Differential Equations And Boundary Value

Problems Students Solutions Manual 3rd Edition C

Henry Edwards download

https://ebookbell.com/product/differential-equations-and-
boundary-value-problems-students-solutions-manual-3rd-edition-c-
henry-edwards-10000584

Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Student Solutions Manual To Accompany Boyce Elementary Differential

Equations And Boundary Value Problems 8th Edition Charles W Haines

https://ebookbell.com/product/student-solutions-manual-to-accompany-
boyce-elementary-differential-equations-and-boundary-value-
problems-8th-edition-charles-w-haines-2534798

Boundary Value Problems And Partial Differential Equations Student

Solutions Manual 5th Edition David L Powers

https://ebookbell.com/product/boundary-value-problems-and-partial-
differential-equations-student-solutions-manual-5th-edition-david-l-
powers-10786794

Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems Computing And

Modeling Edwards

https://ebookbell.com/product/differential-equations-and-boundary-
value-problems-computing-and-modeling-edwards-22062182

Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems Computing And

Modeling Value Package 4th Edition 4th Edition C Henry Edwards

https://ebookbell.com/product/differential-equations-and-boundary-
value-problems-computing-and-modeling-value-package-4th-edition-4th-
edition-c-henry-edwards-4681508
Elementary Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems 12th
Edition William E Boyce

https://ebookbell.com/product/elementary-differential-equations-and-
boundary-value-problems-12th-edition-william-e-boyce-50629290

Partial Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems With Maple

2nd Edition Articolo

https://ebookbell.com/product/partial-differential-equations-and-
boundary-value-problems-with-maple-2nd-edition-articolo-55199792

Elementary Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems 9ed

Boyce We

https://ebookbell.com/product/elementary-differential-equations-and-
boundary-value-problems-9ed-boyce-we-2041364

Elementary Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems 9th

Edition 9th Edition William E Boyce

https://ebookbell.com/product/elementary-differential-equations-and-
boundary-value-problems-9th-edition-9th-edition-william-e-
boyce-2338822

Partial Differential Equations And Boundaryvalue Problems With

Applications 3rd Edition Mark A Pinsky

https://ebookbell.com/product/partial-differential-equations-and-
boundaryvalue-problems-with-applications-3rd-edition-mark-a-
pinsky-2373360
 STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
and BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Computing and Modeling

3E

EDWARDS
&PENNEY
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/studentsolutionsOOOOedwa
 STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
and BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Computing and Modeling

3E

EDWARDS
&PENNEY
PEARSON
Prentice
Hall

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Acquisitions Editor: George Lobell
Supplement Editor: Jennifer Brady
Assistant Managing Editor: John Matthews
Production Editor: Jeffrey Rydell
Supplement Cover Manager: Paul Gourhan
Supplement Cover Designer: Joanne Alexandris
Manufacturing Buyer: Ilene Kahn

PEARSON © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson Prentice Hall
Prentice Pearson Education, Inc.
Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Pearson Prentice Hall® is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.

The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this
book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories
and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no
warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the
documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable
in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising
out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.

Printed in the United States of America

10 987654321

ISBN D-13-D47S7cl-3
Pearson Education Ltd., London
Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney
Pearson Education Singapore* Pte. Ltd.
Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong
Pearson Education Canada, Inc., Toronto
Pearson Educacion de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.
Pearson Education—Japan, Tokyo
Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.
Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
CONTENTS

1 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1.1 Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling 1
1.2 Integrals as General and Particular Solutions 5
1.3 Slope Fields and Solution Curves 9
1.4 Separable Equations and Applications 16
1.5 Linear First-Order Equations 24
1.6 Substitution Methods and Exact Equations 28
Chapter 1 Review Problems 35

2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS
AND NUMERICAL METHODS
2.1 Population Models 37
2.2 Equilibrium Solutions and Stability 45
2.3 Acceleration-Velocity Models 53
2.4 Numerical Approximation: Euler's Method 57
2.5 A Closer Look at the Euler Method 62
2.6 The Runge-Kutta Method 69

3 LINEAR EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

3.1 Introduction: Second-Order Linear Equations 76
3.2 General Solutions of Linear Equations 79
3.3 Homogeneous Equations with Constant Coefficients 83
3.4 Mechanical Vibrations 87
3.5 Nonhomogeneous Equations and the
Method of Undetermined Coefficients 92
3.6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 98
3.7 Electrical Circuits 106
3.8 Endpoint Problems and Eigenvalues 110
4 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS
OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
4.1 First-Order Systems and Applications 115

4.2 The Method of Elimination 120

4.3 Numerical Methods for Systems 131

5 LINEAR SYSTEMS OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
5.1 Linear Systems and Matrices 137

5.2 The Eigenvalue Method for Homogeneous Linear Systems 142

5.3 Second-Order Systems and Mechanical Applications 159

5.4 Multiple Eigenvalue Solutions 165

5.5 Matrix Exponentials and Linear Systems 173

5.6 Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems 178

6 NONLINEAR SYSTEMS AND PHENOMENA

6.1 Stability and the Phase Plane 184

6.2 Linear and Almost Linear Systems 188

6.3 Ecological Applications: Predators and Competitors 198

6.4 Nonlinear Mechanical Systems 207

6.5 Chaos in Dynamical Systems 213

7 LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHODS

7.1 Laplace Transforms and Inverse Transforms 219

7.2 Transformation of Initial Value Problems 222

7.3 Translation and Partial Fractions 227

7.4 Derivatives, Integrals, and Products of Transforms 231

7.5 Periodic and Piecewise Continuous Forcing Functions 235

7.6 Impulses and Delta Functions 242

8 POWER SERIES METHODS
8.1 Introduction and Review of Power Series 247

8.2 Series Solutions Near Ordinary Points 251

8.3 Regular Singular Points 257

8.4 Method of Frobenius: The Exceptional Cases 265

8.5 Bessel's Equation 270

8.6 Applications of Bessel Functions 273

9 FOURIER SERIES METHODS

9.1 Periodic Functions and Trigonometric Series 277

9.2 General Fourier Series and Convergence 283

9.3 Fourier Sine and Cosine Series 290

9.4 Applications of Fourier Series 297

9.5 Heat Conduction and Separation of Variables 300

9.6 Vibrating Strings and the One-Dimensional Wave Equation 303

9.7 Steady-State Temperature and Laplace's Equation 306

10 EIGENVALUES AND
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
10.1 Sturm-Liouville Problems and Eigenfunction Expansions 312

10.2 Applications of Eigenfunction Series 319

10.3 Steady Periodic Solutions and Natural Frequencies 324

10.4 Cylindrical Coordinate Problems 332

10.5 Higher-Dimensional Phenomena 339

APPENDIX
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions 340
PREFACE

This is a solutions manual to accompany the textbook DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS: Computing and Modeling (3rd edition, 2004) by C.

Henry Edwards and David E. Penney. We include solutions to most of the odd-numbered problems

in the text.

Our goal is to support learning of the subject of elementary differential equations in every way that

we can. We therefore invite comments and suggested improvements for future printings of this

manual, as well as advice regarding features that might be added to increase its usefulness in

subsequent editions. Additional supplementary material can be found at our textbook Web site

listed below.

Henry Edwards & David Penney

[email protected]
[email protected]

www.prenhall.com/edwards
CHAPTER 1

FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SECTION 1.1 *

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING

The main purpose of Section 1.1 is simply to introduce the basic notation and terminology of
differential equations, and to show the student what is meant by a solution of a differential
equation. Also, the use of differential equations in the mathematical modeling of real-world
phenomena is outlined.

Problems 1-12 are routine verifications by direct substitution of the suggested solutions into the
given differential equations. We include here just some typical examples of such verifications.

3. If y,=cos2x and y2=sin2x, then y| = -2sin2x and y\-2cos 2x so

y" = -4cos2x = -4 y} and y" = -4sin2x = -4 y2.

Thus y" + 4y} = 0 and y" + 4 y2 = 0.

5. If y = ex-e~xi then y' = ex+e~x so y'-y = (ex +e~x)-(ex-e~x) = 2e"x. Thus

y = y + 2e~x.

11. If y = y}= x-2 then y' = -2x~3 and y" = 6x~4, so

x2y" + 5xy' + 4y = x2 (6x~4) + 5x(-2x_3) + 4(x“2) = 0.

If y = y2 = x~2 lnx then y' = x-3 -2x“3lnx and y" = -5x~4 +6x-4 lnx, so

x2y' + Sxy' + 4y = x2(-5x-4 + 6x~4 lnx) + 5x(x~3 - 2x~3 lnx)+ 4(x~2 lnx)

= (-5x~2 + 5x~2 ) + (6x-2 - 10x-2 + 4x-2 jinx = 0.

Section 1.1 1
13. Substitution of y = erx into 3y' = 2y gives the equation 3rerx = 2 erx that simplifies
to 3r = 2. Thus r- 2/3.

15. Substitution of y = erx into y" + y' - 2y = 0 gives the equation r2erx + r erx -2erx = 0
that simplifies to r +r- 2 = (r + 2){r -1) = 0. Thus r = —2 or r— 1.

The verifications of the suggested solutions in Problems 17-26 are similar to those in Problems
1-12. We illustrate the determination of the value of C only in some typical cases. However,
we illustrate typical solution curves for each of these problems.

17. C = 2

19. If ^(x) = Cex -1 then y(0) = 5 gives C-l = 5, so C = 6.

2 Chapter 1
21. C = 7.

23. If y(x) = }x5+Cx2 then y(2) = 1 gives the equation j-32 + C-{ = 1 with
solution C = -56. See the figure on the left below.

25. If y(x) = tan(x2+C) then _y(0) = 1 gives the equation tan C = 1. Hence one value
of C is C = n /4 (as is this value plus any integral multiple of tz). See the figure on the
right above.

Section 1.1 3
27. / = x+y

29. If m = y' is the slope of the tangent line and m' is the slope of the normal line at
(x,y), then the relation mm'--1 yields m' = 1 /y' = (jy-l)/(x-0). Solution for
y then gives the differential equation (1 - y)y' = x.

31. The slope of the line through (x,y) and (-y,x) is y' - (x - y) !{-y - x), so the
differential equation is (x + y)y' = y-x.

In Problems 32-36 we get the desired differential equation when we replace the "time rate of
change" of the dependent variable with its derivative, the word "is" with the = sign, the phrase
"proportional to" with k, and finally translate the remainder of the given sentence into symbols.

33. dv / dt = kv2

35. dN/dt = k(P-N)

37. The second derivative of any linear function is zero, so we spot the two solutions
y(x) = 1 or y(x) = x of the differential equation y" - 0.

39. We reason that if y = kx , then each term in the differential equation is a multiple of x .

The choice k = 1 balances the equation, and provides the solution y(x) = x2.

41. We reason that if y - kex, then each term in the differential equation is a multiple of ex.

The choice k - j balances the equation, and provides the solutiony(x) = \ex.

43. (a) We need only substitute x(7) = 1 /(C - kt) in both sides of the differential
equation x' = kx2 for a routine verification.

(b) The zero-valued function x(7) = 0 obviously satisfies the initial value problem
x' = kx2, x(0) = 0.

45. Substitution of P'= 1 and P = 10 into the differential equation P' = kP2 gives k = -
so Problem 43(a) yields a solution of the form P(t) = 1/(C-/7100). The initial
condition P(0) = 2 now yields C = y, so we get the solution

4 Chapter 1
 100
50-/
2 100

We now find readily that P = 100 when / = 49, and that P = 1000 when / = 49.9.
It appears that P grows without bound (and thus "explodes") as t approaches 50.

47. (a) y(10) = 10 yields 10 = 1/(C-10), so C = 101/10.

(b) There is no such value of C, but the constant function y(x) = 0 satisfies the
conditions y' = y and y(0) = 0.

(c) It is obvious visually (in Fig. 1.1.8 of the text) that one and only one solution
curve passes through each point (a,b) of the xy-plane, so it follows that there exists a
unique solution to the initial value problem y = y , y(a) = b.

