. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. Which country has an absolute
advantage in the production of wheat?
A) Poland
B) the Czech Republic
C) Neither country has an absolute advantage.
D) Both countries have an absolute advantage.

74. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. Which country has an absolute
advantage in the production of coal?
A) Poland
B) the Czech Republic
C) Neither country has an absolute advantage.
D) Both countries have an absolute advantage.

Page 21
75. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. Which country has a comparative
advantage in the production of coal?
A) Poland
B) the Czech Republic
C) Neither country has a comparative advantage.
D) Both countries have a comparative advantage.

76. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. Which country has a comparative
advantage in the production of wheat?
A) Poland
B) the Czech Republic
C) Neither country has a comparative advantage.
D) Both countries have a comparative advantage.

77. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. What is the opportunity cost of
coal in Poland?
A) 0.25 hours of labor per ton of coal
B) 0.25 bushels of wheat per ton of coal
C) 4 hours of labor per ton of coal
D) 4 bushels of wheat per ton of coal

78. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. The international price of wheat
must fall between which of the following two prices?
A) between 1/6 ton and 1/4 ton of coal per bushel of wheat
B) between 1/4 ton and 1/3 ton of coal per bushel of wheat
C) between 1/3 ton and 1.5 tons of coal per bushel of wheat
D) between 4 tons and 6 tons of coal per bushel of wheat

Page 22
79. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. Suppose that the international
price of coal is 4 1/4 bushels of wheat per ton of coal. Which country is likely to have
the larger gain from trade?
A) Poland
B) the Czech Republic
C) Neither country has the larger gain.
D) Both countries have the larger gain.

80. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. Suppose that Poland has 1,000
hours of labor and that it completely specializes according to its comparative advantage.
How many units of which product will it produce?
A) 250 tons of coal
B) 1,000 bushels of wheat
C) 100 bushels of wheat
D) 4,000 tons of coal

81. Poland requires 4 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of coal and 1 hour of labor to produce
a bushel of wheat. The Czech Republic requires 6 hours of labor to produce 1 ton of
coal and 1 hour of labor to produce a bushel of wheat. In Poland, what is the marginal
product of labor in coal production?
A) 0.25 tons per hour
B) 0.4 tons per hour
C) 2.5 tons per hour
D) 4 tons per hour

82. To explain why some nations purchase products from abroad, even when they have an
absolute advantage in production, we have to use the theory of:
A) absolute advantage.
B) relative pricing.
C) comparative advantage.
D) industrial advantage.

Page 23
83. Whenever a nation has a lower opportunity cost of producing any good or service in
relative terms, that nation is said to have:
A) an absolute advantage.
B) a comparative advantage.
C) low labor costs.
D) better technology to produce that good or service.

84. Comparative advantage in production of a product is reflected in:

A) a lower relative price.
B) a lower opportunity cost.
C) higher labor productivity.
D) a lower relative price and a lower opportunity cost.

85. (Table: Output in the United States and China) Which of the following statements is
correct?

A) The United States has an absolute advantage in both apparel and wheat and a
comparative disadvantage in wheat.
B) China has an absolute advantage in both apparel and wheat and a comparative
advantage in apparel.
C) The United States has an absolute disadvantage in both apparel and wheat and a
comparative advantage in wheat.
D) China has an absolute disadvantage in both apparel and wheat and a comparative
advantage in apparel.

86. (Table: Output in the United States and China) Which of the following products will the
United States export to China?

A) wheat
B) apparel
C) The United States will export neither wheat nor apparel.
D) The United States will export both wheat and apparel.

Page 24
87. (Table: United States and China Production per Worker in Apparel, Textiles, and Wheat
in 2014) In the upper part of the table, the productivity of workers in the textile and
apparel sectors is given for the United States and China. The average worker in the
United States produces _ times more apparel sales than the average worker in
China.

A) 0.39
B) 2.55
C) 70
D) 27.5

88. (Table: United States and China Production per Worker in Apparel, Textiles, and Wheat
in 2014) In the upper part of the table, the productivity of workers in the textile and
apparel sectors is given for the United States and China. The table shows that the United
States has an absolute advantage in:

A) textile manufacturing.
B) apparel manufacturing.
C) neither textile nor apparel manufacturing.
D) both textile and apparel manufacturing.

89. (Table: United States and China Production per Worker in Apparel, Textiles, and Wheat
in 2014) In the upper part of the table, the productivity of workers in the textile and
apparel sectors is given for the United States and China. The table shows that China has
a comparative advantage in:

A) textile manufacturing.
B) apparel manufacturing.
C) neither textile nor apparel manufacturing.
D) both textile and apparel manufacturing.

Page 25
90. (Table: United States and China Production per Worker in Apparel, Textiles, and Wheat
in 2014) Consider the productivity of workers in all three sectors of the table. In the
United States, what is the dollar value of apparel foregone in order to produce an
additional bushel of wheat?

A) $0.04
B) $0.14
C) $7.00
D) $23.20

91. (Table: United States and China Production per Worker in Apparel, Textiles, and Wheat
in 2014) Consider the productivity of workers in all three sectors of the table. In China,
how many dollars of textile production must be given up in order to produce additional
bushel of wheat?

