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CHAPTER OVERVIEW
I. Module 1.1: Setting the Stage
a. Historical Views of Children and Childhood
i. Plato
ii. Aristotle
iii. John Locke
1. Tabula Rasa
iv. Jean Jacques Rousseau
b. Origins of a New Science
i. Charles Darwin
1. Baby Biographies
ii. G. Stanley Hall
1. Theories of Child Development
iii. Alfred Binet
1. Mental Tests
iv. Sigmund Freud
1. Role of Early Experience
v. John B. Watson
1. Behaviorism
vi. Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) – 1933
1. Research and Advocacy
vii. Applying Results of Research
1. Applied Developmental Science
II. Module 1.2: Foundational Theories of Child Development
a. Opening
i. Theory
b. The Biological Perspective
i. Maturational Theory
1. Arnold Gesell
ii. Ethological Theory
1. Critical period
2. Konrad Lorenz
3. Imprinting
c. The Psychodynamic Perspective
i. Psychodynamic Theory
1. Sigmund Freud
2. Id
3. Ego
4. Superego
ii. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
1. Erik Erikson
2. Table 1-1 Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
iii. Early Learning Theories
1. Operant Conditioning
a. B.F. Skinner
b. Reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Imitation
e. Observational learning
iv. Social Cognitive Theory
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1. Albert Bandura
2. Self-efficacy
d. The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
i. Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
1. Jean Piaget
2. Table 1-2 Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development
e. The Contextual Perspective
i. Culture
ii. Lev Vygotsky
f. The Big Picture
i. Five Major Perspectives
g. Summary Table 1-1 Characteristics of Developmental Perspectives
III. Module 1.3: Themes in Child-Development Research
a. Continuity of Development
i. Continuity-discontinuity issue
b. Impact of Nature and Nurture
i. Nature-nurture issue
c. The Active Child
i. Active-passive child issue
d. Links between Different Domains of Development
IV. Module 1.4: Doing Child Development Research
a. Measurement in Child Development Research
i. Systematic Observation
1. Systematic observation
2. Naturalistic observation
3. Variables
4. Structured observation
ii. Sampling Behavior with Tasks
iii. Self Reports
1. Self reports
2. Response bias
iv. Physiological Measures
v. Summary Table 1-2 Ways of Measuring Behavior in Child-Development
Research
vi. Evaluating Measures
1. Reliable
2. Valid
vii. Representative Sampling
1. Populations
2. Sample
b. General Designs for Research
i. Research design
ii. Correlational studies
1. Correlational study
2. Correlation coefficient
3. Unrelated variables – no correlation
4. Positive correlation
5. Negative correlation
iii. Experimental Studies
1. Experiment
2. Independent variable
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3. Dependent variable
4. Field experiment
5. Quasi-experiment
c. Designs for Studying Age-Related Change
i. Longitudinal Design
1. Longitudinal design
2. Microgenetic study
3. Practice effects
4. Selective attrition
5. Cohort effects
a. Cohort
ii. Cross-Sectional Design
1. Cross-Sectional design
iii. Longitudinal-Sequential Studies
iv. Summary Table 1-3 Designs Used in Child-Development Research
1. Meta-analysis
d. Ethical Responsibilities
i. Minimize risk to research participants
ii. Describe the research to potential participants
1. Informed consent
iii. Avoid deception
iv. Keep results anonymous or confidential
e. Communicating Research Results
i. Scientific journals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
LO1 What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood?
LO2 How did the modern science of child development emerge?
LO3 How do child-development scientists use research findings to improve children’s lives?
KEY TERMS:
baby biographies, p. 5
applied developmental science, p. 6
What Do You Know About Childhood? On the first day of class, Grubb (2004) reports great success
introducing students to the course material by creating a “true/false” quiz that emphasizes issues that will
be addressed throughout the course. After covering the usual first-day tasks, he asks them to take out a
blank piece of paper and record their answers to the following questions:
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True or False:
1. Breast-fed infants are psychologically “healthier” than formula-fed infants. (False)
2. Parents should avoid the use of spanking when disciplining their children. (True)
3. By law, children who are younger than 4 and who weigh less than 40 pounds must be secured in
child safety restraints (i.e., a “car seat”) when riding in an automobile. (True)
4. Mothers have more natural or innate parenting skills than fathers. (False)
5. Children can develop secure attachment relationships to more than one adult. (True)
6. Mothers who drink heavily while pregnant may cause permanent harm to their children. (True)
7. People never forget the trauma of their own births. (False)
8. A difficult infant will become a difficult child and a difficult adolescent. (False)
9. At birth, infants cannot see. (False)
10. Play contributes significantly to physical, intellectual, and social development of children. (True)
He recommends reading through the items slowly once, giving the students a chance to record their
answers, and then providing the correct answers during a second pass through the items. Inevitably, brief
discussions will accompany the answers to certain items (e.g., breast-feeding, spanking, birth trauma,
etc.), and these discussions serve the dual purpose of demonstrating the applicability of the information
covered in the course and getting the students actively involved in class discussion.
Source: Grubb, D., & Kail, R. V. (2004). Instructor’s resource manual to accompany Children and
Their Development (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Questions About Child Development “Ownership” over some of the content of the course is described in
detail by Douglas Hardwick (1996) of Illinois State University. On the first day of class, Hardwick asks
his students to “think for a moment and then write out a question that you have about child development,
but were afraid to ask” (p. 199). These questions are then collected, sorted by topic category, and then
read to the class on future class meetings to serve as organizational tools or discussion questions when
relevant topics are covered.
According to Hardwick (1996), typical topic categories of these questions include what he calls “basic
concepts” (e.g., prenatal development, self-concept, sex roles, language and cognition, etc.), “the family”
(e.g., working mothers, single parents, discipline, birth order, etc.), and “special topics” (e.g., obesity,
death, television, sports). Most of these topics are typically addressed in child development courses, and
additional students’ questions—if asked frequently—may suggest new topics to include in your course.
Source: Hardwick, D. A. (1996). On the value of asking students what they want to know about
child development. In M. E. Ware and D. E. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of demonstrations and
activities in the teaching of psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
How Do You Know a Child When You See One? Rather than defining childhood by an age range, ask
your students to explain how they determine who is (and who is not) a child. What are the characteristic
“symptoms” of childhood? When does childhood end? This exercise is especially helpful in
distinguishing between childhood and adolescence, and between various sub-groups of children (e.g.,
infants versus toddlers, toddlers versus preschoolers, etc.).