SECTION 1.2

INTEGRALS AS GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS

This section introduces general solutions and particular solutions in the very simplest situation
— a differential equation of the form y' = /(x) — where only direct integration and evaluation
of the constant of integration are involved. Students should review carefully the elementary
concepts of velocity and acceleration, as well as the fps and mks unit systems.

1. Integration of y’- 2x + l yields y(x) = J(2x + 1 )dx = x2+x + C. Then substitution

of x = 0, y = 3 gives 3 = 0 + 0 + C= C, so j;(x) = x2+x + 3.

3. Integration of yf = Vx yields y(x) = jVvJx = j-x3/2+C. Then substitution of

x = 4, y = 0 gives 0 = -y + C, so y(x) = j(x3/2 - 8).

5. Integration of y' = (x + 2)_1/2 yields y(x) = j(x + 2)_,/2 dx = 2\jx + 2 + C. Then

substitution of x = 2, y = -1 gives -l = 2-2 + C, so y(x) = 2Vx + 2-5.

7. Integration of y' = 10/(x2+l) yields y(x) = Jl0/(x2+l)Jx = 10tan_1x + C. Then

substitution of x = 0, y = 0 gives 0 = 10*0 + C, so y(x) = 10tan_! x.

Section 1.1 5
9. Integration of / = 1/ J\-x2 yields y(x) = Jl / Vl -x2 dx = sin 1x + C. Then

substitution of x = 0, y = 0 gives 0 = 0 + C, so y(x) = sin-1 x.

11. If a(t) = 50 then v(/) = J*50d/ = 50/ + v0 = 50^ + 10. Hence

x(0 = J(50 / +I0)dt = 25/2+10/ + x0 = 25/2 +10/ + 20.

13. If a(t) - 3/ then v(/) = |3tdt = f/2+v0 = f/2+5. Hence

x(/) = j*(4^ +5)dt = -jt + 5 / + x0 — y/ +5/.

15. If a(t) = 4(/ + 3)2. then v(/) = j4(/ + 3)2d/ = y(/ + 3)3 + C = -f(/ + 3)3-37 (taking

C = -37 so that v(0) = -l). Hence

x(/) = J[j(/ + 3)3 - - j(/ + 3)4 -37/ + C - }(/ + 3)4 -37/-26.

17. If a(t) = (/ + 1)"3 then v(/) - J(/ + l)"3 dt = -}(/ + l)"2+C = -T(/ + l)-2+±

(taking C = \ so that v(0) = 0). Hence

x(/) = J[-|(/+i)_2+\\dt= \(t+\yx+\t+c = i[(/ + ir1+/-i]

(taking C = - \ so that x(0) = 0).

19. Note that v(/) = 5 for 0 < / < 5 and that v(/) = 10 - / for 5 < / < 10. Hence
x(/) = 5/ + Cj for 0</<5and x(/) = 10/-y/2 + C2 for 5</<10. Now Cx - 0
because x(0) = 0, and continuity of x(/) requires that x(/) = 5/ and
x(/) -10/ - \ t2 + C2 agree when / = 5. This implies that C2 = --y, and we get the
graph on the left at the top of the next page.

21. Note that v(/) = / for 0 < / < 5 and that v(/) = 10 — / for 5 < / < 10. Hence
x(/) = jt2 + Cs for 0 < / < 5 and x(/) = 10/-\t2 +C2 for 5</<10. Now C, = 0
because x(0) = 0, and continuity of x(/) requires that x(/) = |/2 and
x(/) = 10/ - \ /2 + C2 agree when / = 5. This implies that C2 = -25, and we get the
graph on the right at the top of the next page.

6 Chapter 1
 Problem 19

23. v = -9.8/ + 49, so the ball reaches its maximum height (v = 0) after / = 5 seconds. Its
maximum height then is _y(5) = -4.9(5)2 + 49(5) = 122.5 meters.

25. a = -10 m/s2 and vo = 100 km/h « 27.78 m/s, so v = -10/+ 27.78, and hence
x(/) = -5t2 + 27.78/. The car stops when v = 0, / « 2.78, and thus the distance
traveled before stopping is x(2.78) « 38.59 meters.

27. a = -9.8 m/s2 so v - -9.8/-10 and

y = -4.9 t2 - 10 / + ^o*

The ball hits the ground when y = 0 and

v = -9.8 /- 10 = -60,
so /« 5.10 s. Hence

_y0 = 4.9(5.10)2+ 10(5.10) » 178.57 m.

29. Integration of dv/dt = 0.12 /3 + 0.6 /, v(0) = 0 gives v(/) = 0.3 /2 + 0.04 /3. Hence
v(10) = 70. Then integration of dxldt = 0.3 t2 + 0.04 /3, x(0) = 0 gives
x(/) = 0.1 /3 + 0.04 /4, so x(10) = 200. Thus after 10 seconds the car has gone 200 ft and
is traveling at 70 ft/sec.

31. If a = -20 m/sec and xo = 0 then the car's velocity and position at time / are given

by 2
v = -20/ + vo, x = -10 t + vo/.

Section 1.2 7
 It stops when v = 0 (so Vo = 20/), and hence when

x = 75 — -10 /2 + (20/)/ = 10 /2.

Thus / = VT5 sec so

vo = 20VT5 « 54.77 m/sec « 197 km/hr.

33. If vo = 0 and yo = 20 then

v = -a/ and jy = -{a/ +20.

Substitution of / = 2, = 0 yields a = 10 ft/sec . If vo = 0 and

jvo = 200 then

v = -10/ and y = -5/2 + 200.

Hence y = 0 when / = V40 = 2VTo sec and v = -20Vl() « -63.25 ft/sec.

35. If vo = 0 and yo = h then the stone's velocity and height are given by

v = -gt, y = -0.5 gt2 + h.

Hence y = 0 when t = ^2hig so

v = -gyjlhlg = -yjlgh.

37. We use units of miles and hours. If xo = vo = 0 then the car's velocity and position
after / hours are given by
2
v = at, x = y/ .

Since v = 60 when / = 5/6, the velocity equation fields a = 72 mi/hr . Hence the
distance traveled by 12:50 pm is

x = (0.5)(72)(5/6)2 = 25 miles.

39. Integration of y' = (9/v,v)(l — 4x2) yields

y = (3/v,-)(3x - 4x3) + C,

and the initial condition j/(-l/2) = 0 gives C = 3/yv. Hence the swimmer's trajectory
is

8 Chapter 1
 y(x) = (3/y9)(3x - 4x3 + 1).

Substitution of y( 1/2) = 1 now gives vv = 6 mph.

41. The bomb equations are a = -32, v = -32, and sB=s = -\6t2 + 800, with t = 0 at the
instant the bomb is dropped. The projectile is fired at time t — 2, so its corresponding
equations are a = -32, v = -32(7-2) + v0, and

sP = s = -16(/-2)2 + v0(/-2)

for t > 2 (the arbitrary constant vanishing because sp{2) = 0). Now the condition
sB(0 = -16/2 + 800 = 400 gives t = 5, and then the requirement that sp(5) = 400 also
yields v0 = 544/3 « 181.33 ft/s for the projectile's needed initial velocity.

43. The velocity and position functions for the spacecraft are vs(t) = 0.00981 and
xs(t) = 0.0049/ , and the corresponding functions for the projectile are
vP(/) = -j^c = 3x107and xp(t) = 3x 1071. The condition that xs = xp when the
spacecraft overtakes the projectile gives 0.004912 = 3x1011, whence

3x10'
t = 6.12245xlO9 sec
0.0049
6.12245 x 109
194 years.
(3600)(24)(365.25)

Since the projectile is traveling at the speed of light, it has then traveled a distance of
about 19.4 light years, which is about 1.8367 x 1017 meters.

SECTION 1.3

SLOPE FIELDS AND SOLUTION CURVES

The instructor may choose to delay covering Section 1.3 until later in Chapter 1. However,
before proceeding to Chapter 2, it is important that students come to grips at some point with the
question of the existence of a unique solution of a differential equation — and realize that it
makes no sense to look for the solution without knowing in advance that it exists. It may help
some students to simplify the statement of the existence-uniqueness theorem as follows:

Section 1.2 9
 Suppose that the function /(x,y) and the partial derivative df / dy are both
continuous in some neighborhood of the point (a, b). Then the initial value
problem

~ = f(x,y), y{a) = b
dx

has a unique solution in some neighborhood of the point a.

Slope fields and geometrical solution curves are introduced in this section as a concrete aid in
visualizing solutions and existence-uniqueness questions. Instead, we provide some details of
the construction of the figure for the Problem 1 answer, and then include without further
comment the similarly constructed figures for Problems 2 through 9.

1. The following sequence of Mathematica commands generates the slope field and the
solution curves through the given points. Begin with the differential equation
dyldx- f(x,y) where

f[x_, y_J := -y - Sin[x]

Then set up the viewing window

a = -3; b = 3; c = -3; d = 3;

The components (w,v) of unit vectors corresponding to the short slope field line
segments are given by
u[x_, y_] := 1/Sqrt[1 + f[x, y]A2]
v[x_, y_] := f[x, y]/Sqrt[1 + f[x, y]A2j

The slope field is then constructed by the commands

Needs["Graphics'PlotField'"]
dfield = PlotVectorField[{u[x, y] , v[x, y] } , {x, a, b), {y, c, d} ,
HeadWidth -> 0, HeadLength -> 0, PlotPoints -> 19,
PlotRange -> {{a, b}, {c, d}} , Axes -> True, Frame -> True,
FrameLabel -> {"x", "y"}, AspectRatio -> 1];

The original curve shown in Fig. 1.3.12 of the text (and its initial point not shown there)
are plotted by the commands
x0 = -1.9; yO = 0;
pointO = Graphics[{PointSize[0.025], Point[{x0, yO}]}];
soln = NDSolve[(Derivative[1][y][x] == f[x, y[x]], y[x0] == yO},
y[x], {x, a, b}];
soln[[1,1,2]] ;
curveO = Plot[soln[[1,1,2]], {x, a, b},
PlotStyle -> {Thickness[0.0065], RGBColor[0, 0, 1]}];

The Mathematica NDSolve command carries out an approximate numerical solution of

the given differential equation. Numerical solution techniques are discussed in Sections
2.4-2.6 of the textbook.

10 Chapter 1
instance the 7th point is (-2.5, 1). It and the corresponding solution curve are plotted
by the commands
xO = -2.5; yO = 1;
point7 = Graphics[{PointSize[0.025] , Point[{xO, yO}]}];
soln = NDSolve[{Derivative[1][y][x] == f[x, y[x]], y[x0] == yO},
y[x], {x, a, b}];
soln[[1,1,2]] ;
curve7 = Plot[soln[[1,1,2]], {x, a, b},
PlotStyle -> {Thickness[0.0065], RGBColor[0, 0, 1]}];

Finally, the desired figure is assembled by the Mathematica command

Show[ dffield, pointO , curveO ,
pointl,curvel, point2,curve2, point3,curve3,
point4,curve4, point5,curve5, point6,curve6,
point7,curve7, point8,curve8, point9,curve9,
,
pointl0 curvel0, pointl1,curvel1, pointl2,curvel2];
7. 9.

2 2 2
11. Because both /(x,jy) =2xy and df / dy =4xy are continuous everywhere, the
existence-uniqueness theorem of Section 1.3 in the textbook guarantees the existence of a
unique solution in some neighborhood of jc = 1.

13. Both /(x,jy) = y113 and df /dy - (l/3)jy_2/3 are continuous near (0,1), so the
theorem guarantees the existence of a unique solution in some neighborhood of x = 0.

1 /9
15. /(x, jy) = {x — y) is not continuous at (2, 2) because it is not even defined if y>x-
Hence the theorem guarantees neither existence nor uniqueness in any neighborhood of
the point x = 2.

