PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR

Experiment # 01
Find out volume/diameter of a cylinder by using Vernier Caliper.
Observations and Calculations:
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
1
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 𝑚𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 𝑐𝑚
20
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0 𝑚𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜)
No. Quantity Main scale Vernier scale Fraction Observed Corrected
of reading division coinciding to be value value
obs. x (cm) with main scale added R=x+y R± Z.C.
n(div.) Y= n×L.C. (cm)
1 2.5 7 0.035 2.535 2.535
2 Length 2.5 8 0.040 2.540 2.540
3 2.5 9 0.045 2.545 2.545
1 0.7 3 0.015 0.715 0.715
2 Diameter 0.7 4 0.020 0.720 0.720
3 0.7 3 0.015 0.715 0.715
2.535 + 2.540 + 2.545
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑚
3
𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎
S
BA
AB
AN
: SH
BY

0.715 + 0.720 + 0.715

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑚
3
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝐷 0.700
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑟 = = 𝑐𝑚
2 2
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 3.14 × 0.352 × 2.524 𝑐𝑚3
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑
Results:
The volume of given cylinder is 0.971 cm-3.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR

 PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR
Experiment # 02
Find out area of cross-section of given wire by using Screw Gauge.
Observations and Calculations:
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
0.5
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 𝑚𝑚 = 0.01 𝑚𝑚
50
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑛 × 𝐿. 𝐶. = +1 × 0.01 𝑚𝑚
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = +0.01 𝑚𝑚
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −0.01 𝑚𝑚
No. Linear scale Circular scale Circular scale Observed value Corrected value
of reading division coinciding reading D = R + n× L.C. D ± Z.C.
obs. R with pitch line n × L.C. (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) n(div.)
1 0.5 15 15×0.01= 0.15 0.5+0.15= 0.65 0.65-0.01= 0.64
2 0.5 15 15×0.01= 0.15 0.5+0.15= 0.65 0.65-0.01= 0.64
3 0.5 16 16×0.01= 0.16 0.5+0.16= 0.66 0.66-0.01= 0.65
0.64 + 0.64 + 0.65
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝐷 = 𝑚𝑚
3
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒎
𝐷 0.64
S
BA
AB

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟 = = 𝑚𝑚
AN
: SH
BY

2 2
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 = 3.14 × 0.322 𝑚𝑚2
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Results:
The area of cross-section of given wire is 0.3218 mm-2.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR

 PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR
Experiment # 03
Verification of the laws of simple pendulum.
a) Time period is independent of the amplitude of simple pendulum.
b) Time period is independent of mass of the simple pendulum.
c) Time period is directly proportional to the square root of the length of simple
pendulum.
➢ Time period is independent of the amplitude of simple pendulum.
Observations and Calculations:
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 0.005 𝑐𝑚
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑏 = 𝑑 = 1.94 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 1.94
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑏 𝑟 = = 𝑐𝑚
2 2
𝑟 = 0.97𝑐𝑚
No. of Amplitude Time for 20 vibrations Time period
obs. cm sec. 𝒕
𝑻 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄.
𝟐
1 10 42.78 2.138
2 15 42.78 2.138
3 20 42.78 2.138
Results:
S
BA
AB
AN
: SH
BY

Since the time period is constant. So, it is independent of amplitude when the length of
pendulum is kept constant.
➢ Time period is independent of mass of the simple pendulum.
Observations and Calculations:
No. of Mass of bob Time for 20 vibrations Time period
obs. grams sec. 𝒕
𝑻 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄.
𝟐
1 10 42.14 2.107
2 32 42.14 2.107
3 64 42.14 2.107
Results:
Since the time period is constant for bobs of different mases. So, it is independent of
mass of pendulum.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR

 PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR
Observations and Calculations:
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 0.005 𝑐𝑚
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑏 = 𝑑 = 1.94 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 1.94
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑏 𝑟 = = 𝑐𝑚
2 2
𝑟 = 0.97𝑐𝑚
No. Length of Radius of bob Length of Time for 20 Time period
of thread r pendulum vibrations 𝒕
𝑻 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄.
obs. including hook cm 𝒍 = 𝒍′ + 𝒓 sec. 𝟐
𝒍′ cm
cm
1 85.2 0.97 86.17 37.08 1.854
2 91.1 0.97 92.07 38.30 1.915
3 97.4 0.97 98.37 39.78 1.989
Results:
Since the time period is directly proportional to the square root of length of pendulum.
S
BA
AB
AN
: SH
BY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR

 PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR
Experiment # 04
To find the unknown weight of body by the method of vector addition of
forces.
Observations and Calculations:
Scale = 50 g-wt = 1 cm
No. Forces Lengths Resultant Unknown weight
of OC = R w = R × Scale
obs. F1 F2 OA OB cm g-wt
g-wt g-wt cm cm
1 150 150 3 3 4.9 4.9×50=245
2 200 200 4 4 5.2 5.2×50=260
3 250 250 5 5 5.2 5.2×50=260
245 + 260 + 260
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑔 − 𝑤𝑡 = 255 𝑔 − 𝑤𝑡
3
Results:
The unknown weight is 255 g-wt.
Experiment # 05
Determination of value of g by free fall using an electronic time/ticker
timer.
Observations and Calculations:
S
BA
AB
AN
: SH
BY

No. Distance Time of free fall t2 𝟐𝒉

of covered by the (sec.)2 𝒈=
𝒕𝟐
obs. ball “h” (cm) t1 (sec.) t2 (sec.) Mean “t” cm/sec2
𝒕𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝒕=
𝟐
(sec.)
1 80 0.41 0.40 0.405 0.164 975.6
2 90 0.44 0.43 0.435 0.189 973.5
3 100 0.45 0.45 0.450 0.203 985.5
975.6 + 973.5 + 985.5
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 = cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 = 978.1 cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
3
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 = 980cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑀𝑎𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
× 100 %
980−978.1
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
980
× 100 %
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.002 %
Results:
The value of g is 978.1 cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 .

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR

 PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR
Experiment # 06
To find the acceleration due to gravity by oscillating mass spring system.
Observations and Calculations:
No. Mass Pointer reading Extension Time for 20 vibrations Time 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒙
of suspended x=x2-x1 period 𝒈=
in hanger Initial Final t1 t2 Mean “t” 𝑻𝟐
obs. cm T=t/20 (cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2)
(gram) x1 x2 (sec.) (sec.) 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 Sec.
cm cm 𝟐
(sec.)
1 200 4 16 12 13.93 13.97 14.05 0.7025 960.71
2 250 4 19.1 15.1 15.5 14.69 15.20 0.76 1032.89
3 300 4 22.1 18.1 16.76 16.97 16.90 0.7146 1000.74

960.71 + 1032.89 + 1000.74

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 = cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 = 998.12 cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
3
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 = 980cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 1.2 %
Results:
The value of g is 998.12 cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 .

Experiment # 07
S
BA
AB

To find the refractive index of the material of a prism by critical angle

AN
: SH
BY

method.
o Fix a white paper on a drawing board and place a prism in it and draw a neat diagram.
Observations and Calculations:
No. Angle of prism Critical angle 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒄 Refractive index
of “𝜽” 𝜽 𝟏
obs. 𝜽𝒄 = 𝝁=
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒄
𝑜 𝑜
1 84 42 0.669 1.5
2 80𝑜 40𝑜 0.643 1.55
3 84𝑜 42𝑜 0.669 1.5

1.5 + 1.55 + 1.5

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝜇 = = 1.516
3
Results:
The value of refractive index “𝜇” is 1.516.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PUNJAB COLLEGES BAHAWALPUR