Emile Students might enjoy reading the book Emile: Or, On Education by Jean Jacques Rousseau either
in its entirety or selected passages and reflecting (in writing or oral discussion) on Rousseau’s ideas about
child-rearing. Rousseau wrote Emile in 1762. Students can consider whether Rousseau’s ideas are
applicable to 21st century parenting.
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My Virtual Child: Introduction My Virtual Child is an exciting new supplement to the text that students
are sure to find both interesting and educational. Instructors are encouraged to utilize My Virtual Child as
part of their regular weekly planning. The exercises in My Virtual Child can be assigned to students as
written or oral assignments, as extra credit, as essay questions on exams, or just as a supplement to their
own reading of the text. With My Virtual Child, students log on to the website
(www.myvirtualchild.com) where they will be able to create their own virtual child. Students are then
responsible for “raising” this child from birth through age 18. There are 13 different sessions that pertain
to different age groups as your “child” progresses from birth to 18 years. Each session begins with 3
questions that students are asked to print out and reflect on that relate to their virtual child’s particular age
range. Then students are asked to make a series of parenting decisions appropriate for children of that age
group. Over the course of the entire Virtual Child experience, students will make decisions about
everything from nutrition, child care, discipline and guidance, schooling, peer relationships, etc. –
basically everything that a typical parent would do. Additionally, random events (job losses, car
accidents, broken bones, continuing education, etc.) happen over the course of the child-rearing adventure
to round out the “real-life” experience for students. Effects of students’ decisions are long-lasting, and
like real life, students do not see the consequences of their decisions immediately. Outcomes of parenting
decisions are illustrated by the “child’s” test scores, report cards, psychological evaluations, teacher
evaluations, peer relationships, and a variety of other things such as the “child’s” own comments about
your parenting! The “child’s” own temperament, genetics, and learning styles also play a role in these
outcomes, rounding out a rich experience that students are sure to find intriguing. Instructors can set up
the Virtual Child experience to best fit their own course schedule and teaching style. For the purpose of
this Instructor’s Manual, the Virtual Child activities will be spaced out over the 15 chapters, but
instructors should realize that because the Virtual Child proceeds chronologically, it will not always
match up with the textbook which is organized by topics and domains. If the student does not do any
written reflections, it takes about 2 hours to “raise” a virtual child from birth to adulthood. However, the
program has built-in dividers in the form of discussion/reflection questions that allow the assignments to
be broken down into 15 parts, as they are presented in this manual. The program also has video clips so
that students can see videos of children at the age of their virtual child.
Part 1–Introduction: For the introduction to My Virtual Child, instructors should help students log into
the website (http://www.myvirtualchild.com) to create their virtual child. Students will be asked a series
of questions about themselves that will be used to determine the physical, temperamental, and cognitive
characteristics of their virtual child. Students will complete a physical characteristics survey, will be
asked questions about their own temperament as a child, and also questions about how they performed in
school in comparison to other children. At the end of these questionnaires, students will “give birth” to
either a boy or a girl whom the student gets to name. The students will then “raise” this child, with a
virtual partner, from birth to age 18. The student will be given information about the pregnancy, the labor
and delivery, their “child’s” Apgar score, and then be asked to make decisions (such as breast vs. bottle
feeding) relating to the child’s first 3 months of life. There are no discussion questions related to this
section, but students could be asked to do a written or oral reflection on their prenatal, perinatal, and
postnatal experiences with their virtual child. As an additional supplement to this section, students might
be asked to contact their own parents or look over their baby books for information on what they were
like as children. This would help them to accurately complete the introductory surveys prior to their
child’s “birth.” This section could also be combined with other activities or discussions from later
chapters in this manual including Apgar scores (Chapter 3), breast-vs-bottle feeding (Chapter 4), and
temperament (Chapter 10). Instructors should note that they can view students’ progress with their virtual
child on the website so that they can make sure that students are staying on task with their assignments
and completing work in a timely manner.
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FILMS/VIDEOS/INTERNET SOURCES:
No One Quite Like Me… Or You (Sunburst Communications, 1992, 16 minutes). A video to help
students understand that everyone is unique.
The Creation of Childhood (Insight Media, 1990, 25 minutes). Provides an overview of how the concept
of childhood has changed throughout history, including a discussion of Neal Postman’s suggestion that
the concept of childhood is decaying in contemporary society.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEY TERMS:
What Is a Theory? Patricia Miller (1993) begins her text on developmental theories by asking the
following questions:
1. What is a theory?
2. What is a developmental theory?
3. Of what value is developmental theory?
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4. How are facts and theories related?
Ask students to work in small groups to generate answers to the above questions. (It would be helpful to
list the questions on the board, an overhead transparency, or on a handout.) When the groups have
generated answers to each question, have students share their answers with the class. Their answers
typically encompass most of the general functions of theories: organization, description, explanation, and
prediction.
Source: Miller, P. H. (1993). Theories of developmental psychology (3rd ed.). New York, NY:
Freeman.
Supporting Evidence for the Maturational Theory According to maturational theory, child development
reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body. Maturational theorists, like Arnold
Gesell, argued that development is largely determined by biological forces; experience matters little.
Consequently, Gesell argued that human development was quite predictable. (You may wish to mention
that Gesell generated comprehensive norms of development that were utilized extensively by medical and
child development professionals during the first half of this century.) From their personal experiences
with infants and young children, ask your class to cite evidence that supports Gesell’s contentions that
development is predictable and biologically determined.
From Ducklings to Infants Ethological theory views development from an evolutionary perspective,
meaning that many behaviors are viewed as adaptive (i.e., they have survival value). While human
infants do not exhibit imprinting, ask your class to consider behaviors or abilities of infants that have
survival value. Do critical periods exist for any aspects of human development?
Intrapsychic Conflict Ask for three volunteers to role-play the components of personality, as described
by Sigmund Freud. Inform the rest of the class that it will be their job to determine which component
each student is portraying. Present the volunteers with a specific situation (e.g., deciding what to do
tonight, seeing an attractive person, finding a lost wallet, etc.) and ask them to select which component of
the personality they are comfortable portraying (making sure that each volunteer understands the function
of the component chosen—id, ego, or superego). After a few minutes of role-playing, it should be
obvious to the class the role that each volunteer is portraying. Ask members of the class to suggest
additional “actions” that each component of the personality might take.