17. Both f(x,y) = (x-l/y and df I dy - -(x-1 )/y are continuous near (0, 1), so the
theorem guarantees both existence and uniqueness of a solution in some neighborhood of
x = 0.

9 9
19. Both f(x,y) = ln(l + y ) and df I dy = 2jy/( 1 + y ) are continuous near (0, 0), so
the theorem guarantees the existence of a unique solution near x = 0.

21. The curve in the figure on the left at the top of the next page can be constructed using the
commands illustrated in Problem 1 above. Tracing this solution curve, we see that
y(-4) « 3. An exact solution of the differential equation yields the more accurate
approximation y(-4) « 3.0183.

12 Chapter 1
 ■ III -1-Ft' " 1-1-
//////// // I I I I I I
V - / / / , 'III- //////// /////III
II////// //////II.
3 / / , '/III-
/////// / y / / / / / /
2
■ \ X. / / '/III- 1 - III// y ^ - -- / / P)
/ / / / /-- --/ / / / /
1- \ . \\s— / '//III- / / / -\ "k \ \ --■ / / / /

\ \ \ \ <—, / / / / / //-- \ \ \ ^— / / / /
>• 0 /
>* 0 ■H- -h-h
(o,of ' 1 1

-1 • / f / y-- \ \ \ \ ^ — ///" / /
\ \ \ \ 'N - / / / ■ / / / /-\ \ v 'y / / /
-2
- \ \ \ \ 'V \ — / / ■ // / / / /-- ^ -— / / / / /
/ / / / /- -- / / / / \
-3
■ 1 \ \ \ ', \ \ — / - \\ ill/// y '///// I I
II////// ////// I I
-A
• 1
\ \ \ ', \ \ \ - ■ III///// ////////
_1_1_1_1_ I I I I I I / / ////////
-5
-3 0 -2 1
x

Problem 21 Problem 23

23. Tracing the curve in figure on the right above, we see that j^(2) « 1. A more accurate
approximation is y(2) « 1.0044.

25. The figure below indicates a limiting velocity of 20 ft/sec — about the same as jumping
off a 6 j-foot wall, and hence quite survivable. Tracing the curve suggests that v(7) = 19
ft/sec when t is a bit less than 2 seconds. An exact solution gives t« 1.8723 then.

> 20

Section 1.3
27. If 6 < 0 then the initial value problem y' = 2yfy, y{0) = 6 has no solution, because the
square root of a negative number would be involved. If b > 0 we get a unique solution
curve through (0,6) defined for all x by following a parabola — in the figure below —
down (and leftward) to the x-axis and then following the x-axis to the left. But starting at
(0,0) we can follow the positive x-axis to the point (c,0) and then branching off on the
parabola y - (x - c)2. This gives infinitely many different solutions if 6 = 0.

29. Looking at the figure below, we see that we can start at the point (a, 6) and follow a
branch of a cubic up or down to the x-axis, then follow the x-axis an arbitrary distance
before branching off (down or up) on another cubic. This gives infinitely many
solutions of the initial value problem y’ = 3y , y(a) = 6 that are defined for all x.
However, if 6^0 there is only a single cubic y = (x-c) passing through (a, 6), so
the solution is unique near x = a.

14 Chapter 1
31. The function y(x) = sin(x - c), with y'(x) = cos(x - c), satisfies the differential

equation y’ = yj 1 - y2 on the interval c-tt/2<x<c + 7t/2 where cos(x - c) > 0, so it

follows that

y2 = yj\ - sin2 (x - c) = ^/cos2(x -c) = -sin(x-c) = y.

If |Z>| > 1 then the initial value problem y' = yj\- y2, y(a) = b has no solution because

the square root of a negative number would be involved. If \b\<l then there is only one
curve of the form y = sin(x - c) through the point (a, b); this give a unique solution.
But if b = ±1 then we can combine a left ray of the line y = -1, a sine curve from the
line y = -1 to the line y = +1, and then a right ray of the line y = +1. Looking at the
figure below, we see that this gives infinitely many solutions (defined for all x)
through any point of the form (a,± 1).

33. Looking at the figure provided in the answers section of the textbook, it suffices to
observe that, among the pictured curves y = x /(cx -1) for all possible values of c,

• there is a unique one of these curves through any point not on either coordinate axis;
• there is no such curve through any point on the y-axis other than the origin; and
• there are infinitely many such curves through the origin (0,0).

But in addition we have the constant-valued solution y(x) = 0 that "covers" the x-axis.
It follows that the given differential equation has near (a,b)

• a unique solution if a ^ 0;
• no solution if a - 0 but b ^ 0 ;
• infinitely many different solutions if a = b - 0.

Section 1.3 15
SECTION 1.4

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Of course it should be emphasized to students that the possibility of separating the variables is
the first one you look for. The general concept of natural growth and decay is important for all
differential equations students, but the particular applications in this section are optional.
Torricelli's law in the form of Equation (24) in the text leads to some nice concrete examples and
problems.

dy x +c -x
1. - - J2xdx\ Iny — -x2+c; y(x) = e Ce
j y

dy -COSX+C -COS*
3. - Jsinxdx; In y = -cosx + c; y(x) = Ce
y

r
dy
5. ; sin 1 y - Vx+C; .y(x) = sin^Vx+cj
J

dy
7. - j*4x1/3 dx; jy2n = 3x4/3+|C; y(x) = (2x4/3+C)
T,/3

"dy 2dx Y 1 1 ^
9. + dx (partial fractions)
. y i-y “ J V1+x 1-xJ
1+x
ln^ = ln(l + x)-ln(l-x) + lnC; y(x) = C
1-x

dy 1/2
11.
-

3 xdx; -j-j- = y^ = (C~x 2)

j y

^ y dy
13. 4 - = Jcosxdx; |ln(y4+l) = sinx+C
y +1

( 2 1 3 f\ 1 'j 2 1 1
15. 2 4 dy = 2 dx: -1-- = In x H-b C
y ) J ^X X J y 3 y- X

16 Chapter 1
17. y = 1 + x + y + xy = (1 + x)(l + y~)
r
dy
J(1 + x)dx; In |l + y\ = x + |x2+C
\+y

dy
19. = JV dx\ ln>> = ex +lnC; y(x) = Cexp(V)
y

X0) = 2e implies C=2 so Xx) = 2exp(V).

r
x dx
21. 2 y dy = 2 - Vx2-16+C
Vx2 -16
y(5) = 2 implies C=l so f = 1 + Vx2 -16

r dy 2x
23. — = jdx; yln(2^-l) = x + {lnC; 2y-l = Ce
2y
.y(l) = 1 implies C=e 2 so y(x) = y(l + e2*2).

r Vi1 A
dy
25. —+ 2x ; lnj; = lnx + x +lnC; Xx) = Cxexp(x )
y Vx J
-i
jf(1) = 1 implies C-e so y(x) = xexp(x“-l).

27. \ey dy = j6e2x dx; ey = 3e2x+C; y(x) =ln(3e2x+C)

^(0) = 0 implies C=-2 so y(x) = ln(3e2jc-2).

29. (a) Separation of variables gives the general solution

1 1
f 11 x dx; — = -x + C; XX =-.
ii
i

2
J l y ) j y x-C

(b) Inspection yields the singular solution XX = 0 that corresponds to no value of

the constant C.

(c) In the figure at the top of the next page we see that there is a unique solution
curve through every point in the xy-plane.

Section 1.4 17
31. The formal separation-of-variables process is the same as in Problem 30 where, indeed,
we started by taking square roots in (/) = 4y to get the differential equation
y' = 2y[y. Separate of variables then gives

dx\ yfy = x-C; y(x) = (x-C).

This general solution provides the parabolas illustrated in Fig. 1.4.5 in the textbook.
But the equation y' = ^4y requires that y; be nonnegative. This means that only the

right half of each parabola y - (x - C)“ qualifies as a solution curve. We spot also the
singular solution y(x) = 0 that corresponds to no value of the constant C.

_i_i_i_i___i_i_i_

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
X

18 Chapter 1
 Inspecting the figure above, we therefore see that through the point (a,b) there passes

(a) No solution curve if b < 0,

(b) A unique solution curve if b > 0,
(c) Infinitely many solution curves if b = 0, because in this case we can pick any
c > a and define the solution y(x) = 0 if x < c, y(x) = (x- c)2 if x > c.

33. The population growth rate is k = ln(30000/25000)/10 « 0.01823, so the population

of the city t years after 1960 is given by P{t) - 25000 e0 01823'. The expected year
2000 population is then P(40) = 25000 e001823x40 « 51840.

35. As in the textbook discussion of radioactive decay, the number of 14C atoms after t
years is given by N(t) = N0 e"°'0001216 /. Hence we need only solve the equation
±N0 = N0 g_0-000,2I6/ for t = (In 6)/ 0.0001216 « 14735 years to find the age of the
skull.

37. The amount in the account after t years is given by A(t) = 5000e° 08/. Hence the
amount in the account after 18 years is given by ^4(18) = 5000e°08x18 « 21,103.48
dollars.

39. To find the decay rate of this drug in the dog's blood stream, we solve the equation
j = e~5k (half-life 5 hours) for k = (In2)/5 « 0.13863. Thus the amount in the dog's
bloodstream after t hours is given by A(t) = A^ e~0A3863'. We therefore solve the
equation ^4(1) = Ade~0 ]3863 = 50x45 = 2250 for « 2585 mg, the amount to
anesthetize the dog properly.

41. Taking t = 0 when the body was formed and t = T now, the amount Q(t) of U in
the body at time t (in j^ears) is given by Q(t) - Qoe~kt, where k = (In 2)/(4.51xl09).
The given information tells us that

.- = 0.9.
Q,;,-Q(T)

After substituting Q{T) = Qoe~kT, we solve readily for ekT = 19/9, so

T = (1 /A:)ln(l 9/9) « 4.86x109. Thus the body was formed approximately 4.86 billion
j^ears ago.

43. Because A = 0 the differential equation reduces to T = kT, so T(t) = 25e~kt. The
fact that 7(20) = 15 yields k = (l/20)ln(5/3), and finally we solve the equation

Section 1.4 19
 5 = 25e kt for t = (In 5)/k « 63 min.

45. (a) The light intensity at a depth of x meters is given by I(x) = I0e ]Ax. We solve
the equation /(x) = IQe~]Ax = \I0 for x = (In2)/1.4 « 0.495 meters.

(b) At depth 10 meters the intensity is/(10) = I0e~]Axl° «(8.3*2 x 10~7) /0.

(c) We solve the equation /(x) = I0e~]Ax = 0.01/0 for x = (In 100)/1.4 « 3.29
meters.

47. If N(t) denotes the number of people (in thousands) who have heard the rumor after t
days, then the initial value problem is

N' =*(100 -AO, N(0) = 0

and we are given that N(7) = 10. When we separate variables (dN/(\00- N) = k dt)
and integrate, we get ln(100 - N) = - kt + C, and the initial condition N(0) = 0 gives
C = In 100. Then 100-N = 100e"4', so JV(O = 100(l-e-*'). We substitute t = 7,
N= 10 and solve for the value k = ln(l00/90)/7 « 0.01505. Finally, 50 thousand
people have heard the rumor after t = (\n2)/k& 46.05 days.

49. The cake's temperature will be 100° after 66 min 40 sec; this problem is just like Example
6 in the text.

-ki
51. (a) A(t) = l5e~kl-, 10 = ^(5) = 15e“K', so

3 kl , 1. 3
- = ek; k = -In-.
2 5 2

Therefore
-1/5 1/5
t, 3)
A(t) = 15 exp --ln- f3l = 15* f2l
II

5 2 J A/ vT

(b) After 8 months we have

8/5
(2\ 7.84 su.
A( 8) = 15
K ^ J
(c) A(t) = 1 when

20 Chapter 1
 A(t) = 15- Mil 33.3944.
In®
Thus it will be safe to return after about 33.4 months.

53. If L(t) denotes the number of Native America language families at time t (in years),
then L{t) = ek‘ for some constant k. The condition that Z(6000) = e6000k = 1.5 gives
1 3
k =-In — . If "now" corresponds to time t = T, then we are given that
6000 2

L(T) = ekI = 150,so T = — lnl50= ^001nl50 » 74146.48. This result suggests that the
k ln(3/2)
ancestors of today's Native Americans first arrived in the western hemisphere about 74
thousand years ago.

