APPSC | Group-II | 90 Days Mains Plan 2024 | AG2DMT-1209

Key and Explanations

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Q No Option Q No Option Q No Option Q No Option Q No Option
1 3 11 4 21 2 31 3 41 3
2 2 12 4 22 3 32 3 42 3
3 2 13 1 23 1 33 4 43 1
4 4 14 1 24 4 34 4 44 3
5 1 15 4 25 4 35 3 45 4
6 4 16 1 26 3 36 3 46 3
7 4 17 2 27 3 37 4 47 3
8 2 18 3 28 1 38 2 48 3
9 3 19 1 29 2 39 3 49 4
10 1 20 4 30 1 40 3 50 2
Detailed Explanations
1. Correct Answer: Option (3) ▪ Government of India appointed a three-member
▪ Under Article 245, the Parliament can make State Reorganisation Commission under the
laws for the whole or any part of the territory of chairmanship of Fazl Ali.
India. ▪ The other two members were K M Panikkar and
▪ The territory of India includes the states, union H N Kunzru.
territories, and any other area for the time ▪ It submitted its report in September 1955 and
being included in the territory of India. broadly accepted language as the basis of
▪ Also, the Parliament alone can make reorganisation of states.
‘extraterritorial legislation’. ▪ But it rejected the theory of ‘one language – one
▪ Under Article 248, the Parliament has exclusive state’.
power to make any law with respect to any ▪ Factors to be considered in State Reorganisation:
residue matter not enumerated in any List of • Preservation and strengthening of the unity
the seventh schedule. and security of the country.
2. Correct Answer: Option (2) • Linguistic and cultural homogeneity.
▪ The President is elected by the members of • Financial, economic and administrative
electoral college consisting of: considerations.
• The elected members of both the Houses of • Planning and promotion of the welfare of the
Parliament. people.
• The elected members of the legislative ▪ The recommendations of the Commission was
assemblies. implemented through States Reorganisation Act
• The elected members of the legislative (1956) and the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act
assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi (1956).
and Puducherry. • The distinction between Part-A and Part-B
▪ The following members are exempted from states was done away with and Part-C states
being part of Electoral college: were abolished.
• The nominated members of Rajya Sabha. 4. Correct Answer: Option (4)
• The members of the state legislative ▪ Zonal Councils were created under Part-III of the
councils. States Re-Organisation Act, 1956.
3. Correct Answer: Option (2) ▪ There shall be a Zonal Council for each of the five
zones of the country – Northern, Central,
Eastern, Western, and Southern.

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 ▪ Zonal Councils shall consist of the following • No prisoner, visitor or any person employed
members: in the prison, shall have any right to strike or
• A Union Minister to be nominated by the start or continue any agitation inside the

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President shall be its Chairman. prison.
• Chief Ministers of the States included in • Provision of separate accommodation for
each zone. women prisoners, transgender.
• Two other Ministers of each such State • Provision for use of technology in prison
nominated by Governor. administration with a view to bring
• Administrator/Lieutenant Governor of the transparency
Union Territories. • Provision for video conferencing with courts,
▪ The President has nominated Union Home scientific and technological interventions in
Minister to be the Chairman of all the Zonal prisons, etc.
Councils. • Provision of punishment for prisoners and
▪ The Chief Ministers of the States included in jail staff for use of prohibited items like
each zone shall act as Vice-Chairman of the mobile phones etc. in jails.
Zonal Council for that zone by rotation, each • Provision regarding establishment and
holding office for a period of one year at a time. management of high security jail, open jail
▪ Central Zonal Council, comprising the States of (open and semi open), etc.
Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and • Provision for legal aid to prisoners, provision
Madhya Pradesh. of parole, furlough and premature release
5. Correct Answer: Option (1) etc. to incentivise good conduct.
▪ The present ‘Prisons Act, 1894’ is a pre- • Focus on vocational training and skill
independence era Act. development of prisoners and their
▪ The act mainly focuses on keeping the criminals reintegration into the society.
in custody and enforcement of discipline and 6. Correct Answer: Option (4)
order in prisons. ▪ Sarkaria Commission was constituted in 1983 to
▪ There is no provision for reform and examine the relationship and balance of power
rehabilitation of prisoners in the existing act. between state and central governments and
▪ ‘Prisons’/ ‘Persons detained therein’ is a state suggest changes within the framework of the
subject under schedule 7 of the Constitution. Constitution.
▪ The responsibility of prison management and ▪ The report was submitted in 1988 and it made
prisoners’ administration solely vests with state 247 recommendations in this regard, suggesting
governments. 12 amendments to the Constitution.
▪ State Governments and Union Territory ▪ The important recommendations of the Sarkaria
Administrations can benefit from the Model Commission were: -
Prisons Act, 2023 by adopting it in their • The Governor of a state to be a non-political
jurisdictions, with such modifications person appointed with the concurrence of
▪ Salient features of the act: the Chief Minister.
• Provision for security assessment and • The representative state to be consulted
segregation of prisoners, individual before deployment of union armed and
sentence planning. other forces in that State.
• Grievance redressal, prison development • Institution of all-India service should be
board, attitudinal change towards strengthened.
prisoners. • Sharing of the corporate taxes between the
• Constitution of Under Trial Review centre and state to be made mandatory.
Committee for every district to review the • Residuary power should remain with the
cases of eligible prisoners in all prisons of Parliament.
the district, and make appropriate • Reasons should be communicated to the
recommendations state when state bills are vetoed by the
President.

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 • To foster co-operative federalism in inter- ▪ Both the Parliament and state legislature can
governmental relations, the commission make laws with respect to any of the matters
recommended the setting up of Inter-State enumerated in the Concurrent List.