A) $66.67
B) $0.015
C) $300
D) $91.67

92. It can be shown that differences in before-trade relative prices will determine:
A) which nation has the absolute advantage.
B) which good each nation will export or import.
C) the quantity traded by each nation.
D) the equilibrium trade price.

93. A nation will export the product in which it has a comparative advantage, which results
from the good being relatively than in the importing nation.
A) less expensive
B) more expensive
C) lower in quality
D) less available

Page 26
94. At some point, as the price of the exported product is bid up and the price of the
imported product falls, the price of the product in both nations:
A) becomes more unequal.
B) approaches zero.
C) approaches infinity.
D) equalizes.

95. When two nations have achieved identical relative prices of the two traded products, we
have:
A) a standoff.
B) a stalemate.
C) international trade equilibrium.
D) absolute advantage once again.

96. Compared with constant cost production, if production occurs under increasing cost
conditions, it is MORE likely that countries will:
A) completely specialize.
B) incompletely specialize.
C) not engage in international trade.
D) trade with one another.

97. Suppose a nation increases the quantity of a product it exports. To attract the labor
resources needed to support the increased production, it must:
A) pay higher wages.
B) lay off workers.
C) borrow capital abroad.
D) find new sites for production near population centers.

98. The Ricardian model (with constant opportunity costs) predicts that a nation will
in the production of the good it exports.
A) have a comparative disadvantage
B) develop shortages
C) lower the cost of production
D) specialize completely

Page 27
 99. (Table: Output in the United States and China) Using the data in the table, what will
happen to the U.S. labor force after trade occurs with China?

A) U.S. labor will move from apparel to agriculture, where its marginal productivity is
higher.
B) U.S. jobs in apparel will be exported to China, wheat exports will create additional
jobs in agriculture, and the value of output produced by U.S. labor will increase.
C) The value of output produced by U.S. labor will increase.
D) U.S. labor will move from apparel to agriculture, where its marginal productivity is
higher. U.S. jobs in apparel will be exported to China, wheat exports will create
additional jobs in agriculture, and the value of output produced by U.S. labor will
increase.

100. (Figure: Upperia's Production and Consumption) The graph shows Upperia's
international trading pattern. Point P is production with trade, and point C is
consumption with trade. Which product does Home export?

A) shoes
B) shirts
C) Home exports neither shirts nor shoes.
D) Home exports both shirts and shoes.

Page 28
101. (Figure: Upperia's Production and Consumption) The graph shows Upperia's
international trading pattern. Point P is production with trade, and point C is
consumption with trade. Which product does Home import?

A) shoes
B) shirts
C) Home imports neither shirts nor shoes.
D) Home imports both shirts and shoes.