55. With A = /r(3)2 and a = tt(1 /12)2, and taking g = 32 ft/sec2, Equation (20)
reduces to 162/ = -sjy . The solution such that y = 9 when t = 0 is given b^
324 yjy - -t + 912. Hence y - 0 when t = 972 sec = 16 min 12 sec.

57. The solution of / = -kjy is given by

2 >Jy = -kt + C.

The initial condition y(0) = h (the height of the cylinder) yields C = 2 yfh . Then
substitution of t = T, y = 0 gives k = (2 yfh )/T. It follows that

y = h(\-t/T)2.

If r denotes the radius of the cylinder, then

V(y) = nr2y = 7rr2A(l -r/T)2 = V0(l-t/T)2.

59. (a) Since x = by, the cross-sectional area is ^4(jv) - nx - nby. Hence the
equation ^(>0/ = -a-Jlgy reduces to the differential equation

ymy’ = -k = ~(a/xb)j2g

with the general solution

(2/3 )ym = -kt + C.

Section 1.4 21
 The initial condition y(0) = 4 gives C = 16/3, and then y( 1) = 1 yields k = 14/3.
It follows that the depth at time t is

y(t) = (8 - itf\

(b) The tank is empty after t = 8/7 hr, that is, at 1:08:34 p.m.

(c) We see above that k = (alnb)-^2g — 14/3. Substitution of a = nr2, b = 1,

g = (32)(3600)2 ft/hr2 fields r = (1/60)77/12 ft * 0.15 in for the radius of the

bottom-hole.

61. A(y) = n(Sy-y ) as in Example 7 in the text, but now a = /144 in Equation (24),
so the initial value problem is

18(8*-yV = -^y, y(0) = 8.

We seek the value of t when y = 0. The answer is 869 sec = 14 min 29 sec.

63. (a) As in Example 8, the initial value problem is

n(%y ~y2)~y = y{0) = 4

at

where k = 0.6r2j2g = 4.8 r2. Integrating and applying the initial condition just in
the Example 8 solution in the text, we find that

—//2-- y/2' = ~kt+—.

3 5 15

When we substitute y = 2 (ft) and r = 1800 (sec, that is, 30 min), we find that
A: « 0.009469. Finally, y = 0 when

448
t = - « 3154 sec = 53 min 34 sec.
15 k

Thus the tank is empty at 1:53:34 pm.

(b) The radius of the bottom-hole is

r = y/k/4.8 «0.04442 ft « 0.53 in, thus about a half inch.

22 Chapter 1
65. Let t — 0 at the time of death. Then the solution of the initial value problem

T = £(70 - T), T(0) = 98.6

is
T(t) = 70 + 28.6e“*'.

If t = a at 12 noon, then we know that

7X0 = 70 +28.6 e"*" = 80,

T(a + 1) = 70 + 28.6e"*l“+l) = 75.

Hence
28.6 = 10 and 28.6e'*V* = 5.

It follows that e~k = 1/2, so k = In 2. Finally the first of the previous two equations
yields

a = (In 2.86)/(ln 2) « 1.516 hr « 1 hr 31 min,

so the death occurred at 10:29 a.m.

67. Let t = 0 when it began to snow, and t — to at 7:00 a.m. Let x denote distance along
the road, with x = 0 where the snowplow begins at 7:00 a.m. If y = ct is the snow
depth at time t, w is the width of the road, and v = dx/dt is the plow's velocity, then
"plowing at a constant rate" means that the product wyv is constant. Hence our
differential equation is of the form

j^dx _ 1
dt t

The solution with x = 0 when t = to is

t = toe1*.

We are given that x = 4 when t = to + 1 and x = 7 when t = to + 2, so it follows

that

to + 1 = A) and /o + 2 =

at 8 a.m. and 9 a.m., respectively. To eliminate to we write

t0(e4k-1) = 1, = 2.

Section 1.4 23
 It follows that elk -1 = 2(e4k -1), so

elk -2e4k +1 - 0.

Solving this equation numerically — using a calculator or Newton's method — we find

the single positive solution k = 0.08276. Using this value, we finally solve one of the
preceding pair of equations for to = 2.5483 hr « 2 hr 33 min. Thus it began to snow at
4:27 a.m.

69. Substitution of v = dy I dx in the differential equation for y - y(x) gives

dv
a-
dx
= VT + U
and separation of variables then yields

r fx A
dv dx x dy_
sinh v = —+ Ci ’ - sinh +G
Vi + u a a dx \a J

The fact that /(0) - 0 implies that C, = 0, so it follows that

dy_
sinh y(x) = <2 cosh + C.
dx \a)
Of course the (vertical) position of the x-axis can be adjusted so that C - 0, and the units
in which T and p are measured may be adjusted so that a - 1. In essence, then the
shape of the hanging cable is the hyperbolic cosine graph y - cosh x.

SECTION 1.5

LINEAR FIRST-ORDER EQUATIONS

1. p = exp^ Jldxj = ex; Dx (y • ex^j = 2ex\ y • ex =2ex +C; y(x) = 2 + Ce~x

3^(0) = 0 implies C--2 so y(x) = 2-2e~x

3. p - exp( j3Jxj = e3x; Dx (3 • e3x) = 2x; y • eix = xz +C; jy(x) = (x2+C)e~3x

24 Chapter 1
5. p = exp(^ J(2 / x)ckc^ = e2l"x = x2; Dx (y-x2) = 3x2; y-x2=x3+C

y(x) = x + C/x2; y(l) = 5 implies C-4 so y(x) = x + 4/x2

7. p = exV(\(\l2x)dx) = e,-"'x)l2 =4^- D,(yjZ) = 5; y-^ = 5x + C

y(x) = 5 \[x +C / \Tx

9. p = exp( J(-l/x)<&) = e~lnA = 1/x; Z)v -1/x) = 1/x; ^ -1/x = lnx + C

y{x) = xlnx + Cx; >>(1) = 7 implies C = 7 so ^(x) = xlnx + 7x

11. p = expQ(1 /x -3)<ixj = e]nx~3x = xe~3x; Dx (y • x<T3a) = 0; ^-xe“3jc =C

.y(x) = CxV"; jy(l) = 0 implies C- 0 so jy(x) = 0 (constant)

13. p - expQld^j = ex\ Dx (y-ex^J -e2x\ y -ex = \e2x +C

= y-eA+Ce“A; jy(O) = 1 implies C = y so ^(x) = \ex+\e~x

15. p = exp^j*2x£/xj = eA ; Dx(^y-ex^ = xe: .y-<rv =±ex +C

2
y(x) = y + Ce A ; ^(0) = -2 implies C = -f so .y(x) = j-fe x

17. p = exp( Jl/(1 + x)dxj = e'"(,+x> = 1 + x; Dx(y-( l + x)) = cosx; j-(l + x) = sinx + C

,(*) = K0) = l implies C = 1 so y(x) = 1 + SinX

1+X 1+X

19. p - exp(^ jcotxJxj = eln(smJf) = sinx; Dx (y • sinx) = sin x cos x

y • sinx = ysin2 x + C; y(x) = ysinx + Ccscx

21. p - expQ(-3/x)<ixj = e~3lnx = x“3; Dx(y-x~3^j = cosx; j;-x-3 = sinx + C

3 3 3
y(x) = x'sinx + Cx ; _y(2^) = 0 implies C = 0 so j/(x) = x' sinx

Section 1.5 25
23. p = exp( J(2 - 3/ x) dx] = e2^3'11" = x’V *; £>, (>- • x'3e2x) = 4e2*

_y-x“3e2* =2e2jr + C; >>(*) = 2x3 + CxV2i

25. First we calculate

r o
3x 3 dx 3x
3x - dx = — £x2 - ln(x2 + 1)J .
x2 +1 x" +1

It follows that p = (x2 +1)~3/2 exp(3x2 /2) and thence that

Dt(y(x2+l)"3/2exp(3x2/2)) = 6x(x2+4)-5/2,

y-(x2+1)”3/2 exp(3x212) = -2(x2+4 yV2+C,

y(x) = - 2 exp(3x2 / 2) + C (x2 +1)3/2 exp(-3x2 / 2).

Finally, X^) = 1 implies that C = 3 so the desired particular solution is

y(x) = -2exp(3x2/2) + 3(x2 +1)3/2 exp(-3x2/2).

27. With x' = dx I dy, the differential equation is x' - x = j ey. Then with y as the
independent variable we calculate

p{y) = exp(J(-l)Jj) = e-3'; Dy[x-e~y) = y

x ■ e~y = }y2+C; x(y) = [\y2+C)ey

29. p = exp^ J(-2x)<ix j = e x ; Dx[y - e x ^ = e x \

j/(x) = + yV/r erf(x)j

dx
31. (a) = Ce -J' (-P) = -P^., so y'c+Pyc = 0.

P dx -\Pdx \Pdx
(b) /„ = (-P)e I dx + e 1 -Qe1 = -Py„+Q

i
26 Chapter 1
33. The amount x(t) of salt (in kg) after t seconds satisfies the differential equation
x' = -x/200, so x(t) = 100c“'/20°. Hence we need only solve the equation
10 = 100c~//2°° for / = 461 sec = 7 min 41 sec (approximately).

35. The only difference from the Example 4 solution in the textbook is that V = 1640 km3
and r — 410 km /yr for Lake Ontario, so the time required is

V
t = — In4 = 4 In 4 « 5.5452 years.
r

37. The volume of brine in the tank after t minis V(t) = 100 + 2t gal, so the initial value
problem is

— = 5-——, x(0) = 50.

dt 100 + 21

The integrating factor p(t) = (100 + 21)3/2 leads to the solution

50000
x(0 = (100 + 20
(100 + 2O372 ’

such that x(0) = 50. The tank is full after t = 150 min, at which time
x(150) = 393.75 1b.

The initial value problem

dx x
x(0) = 100
dt

for Tank 1 has solution x{t) = 100^ //10. Then the initial value problem

+ =JL_Ji = !(),-""> _21, y{ 0) = o

dt 10 10 10

for Tank 2 has solution y(f) = 10te //10.

(b) The maximum value of y occurs when

y\t) = 10 e-'no-te-,no = 0

and thus when t=10. We find that ymax = y(10) = 100c_1 « 36.79 gal.

Section 1.5 27
41. (a) A\t) = 0.06/4 + 0.125* - 0.06/4 + 3.6e005'

(b) The solution with A(0) = 0 is

A(t) = 360(e0Mt-e005 t\

so A(40) « 1308.283 thousand dollars.

43. The solution of the initial value problem y' = x-y, y(-5) = yQ is

;d» = x-\ + (y0+6)e~x~5.

Substituting x = 5, we therefore solve the equation 4 + (y0 + 6)e~w = y,

with^i = 3.998, 3.999, 4, 4.001, 4.002 for the desired initial values
yo = -50.0529, -28.0265, -6.0000, 16.0265, 38.0529, respectively.

45. With the pollutant measured in millions of liters and the reservoir water in millions of
cubic meters, the inflow-outflow rate is r = j, the pollutant concentration in the inflow
is co =10, and the volume of the reservoir is V = 2. Substituting these values in the
equation x' = rc0 - (r / V)x, we get the equation

dx 1
— = 2-x
dt 10

for the amount x(t) of pollutant in the lake after t months. With the aid of the
integrating factor p = e//10, we readily find that the solution with x(0) = 0 is

x(t) = 20(l — e-"10).

Then we find that x = 10 when t = 10 In 2 « 6.93 months, and observe finally that, as
expected, x(t) -> 20 as t -> oo.