Eriksonian Parenting Tips Using HANDOUT 1-2 (a reprint of Table 1-1 in the text on Erikson’s Eight
Stages of Psychosocial Development), ask the class to work in small groups in an effort to determine what
parents should do to encourage a positive or healthy resolution to each of the first four psychosocial
crises. List the parenting tips generated by the groups on the board. This discussion will provide ample
opportunity to supplement the text’s coverage of Erikson’s theory and will facilitate comparisons to
Freud’s psychosexual theory.
Identifying Positive and Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement is usually a difficult concept
for students to grasp; they often believe that it is synonymous with punishment. To aid their
comprehension of this construct, have your class complete HANDOUT 1-3, either individually or in
small groups.
“Children See, Children Do” How do children learn simply by watching others? Bandura’s social
cognitive theory can be made clearer by asking your class about the cognitive processes involved in
observational learning. This discussion should cover the concept of a model (or modeling), as well as the
four steps involved in observational learning*:
1. Attention: If one is to learn by watching another, one must pay attention to the actions of another.
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2. Retention: Since learning usually involves the repetition of an action at a later point in time, the
learner must remember what he/she attended to.
3. Reproduction: At some point, the action to which the learner attended and chose to retain must
be reproduced or performed by the learner.
4. Motivation: Individuals will reproduce only those actions they are motivated to perform.
Motivation can be influenced by the consequences that were observed following the actions
performed by the model.
Source: Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Who Said That? Either individually or in small groups, have your students complete HANDOUT 1-4.
This exercise will allow students to clarify the conceptual differences between the major theoretical
perspectives reviewed.
Advice Columns What would Sigmund Freud or Albert Bandura suggest? This exercise (see
HANDOUT 1-5) will give your students a chance to speak for several notable developmental theorists.
As a classroom exercise, HANDOUT 1-5 should be completed in small groups. You can also use this
HANDOUT as a homework assignment and as a take-home portion of an exam. Students respond well to
it in any of these formats.
Internet Annotated Bibliography Have your students use the Internet to identify 10 websites that give
scholarly information on the theories/theorists discussed in this chapter. Students should type an
annotated bibliography that lists the URLs (website addresses) for these websites, and gives a brief (one
or two paragraph) summary/review of each.
1. The name of the website (e.g., Jean Piaget Society).
2. A valid URL (website address, e.g., http://www.piaget.org).
3. A brief (one or two paragraph) review of the website. Reviews should include a brief summary
of what students can expect to find if they visit the website and a brief evaluation of the website.
As a follow-up to this activity, students can combine all of the annotated bibliographies into an Internet
Resource Directory that could be distributed in class.
FILMS/VIDEOS/INTERNET SOURCES:
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory: An Introduction (Davidson Films, 2002, 30 minutes). This video
reviews Albert Bandura’s classic experiments utilizing Bobo dolls, his research on phobias, and his
current work on self-efficacy. Making this video especially compelling is that Dr. Bandura is the
narrator.
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B. F. Skinner: A New Appraisal (Davidson Films, 1999, 41 minutes). A thorough review and critique of
the work of B. F. Skinner. This video dispels some myths, and credits Skinner with contributions not
often attributed to him.
Child Development (Insight Media, 1992, 30 minutes). Provides an overview of the study of child
development, including the ideas of early philosophers such as Locke and Rousseau and historically
significant theorists such as Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Watson, Gesell, and Piaget. The video also includes
a review of research methodology utilized in the study of child development.
Classical and Operant Conditioning (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1997, 56 minutes). The
principles of behaviorism are explained, as are its important applications in clinical therapy, education
and child-rearing.
Cognitive Development (Insight Media, 1990, 30 minutes). Presents an overview of Piaget’s theory.
Also reviews general aspects of cognition and language development.
Erik Erikson: A Life’s Work (Insight Media, 1992, 38 minutes). Erik Erikson discusses his stage theory
of psychosocial development.
The Infant Mind (Insight Media, 1992, 30 minutes). Contemporary cognitive and developmental
psychologists review and challenge some aspects of Piaget’s stage theory.
Learning (Insight Media, 1990, 30 minutes). Includes an interview with B.F. Skinner and reviews some
applications of classical and operant conditioning.
Learning: Observational and Cognitive Approaches (Insight Media, 2001, 30 minutes). Reviews the
components of observational learning, illustrates the cognitive aspects of learning, and discusses B.F.
Skinner’s research.
Jean Piaget (Insight Media, 1969, Part I: 40 minutes). An interview with Jean Piaget highlights his
stages of development and developmental issues including motivation, learning, and perception.
Jean Piaget (Insight Media, 1969, Part II: 40 minutes). Piaget presents his views on Freud’s
developmental concepts and his reactions to criticism and the misapplication of his own theory.
Piaget’s Developmental Theory: An Overview (Davidson Films, 1989, 30 minutes). David Elkind
introduces Piaget’s theory and interviews children. The video includes clear demonstrations of egocentric
thought and conservation of liquid.
Piaget on Piaget (Yale University, 1978, 45 minutes). Piaget discusses his theory of cognitive
development.
Theories of Development (Insight Media, 1997, 29 minutes). This video provides an overview of the
cognitive, psychosexual, psychosocial, behaviorist, social-learning, and sociocultural theories of child
development. The work of Piaget, Freud, Erikson, Gesell, Skinner, and Vygotsky is featured.
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Vygotsky’s Developmental Theory: An Introduction (Davidson Films, 1994, 28 minutes). Classroom
footage from the United States and archival footage from Russia and Papua New Guinea illustrate
Vygotsky’s theory of the Zone of Proximal Development, scaffolding, and other basic tenets of his theory
and research.
http://www.davidsonfilms.com – 23 short clips that cover many major Early Childhood theorists. Longer
films on each theorist are available for purchase.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
LO9 How well can developmental outcomes be predicted from early life?
LO10 How do heredity and environment influence development?
LO11 What role do children have in their own development?
LO12 Is development in different domains connected?