Page 29
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man even in his indulgence.... But who was there to see him or
know since he did not choose to publish himself in Garradrimna? And
there was many a time when he worked himself into a great frenzy
while brooding over the story of his dead brother Henry, and his own
story, and Nan Byrne.... Even now he was thinking darkly of Nan
Byrne as he came forward to meet her son across his own field.
"Good-day, Mr. Brennan!" he said affably. He had no personal grudge
against this young man, but his scheme of revenge inevitably
included him, for it was through John Brennan, her son, that Nan
Byrne now hoped to aspire, and it was him she hoped to embody as
a monument of her triumph over destructive circumstances before
the people of the valley.
John went forward and shook the hand of Mr. Shannon with
deference.
A fine cut of a man, surely, this Myles Shannon, standing here where
he might be clearly viewed. He appeared as a survival from the
latter part of the Victorian era. He was still mutton-chopped and
mustachioed after the fashion of those days. He wore a long-tailed
black coat like a morning-coat. His waistcoat was of the same
material. Across the expanse of it extended a wide gold chain, from
which dangled a bunch of heavy seals. These shook and jingled with
his every movement. His trousers were of a dark gray material, with
stripes, which seemed to add to the height and erectness of his
figure. His tall, stiff collar corrected the thoughtful droop of his head,
and about it was tastefully fixed a wide black tie of shiny silk which
reached down underneath his low-cut waistcoat. His person was
surmounted by an uncomfortable-looking bowler hat with a very
hard, curly brim.
When he smiled, as just now, his teeth showed in even, fine rows
and exhibited some of the cruelty of one who has allowed his mind
to dwell darkly upon a passionate purpose. But the ring of his laugh
was hearty enough and had the immediate effect of dispelling
suspicions of any sinister purpose.
He said he was glad to see how his casual suggestion, made upon
the day they had journeyed down from Dublin together, had borne
fruit, that Mr. Brennan and his nephew, Ulick, had so quickly become
friends.
John thanked him, and began to speak in terms of praise about Ulick
Shannon.
Mr. Shannon again bared his even, white teeth in a smile as he
listened.... A strong friendship, with its consequent community of
inclinations, had already been established. And he knew his nephew.
"He's a clever chap, I'll admit, but he's so damned erratic. He seems
bent upon crushing the experience of a lifetime into a few years.
Why I'm a man, at the ripened, mellow period of life, and it's a fact
that he could teach me things about Dublin and all that."
John Brennan was uncertain in what way he should confirm this, but
at last he managed to stammer out:
"Ulick is very clever!"
"He's very fond of Garradrimna, and I think he's very fond of the
girls."
"It's so dull around here compared with Dublin."
John appeared a fool by the side of this man of the world, who was
searching him with a look as he spoke again:
"It's all right for a young fellow to gain his experience as early as he
can, but he's a bit too fond of his pleasure. He's going a bit too far."
John put on a strained look of advocacy, but he spoke no word.
"He's not a doctor yet, and even then his living would not be
assured; and do ye know what he had the cheek to come telling me
the other night—
"'I've got infernally fond of that little girl,' he says.
"'What girl?' I asked in amazement.
"'Why, that schoolmistress—Rebecca Kerr. I'm "gone" about her. I'm
in love with her. She's not at all like any of the others.'"
Myles Shannon, with his keen eyes, saw the sudden light of surprise
that leaped into the eyes of John Brennan. The passion of his hatred
and the joy of his cruelty were stirred, and he went on to develop
the plot of the story he had invented.
"And what for," said I to him, "are you thinking of any girl in that
way. I, as your guardian, am able to tell you that you are not in a
position to marry. Surely you're not going to ruin this girl, or allow
her to ruin you. Besides she is only a strolling schoolmistress from
some unknown part of Donegal, and you are one of the Shannon
family. 'But I'm "gone" about her,' was what Ulick said. How was I to
argue against such a silly statement?"
The color was mounting ever higher on John Brennan's cheeks.
But the relentless man went on playing with him.
"Of course I have not seen her, but, by all accounts, she's a pretty
girl and possesses the usual share of allurements. Is not that so?"
"She's very nice."
"And, do you know what? It has come to me up here, although I
may seem to be a hermit among the fields who takes no interest in
the world, that you have been seen walking down the valley road
together. D'ye remember yesterday morning, eh?"
John was blushing still, and a kind of sickly smile made his fine face
look queer. All kinds of expressions were trying to form themselves
upon his tongue, yet not one of them could he manage to articulate.
"Not that I blame a young fellow, even one intended for the Church,
if he should have a few inclinations that way. But I can see that you
are the good friend of my nephew, and indeed it would be a pity if
anything came to spoil that friendship, least of all a bit of a girl....
And both of you being the promising young men you are.... It would
be terrible if anything like that should come to pass."
Even to this John could frame no reply. But the ear of Mr. Shannon
did not desire it, for his eye had seen all that he wished to know. He
beheld John Brennan shivering as within the cold and dismal
shadows of fatality.... They spoke little more until they shook hands
again, and parted amid the dappled grass.
To Myles Shannon the interview had been an extraordinary
success.... Yet, quite suddenly, he found himself beginning to think
of the position of Rebecca Kerr.
 CHAPTER XIX
Outside the poor round of diversions afforded by the valley and her
meetings with Ulick Shannon, the days passed uneventfully for
Rebecca Kerr. It was a dreary kind of life, wherein she was
concerned to avoid as far as possible the fits of depression which
sprang out of the quality of her lodgings at Sergeant McGoldrick's.
She snatched a hasty breakfast early in the mornings, scarcely ever
making anything like a meal. When she did it was always followed by
