Readings of Practical Part 1
Readings of Practical Part 1
Experiment # 01
Find out volume/diameter of a cylinder by using Vernier Caliper.
Observations and Calculations:
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
1
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 𝑚𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 𝑐𝑚
20
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0 𝑚𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜)
No. Quantity Main scale Vernier scale Fraction Observed Corrected
of reading division coinciding to be value value
obs. x (cm) with main scale added R=x+y R± Z.C.
n(div.) Y= n×L.C. (cm)
1 2.5 7 0.035 2.535 2.535
2 Length 2.5 8 0.040 2.540 2.540
3 2.5 9 0.045 2.545 2.545
1 0.7 3 0.015 0.715 0.715
2 Diameter 0.7 4 0.020 0.720 0.720
3 0.7 3 0.015 0.715 0.715
2.535 + 2.540 + 2.545
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑚
3
𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎
S
BA
AB
AN
: SH
BY
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟 = = 𝑚𝑚
AN
: SH
BY
2 2
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 = 3.14 × 0.322 𝑚𝑚2
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Results:
The area of cross-section of given wire is 0.3218 mm-2.
Since the time period is constant. So, it is independent of amplitude when the length of
pendulum is kept constant.
➢ Time period is independent of mass of the simple pendulum.
Observations and Calculations:
No. of Mass of bob Time for 20 vibrations Time period
obs. grams sec. 𝒕
𝑻 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄.
𝟐
1 10 42.14 2.107
2 32 42.14 2.107
3 64 42.14 2.107
Results:
Since the time period is constant for bobs of different mases. So, it is independent of
mass of pendulum.
Experiment # 07
S
BA
AB
method.
o Fix a white paper on a drawing board and place a prism in it and draw a neat diagram.
Observations and Calculations:
No. Angle of prism Critical angle 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒄 Refractive index
of “𝜽” 𝜽 𝟏
obs. 𝜽𝒄 = 𝝁=
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒄
𝑜 𝑜
1 84 42 0.669 1.5
2 80𝑜 40𝑜 0.643 1.55
3 84𝑜 42𝑜 0.669 1.5