SECTION 16

SUBSTITUTION METHODS AND EXACT EQUATIONS

It is traditional for every elementary differential equations text to include the particular types of
equations that are found in this section. However, no one of them is vitally important solely in
its own right. Their main purpose (at this point in the course) is to familiarize students with the
technique of transforming a differential equation by substitution. The subsection on airplane

28 Chapter 1
flight trajectories (together with Problems 56-59) is included as an application, but is optional
material and may be omitted if the instructor desires.

The differential equations in Problems 1-15 are homogeneous, so we make the substitutions

y dy dv
v = —, y = vx, — = v + x—.
x dx dx

For each problem we give the differential equation in x, v(x),and v' = dv I dx that results,
together with the principal steps in its solution.

2 (v +1) dv
1. x(v + l)v' = — (v2 + 2v-l) — = -j2x<ix; ln(V + 2v-l) = -21nx + lnC
v2 + 2v

x2(V+2v-l) = C; y2+2xy- x 2 = C

/*
dv dx
3. xv' = 2 Vv; Vv = lnx + C; y = x(lnx + C)'
2 Vv

r
fl 1 >2 dx . 1 _
5. x (v + l)v' = - 2v2; + 2 dv — — -; mv— = -2 lnx + C
%) lv vj J x v

lny - lnx - — = -2 lnx + C; ln(xy) = C + —

y y

7. XV2 V ' = 1; [3v2 dv = ; v3 = 3lnx + C; y2 = x3(31nx + C)

J v

r
dv
xv' = v ; —; — = -lnx + C; x = y(C-lnx)
j v x v

r r
1 — v dx r 1 2v ^ dx
11. x(l - v2) v' = v + v3; dv - dv =
V +V x VV V2 + ly J x

lnv-ln(V+l) = lnx + lnC; v = Cx(v2+l); y = C(x2+y2SJ

13. xv ' = 7771 ; J dv

Vv2 +1
f dx
x
In |v + Vv2 + 1 j In x + In C

Section 1.6 29
 v + yjv +1 — C x\ y + -\fx + y~ — C x2

r /*
2 (v +1 )dv 4<ix
15. x(v + l)v' = -2(V + 2v) ; ln(V+2v) = -41nx + lnC
v2 + 2v

v^+2v = C/x4; x2_y2+2x3j/= C

r
1 _J V C
17. v = 4x + y; v' = v2 + 4; x —- = —tan — +—
v2 + 4 2 2 2

v = 2tan(2x-C); y = 2tan(2x -C) -4x

Problems 19-25 are Bernoulli equations. For each, we indicate the appropriate substitution as
specified in Equation (10) of this section, the resulting linear differential equation in v, its
integrating factor p, and finally the resulting solution of the original Bernoulli equation.

19. v = y~2; v'-4v/x = -10/x2; p = l/x4; y2 = xl{Cx5 + 2)

21. v = y~2; v' + 2v = -2; p = e2x; y2 = \/[Ce~2x-l)

23. v = _y-1/3; v'-2v/x = -1; p-x~2\ y - (x + Cx2)

25. v = y3; v' + 3v/x = 3/Vl + x4; p = xJ; y3 = + 3\/l + x4 j/(2x3 )

27. The substitution v = y3 yields the linear equation xv'-v = 3x4 with integrating
factor p = 1/x. Solution: y = (x4 + Cx)1/3

29. The substitution v = siny yields the homogeneous equation 2xvv' = 4x +v .

2 2
Solution: sin y = 4x - C x

Each of the differential equations in Problems 31-42 is of the form M dx + N dy = 0, and the
exactness condition dM! dy = dN / dx is routine to verify. For each problem we give the
principal steps in the calculation corresponding to the method of Example 9 in this section.

31. F = J(2x + 3j>)dx = x2+3 xy + g(y); Fv = 2x + g'(y) = 3x + 2.y = N

30 Chapter 1
 g\y) = 2y; g(y) = y2; x2+3xy + y2 = c

33. F = J(3x2 + 2y2)dx = x*+xy2+g(y); Fy = 4 xy + g'(y) = 4xy+6j>2 = TV

gXy) = 6/; g(j/) - 2/; x3+2x/+2/ = C

35. F = JO3 + y/x)dx = }x4 + y\nx + g(y); Fy = \nx + g\y) = y2+lnx = N

gXy) = y2\ g(y) = i/; jx3 + |/ + ^inx - c

37. F = J(cosx + ln>y)<ix = sinx + xlny + g(y); Fy = x/y + g\y) = x/y+ey= N

gXy) = ey\ g(y) = sinx + xlnj^ + e^ = C

39. F = J(3xy+/)*& = xV + x / + g(y)-,

Fy =
3x3y2+4xyi + g'(y) = 3x3y2 + y4 +4xy3 = N

gXy) =/; gW = I/; xy+x/+iy = c

/• 2\ 2 2
r 2x 3_y
41. F = dx = — + ^T + g(>;);
J V T 7 T x*

X
t+
2T ,( X
+ & (t)
x2 2y 1
= TV
— + —+
t x T x Vr

X J/
gXy) g(T) = 2,/y; — + —t+2Vt = c
T x

43. The substitution y = p, y = p' in xy = y yields

xp = p. (separable)
dp f dx
In p = Inx + lnC,
J p J x
y = p = Cx,
y(x) = yCx2 4- T? — ytx +

45. The substitution y = p, y = p p' = p(dp/ dy) in the equation y + 4y = 0 yields

Section 1.6 31
 pp’ + Ay = 0, (separable)

\pdp = - |4ydy => ^-p2 = -2j2+C,

p2 = -4/+2C = 4 (|C-/),

1 dy 1 . _i T ~
dy = = —sin —hZ).
P ' 2 --2
J 2yfkl-y- 2 A:

y(x) = ksin[2x - 2D] = &(sin2xcos2D-cos2xsin2D),

y(x) = ^cos2x + 5sin2x.

2
47. The substitution y' = p, y = p' in y = (j/)“ yields

P = P\ (separable)
r dp 2
= j*x<Zx x + 5,
j P P
dy_ =
dx x + i?
y(x) = v4-ln x + yt|.

2
49. The substitution y = p, y" = p p' = p{dpl dy) in j>y + (y) = xy' yields

ypp' + p2 = yp yp' + p = y (linear in p),

Dy[yp] = y,

1 2 +—C y2 +C
yp - —y => P =
2 2
/*
2 ydy
x = dy = = ln(/+C)-ln£,
p y +C
1/2
y2+C = Be; y(x) = ±(A + Bex)

51. The substitution y = p, y" = p p’ = p(dp/ dy) in /' = 2.y(/) yields

/>/?' = = jXc/y = T2+C,

J D2 p
^ 1
X = dy = -~y -Cx + D,
J P 3
y + 3x + 4y + -# = 0

32 Chapter 1
53. The substitution y' = p, y" = pp' = p(dpldy) in y" = 2yy' yields

PP' = 2yp jdp = jl ydy p = y2 +A2,

X '-iy, U-
2 2 = —7 tan 1 — + C,
P J
y2+A A

tan 1 — = A(x - C) — = tan (Ax-AC),

A
y(x) = Atan(Ax + B).

55. The substitution v = ax + by + c, y = (v - ax- c)l b in y' = F(ax + by + c) yields the

separable differential equation (dv/dx-a)!b = F(v), that is, dv/dx = a + bF(v).

57. If v = lny then y = ev so y' = eV. Hence the given equation transforms to
eV + P(x) ev = £?(x) vev. Cancellation of the factor e then yields the linear
differential equation vf-Q(x)v = P(x).

59. The substitution x = u- 1, y = v - 2 yields the homogeneous equation

dv u-v
du u+v

The substitution v = pu leads to

(P +1) dp
In u = In yp2 + 2/>-l)-lnC
(p2+2p-l)

We thus obtain the implicit solution

u2[p2+2p-\) = C
,.2 .. \
V ~v
u —— + 2 — 1 = + 2 uv-u = C
u u J
(y + 2)2 + 2(x + l)(y + 2) - (x +1)2 = C
y2 + 2xy - xz + 2x + 6y = C.

61. The substitution v = x-y yields the separable equation v' = 1 - sin v. With the aid
of the identity
1 1 + sinv 2
- _ -— = sec v + sec v tan v
1-sinv cos v

Section 1.6 33
 we obtain the solution

x = tan(x - y) + sec(x - y) + C.

63. If we substitute y = yx+ 1/v, y' = y[-v'/v2 (primes denoting differentiation with
respect to x) into the Riccati equation y' = y4y + By + C and use the fact that
y[ = + By] + C, then we immediately get the linear differential equation
v' + (B + 2Ayt) v = —^4.

In Problem 65 we outline the application of the method of Problem 63 to the given

Riccati equation.

65. The substitution y = x +1 / v yields the trivial linear equation v' = -1 with immediate
solution v(x) = C - x. Hence the general solution of our Riccati equation is given by
j(x) = x + l/(C-x).

67. Clearly the line y = Cx - C2/4 and the tangent line at (C/2, C2/4) to the parabola
= x both have slope C.

69. With a = 100 and k = 1/10, Equation (19) in the text is

y = 50[(x/100)9/i° - (jc/100)1 l/10].

The equation y'(x) = 0 then yields

(jc/ 100)1/10 = (9/1 l)l/2,

so it follows that

Jmax = 50[(9/l 1)9/2 - (9/1 l)ll/2] * 3.68 mi.

71. (a) With a = 100 and k = w/v0 = 2/4 = 1/2, the solution given by equation (19) in
the textbook is y(x) = 50[(x/100)1/2 - (x/100)3/2]. The fact that jy(0) = 0 means that
this trajectory goes through the origin where the tree is located.

(b) With k = 4/4 = 1 the solution is _y(x) = 50[1 - (x/100)2] and we see that the
swimmer hits the bank at a distance y(0) = 50 north of the tree.

(c) With k = 6/4 = 1 the solution is y(x) - 50[(x/l00)_1/2 — (x/100)572]. This

trajectory is asymptotic to the positive x-axis, so we see that the swimmer never reaches
the west bank of the river.

34 Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1 Review Problems

The main objective of this set of review problems is practice in the identification of the different
types of first-order differential equations discussed in this chapter. In each of Problems 1—36 we
identify the type of the given equation and indicate an appropriate method of solution.

I. If we write the equation in the form y' - (3 / x)y = x2 we see that it is linear with
integrating factor p = x~\ The method of Section 1.5 then yields the general solution
y = x3(C + In x).

3. This equation is homogeneous. The substitution y = vx of Equation (8) in Section 1.6

leads to the general solution y = x/(C - In x).

5. We write this equation in the separable form y' / y2 = (2x - 3) / x4. Then separation
of variables and integration as in Section 1.4 yields the general solution
y = C exp[(l -x)/x3].

7. If we write the equation in the form y' + (2 / x)y = 1 / x' we see that it is linear with
integrating factor p - x . The method of Section 1.5 then yields the general solution
y = x~2(C + lnx).

9. If we write the equation in the form y' + (2 / x)y = 6xjy we see that it is a Bernoulli
I/O

equation with n = 1/2. The substitution v = y~ of Eq. (10) in Section 1.6 then
2 2
yields the general solution y = (x + C/x) .

II. This equation is homogeneous. The substitution y = vx of Equation (8) in Section 1.6
leads to the general solution y = x / (C - 3 In x).

13. We write this equation in the separable form y' / y2 = 5x4 - 4x. Then separation
of variables and integration as in Section 1.4 yields the general solution
y = 1 / (C + 2x2 - x5).

15. This is a linear differential equation with integrating factor p =eix. The method of
3 3x
Section 1.5 yields the general solution y = (x + Qe~ x.

17. We note that Dy[ex + yexy>) = Dx(ey +xexy^ = exy+xyexy, so the given equation is
exact. The method of Example 9 in Section 1.6 yields the implicit general solution
e* + = C.