KEY TERMS:
Basic
Ingredient Additional Ingredients Treatment Developmental Outcome
FLOUR SALT + WATER FRYING FLOUR TORTILLA
FLOUR SALT + WATER BAKING MATZO
FLOUR SALT + WATER + BAKING BREAD
YEAST
FLOUR SALT + BUTTER + BAKING BROWNIE
COCOA + SUGAR
11
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Miller’s (1996) demonstration concludes with a discussion of various aspects of the nature-nurture issue,
including:
a. the concept of developmental constraints (e.g., the limitations of ingredients and treatments);
b. how genes do not code for specific developmental outcomes (e.g., flour alone does not
produce a specific food item);
c. the inseparability of genetic and environmental contributions to development (e.g., What
makes a brownie a brownie? The ingredients or the baking process?); and
d. the inability to identify specific, constituent elements of the developmental product (e.g., try
as hard as she might, my daughter cannot extract the cocoa from the rest of the brownie).
Source: Miller, D. B. (1996). The nature-nurture issue: Lessons from the Pillsbury doughboy. In
M. E. Ware and D. E. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of demonstrations and activities in the teaching of
psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Debates Have the class divide into three large groups. One group will debate the continuity-versus-
discontinuity issue, one group will debate the nature-nurture issue, and one group will debate the active-
passive child issue. Once the three large groups are decided, each group should subdivide into two smaller
groups so that both sides of the debate issue are represented (e.g., a group for nature and a group for
nurture). Give students several class periods to prepare for the debate. On debate day, the first two groups
will debate the topic of continuity versus discontinuity while the other groups watch and evaluate. Then
the second two groups will debate the topic of nature versus nurture while the other groups watch.
Finally, the last two groups will debate the topic of active versus passive children while the other groups
watch. A format for the debate is listed below and can be modified to fit classes of different lengths:
FILMS/VIDEOS/INTERNET SOURCES:
Contexts of Development (RMI Media Productions, 1993, 30 minutes). Highlights the interactive
influences of biological, social, economic, and cultural factors on human development.
Study of the Child: History and Trends (from The Developing Child Series, Magna Systems, 1997, 28
minutes). Reviews the history of child development, including its philosophical roots and early scientific
investigations. The video illustrates two developmental methodologies and presents major developmental
principles, including an examination of the nature-nurture question.
Worlds of Childhood, Programs 5, 23, and 24 (Great Plains National Instructional Television Library,
1993, 30 minutes each). Program 5, Nature and Nurture Interwoven, includes a review of research on
twin studies. Programs 23 and 24, Nature and Nurture of Development (Parts I and II), explore the roles
of biology, history, economics, family, peers, school, community, and culture in child development.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEY TERMS:
“Naturalistic Observation? That’s so Simple.” This is usually the initial reaction voiced by students
when naturalistic observation is discussed as a research tool. Grubb (2004) asks his classes to design a
study utilizing naturalistic observation. He states, “In the past, I have given my classes a hypothesis, but
recently I’ve had even greater success (i.e., student interest and involvement) by having the class generate
several hypotheses, and then vote on the one they would like to pursue. Once the hypothesis is chosen,
we proceed to specify and operationalize variables of interest. The class then discusses some of the
procedural aspects of such a study, including the location, observational strategies, and concerns about
confounding variables. In some cases, when the hypothesis, procedure, and class size allow, I have my
students actually conduct the study they designed (after receiving Ethical Review Board approval, of
course), although this step is not a necessary step toward the final objective of giving the students an
appreciation of the complexities, strengths, and limitations of naturalistic studies.” (Grubb, 2004)
Source: Grubb, D., & Kail, R. V. (2004). Instructor’s resource manual to accompany Children and
Their Development (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
“Results of a Recent Study Indicate that People Rarely Question the Results of Recent Studies”
For an advanced developmental course: Ask your students to locate a study on some aspect of
development that is of interest to them and bring a copy of the Method section to class. In small groups,
have the students engage in critical reviews of the articles that they found, focusing on sample
representativeness and the reliability and validity of the measures or procedures used. Since students
often ignore the method section of journal articles, this exercise should render this section less threatening
while honing their critical thinking skills.
For an introductory developmental course: Ask your students to find research results that have been
reported in the mass (print) media, make copies of the stories, and bring them to class. Ask for some
volunteers to summarize their stories, reading verbatim the section reporting the research results. Then
guide the class through a discussion of how to critically interpret the reported results. This exercise
produces the same result as the one described above for advanced courses: Your students will develop
sharper critical-thinking skills.
Understanding Correlations To illustrate the concept that correlation does not equal causation, have
your class generate examples of variables that co-vary, and discuss why causal relationships between
them cannot be determined. Further, to introduce the concept of spurious correlations, ask the class to
think of variables that are highly correlated, but meaningless (e.g., birds migrate south when footballs
appear in neighborhoods).
Investigating Nursery Rhymes In small groups, have students in your class derive testable hypotheses
(and the most appropriate means to test them) from the nursery rhymes listed in HANDOUT 1-6. You
may wish to assign one rhyme to each group, and then have the groups report their work to the rest of the
class.
Source: Lewison, W. (1993). Baby’s first Mother Goose. New York, NY: Western.
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Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Designing an Experiment In small groups, have your students design an experiment. HANDOUT 1-7
will guide them through the process of stating a hypothesis, identifying and operationalizing variables,
and considering a variety of methodological and ethical issues.
Longitudinal versus Cross-Sectional Designs Before the class session on developmental research
methods, assign half of your students a longitudinal study to read and half a cross-sectional study to read
on the same topic. In class, have the students compare and contrast the results obtained with the different
research designs, debating the advantages and disadvantages of each design.
Name That Research Design. To determine if your students can recognize the various research designs
when given brief examples of them, have them complete HANDOUT 1-9. This HANDOUT serves as an
excellent study aid and can be completed as a homework assignment or in-class activity.
Where Did They Go Wrong? Present your students with brief examples of unethical research practices
and ask them to identify the violations present. HANDOUT 1-10 includes some research situations that
students can assess. This HANDOUT works well either as an in-class small group exercise or as a
homework assignment.
FILMS/VIDEOS/INTERNET SOURCES:
Observation (from The Developing Child Series, Magna Systems, 1993, 37 minutes). The video depicts
naturalistic observation methods with infants, toddlers, and preschoolers as well as describing methods
more suitable for older children.