a feeling of nausea as she went on The Road of the Dead towards
the valley school. When she returned after her day's hard work her
dinner would be half cold and unappetizing by the red ashy fire. Mrs.
McGoldrick would be in the sitting-room, where she made clothes for
the children, the sergeant himself probably digging in the garden
before the door, his tunic open, his face sweating, and the dirty clay
upon his big boots.... He was always certain to shout out some
idiotic salutation as she passed in. Then Mrs. McGoldrick would be
sure to follow her into the kitchen, a baby upon her left arm and a
piece of soiled sewing in her right hand. She was always concerned
greatly about the number at school on any particular day, and how
Mrs. Wyse was and Miss McKeon, and how the average was keeping
up, and if it did not keep up to a certain number would Mrs. Wyse's
salary be reduced, and what was the average required for Miss
McKeon to get her salary from the Board, and so on.
Sometimes Rebecca would be so sick at heart of school affairs and
of this mean, prying woman that no word would come from her, and
Mrs. McGoldrick would drift huffily away, her face a perfect study in
disappointment. And against those there were times when Rebecca,
with a touch of good humor, would tell the most fantastical stories of
inspectors and rules and averages and increments and pensions,
Mrs. McGoldrick breathless between her "Well, wells!" of
amazement.... Then Rebecca would have a rare laugh to herself as
she pictured her landlady repeating everything to the sergeant, who
would make mental comparisons the while of the curious
correspondence existing between those pillars of law and learning,
the Royal Irish Constabulary, and the National Teachers of Ireland.
Next day, perhaps, Mrs. McGoldrick would enlarge upon the excellent
and suitable match a policeman and a teacher make, and how it is
such a general thing throughout the country. She always concluded
a discourse of this nature by saying a thing she evidently wished
Rebecca to remember:
"Let me tell you this, now—a policeman is the very best match that
any girl can make!"
And big louts of young constables would be jumping off high bicycles
and calling in the evenings.... This was at the instigation of Mrs.
McGoldrick, but they made no impression whatsoever upon Rebecca,
even when they arrived in mufti.
In school the ugly, discolored walls which had been so badly
distempered by Ned Brennan; the monotony of the maps and desks;
the constant sameness of the children's faces. All this was infinitely
wearying, but a more subtle and powerful torment arose beyond the
hum of the children learning by heart. Rebecca always became
aware of it through a burning feeling at the back of her neck.
Glancing around she would see that, although presumably intent
upon their lessons, many eyes were upon her, peering furtively from
behind their books, observing her, forming opinions of her, and
concocting stories to tell their parents when they went home. For
this was considered an essential part of their training—the proper
satisfaction of their elders' curiosity. It was one of the reasons why
the bigger girls were sent to school. They escaped the drudgery of
house and farm because they were able to return with fresh stories
from the school every evening. Thus were their faculties for lying
and invention brought into play. They feared Mrs. Wyse, and so
these faculties came to be trained in full strength upon Rebecca. As
she moved about the school-room, she was made the constant
object of their scrutiny. They would stare at her with their mean,
impudent eyes above the top edges of their books. Then they would
withdraw them behind the opened pages and sneer and concoct.
And it was thus the forenoon would pass until the half-hour allowed
for recreation, when she would be thrown back upon the company
of Mrs. Wyse and Monica McKeon. No great pleasure was in store for
her here, for their conversation was always sure to turn upon the
small affairs of the valley.
There was something so ingenuous about the relations of Rebecca
and Ulick Shannon that neither of the two women had the courage
to comment upon the matter openly. But the method they
substituted was a greater torture. In the course of half an hour they
would suggest a thousand hateful things.
"I heard Ulick Shannon was drunk last night, and having arguments
with people in Garradrimna," Miss McKeon would say.
Mrs. Wyse would snatch up the words hastily. "Is that so? Oh, he's
going to the bad. He'll never pass his exams, never!"
"Isn't it funny how his uncle does not keep better control of him.
Why he lets him do what he likes?"
"Control, is it? It doesn't look much like control indeed to see him
encouraging his dead brother's son to keep the company he favors.
Indeed and indeed it gives me a kind of a turn when I see him going
about with Nan Byrne's son, young John Brennan, who's going on to
be a priest. Well, I may tell you that it is 'going on' he is, for his
mother as sure as you're there'll never see him saying his first Mass.
Now I suppose the poor rector of the college in England where he is
hasn't a notion of his antecedents. The cheek of it indeed! But what
else could you expect from the likes of Nan Byrne? Indeed I have a
good mind to let the ecclesiastical authorities know all, and if
nothing turns up from the Hand of God to right the matter, sure I'll
have to do it myself. Bedad then I will!"
"Musha, the same John Brennan doesn't look up to much, and they
say Ulick Shannon can wind him around his little finger. He'll maybe
make a lad of him before the end of the summer holidays."
"I can't understand Myles Shannon letting them go about together
so openly unless he's enjoying the whole thing as a sneer. But it
would be more to his credit indeed to have found other material for
his fun than a blood relation. I'm surprised at him indeed, and he
knowing what he knows about Nan Byrne and his brother Henry."
With slight variations of this theme falling on her ears endlessly
Rebecca was compelled to endure the torture of this half hour every
day. No matter what took place in the valley Monica would manage,
somehow, to drag the name of Ulick into it. If it merely happened to
be a copy of the Irish Independent they were looking at, and if they
came upon some extraordinary piece of news, Monica would say:
"Just like a thing that Ulick Shannon would do, isn't it?"
And if they came across a photo in the magazine section, Monica