Review Problems 35
19. We write this equation in the separable form y' / y2 = (2- 3x5) / x3. Then separation
of variables and integration as in Section 1.4 yields the general solution
y = x2 / (x5 + Cx2 +1).

21. If we write the equation in the form y' + (l /(x +1)) y = 1 /(x2 -1) we see that it is linear
with integrating factor p - x +1. The method of Section then 1.5 yields the general
solution y = [C + ln(x - 1)] / (x + 1).

23. We note that Dy(ey+ycosx) = Dx(xey +sinx) = e^+cosx, so the given equation
is exact. The method of Example 9 in Section 1.6 yields the implicit general solution
x ey + y sin x = C

25. If we write the equation in the form yf + (2 /(x +1)) y = 3 we see that it is linear with

integrating factor p = (x +1)“. The method of Section 1.5 then yields the general
solution y = x + 1 + C (x + l)-2.

27. If we write the equation in the form y' + (1 / x)y = - x2y4 / 3 we see that it is a Bernoulli
equation with n = 4. The substitution v = of Eq. (10) in Section 1.6 then yields
the general solution y = x (C + In x)

29. If we write the equation in the form j/ + (l/(2x + l))y = (2x + l)1/2 we see that it is
1/2
linear with integrating factor p = (2x +1) . The method of Section 1.5 then yields
the general solution^ = (x2 + x + C)(2x + 1)_1/2.

31. dy/(y + l) = 3x dx is separable; y' + 3xy = 2 lx is linear.

33. (3x2 + 2y2) dx + 4xy dy = 0 is exact; y' = -}(3x/y + 2y/x) is homogeneous.

35. dy/(y + l) = 2x dx/(x2 +1) is separable; y' -(2x/(x2 +l))y = 2x/(x2 +1) is linear.

36 Chapter 1
CHAPTER 2

MATHEMATICAL MODELS
AND NUMERICAL METHODS

SECTION 2.1

POPULATION MODELS

Section 2.1 introduces the first of the two major classes of mathematical models studied in the
textbook, and is a prerequisite to the discussion of equilibrium solutions and stability in Section 2.2.

In Problems 1-8 we outline the derivation of the desired particular solution, and then sketch some
typical solution curves.

1. Noting that x>l because x(0) = 2, we write

dx rr
= Jl dt\ dx - Jl dt
x(l - x) vx x -1

lnx-ln(x-l) = t + \nC; = Ce'

x -1

x(0) = 2 implies C - 2; x = 2(x-l)e'

2e‘
x(0 = -i
2ef -1 2-e

Section 2.1 37
3. Noting that x > 1 because x(0) = 3, we write

r
dx f 1 1 ^
= J*1 dt; dx = J(—2) dt
(1 + x)(l - x) V x -1 x +1

x -1 -2/
ln(x-l)-ln(x + l) = -2r + lnC; = Ce
x +1

-2/
x(0) = 3 implies C = —; 2(x-l) = (x + \)e
2
-21
2+e 2e2' +1
x(0 = -it
2-e 2e2' -1

5. Noting that x > 5 because x(0) = 8, we write

dx
= J(-3 )dt- dx
x(x - 5) x-5 j

lnx-ln(x-5) = 15r + lnC; — = Ce'5'

x-5

x(0) = 8 implies C = 8/3; 3x = 8(x-5)e15'

15/
-40 e 40
x(t) = 15/ -15/
3-8e 8-3e

Typical solution curves are shown in the figure at the top of the next page.

38 Chapter 2
7. Noting that x > 7 because x(0) = 11, we write

r dx fl 1 ^
= J(-4 )dt- dx = [28 dt
x(x -7) J lx X - 7y

X 28/
lnx-ln(x-7) = 28/ + lnC; = Ce
x-7

x(0) = ll implies C7 = 11/4; 4x = 1 l(x -17)e28/

-77 e28' 77
x(0 = 28/ -28/
4 —lie 11 — 4 e

Section 2.1 39
9. Substitution of P(0) = 100 and P'(0) = 20 into P'= k\[P yields k = 2, so the
differential equation is P' = 2 yfp. Separation of variables and integration,

jdP/2y[P = j*dt, gives J~P = t + C. Then P(0)=100 implies C=10, so

P(t) = (r+10)2. Hence the number of rabbits after one year is P(12) = 484.

11. (a) Starting with dP / dt = kjp] dPIdt = we separate the variables and
integrate to get P(f) = (A//2 + C)2. Clearly P(0) = Po implies C =

(b) If P(t) = (kt/2 + 10)2, then P(6) = 169 implies that k = 1. Hence
P(f) = (/V2+10)2, so there are 256 fish after 12 months.

13. (a) If the birth and death rates both are proportional to P and J3 > S, then Eq. (1) in
this section gives P' -kP with k positive. Separating variables and integrating as in
Problem 12, we find that P(t) = 1 /(C - kt). The initial condition P(0) = P0 then gives
C = 1 / P0, so P{t) = 1/(1 /P0-kt) = P0/(l-kP0t).

(b) If 7^= 6 then P(t) = 6/(1 -6kt). Now the fact that P(10) = 9 implies that
k= 180, so P(t) = 6 /(I — / / 30) = 180/(30-0- Hence it is clear that
P —> oo as r -» 30 (doomsday).

15. If we write P’ = b P(a / b- P) we see that M = a//?. Hence

M = (aW = — = M
A> bP‘1 b

Note also (for Problems 16 and 17) that a = B(> / P(l and b = D0/ P^ = k.

17. The relations in Problem 15 give k = 1/2400 and M= 180. The solution is
P{t) = 43200/(240-60e“3//8°). We find that P = 1.05M after about 44.22 months.

19. If we write P' = a P{P -bl a) we see that M = b/a, so

DqPq = (KW = b = M
B0 aP(: a

as in Problem 18. Note also that b = D0/P0 and a = B0/P0 = k. These relations give
k = 1/1000 and M= 90. The solution is P(t) = 9000/(100-10e9'/10°). We find that
P = 10M after about 24.41 months.

40 Chapter 2
21. Starting with the differential equation dP / dt = AP(200 - P), we separate variables and
integrate, noting that P < 200 because P0 = 100:

r /»
dP (1 1 3
= dt + dP - J200k dt;
P(200-P) yP 200- P y

P
In- = 200Ay + lnC Cc200*'
200-P 200-P

Now P(0) = 100 gives C-1, and P'(0) = 1 implies that 1 = k -100(200 -100), so
we find that k- 1/10000. Substitution of these numerical values gives

P 200//10000
e
200-P

and we solve readily for P{t) = 200/(l + e //5°). Finally, P(60) = 200/(l + e 6/5153.7
million.

23. (a) x' = 0.8x-0.004x2 = 0.004x(200 - x), so the maximum amount that will dissolve
is M = 200 g.

(b) With M = 200, Po = 50, and k = 0.004, Equation (4) in the text yields the
solution
, x 10000
X(0 = -0.08/ *
50 +150 e

Substituting x = 100 on the left, we solve for t = 1.25 In 3 « 1.37 sec.

25. Proceeding as in Example 3 in the text, we solve the equations

25.00k(M-25.00) = 3/8, 47.54£(M-47.54) = 1/2

for M = 100 and k = 0.0002. Then Equation (4) gives the population function

2500
Pit) = -0.02/
25 +75c

We find that P = 75 when t = 50 In 9 « 110, that is, in 2035 A. D.

27. We are given that

F = kP^ - 0.0IP.

Section 2.1 41
 When we substitute P(0) = 200 and P'(0) = 2 we find that k = 0.0001, so

dP_
= 0.0001P2-0.01P = 0.0001 P(P-100).
dt

We separate variables and integrate, noting that P > 100 because P0 = 200:

r
dP
= Jo.oooi 4* ( 1 n dP = Jo.01 dt;
P(P-100) VP-100 P)

P -100 _ P-100
In ■t + InC = Ce
i/m

P 100

Now P(0) = 100 gives C = l/2, hence

2(/>-100) = P e"m =;> P(t) = -22^

2—e

(a) P = 1000 when t = 1001n(9/5) « 58.78.

(b) P —> oo as ^->100 In 2 « 69.31.

29. Here we have the logistic equation

dP
= 0.03135P-0.0001489P = 0.0001489P(210.544-P)
dt

where k = 0.0001489 and P = 210.544. With P0 = 3.9 also, Eq. (7) in the text gives

(210.544)(3.9) 821.122
p(0 - 0 03135/
- .
(3.9) +(210.544-3.9)e"(0000H89)<210'544)' 3.9 + 206.644e

(a) This solution gives P(140) «127.008, fairly close to the actual 1930 U.S. census
population of 123.2 million.
(b) The limiting population as t-> oo is 821.122/3.9 = 210.544 million.
(c) Since the actual U.S. population in 200 was about 281 million — already exceeding
the maximum population predicted by the logistic equation — we see that that this model
did not continue to hold throughout the 20th century.

31. If we substitute P(0) = 106 and P'(0) = 3xl05 into the differential equation

no = fo~a'p>

42 Chapter 2
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wages of
Virtue
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Wages of Virtue

Creator: Percival Christopher Wren

Release date: December 17, 2012 [eBook #41652]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Al Haines

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WAGES OF

VIRTUE ***
 Cover

THE
WAGES OF VIRTUE

BY
PERCIVAL CHRISTOPHER WREN

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
FIRST EDITION . . . November, 1916
Reprinted . . . . . December, 1916
Reprinted . . . . . May, 1917
Reprinted . . . . . September, 1917
Reprinted (2/-) . . January, 1920
Reprinted (3/6) . . April, 1925
Reprinted . . . . . September, 1925
Reprinted (2/-) . . November, 1925
Reprinted (3/6) . . December, 1925
Reprinted . . . . . March, 1926
Reprinted (2/-) . . August, 1926
Reprinted (3/6) . . October, 1926
Reprinted (2/-) . . January, 1927
Reprinted (3/6) . . March, 1927
Reprinted (2/-) . . March, 1927
Reprinted (2/-) . . June, 1927
Reprinted (3/6) . . June, 1927
Reprinted (2/-) . . February, 1928
Reprinted (3/6) . . May, 1928

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

BEAU GESTE
BEAU SABREUR
THE WAGES OF VIRTUE
STEPSONS OF FRANCE
THE SNAKE AND THE SWORD
FATHER GREGORY
DEW AND MILDEW
DRIFTWOOD SPARS
THE YOUNG STAGERS

All rights reserved

TO
THE CHARMINGEST WOMAN

CONTENTS

Prologue

I. Soap and Sir Montague Merline

II. A Barrack-Room of the Legion
III. Carmelita et Cie
IV. The Canteen of the Legion
V. The Trivial Round
VI. Le Cafard and Other Things
VII. The Sheep in Wolf's Clothing
VIII. The Temptation of Sir Montague Merline
IX. The Café and the Canteen
X. The Wages of Sin
XI. Greater Love...
Epilogue

"Vivandière du régiment,
C'est Catin qu'on me nomme;
Je vends, je donne, je bois gaiment,
Mon vin et mon rogomme;
J'ai le pied leste et l'oeil mutin,
Tintin, tintin, tintin, r'lin tintin,
Soldats, voilà Catin!

"Je fus chère à tous nos héros;

Hélas! combien j'en pleure,
Ainsi soldats et généraux
Me comblaient à tout heure
D'amour, de gloire et de butin,
Tintin, tintin, tintin, r'lin tintin
D'amour, de gloire et de butin,
Soldats, voilà Catin!"

BÉRANGER.