Observing Children (Insight Media, 1991, 10 minutes). Presents various methods of observing children.
Scientific Method (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1999, 25 minutes). This video provides a
complete overview of all steps of the scientific method, from researching and identifying a problem to
communicating the results.
Two Research Styles (Insight Media, 1991, 24 minutes). Experimentation and observation are compared
using profiles of two research programs.
15
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 1 CASE STUDY
“He’s still playing Dungeon of Doom? I’m getting worried about the amount of time Matthew
spends in front of that video game, Tyler.”
“I don’t think Matthew is going to be harmed by it, Shari. It’s just a game. He still plays with his
kindergarten friends, and goes bike riding and swimming a lot.”
“But I worry that he’ll start to become a bully—make that a ‘Dungeon Master.’ Maybe we
should limit the amount of time he spends with the game.”
“That won’t be easy, Shari, but it’s probably a good idea. Besides, if Matthew spends less time
playing Dungeon of Doom, I can spend more time playing my favorite video game, Carnival of
Carnage.”
1. How can Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality be used to explain the appeal of video games like
Dungeon of Doom or Carnival of Carnage?
2. What kinds of concerns might Erik Erikson have about 6-year-old Matthew’s habitual video game
playing?
16
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dungeon of Doom: Part II
“He’s still playing Dungeon of Doom? I’m getting worried about the amount of time Matthew
spends in front of that video game, Tyler.”
“I don’t think Matthew is going to be harmed by it, Shari. It’s just a game. He still plays with his
kindergarten friends, and goes bike riding and swimming a lot.”
“But I worry that he’ll start to become a bully—make that a ‘Dungeon Master.’ Maybe we
should limit the amount of time he spends with the game.”
“That won’t be easy, Shari, but it’s probably a good idea. Besides, if Matthew spends less time
playing Dungeon of Doom, I can spend more time playing my favorite video game, Carnival of
Carnage.”
1. State Shari’s concerns about the effects of the video game on Matthew’s behavior as a testable
hypothesis.
3. Tyler saw a segment on the local news that reported the results of a recent correlational study on
video games and aggression. The study indicated that children who spend more time playing video
games tend to act more aggressively toward their peers. Tyler concluded that video games cause an
increase in aggression, and he decided to return Dungeon of Doom and rent The Wonderful World of
Worms instead. Evaluate Tyler’s interpretation of the research results.
4. Shari suggested that before acting hastily, they watch Matthew’s behavior before and after playing
video games and ask their friends to watch their own children’s pre- and post-video-game behaviors.
What measurement technique is Shari proposing? What may be a limitation or weakness in asking
just her friends to watch their children’s behavior?
17
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
CASE STUDY ANSWERS
Dungeon of Doom: Part I
1. Violent video games can serve as a means through which the primitive needs of the id (such as
aggressive impulses) are satisfied. The ego can channel these impulses through the socially-accepted
venue of video games.
2. For a child who habitually plays video games, Erikson would most likely have concerns about the
child’s ability to work with others and the child’s mastery of basic skills. If the child devotes much of
his/her time to video game playing, the child is not socializing with peers nor is the child practicing
academic skills.
3. B.F. Skinner would suggest that Matthew’s parents positively reinforce other “healthier” activities
that Matthew may engage in (such as engaging in cooperative play activities with friends, crafts,
household chores, etc.).
4. Vygotsky would argue that by making video games such as Dungeon of Doom available to Matthew,
his parents are conveying the message that society values violence and solitary activity.
1. The more time a child spends playing video games, the more aggressive behavior or “bullying” is
likely to be exhibited by the child.
2. An experiment can be designed with some children being exposed to varying amounts of video game
playing (the experimental groups) while other children played with no video games (the control
group). The level of aggression or bullying after the play trials can then be systematically observed.
Or, a correlational study can be designed in which parents are asked to indicate (or keep a log that
chronicles) how much time their children spend playing video games, then correlate that data with
data derived from parents’ ratings of the level of aggression or bullying exhibited by their children.
18
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-1
Learning Objectives for Chapter 1
LO1 What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood?
LO3 How do child-developmental scientists use research findings to improve children’s lives?
LO9 How well can developmental outcomes be predicted from early life?
19
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-2
The First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development in Erikson’s Theory
Directions: What would Erikson suggest for parents who are raising children that fit into the following
four stages?
Psychosocial
Stage Age Challenge Eriksonian Parenting Tips
20
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-3
Identifying Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Directions: In each of the following scenarios, identify the type(s) of reinforcement present, as well as
who is being reinforced. (Note: Some scenarios involve both positive and negative reinforcement.)
1. Andrew will not take his asthma medication daily, as his doctor has prescribed. Andrew’s parents
have been nagging him, telling him that he may have to be rushed to the hospital if he doesn’t take the
medicine as directed.
2. Rowena was given a sticker every time she remembered to brush her teeth.
3. Julio’s parents went to great lengths to provide him with hot dogs and cheese fries since he would
have serious temper tantrums if given any other type of food.
4. Angela is a third-grader in Mr. Robertson’s class. Mr. Robertson is giving each child work materials
individually. As Mr. Robertson turns to each child, Angela makes grunting noises and yells, “teacher,
teacher—me next!” On each occasion, Mr. Robertson turns to Angela and says, “Shhh. Wait your
turn.”
5. At supper, Taeyung has to eat a little bit of everything prepared, including the dreaded vegetables. If
he picks a fight with his little sister, he is immediately sent to his room with his plate. Taeyung has
been sent to his room four times in the past week.
21
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-4
Who Said That?
Directions: Match the theorist or theoretical perspective to the statement that best represents his
viewpoint. Explain your choice.
1. In everyday life, unconscious needs are struggling for expression; behavior and development is the
product of efforts to satisfy needs.
4. Development involves facing a sequence of crises or challenges. How earlier crises are resolved
influences later development.
5. Thought develops in four qualitatively different stages, ranging from exploring through the senses
and motor abilities to abstract, logical thinking.
7. The human infant is a blank slate; experiences mold and shape it into a distinct individual.
22
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-5
Advice Columns
Directions: Indicate below how each theorist would explain these problems and recommend treating
them.
23
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-6
Researching Rhyme and Reason
Directions: List possible hypotheses that can be derived from each of the nursery rhymes listed below.