would say again:
"Now wouldn't you imagine that gentleman has a look of Ulick
Shannon?"
Rebecca had become so accustomed to all this that, overleaping its
purpose, it ceased to have any considerable effect upon her. She had
begun to care too much for Ulick to show her affection in even the
glimpse of an aspect to the two who were trying to discover her for
the satisfaction of their spite. It was thus that she remained a puzzle
to her colleagues, and Monica in particular was at her wit's end to
know what to think. At the end of the half hour she was always in a
deeper condition of defeat than before it began, and went out to the
Boys' School with only one idea warming her mind, that, some day,
she might have the great laugh at Rebecca Kerr. She knew that it is
not possible for a woman to hide her feelings forever, even though
she thought this one cute surely, cute beyond all the suggestion of
her innocent exterior.
Towards the end of each day Rebecca was thrown altogether with
the little ones who, despite all the entreaties of their parents, had
not yet come very far away from Heaven. She found great pleasure
in their company and in their innocent stories. For example:
"Miss Kerr, I was in the wood last night. With the big bear and the
little bear in the wood. I went into the wood, and there was the big
bear walking round and round the wood after the little bear, and the
big bear was walking round and round the wood."
"I was in America last night, and I saw all the motor cars ever were,
and people riding on horses, and the highest, whitest buildings ever
were, and people going to Mass—big crowds of people going to
Mass."
"My mammy brought me into the chapel last night, and I saw God. I
was talking to God and He was asking me about you. I said: 'Miss
Kerr is nice, so she is.' I said this to God, but God did not answer
me. I asked God again did He know Miss Kerr who teaches in the
valley school, and He said He did, and I said again: 'Miss Kerr is
nice, so she is.' But He went away and did not answer me."
Rebecca would enter into their innocence and so experience the
happiest hours of the day.
She would be recalled from her rapt condition by the harsh voice of
Mrs. Wyse shouting an order to one of the little girls in her class, this
being a hint that she herself was not attending to her business.
But soon the last blessed period of the day would come, the half
hour devoted to religious instruction. She found a pleasure in this
task, for she loved to hear the little children at their prayers.
Sometimes she would ask them to say for her the little prayer she
had taught them:
"O God, I offer up this prayer for the poor intentions of Thy servant
Rebecca Kerr, that they may be fulfilled unto the glory of Thy Holy
Will. And that being imperfect, she may approach to Thy Perfection
through the Grace and Mercy of Jesus Christ, Our Lord."
She would feel a certain happiness for a short space after this, at
least while the boisterous business of taking leave of the school was
going forward. But once upon the road she would be meeting people
who always stared at her strangely, and passing houses with
squinting windows.... Then would come a heavy sense of
depression, which might be momentarily dispelled by the
appearance of John Brennan either coming or going upon the road.
For a while she had considered this happening coincidental, but of
late it had been borne in upon her that it was very curious he should
appear daily at the same time.... The silly boy, and he with his grand
purpose before him.... She would smile upon him very pleasantly,
and fall into chat sometimes, but only for a few minutes. She looked
upon herself as being ever so much wiser. And she thought it queer
that he should find an attraction for his eyes in her form as it moved
before him down the road. She always fancied that she felt low and
mean within herself while his eyes were upon her.... But he would be
forever coming out of his mother's cottage to meet her thus upon
the road.
After dinner in the house of Sergeant McGoldrick she would betake
herself to her little room. It would be untidy after the hurry in which
she had left it, and now she would set about putting it to rights. This
would occupy her half an hour or more. Then there would be a few
letters to be written, to her people away in Donegal and to some of
the companions of her training college days. She kept up a more or
less regular correspondence with about half-a-dozen of these girls.
Her letters were all after the frivolous style of their schooldays. To all
of them she imparted the confidence that she had met "a very nice
fellow" here in Garradrimna, but that the place was so lonely, and
how there was "nothing like a girl friend."
"Ah, Anna," she would write, or "Lily" or "Lena," "There's surely
nothing after all like a girl friend."
After tea she would put on one of her tidiest hats, and taking the
letters with her go towards the Post Office of Garradrimna. This was
a torture, for always the eyes of the old, bespectacled maid were
upon her, looking into her mind, as she stood waiting for her stamps
outside the ink-stained counter. And, further, she always felt that the
doors and windows of the village were forever filled with eyes as she
went by them. Her neck and face would burn until she took the road
that led out past the old castle of the De Lacys. There was a
footpath which took one to the west gate of the demesne of the
Moores. The Honorable Reginald Moore was the modern lord of
Garradrimna. It was this way she would go, meeting all kinds of
stragglers from the other end of the parish. People she did not know
and who did not know her, queer, dark men coming into Garradrimna
through the high evening in quest of porter.
"Fine evening, miss!" they would say.
Once on the avenue her little walk became a golden journey for Ulick
always met her when she came this way. It was their custom to
meet here or on The Road of the Dead. But this was their favorite
spot, where the avenue led far into the quiet woods. A scurrying-
away of rabbits through the undergrowth would announce their
approach to one another.
Many were the happy talks they had here, of books and of decent
life beyond the boorishness of Garradrimna. She had given him The
Poems of Tennyson in exchange for The Daffodil Fields. Tastefully
illuminated in red ink on the fly-leaf he had found her "favorite lines"
from Tennyson, whom she considered "exquisite":