PROLOGUE
Lord Huntingten emerged from his little green tent, and strolled over
to where Captain Strong, of the Queen's African Rifles, sat in the
"drawing-room." The drawing-room was the space under a cedar fir
and was furnished with four Roorkee chairs of green canvas and
white wood, and a waterproof ground-sheet.
"I do wish the Merlines would roll up," he said. "I want my
dinner."
"Not dinner time yet," remarked Captain Strong. "Hungry?"
"No," answered Lord Huntingten almost snappishly. Captain
Strong smiled. How old Reggie Huntingten always gave himself
away! It was the safe return of Lady Merline that he wanted.
Captain Strong, although a soldier, the conditions of whose life
were almost those of perpetual Active Service, was a student--and
particularly a student of human nature. Throughout a life of great
activity he found, and made, much opportunity for sitting in the
stalls of the Theatre of Life and enjoying the Human Comedy. This
East African shooting-trip with Lord Huntingten, Sir Montague, and
Lady Merline, was affording him great entertainment, inasmuch as
Huntingten had fallen in love with Lady Merline and did not know it.
Lady Merline was falling in love with Huntingten and knew it only too
well, and Merline loved them both. That there would be no sort or
kind of "dénouement," in the vulgar sense, Captain Strong was well
and gladly aware--for Huntingten was as honourable a man as ever
lived, and Lady Merline just as admirable. No saner, wiser, nor better
woman had Strong ever met, nor any as well balanced. Had there
been any possibility of "developments," trouble, and the usual fiasco
of scandal and the Divorce Court, he would have taken an early
opportunity of leaving the party and rejoining his company at
Mombasa. For Lord Huntingten was his school, Sandhurst and
lifelong friend, while Merline was his brother-in-arms and comrade of
many an unrecorded, nameless expedition, foray, skirmish, fight and
adventure.
"Merline shouldn't keep her out after dusk like this," continued
Lord Huntingten. "After all, Africa's Africa and a woman's a woman."
"And Merline's Merline," added Strong with a faint hint of
reproof. Lord Huntingten grunted, arose, and strode up and down. A
fine upstanding figure of a man in the exceedingly becoming garb of
khaki cord riding-breeches, well-cut high boots, brown flannel shirt
and broad-brimmed felt hat. Although his hands were small, the
arms exposed by the rolled-up shirtsleeves were those of a navvy, or
a blacksmith. The face, though tanned and wrinkled, was finely cut
and undeniably handsome, with its high-bridged nose, piercing blue
eyes, fair silky moustache and prominent chin. If, as we are
sometimes informed, impassivity and immobility of countenance are
essential to aspirants for such praise as is contained in the term
"aristocratic," Lord Huntingten was not what he himself would have
described as a "starter," for never did face more honestly portray
feeling than did that of Lord Huntingten. As a rule it was wreathed in
smiles, and brightly reflected the joyous, sunny nature of its owner.
On those rare occasions when he was angered, it was convulsed
with rage, and, even before he spoke, all and sundry were well
aware that his lordship was angry. When he did speak, they were
confirmed in the belief without possibility of error. If he were
disappointed or chagrined this expressive countenance fell with such
suddenness and celerity that the fact of so great a fall being
inaudible came as a surprise to the observant witness. At that
moment, as he consulted his watch, the face of this big, generous
and lovable man was only too indicative of the fact that his soul was
filled with anxiety, resentment and annoyance. Captain Strong,
watching him with malicious affection, was reminded of a petulant
baby and again of a big naughty boy who, having been stood in the
corner for half an hour, firmly believes that the half-hour has long
ago expired. Yes, he promised himself much quiet and subtle
amusement, interest and instruction from the study of his friends
and their actions and reactions during the coming weeks. What
would Huntingten do when he realised his condition and position?
Run for his life, or grin and bear it? If the former, where would he
go? If, living in Mayfair and falling in love with your neighbour's wife,
the correct thing is to go and shoot lions in East Africa, is it,
conversely, the correct thing to go and live in Mayfair if, shooting
lions in East Africa, you fall in love with your neighbour's wife?
Captain Strong smiled at his whimsicality, and showed his interesting
face at its best. A favourite remark of his was to the effect that the
world's a queer place, and life a queer, thing. It is doubtful whether
he realised exactly how queer an example of the fact was afforded
by his being a soldier in the first place, and an African soldier in the
second. When he was so obviously and completely cut out for a
philosopher and student (with relaxations in the direction of the
writing of Ibsenical-Pinerotic plays and Shavo-Wellsian novels), what
did he in that galley of strenuous living and strenuous dying?
Further, it is interesting to note that among those brave and hardy
men, second to none in keenness, resourcefulness and ability,
Captain Strong was noted for these qualities.
 A huge Swahili orderly of the Queen's African Rifles, clad in a
tall yellow tarboosh, a very long blue jersey, khaki shorts, blue
puttees and hobnail boots, approached Captain Strong and saluted.
He announced that Merline Bwana was approaching, and, on
Strong's replying that such things did happen, and even with
sufficient frequency to render the widest publication of the fact
unnecessary, the man informed him that the macouba Bwana Simba
(the big Lion Master) had given his bearer orders to have the
approach of Merline Bwana signalled and announced.
Turning to Huntingten, Strong bade that agitated nobleman to
be of good cheer, for Merline was safe--his askaris were safe--his
pony was safe, and it was even reported that all the dogs were safe.
"Three loud cheers," observed his lordship, as his face beamed
ruddily, "but, to tell you the truth, it was of Lady Merline I was
thinking.... You never know in Africa, you know...."
Captain Strong smiled.
Sir Montague and Lady Merline rode into camp on their Arab
ponies a few minutes later, and there was a bustle of Indian and
Swahili "boys" and bearers, about the unlacing of tents, preparing of
hot baths, the taking of ponies and guns, and the hurrying up of
dinner.
While Sir Montague gave orders concerning the enyama[#] for
the safari servants and porters, whose virtue had merited this
addition to their posho[#] Lady Merline entered the "drawing-room,"
and once again gladdened the heart of Lord Huntingten with her
grace and beauty. He struck an attitude, laid his hand upon his
heart, and swept the ground with his slouch hat in a most gracefully
executed bow. Lady Merline, albeit clad in brief khaki shooting-
costume, puttees, tiny hobnail boots, and brown pith helmet,
returned the compliment with a Court curtsey.

[#] Meat.

[#] Food.

Their verbal greeting hardly sustained the dignity of the

preliminaries.
"How's Bill the Lamb?" quoth the lady.
"How's Margarine?" was the reply.
Their eyes interested Captain Strong more than their words.
(Lady Merline's eyes were famous; and, beautiful as Strong had
always realised those wonderful orbs to be, he was strongly inclined
to fancy that they looked even deeper, even brighter, even more
beautiful when regarding the handsome sunny face of Lord
Huntingten.)
Sir Montague Merline joined the group.
"Hallo, Bill! Hallo, Strong!" he remarked. "I say, Strong, what's
marodi, and what's gisi in Somali?"
"Same as tembo and mbogo in Swahili," was the reply.
"Oh! Elephant and buffalo. Well, that one-eyed Somali blighter
with the corrugated forehead, whom Abdul brought in, says there
are both--close to Bamania over there--about thirteen miles you
know."
"He's a liar then," replied Captain Strong.
"Swears the elephants went on the tiles all night in a
shamba[#] there, the day before yesterday."
[#] Garden. Cultivation.

"Might go that way, anyhow," put in Lord Huntingten. "Take him with
us, and rub his nose in it if there's nothing."
"You're nothing if not lucid, Bill," said Lady Merline. "I'm off to
change," and added as she turned away, "I vote we go to Bamania
anyhow. There may be lemons, or mangoes, or bananas or
something in the shamba, if there are no elephants or buffaloes."
"Don't imagine you are going upsetting elephants and teasing
buffaloes, young woman," cried "Bill" after her as she went to her
tent. "The elephants and buffaloes of these parts are the kind that
eat English women, and feeding the animals is forbidden...."
It occurred to Captain Strong, that silent and observant man,
that Lady Merline's amusement at this typical specimen of the
Huntingten humour was possibly greater than it would have been
had he or her husband perpetrated it.
"Dinner in twenty minutes, Monty," said he to Sir Montague
Merline and departed to his tent.
"I say, Old Thing, dear," observed Lord Huntingten to the same
gentleman, as, with the tip of his little finger, he "wangled" a soda-
water bottle with a view to concocting a whiskey-and-soda. "We
won't let Marguerite have anything to do with elephant or buffalo,
will we?"
"Good Lord, no!" was the reply. "We've promised her one pot at
a lion if we can possibly oblige, but that will have to be her limit,
and, what's more, you and I will be one each side of her when she
does it."
 "Yes," agreed the other, and added, "Expect I shall know what
nerves are, when it comes off, too."
"Fancy 'nerves' and the Bwana Simba," laughed Sir Montague
Merline as he held out his glass for the soda.... "Here's to
Marguerite's first lion," he continued, and the two men solemnly
drank the toast.
Sir Montague Merline struck a match for his pipe, the light
illuminating his face in the darkness which had fallen in the last few
minutes. The first impression one gathered from the face of Captain
Sir Montague Merline, of the Queen's African Rifles, was one of
unusual gentleness and kindliness. Without being in any way a weak
face, it was an essentially friendly and amiable one--a soldierly face
without any hint of that fierce, harsh and ruthless expression which
is apparently cultivated as part of their stock-in-trade by the
professional soldiers of militarist nations. A physiognomist, observing
him, would not be surprised to learn of quixotic actions and a
reputation for being "such an awful good chap--one of the best-
hearted fellers that ever helped a lame dog over a stile." So far as
such a thing can be said of any strong and honest man who does his
duty, it could be said of Sir Montague Merline that he had no
enemies. Contrary to the dictum that "He who has no enemies has
no friends" was the fact that Sir Montague Merline's friends were all
who knew him. Of these, his best and closest friend was his wife,
and it had been reserved for Lord Huntingten unconsciously to
apprise her of the fact that she was this and nothing more. Until he
had left his yacht at Mombasa a few weeks before, on the invitation
of Captain Strong (issued with their cordial consent) to join their
projected shooting trip, Lady Merline had fondly imagined that she
knew what love was, and had thought herself a thoroughly happy
and contented woman. In a few days after his joining the party it
seemed that she must have loved him all her life, and that there
could not possibly be a gulf of some fifteen years between then and
the childish days when he was "Bill the Lamb" and she the
unconsidered adjunct of the nursery and schoolroom, generally
addressed as "Margarine." Why had he gone wandering about the
world all these years? Why had their re-discovery of each other had
to be postponed until now? Why couldn't he have been at home
when Monty came wooing and ... When Lady Merline's thoughts
reached this point she resolutely switched them off. She was doing a
considerable amount of switching off, these last few days, and
realised that when Lord Huntingten awoke to the fact that he too
must practise this exercise, the shooting trip would have to come to
an untimely end. As she crouched over the tiny candle-lit mirror on
the soi-disant dressing-table in her tent, while hastily changing for
dinner that evening, she even considered plausible ways and
possible means of terminating the trip when the inevitable day
arrived.
She was saved the trouble.
As they sat at dinner a few minutes later, beneath the diamond-
studded velvet of the African sky--an excellent dinner of clear soup,
sardines, bustard, venison, and tinned fruit--Strong's orderly again
appeared in the near distance, saluting and holding two official
letters in his hand. These, it appeared, had just been brought by
messenger from the railway-station some nineteen miles distant.
Captain Strong was the first to gather their import, and his
feeling of annoyance and disappointment was more due to the fact
of the interruption of his interesting little drama than to the
cancellation of his leave and return to harness.
"Battle, Murder and Sudden Death!" he murmured. "I wish
people wouldn't kill people, and cause other people to interfere with
the arrangements of people.... Our trip's bust."
"What is it?" asked Lady Merline.
"Mutiny and murder down Uganda way," replied her husband,
whose letter was a duplicate. "I'm sorry, Huntingten, old chap," he
added, turning to his friend. "It's draw stumps and hop it, for Strong
and me. We must get to the railway to-morrow--there will be a train
through in the afternoon.... Better luck next time."
Lord Huntingten looked at Lady Merline, and Lady Merline
looked at her plate.