Suggest appropriate means of testing each hypothesis you generate.
There was an old woman, Jack and Jill went up the hill,
who lived in a shoe, to fetch a pail of water.
she had so many children, Jack fell down and broke his crown,
she didn’t know what to do. and Jill came tumbling after.
Hypotheses: Hypotheses:
Hypotheses: Hypotheses:
Source: Lewison, W. (1993). Baby’s first Mother Goose. New York, NY: Western.
24
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-7
Designing an Experiment
Directions: The following questions serve as a guide for designing an experiment. Answer each question
in the space provided.
2. What are your variables? Identify your independent and dependent variables. How are your
variables operationally defined?
4. Who is your population of interest? How will you draw your sample? Describe your experimental
(i.e., manipulated) and control groups, and how subjects will be assigned to each.
5. What data gathering strategies (e.g., self-report, sampling behavior with tasks, etc.) and/or
“treatment” will
you use?
25
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-8
Evaluating Developmental Research Methods
Directions: Identify the strengths and weaknesses for each of these research methods:
Experiment
Correlational Study
Self-Reports
Naturalistic
Observation
Structured
Observation
Sampling Behavior
with Tasks
Physiological
Measures
Longitudinal Study
Cross-Sectional
Study
Longitudinal-
Sequential Study
26
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-9
Name that Research Design
Directions: Below are brief descriptions of research situations. Indicate which specific measurement
techniques and research design are being utilized in each situation.
1. A researcher was interested in determining if there were sex differences in honesty among 9-year-
olds. To do this, she placed a hand-held electronic game on a bench on a playground prior to recess,
and from a nearby window she unobtrusively recorded the sex and actions (e.g., playing with the
game, giving it to a teacher, putting it in a pocket to keep it, etc.) of any child who came into contact
with the game.
2. In an effort to determine if there was a relationship between parenting style and socioeconomic status,
a researcher telephoned households at random and, if there were parents of children under the age of
18 living in the household, asked them several questions about how they interact with their children,
and asked them about their jobs and annual income.
3. Does background music affect the play of young children? To address this question, a researcher
videotaped the play of small groups of preschool children at a local daycare. Using the same
playroom and collection of available toys for each group, the researcher recorded the toy selections
made by the children and frequency of cooperative versus competitive play under classical, country,
rock music, and no music conditions.
4. A school system had implemented a new program to its curriculum designed to reduce aggressive
behavior in first-graders. To determine the effectiveness of the program, it was decided that one
elementary school in the district would implement the curriculum while another elementary school
served as the control group. At the beginning of the school year, parents and teachers were asked to
complete a log indicating the frequency of aggressive behaviors that they observed in their
children/students during a one-week period. At the end of the 15-week program, the parents and
teachers again completed the logs of aggressive behaviors. At the end of that school year and again
one year later, the parents and teachers were asked to complete logs of aggressive behavior observed
in their children/students.
27
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-10
Where Did They Go Wrong?
Directions: Below are descriptions of research practices that may or may not be ethical. Assess the
ethical acceptability of each. Be sure to list specific ethical violations or issues of concern when they are
present.
1. Two preschool teachers were discussing the issue of a “sugar fix,” one teacher believing that sugar
significantly affected the behavior of children while the other doubted that sugar alone influenced
behavior. To settle their debate, they decided to give cookies and pop to one of their classes for an
afternoon snack, while the other class was given crackers and milk. The teachers then watched their
classes play.
2. Third-graders (and their parents) and seventh-graders (and their parents) were invited to participate in
a study being conducted at the child research laboratory at a local university. They were told that the
researchers were trying to determine how spatial and problem-solving skills were developed in
children. In actuality, the researchers were interested in differences in the communication patterns
and emotional expression characteristics of third-grade versus seventh-grade parent-child dyads. At
the conclusion of the testing sessions the participants were thanked and dismissed.
3. After obtaining informed consent from parents to have their children participate in a research project,
the eye-hand coordination abilities of 6-year-old boys and girls were assessed by having the children
throw metal darts at balloons that were taped to a wall (similar to a carnival game). The number of
balloons popped served as the dependent variable. Each child’s results were then reported to his/her
classroom teacher and physical education instructor.
28
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT ANSWERS
HANDOUT 1-2: The First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development in Erikson’s Theory
29
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-5: Advice Columns
30
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
HANDOUT 1-9: Name that Research Design
1. No parental permission was granted. The teachers did not gain informed consent.
2. Since deception was used, a complete explanation of the true nature of the study and the reasons for
using deception needed to be given to the participants.
3. Results of the research were not kept confidential. Instead, they were reported to the teachers and
physical education instructors.
31
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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lesz. Te tudod bizonyosan, hol van; kérlek igen szivesen, hidd vissza
ismét.“
Egyszersmind a következő verseket mondá:
„Ah mely igen nagy vala szépsége! – De a szépség az ő
tulajdoninak csak igen kis része.
Sugár termete, mely hasonló a hajlongó ághoz, nem kevésbbé
kecses: mint arcza fris rózsái.
Ezen orczák rózsaszin levelek, melyeken a kis folt, mely neki oly
igen jól áll, pont a j felett12), melyet fekete tintával vont szemölde
ábrázol.
Nem szünném meg, visszajöttét kérni az időtől; oh, bár jőne! –
De távol lenni, ugy látszik, sajátja.
Örömest feledném akkor az idő szivtelenségét, sürü fátyolt
vonnék el felette.
Ölelkezve töltők el az éjet, az ölelkezés a mi társunk lőn. Őt
megrészegité zergetermetem, s engem az ő ajakának kelyhe.
Erősen szoritám keblemre, mint a fösvény tartja a maga kincsét;
féltemben, hogy valamelyik szépségét elragadják tőlem.
Ugy tartám ölemben, mintha zerge volna, melynek szivreható
pillanatától rettegek.“
„Leányom“ monda a királyné „nagyon csodálkozom feletted, s én
a te beszédedet nem értem.“
Ekkor a kisasszony felede minden tartózkodást, s „Asszonyom“
ugymond „te és atyám mindig azon voltatok, hogy engem
házasságra birjatok, mikor erre semmi kedvem nem volt: most van
kedvem, s nekem adjátok ide azt az ifjut, kiről szólok, különben
megölöm magamat.“
A királyné lágyan akara bánni leányával, „hiszen leányom
ugymond „tenmagad tudod, hogy csak magad vagy ebben a
szobában, s ide semmi férfi be nem jöhet.“
De a herczegasszony a helyett, hogy kihallgatná, közbeszóla, s
türhetetlenül viselé magát, hogy anyja kénytelelen volt nagy
szomoruan eltávozni, s hirt vinni a királynak e történtek felől.