"Glitter like a storm of fire-flies tangled in a silver braid."

"Cursed be the gold that gilds the straightened forehead of

the fool."
 "Many an evening by the waters did we watch the stately
ships,
And our spirits rushed together at the touching of the lips."

These had made him smile, and then he did not read any more of
Tennyson.... He was fond of telling her about the younger Irish poets
and of quoting passages from their poems. Now it would be a line or
so from Colum or Stephens, again a verse from Seumas O'Sullivan or
Joseph Campbell. Continually he spoke with enthusiasm of the man
they called Æ.... She found it difficult to believe that such men could
be living in Ireland at the present time.
"And would you see them about Dublin?"
"Yes, you'd see them often."
"Real poets?"
"Real poets surely. But of course they have earthly interests as well.
One is a farmer—"
"A farmer!!!"
This she found it hardest of all to believe, for the word "farmer"
made her see so clearly the sullen men with the dirty beards who
came in the white roads every evening to drink in Garradrimna.
There was no poetry in them.
Often they would remain talking after this fashion until night had
filled up all the open spaces of the woods. They would feel so far
away from life amid the perfect stillness.... Their peace was rudely
shattered one night by a sudden breaking away from them through
the withered branches.... Instantly Ulick knew that this was some
loafer sent to spy on them from Garradrimna, and Rebecca clung to
him for protection.
Occasionally through the summer a lonely wailing had been heard in
the woods of Garradrimna at the fall of night. Men drinking in the
pubs would turn to one another and say:
"The Lord save us! Is that the Banshee I hear crying for one of the
Moores? She cries like that always when one of them dies, they
being a noble family. Maybe the Honorable Reginald is after getting
his death at last in some whore-house in London."
"Arrah not at all, man, sure that's only Anthony Shaughness and he
going crying through the woods for drink, the poor fellow!"
But the sound had ceased to disturb them for Anthony Shaughness
had found an occupation at last. This evening he came running
down from the woods into McDermott's bar, the loose soles of his
boots slapping against the cobbles of the yard. Josie Guinan went up
to him excitedly when he entered.
"Well?" This in a whisper as their heads came close together over
the counter.
"Gimme a drink? I'm choked with the running, so I am!"
"Tell me did you see them first, or not a sup you'll get. Don't be so
smart now, Anthony Shaughness!"
"Oh, I saw them all right. Gimme the drink?"
She filled the drink, making it overflow the glass in her hurry.
"Well?"
"Bedad I saw them all right. Heard every word they were saying, so
I did, and everything! It was the devil's father to find them, so it
was, they were that well hid in the woods.... Gimme another sup,
Josie?"
"Now, Anthony?"
"Ah, but you don't know all I have to tell ye!"
Again she overflowed the glass in her mounting excitement.
"Well?"
 CHAPTER XX
The summer was beginning to wane, August having sped to its end.
The schools had given vacation, and Rebecca Kerr had gone away
from the valley to Donegal. Ulick Shannon had returned to Dublin.
This was the uneventful season in the valley. Mrs. Brennan, finding
little to talk about, had grown quiet in herself. Ned had taken his
departure to Ballinamult, where he was engaged in putting some
lead upon the roof of the police-barracks. He was drinking to his
heart's content, she knew, and would come home to her without a
penny saved against his long spell of idleness or the coming rigors of
the winter. But she was thankful for the present that he had
removed himself from the presence of his son. It was not good for
such a son to be compelled to look upon such a father. She had
prayed for this blessing and lo! it had come. And it extended further.
Ulick Shannon too was gone from the valley, and so she was no
longer annoyed by seeing him in company with her son. Their
friendship had progressed through the months of July and August,
and she was aware that they had been seen together many times in
Garradrimna. She did not know the full truth but, as on the first
occasion, the lake could tell. Rebecca Kerr was gone, and so there
was no need to speak of this strange girl for whom some wild feeling
had enkindled a flame of hatred within her. Thus was she left in
loneliness and peace to dwell upon the wonder of her son. He
seemed more real to her during these quiet days, nearer perhaps,
than he had ever been since she had first begun to dream her great
dream.
Of late he had taken to his room upstairs, where he did a little study
daily. "So that it won't be altogether too strange when I go back
again to college," he told her on more than one occasion when she
besought him not to be blinding his eyes while there was yet leisure
to rest them. There were times during the long quiet day in the
house when her flood of love for him would so well up within her
that she would call him down for no other reason than that she
might have the great pleasure of allowing her eyes to rest upon him
for a short space only. She would speak no word at all, so fearful
would she be of disturbing the holy peace which fell between them.
In the last week of his present stay in the valley this happened so
often that it became a little wearying to John, who had begun to
experience a certain feeling of independence in his own mind. It
pained him greatly now that his mother should love him so.... And
there were many times when he longed to be back in his English
college, with his books and friends, near opportunities to escape
from the influences which had conspired to change him.
One morning, after his mother had gazed upon him in this way, he
came out of the house and leaned over the little wicket gate to take
a look at the day. It was approaching Farrell McGuinness's time to be
along with the post, and John expected him to have a letter from the
rector of the College giving some directions as to the date of return.
Yet he was not altogether so anxious to return as he had been
towards the ends of former vacations.... At last Farrell McGuinness
appeared around the turn of the road. His blue uniform was dusty,
and he carried his hard little cap in his hand. He dismounted from
his red bicycle and took two letters out of his bag. He smirked
obviously as he performed this action. John glanced in excitement at
the letters. One was addressed in the handwriting of his friend Ulick
Shannon and the other in the handwriting of a girl. It was this last
one that had caused Farrell McGuinness to smirk so loudly.
"'Tis you that has the times, begad!" he said to John as he mounted
his red bicycle and went on up the road, fanning his hot brow with