Down the narrowest of narrow jungle-paths marched a small party

of the Queen's African Rifles. They marched, perforce, in single file,
and at their head was their white officer. A wiser man would have
marched in the middle, for the leading man was inevitably bound to
"get it" if they came upon the enemy, and, albeit brave and warlike
men, negroes of the Queen's African Rifles (like other troops) fight
better when commanded by an officer. A "point" of a sergeant and
two or three men, a couple of hundred yards in front, is all very well,
but the wily foe in ambush knows quite enough to take, as it were,
the cash and let the credit go--to let the "point" march on, and to
wait for the main body.
 Captain Sir Montague Merline was well aware of the unwisdom
and military inadvisability of heading the long file, but did it,
nevertheless. If called upon to defend his conduct, he would have
said that what was gained by the alleged wiser course was more
than lost, inasmuch as the confidence of the men in so discreet a
leader would not be, to say the least of it, enhanced. The little
column moved silently and slowly through the horrible place, a
stinking swamp, the atmosphere almost unbreatheable, the narrow
winding track almost untreadable, the enclosing walls of densest
jungle utterly unpenetrable--a singularly undesirable spot in which to
be attacked by a cunning and blood-thirsty foe of whom this was the
"native heath."
Good job the beggars did not run to machine guns, thought
Captain Merline; fancy one, well placed and concealed in one of
these huge trees, and commanding the track. Stake-pits, poisoned
arrows, spiked-log booby-traps, and poisoned needle-pointed snags
neatly placed to catch bare knees, and their various other little tricks
were quite enough to go on with. What a rotten place for an
ambush! The beggars could easily have made a neat clearing a foot
or two from the track, and massed a hundred men whose poisoned
arrows, guns, and rifles could be presented a few inches from the
breasts of passing enemies, without the least fear of discovery.
Precautions against that sort of thing were utterly impossible if one
were to advance at a higher speed than a mile a day. The only
possible way of ensuring against flank attack was to have half the
column out in the jungle with axes, hacking their way in line, ahead
of the remainder. They couldn't do a mile a day at that rate. That
"point" in front was no earthly good, nor would it have been if joined
by Daniel Boone Burnham and Buffalo Bill. The jungle on either side
might as well have been a thirty-foot brick wall. Unless the enemy
chose to squat in the middle of the track, what could the "point" do
in the way of warning?--and the enemy wouldn't do that. Of course,
an opposing column might be marching toward them along the same
path, but, in that case, except at a sudden bend, the column would
see them as soon as the "point." Confound all bush fighting--messy,
chancy work. Anyhow, he'd have ten minutes' halt and send Ibrahim
up a tree for a look round.
Captain Merline put his hand to the breast pocket of his khaki
flannel shirt for his whistle, with a faint short blast on which he
would signal to his "point" to halt. The whistle never reached his
lips. A sudden ragged crash of musketry rang out from the dense
vegetation on either side, and from surrounding trees which
commanded and enfiladed the path. More than half the little force
fell at the first discharge, for it is hard to miss a man with a Snider
or a Martini-Henry rifle at three yards' range. For a moment there
was confusion, and more than one of those soldiers of the Queen, it
must be admitted, fired off his rifle at nothing in particular. A burly
sergeant, bringing up the rear, thrust his way to the front shouting
an order, and the survivors of the first murderous burst of fire
crouched down on either side of the track and endeavoured to force
their way into the jungle, form a line on either side, and fire volleys
to their left, front and right. Having made his way to the head of the
column, Sergeant Isa ibn Yakub found his officer shot through the
head, chest and thigh.... A glance was sufficient. With a loud click of
his tongue he turned away with a look of murderous hate on his
ebony face and the lust of slaughter in his rolling yellow eye. He saw
a leafy twig fall from a tree that overhung the path and crouched
motionless, staring at the spot. Suddenly he raised his rifle and fired,
and gave a hoarse shout of glee as a body fell crashing to the
ground. In the same second his tarboosh was spun from his head
and the shoulder of his blue jersey torn as by an invisible claw. He
too wriggled into the undergrowth and joined the volley-firing,
which, sustained long enough and sufficiently generously and
impartially distributed, must assuredly damage a neighbouring foe
and hinder his approach. Equally assuredly it must, however, lead to
exhaustion of ammunition, and when the volley-firing slackened and
died away, it was for this reason. Sergeant Isa ibn Yakub was a man
of brains and resource, as well as of dash and courage. Since the
enemy had fallen silent too, he would emerge with his men and
collect the ammunition from their dead and wounded comrades. He
blew a number of short shrill blasts on the whistle which, with the
stripes upon his arm, was the proudest of his possessions.
The ammunition was quickly collected and the worthy Sergeant
possessed himself of his dead officer's revolver and cartridges.... The
next step? ... If he attempted to remove his wounded, his whole
effective force would become stretcher-bearers and still be
inadequate to the task. If he abandoned his wounded, should he
advance or retire? He would rather fight a lion or three Masai than
have to answer these conundrums and shoulder these
responsibilities.... He was relieved of all necessity in the matter of
deciding, for the brooding silence was again suddenly broken by ear-
piercing and blood-curdling howls and a second sudden fusillade, as,
at some given signal, the enemy burst into the track both before and
behind the column. Obviously they were skilfully handled and by one
versed in the art of jungle war. The survivors of the little force were
completely surrounded--and the rest was rather a massacre than a
fight. It is useless to endeavour to dive into dense jungle to form a
firing line when a determined person with a broad-bladed spear is
literally at your heels. Sergeant Isa ibn Yakub did his utmost and
fought like the lion-hearted warrior he was. It is some satisfaction to
know that the one man who escaped and made his way to the
temporary base of the little columns to tell the story of the
destruction of this particular force, was Sergeant Isa ibn Yakub.
One month later a Lieutenant was promoted to Captain Sir
Montague Merline's post, and, twelve months later, Lord Huntingten
married his wife.
Captain Strong of the Queen's African Rifles, home on furlough,
was best man at the wedding of the handsome and popular Lord
Huntingten with the charming and beautiful Lady Merline.

At about the same time as the fashionable London press announced

to a more or less interested world the more or less important news
that Lady Huntingten had presented her lord and master with a son
and heir, a small safari swung into a tiny African village and came to
a halt. The naked Kavarondo porters flung down their loads with
grunts and duckings, and sat them down, a huddled mass of smelly
humanity. From a litter, borne in the middle of the caravan, stepped
the leader of the party, one Doctor John Williams, a great (though
unknown) surgeon, a medical missionary who gave his life and
unusual talents, skill and knowledge to the alleviation of the miseries
of black humanity. There are people who have a lot to say about
missionaries in Africa, and there are people who have nothing to say
about Dr. John Williams because words fail them. They have seen
him at work and know what his life is--and also what it might be if
he chose to set up in Harley Street.
Doctor John Williams looked around at the village to which Fate
brought him for the first time, and beheld the usual scene--a
collection of huts built of poles and grass, and a few superior
dwelling-places with thatched walls and roofs. A couple of women
were pounding grain in a wooden mortar; a small group of others
was engaged in a kind of rude basket weaving under the porch of a
big hut; a man seated by a small fire had apparently "taken up"
poker work, for he was decorating a vase-shaped gourd by means of
a red-hot iron; a gang of tiny naked piccaninnies, with incredibly
distended stomachs, was playing around a...
What?
Dr. John Williams strode over to the spot. A white man, or the
ruin of a sort of a white man, was seated on a native stool and
leaning against the bole of one of the towering palms that
embowered, shaded, concealed and enriched the little village. His
hair was very long and grey, his beard and moustache were long and
grey, his face was burnt and bronzed, his eyes blue and bright. On
his head were the deplorable ruins of a khaki helmet, and, for the
rest, he wore the rags and remains of a pair of khaki shorts. Dr. John
Williams stood and stared at him in open-mouthed astonishment. He
arose and advanced with extended hand. The doctor was too
astounded to speak, and the other could not, for he was dumb. In a
minute it was obvious to the new-comer that he was more--that he
was in some way "wanting."
From the headman of the villagers, who quickly gathered round,
he learned that the white man had been with them for "many nights
and days and seasons," that he was afflicted of the gods, very wise,
and as a little child. Why "very wise" Dr. John Williams failed to
discover, or anything more of the man's history, save that he had
simply walked into the village from nowhere in particular and had sat
under that tree, all day, ever since. They had given him a hut, milk,
corn, cocoanut, and whatever else they had. Also, in addition to this
propitiation, they had made a minor god of him, with worship of the
milder sorts. Their wisdom and virtue in this particular had been
rewarded by him with a period of marked prosperity; and
undoubtedly their crops, their cattle, and their married women had
benefited by his benevolent presence....
When Doctor John Williams resumed his journey he took the
dumb white man with him, and, in due course, reached his own
mission, dispensary and wonderful little hospital a few months later.
Had he considered that there was any urgency in the case, and the
time-factor of any importance, he would have abandoned his
sleeping-sickness tour, and gone direct to the hospital to operate
upon the skull of his foundling. For this great (and unknown)
surgeon, upon examination, had decided that the removal of a bullet
which was lodged beneath the scalp and in the solid bone of the top
of the man's head was the first, and probably last, step in the
direction of the restoration of speech and understanding. Obviously
he was in no pain, and he was not mad, but his brain was that of a
child whose age was equal to the time which had elapsed since the
wound was caused. Probably this had happened about a couple of
years ago, for the brain was about equal to that of a two-year-old
child. But why had the child not learned to talk? Possibly the fact
that he had lived among negroes, since his last return to
consciousness, would account for the fact. Had he been shot in the
head and recovered among English people (if he were English) he
would probably be now talking as fluently as a two-year-old baby....
The first few days after his return to his headquarters were
always exceedingly busy ones for the doctor. The number of things
able to "go wrong" in his absence was incredible, and, as he was the
only white man resident in a district some ten thousand square miles
in area, the accumulation of work and trouble was sufficient to appal
most people. But work and trouble were what the good doctor
sought and throve on.... One piece of good news there was,
however, in the tale of calamities. A pencilled note, scribbled on a
leaf of a military pocket-book, informed him that his old friend
Strong, of the Queen's African Rifles, had passed through his village
three weeks earlier, and would again pass through, on his return, in
a week's time. Having made a wide détour to see his friend, Strong
was very disappointed to learn of his absence, and would return by
the same devious route, in the hope of better luck....
Good! A few days of Strong's company would be worth a lot. A
visit from any white man was something; from a man of one's own
class and kind was a great thing; but from worldly-wise, widely-read,
clever old Strong! ... Excellent! ...

4
Captain Strong, of the Queen's African Rifles, passed from the strong
sunlight into the dark coolness of Doctor John Williams' bungalow
side by side with his host, who was still shaking him by the hand, in
his joy and affection. Laying his riding-whip and helmet on a table
he glanced round, stared, turned as white as a sunburnt man may,
ejaculated "Oh, my God!" and seized the doctor's arm. His mouth
hung open, his eyes were starting from his head, and it was with
shaking hand that he pointed to where, in the doctor's living-room,
sat the dumb and weak-witted foundling.
Doctor Williams was astounded and mightily interested.
"What's up, Strong?" he asked.
"B--b--b--but he's dead!" stammered Strong with a gasp.
"Not a bit of it, man," was the reply, "he's as alive as you or I.
He's dumb, and he's dotty, but he's alive all right.... What's wrong
with you? You've got a touch of the sun..." and then Captain Strong
was himself again. If Captain Sir Montague Merline, late of the
Queen's African Rifles, were alive, it should not be Jack Strong who
would announce the fact....
Monty Merline? ... Was that vacant-looking person who was
rising from a chair and bowing to him, his old pal Merline? ... Most
undoubtedly it was. Besides--there on his wrist and forearm was the
wonderfully-tattooed snake....
"How do you do?" he said. The other bowed again, smiled
stupidly, and fumbled with the buttons of his coat.... Balmy! ...
Strong turned and dragged his host out of the room.
"Where's he come from?" he asked quickly. "Who is he?"
"Where he came from last," replied the doctor, "is a village
called, I believe, Bwogo, about a hundred and twenty miles south-
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookbell.com