A király maga akará a dolgot látni, elmene a herczegasszonyhoz,
leányához, s kérdé, igaz-e a mit hallott? „Atyám“ szóla a hölgy
„hagyjuk ezt; csak te légy oly kegyes s add vissza nekem férjemet, a
ki az éjjel itt velem hált.“
„Mit?“ monda a király „s valaki hált veled itt az éjjel?“
„Hogy hogy atyám, s még kérdheted, hált-e itt valaki? Mintha te
nem tudnád, hogy a leggyönyörűbb ifju, kire a nap sütött, volt itt
nálam! De hogy ne kételkedjék felséged“ igy szóla tovább „hogy én
őt láttam, ő itt volt, én ölelgettem, ébresztgettem, a nélkül hogy fel
ébredt volna – ime itt van, tessék ezt a gyürüt megnéznie.“
Erre kinyujtá kezét, s a chinai király nem tudta mit szóljon,
látván, hogy az csakugyan férfi-gyürü. De minthogy a dolgot
semmikép meg nem foghatta, s elébb is azt hitte, hogy leánya
tébolyodott, most is csak a mellett maradt, hogy nincs eszén; s
féltében, nehogy vagy őt magát, vagy más valakit megtámadjon,
minden további szó nélkül lánczot adatott leányára, s még
sorosabban elzáratván, csupán dajkáját hagyta meg mellette, s az
ajtó elébe kemény őrt állitott.
A király szerfelett busult a szerencsétlenségen, mely a
herczegasszonyt érte, minthogy, a mint hitte, eszét igy elveszté, s
azon gondolkodott, mikép lehetne őt meggyógyitani. Egybehivatá a
tanácsot, s minekutána a beteg állapotát előterjesztette „ha valaki
közületek“ ugymond „annyi ügyességgel és tudománynyal bir, hogy
leányomat meggyógyithatja és meg is gyógyitja: feleségül adom őt
neki, s országom és koronám örökösévé teszem.“
A vágy, hogy ily szép herczegasszonyt birhasson, s annak
reménye, hogy egykor oly hatalmas országon fog uralkodni mint
China, fölingerle egy elaggott emirt, ki benn a tanácsban üle; s
minthogy értett valamit a büvöléshez, vig szerencsével kecsegteté
magát, s ajánlkozék a királyleány meggyógyitására.
„Ám legyen“ mondá neki a király „de tudd meg előre a feltételt, a
mely részemről ez, hogy fejedet levágatom, ha próbád el nem sül.
Méltatlan dolog volna ily nagy jutalmat elvenned, a nélkül hogy
részedről valamit szerencséltess. A mit itt mondok, mondom
egyszersmind mind azoknak, a kik, ha te a feltételt el nem fogadod
vagy próbád el nem sül, utánad ajánlkozni fognak.“
Az emir elfogadá a feltételt, s a király maga vezeté őt a beteg
kisasszonyhoz.
Ez elfödé arczát, mihelyt az emirt jönni látta, s igy szóla atyjához:
„Atyám! felséged engem igen meglep, midőn oly férfit vezet hozzám,
kit én nem ismerek, s a ki előtt arczom felfödöznöm a vallás tilt.“
„Leányom“ felele a király „ennek látásán nincs mit megütköznöd;
emireimnek egyike, ki téged feleségül kiván.“ „Édes atyám“ monda a
herczegné „ez nem az, kit már nekem szántál, s kinek jegygyürüjét
is viselem; ne neheztelj, ha máshoz nem megyek.“
Az emir, ki nem várt egyebet, mint hogy a herczegné rettenetes
dolgokat fog beszélni és tenni, igen elbámult látván, mely csendes és
értelmesen beszél. Azonnal átlátta, hogy ennek egész eszelőssége
nem egyéb forró szerelemnél, melynek valódi s igen természetes
okának kell lenni. De nem merte ezt a király előtt ily tisztán
kimondani, mert félt: a király neheztelni fog, ha megérti, hogy
leánya másnak adta szivét, mint a kit ő fog majd hozzája vezetni.
Tehát lábaihoz veté magát a királynak, s „Uram“ ugymond „a szerint
a mit most hallottam, egészen haszontalan volna a herczegasszony
gyógyitásához kezdenem. Betegsége ellen nincs szerem, s életem
felséged kezeiben!“
A király boszonkodván az emir tehetetlenségén s azon, hogy őt
ily hasztalan fárasztá, fejét vetette.
Néhány nap mulva, hogy magának semmi elmulasztást a beteg
meggyógyittatásán szemére ne vethessen, a fönebbi tervet
kihirdetteté a király az egész fővárosban, hogy ha valami orvos,
varázsló, csillagász bizik magában, hogy a királykisasszonyt eszére
tériti, de oly feltétel alatt, hogy ha a gyógyitás el nem sül, fejét
veszti. Ugyanezt bocsáta kihirdetés végett az ország népesb
városaihoz s a szomszéd fejedelmek udvarainak.
Egy varázsló s egyszersmind csillagász volt az első, a ki
ajánlkozott; s a király egyik heréltjével vezetteté őt a
herczegasszonyhoz. A csillagász kihuzott zsákjából egy
Astrolabiumot, egy kisded égtekét, szenelőt, füstölő fűszereket, s
még egy réz-edénykét, és több más ilyes eszközt, s tüzet parancsolt.
A kisasszony kérdé, mirevaló ez a sok jószág? „Herczegné“ felele
a csillagász „ez arravaló, hogy azt a rosz lelket, mely tégedet gyötör,
ide ebbe a rézedénybe bezárjuk, s a tenger fenekére meritsük.“
„Átkozott csillagleső“ szól a királyleány „tudd, hogy ezekre a
készületekre nekem nincs szükségem; tudd, hogy eszem helyén van,
de te, te megőrültél. Ha van annyi hatalmad, hozd ide azt, a kit én
kedvelek; ez az egy, ez a legnagyobb jó, melyet velem tehetsz.“
„Kisasszony; ha igy van a dolog, ne tőlem várd azt, hanem
egyedül a királytól, édes atyádtól.“
Ezzel betömé ismét a csillagász minden eszközeit zsákjába, nagy
boszusan, hogy ily könnyedén neki eredt egy képzelt beteg
meggyógyitásának.