his hard cap.
Mrs. Brennan came to the door to hear tidings of the letters from
her son, but John was already hurrying down through the withering
garden, tearing open both letters simultaneously.
"Who are they from?" she called out.
"From Ulick Shannon."
"And th'other one?"
"From a chap in the college," he shouted across his shoulder, lying
boldly to her for the first time in his life. But if only she could see the
confusion upon his face?
She went back into the sewing-room, a feeling of annoyance
showing in the deep lines about her eyes. It seemed strange that he
had not rushed immediately into the house to tell her what was in
the letters, strange beyond all how he had not seen his way to make
that much of her.
Down the garden John was reading Rebecca Kerr's letter first, for it
was from her that the letter from "one of the chaps in the college"
had come.
It told of how she was spending her holidays at a seaside village in
Donegal. "It is even far quieter than Garradrimna and the valley. I go
down to the sea in the mornings, but it is only to think and dream.
The sea is just like one big lake, more lonely by far than the lake in
the valley. This is surely the loneliest place you could imagine, but
there is a certain sense of peace about it that is quite lovely. It is
some distance from my home, and it is nice to be amongst people
who have no immense concern for your eternal welfare. I like this,
and so I have avoided making acquaintances here. But next week I
am expecting a very dear friend to join me, and so, I dare say, my
holidays will have a happy ending after all. I suppose you will have
gone from the valley when I go back in October. And it will be the
dreary place then...." She signed herself, "Yours very sincerely,
Rebecca Kerr."
His eyes were dancing as he turned to read Ulick Shannon's letter....
In the opening passages it treated only in a conventional way of
college affairs, but suddenly he was upon certain lines which to his
mind seemed so blackly emphasized:
"Now I was just beginning to settle back into the routine of things
when who should come along but Miss Kerr? She was looking fine.
She stayed a few days here in Dublin, and I spent most of them with
her. I gave her the time of her life, the poor little thing! Theaters
every night, and all the rest of it. She was just lost for a bit of
enjoyment. Grinding away, you know, in those cursed National
Schools from year's end to year's end. Do you know what it is, John?
I am getting fonder and fonder of that girl. She is the best little soul
in all the world.
"She is spending her holidays up in some God-forsaken village in
Donegal. Away from her people and by herself, you know. She has a
girl friend going to see her next week. You will not be able to believe
it probably—but I am the girl friend."
He read them and re-read them, these two letters which bore so
intimately upon one another and which, through the coincidence of
their arrival together, held convincing evidence of the dramatic
moment that had arrived in the adventure of those two lives.
He became filled by an aching feeling that made him shiver and
grow weak as if with some unknown expectation.... Yet why was he
so disturbed in his mind as to this happening; what had he to do
with it? He was one whose life must be directed away from such
things. But the vision of Rebecca Kerr would be filling his eyes
forever. And why had she written to him? Why had she so
graphically pictured her condition of loneliness wherein he might
enter and speak to her? His acquaintance with her was very slight,
and yet he desired to know her beyond all the knowledge and
beauty of the world.... And to think that it was Ulick Shannon who
was now going where he longed to go.
A heavy constraint came between him and his mother during the
remaining days. He spoke little and moved about in meditation like
one fearful of things about to happen. But she fondly fancied as
always that he was immersed in contemplation of the future she had
planned for him. She never saw him setting forth into the autumn
fields, a book in his hand, that she did not fancy the look of austere
aloofness upon his face to be the expression of a priest reading his
office. But thoughts of this kind were far from his mind in the fields
or by the little wicket gate across which he often leaned, his eyes
fixed upon the white, hard road which seemed to lead nowhere.
The day of his release at last came. Now that Ned was away from
her, working in Ballinamult, she had managed to scrape together the
price of another motor drive to Kilaconnaghan, but it was in the
misfortune of things that Charlie Clarke's car should have been
engaged for the very day of John's departure by the Houlihans of
Clonabroney. It worried her greatly that she could not have this
piece of grandeur upon this second occasion. Her intense devotion
to religious literature had made her superstitious to a distressing
degree. It appeared to her as an omen across the path of John and
her own magnification. But John did not seem to mind.
It was notable that through his advance into contemplation he had
triumphed over the power of the valley to a certain extent. So long
as his mind had been altogether absorbed in thought of the
priesthood he had moved about furtively, a fugitive, as it were,
before the hateful looks of the people of the valley and the constant
stare of the squinting windows. Now he had come into a little
tranquillity and his heart was not without some happiness in the
enjoyment of his larger vision.... And yet he was far from being
completely at peace.
As he sat driving with his mother in the ass-trap to Kilaconnaghan,
on his way back to the grand college in England, his doubts were
assailing him although he was so quiet, to all seeming, sitting there.
Those who passed them upon the road never guessed that this pale-
faced young man in black was at war with his soul.... Few words
passed between him and his mother, for the constraint of the past
week had not yet been lifted. She was beginning to feel so lonely,
and she was vexed with herself that the period of his stay in the
valley had not been all she had dreamt of making it. It had been
disappointing to a depressing extent, and now especially in its
concluding stage. This sad excursion in the little ass-trap, without
any of the pomp and circumstance which John so highly deserved,
was a poor, mean ending.
He was running over in his mind the different causes which had
given this vacation its unusual character. First there came
remembrance of his journey down from Dublin with Mr. Myles
Shannon, who had then suggested the friendship with his nephew
Ulick. Springing out of this thought was a very vivid impression of
Garradrimna, that ugly place which he had discovered in its true
colors for the first time; its vile set of drunkards and the few secret
lapses it had occasioned him. Then there was his father, that fallen
and besotted man whom the valley had ruined past all hope. As a
more intimate recollection his own doubts of the religious life by the
lakeside arose clear before him. And the lake itself seemed very
near, for it had been the silent witness of all his moods and
conditions, the dead thing that had gathered to itself a full record of
his sojourn in the valley. But, above all, there was Rebecca Kerr,
whom he had contrived to meet so often as she went from school. It
was she who now brought light to all the darkened places of his
memory. Her letter to him the other day was the one real thing he
had been given to take away from the valley. How he longed to read
it again! But his mother's eyes were upon him.... At last he began to
have a little thought of the part she had played.
Already they had reached the railway station of Kilaconnaghan. They
went together through the little waiting-room, which held sad
memories for Mrs. Brennan, and out upon the platform, where a
couple of porters leaned against their barrows chewing tobacco. Two
or three passengers were sitting around beside their luggage waiting
to take the train for Dublin. A few bank clerks from the town were
standing in a little group which possessed an imaginary distinction,
laughing in a genteel way at a puerile joke from some of the London
weekly journals. They were wearing sporting clothes and had fresh
fags in their mouths. It was an essential portion of their occupation,
this perpetual delight in watching the outgoing afternoon train.
"Aren't they the grand-looking young swells?" said Mrs. Brennan; "I
suppose them have the great jobs now?"
"Great!" replied John, quite unconscious of what he said.
He spoke no other word till he took his place in the train. She kissed
him through the open window and hung affectionately to his hand....
Then there fluttered in upon them the moment of parting.... Smiling
wistfully and waving her hand, she watched the train until it had
rounded a curve. She lingered for a moment by the advertisement
for Jameson's Whiskey in the waiting-room to wipe her eyes. She
began to remember how she had behaved here in this very place on
the day of John's home-coming, and of how he had left her standing
while he talked to Myles Shannon.... He seemed to have slipped
away from her now, and her present thought made her feel that the
shadow of the Shannon family, stretching far across her life, had
attended his going as it had attended his coming.
She went out to the little waiting ass and, mounting into the trap,
drove out of Kilaconnaghan into the dark forest of her fears.
 CHAPTER XXI
Through the earlier part of this term at college there was no peace
in the mind of John Brennan, and his unsettled state arose, for the
most part, from simple remembrance of things that had happened in
the valley. Now it was because he could see again, some afternoon
in the summer, Rebecca Kerr coming towards him down the road in
a brown and white striped dress, that he thought was pretty, and
swinging a sun-bonnet by its long cotton strings from her soft, small
hand. Or again, some hour he had spent listening to Ulick Shannon
as he talked about the things of life which are marked only by the
beauty of passion and death. Always, too, with the aid of two letters
he still treasured, his imagination would leap towards the creation of
a picture—Rebecca and Ulick together in far-off Donegal.
He did not go home at Christmas because it was so expensive to
return to Ireland, and in the lonely stretches of the vacation, when
all his college friends were away from him, he felt that they must
surely be meeting again, meeting and kissing in some quiet, dusky
place—Rebecca as he had seen her always and Ulick as he had
known him.
Even if he had wished to leave Ulick and Rebecca out of his mind, it
would have been impossible, so persistently did his mother refer to
both in her letters. There was never a letter which did not contain
some allusion to "them two" or "that one" or "that fellow." In
February, when the days began to stretch out again, he thought only
of the valley coming nearer, with its long period of delight.... Within
the fascination of his musing he grew forgetful of his lofty future. Yet
there were odd moments when he remembered that he had moved
into the valley a very different man at the beginning of last June.
The valley had changed him, and might continue to change him
when he went there again.
Nothing came to stay the even rise of his yearning save his mother's
letters, which were the same recitals at all times of stories about the
same people. At no time did he expect to find anything new in them,
and so it was all the stronger blow when from one letter leaped out
the news that Ulick Shannon had failed to pass his final medical
exam., and was now living at home in Scarden House with his uncle
Myles. That he had been "expelled from the University and
disgraced" was the way she put it. It did not please John to see that
she was exulting over what had happened to Ulick while hinting at
the same time that there was no fear of a like calamity happening to
her son. To him it appeared as not at all such an event as one might
exult about. It rather evoked pity and condolence in the thought that
it might happen to any man. It might happen to himself. Here surely
was a fearful thing—the sudden dread of his return to the valley, a
disgrace for life, and his mother a ruined woman in the downfall of
her son.... This last letter of hers had brought him to review all the
brave thoughts that had come to him by the lakeside, wild thoughts
of living his own life, not in the way appointed for him by any other
person, but freely, after the bent of his own will. Yet when he came
to think of it quietly there was not much he could do in the world
with his present education. It seemed to have fitted him only for one
kind of life. And his thoughts of the summer might have been only
passing distractions which must disappear with the full development
of his mind. To think of those ideas ever coming suddenly to reality
would be a blow too powerful to his mother. It would kill her. For,
with other knowledge, the summer holidays had brought him to see
how much she looked forward to his becoming a priest.
Quite unconsciously, without the least effort of his will, he found
himself returning to his old, keen interest in his studies. He found
himself coming back to his lost peace of mind. He felt somehow that
his enjoyment of this grand contentment was the very best way he
could flash back his mother's love. Besides it was the best earnest
he had of the enjoyment of his coming holidays.
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