A mint a csillagász a herélttől vezettetve ismét a király elébe lépe,
nem hagyá a heréltet szólani, hanem maga nagy bátran igy kezdé:
„Uram, a hirdetés értelme után s a mit nekem önmaga felséged
mond vala, a kisasszonyt tébolyodottnak kelle tartanom, s én
bizonyos valék, hogy ő a hatalmamban lévő titkok ereje eszéhez
visszatériti. De im: a kisasszonyt más baj nem leli, mint a szerelem:
s orvosságim ez ellen nem hatnak; felséged legjobban segithet e
bajon, ha t. i. a kivánt férjet a herczegasszonynak megadja.“
A király felpattant az ember szemtelenségén, mert annak nézte a
dolgot, s fejét levágatta.
Százötvén csillagász, orvos és büvmester ajánlá még magát, s
valamennyit ugyanegy sors érte. Fejeik a város kapuira széjjel
kiszegeztettek.“
Á
Ármánosz király azonnal a herczegasszony elébe sietett,
udvarának fényesebb részével, s őt épen utjában találá, a mint a
hajóból kiszállván, a megrendelt házhoz akara eljutni. A király ugy
fogadá, mint egy barátságos udvarnak gyermekét, melylyel ő
szüntelen jó egyetértésben élt; s palotájához vezetvén, kiséretével
együtt ebbe beszállitá. A mi tisztelet kigondolható, megtette iránta, s
három nap folyvást szerfeletti pompával megvendéglé.
Mulván a három nap, s a herczegasszonyt, kit még mindig
Kamaralszamán herczegnek véle, elindulásról, hajóraülésről beszélni
hallván, minthogy nehezen birhatá reá magát, hogy ily szép termetű,
kellemes, és elmés herczeget magától elbocsásson, félrevoná őt
Ármánosz király, s ezeket terjeszté elébe: „Herczeg! ezen aggott
koromban, a melyben látsz, s azon kevés reménynél fogva, melylyel
magamnak hosszas életet már nem igérhetek: engem az a
szomoruság bánt, hogy fiam nincs, kire koronámat hagyjam. Nekem
az ég csak egy leányt adott; kinek magasztalt szépsége egy épen oly
kellemes, oly fényes eredetű, oly tökéletes herczegre vár, mint
magad vagy. Ne menj tehát hazádba vissza: hanem fogadd őt
kezemből, koronámmal együtt, melyet azonnal számodra leteszek; s
maradj te nálunk. Igazán, ideje: hogy magamat nyugalomra tegyem,
minekutána a korona terhét oly soká viseltem; s nem tehetem ezt
szebb megelégedéssel soha, mint ha országomat ily jeles követőnek
kormánya alatt látom.“
Az ébenszigeti király nemes ajánlása váratlan zavarodásba ejté a
herczegasszonyt. Mikép fogadja el a házasodást, holott maga is
asszony? ellenben nem volt szive kinyilatkoztatni a királynak, hogy ő
nem maga Kamaralszamán herczeg, hanem ennek nője: részint
azért, mivel nem illett egy herczegasszonyhoz megvallani ezt a
királynak, minekutána erősen azt állitá, hogy ő a herczeg, s
mindeddig e szerepet oly helyesen játszá; részint pedig rettegett el
nem fogadni az ajánlást, attól tartván, hogy a királynak jósága, ki
ezen házasságot oly buzgón óhajtá, gyűlölséggé és undorodássá
találna változni, sőt talán élete után is törekednék. Egyébiránt azt
sem tudá még a herczegasszony, elért-e már férje, édes atyjához
Sachszamán királyhoz.
Ezen tekintetek, s annak óhajtása, hogy férjének, ha még
megláthatná, egy országot szerezzen, arra birák a herczegasszonyt,
hogy Ármánosz király nőajánlását elfogadja. Miután tehát egykét
pillantatig hallgatott, ezt válaszolá rövid pirulással: „Uram, én
véghetetlenül le vagyok felséged iránt kötelezve a jó vélekedésért, a
nagy becsületért, s ezen igen nagy kegyelemért, melyet nem
érdemlek, s el nem fogadni nem merek. De ezt a magas
szövetkezést csupán azon igérete mellett fogadhatom el
felségednek, hogy engem jó tanácsával gyámolitani fog; s én épen
semmit sem fogok tenni, a mit elébb felséged jóvá nem hágy.“
Meg lévén e szerint az egybekelés állapitva: maga az ünneplés
más napra határoztatott; s a herczegasszony addigi idejét arra
használá, hogy embereit, kik őt még mindig Kamaralszamán
herczegnek hitték, tudósitotta azokról, a mik történni fognak; a min,
ugymond, épen nem kelletik megütközniök, minthogy ebben Badur
herczegasszony is megegyezett. Szólott egyszersmind asszonyaival
is, parancsolván nekik, hogy a titkot tovább is őrizzék.
Ébenszigetnek királya, tele örömmel, hogy ily kivánatos vőre
szert tehete: egybegyűjté másnap tanácsosait, s kinyilatkoztatá
előttök, hogy leányát Kamaralszamán herczegnek, kit bevezetett s
maga mellé ültetett volt, adja nőűl, s ennek fejére a koronát átteszi;
felszólitá egyszersmind mindnyáját, hogy őt királynak ösmerni, s
hódolást tenni ne késsenek. Erre leszálla a királyi székről, s abba a
vélt herczeget, valóban pedig Badur herczegasszonyt ültetvén:
ennek az egész sziget jelenlevő nagyai örök hűséget eskének, s
jobbágyai hódolásokat megtevék.
Gyülés után az uj uralkodó nyilván az egész városban kikiáltatott;
többnapi örömünnepek hirdettettek, s futókövetek küldettek az
egész országba szélylyel, hogy ezek mindenütt hasonló ünneplést és
örömmutatást rendeljenek.
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