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Council under Article 263. ▪ The power to make laws including any taxation
• The President's Proclamation, while with respect to residuary subjects (the matters
imposing emergency in a state, should which are not enumerated in any of the three
include the 'reasons' as to why the state lists) is vested in the Parliament under Entry 97
cannot be run as per the normal provisions of Union List.
of the Constitution. ▪ Transfer of residual powers to concurrent list will
7. Correct Answer: Option (4) empowers both Parliament and State legislature
The recommendations of Sarkaria Commission to enact laws on particular matter.
report accepted by the Government of India: 10. Correct Answer: Option (1)
▪ The President's Proclamation, while imposing ▪ In case of a repugnancy between the central law
emergency in a state, should include the and the state law on a subject matter
'reasons' as to why the state cannot be run as enumerated in the concurrent list, the Central
per the normal provisions of the Constitution. law prevails over the state law.
▪ As far as possible the centre should issue a ▪ Exception: If the state law has been reserved for
warning to the state government before the consideration of the President and has
resorting to the use of Article 356 related to received his assent, then the state law prevails in
Presidential Rule. that state against existing Central law.
▪ The Inter-State Council under Article 263 as ▪ But the Parliament is still competent to override
recommended by the Commission has been set such a law by subsequently making a law on the
up termed as 'Inter Governmental Council'. same matter including a law adding to,
▪ Sharing of corporate taxes between the centre amending, varying or repealing the law made by
and states has been made mandatory. the Legislature of the State.
8. Correct Answer: Option (2) 11. Correct Answer: Option (4)
▪ Sarkaria Commission was established on June 9, ▪ The subject Currency in union list covers the
1983, under the Chairmanship of Justice R.S. following matters:
Sarkaria. • Public debt of the Union (Entry 35)
▪ It was to examine and suggest reforms for an • Currency, coinage and legal tender, foreign
equitable distribution of powers between the exchange (Entry 36)
Centre and the State. • Reserve Bank of India (Entry 38)
▪ The report was submitted in 1988 and it made • Post Office Savings Bank (Entry 39)
247 recommendations in this regard, • Banking (Entry 45)
suggesting 12 amendments to the Constitution • Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes
and 20 new legislations. and other like instruments (Entry 46)
9. Correct Answer: Option (3) 12. Correct Answer: Option (4)
▪ The Constitution under Article 246, provides for Union List entries which enforces strong centre
a three-fold distribution of legislative subjects model:
between the Centre and the states in the ▪ Deployment of any armed force of the Union or
seventh schedule. any other force subject to the control of the
• List-I (Union List) Union in any state in aid of the civil power.
• List-II (State List) ▪ Citizenship & naturalisation under union list,
• List-III (Concurrent List) mandates single citizenship in India.
▪ Parliament only has exclusive powers to make • There is no state citizenship
laws with respect to any of the matters ▪ Regulation and development of inter-state rivers
enumerated in the Union List. and river valleys comes under the union list.
▪ State legislatures only has exclusive powers to ▪ Central government only have the power to audit
make laws with respect to any of the matters the accounts of the Union and States.
enumerated in the State List. 13. Correct Answer: Option (1)

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 ▪ The American President is both the head of • National Capital Region Planning Board Act,
State and head of Government, as the head of 1985
state he/she occupies ceremonial position. As 16. Correct Answer: Option (1)

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the head of government leads the executive Article Provisions
organ of the government. Article 245 Extent of laws made by Parliament
▪ American federal legislature called the and by the Legislatures of States.
Congress is bicameral, that is it consist of two Article 246 Subject-matter of laws – Union List,
houses similar to Indian Parliament model. State List, Concurrent List.
▪ However, US model is not Parliamentary Article 250 Power of Parliament to legislate
democracy rather Presidential democracy. with respect to any matter in the
14. Correct Answer: Option (1) State List if a Proclamation of
▪ If the Rajya Sabha declare that it is necessary in Emergency is in operation.
the national interest that Parliament should Article 252 Power of Parliament to legislate for
make laws on a matter in the State List, then the two or more States by consent and
Parliament becomes competent to make laws adoption of such legislation by any
on that matter. other State.
▪ Such a resolution must be supported by two- Article 280 Finance Commission.
thirds of the members present and voting. Article 283 Custody of Consolidated Funds,
▪ The resolution remains in force for one year; it Contingency Funds, and public
can be renewed any number of times but not accounts.
exceeding one year at a time. Article 285 Exemption of property of the Union
▪ The laws cease to have effect on the expiration from State taxation.
of six months after the resolution has ceased to Article 289 Exemption of property and income
be in force. of a State from Union taxation.
▪ This provision does not restrict the power of a
17. Correct Answer: Option (2)
state legislature to make laws on the same
Article Provision
matter. But, in case of inconsistency between a
Article 248 Parliament has exclusive power to
state law and a parliamentary law, the latter is
make any law with respect to any
to prevail.
matter not enumerated in the
▪ Article 247 empowers Parliament to establish
Concurrent List or State List
additional courts for the better administration
(residuary powers).
of laws made by Parliament or of any existing
Article 253 Legislation for giving effect to
laws with respect to a matter enumerated in
international agreements.
the Union List.
Article 262 Parliament may by law provide for
Source: Lakshmikanth Polity (7th) Page No – 146
the adjudication of any dispute or
15. Correct Answer: Option (4)
complaint with respect to the use,
▪ Article 252: Power of Parliament to legislate for
distribution, or control of the waters
two or more States by consent and adoption of
of, or in, any Inter- State River or
such legislation by any other State
river valley.
▪ Instances of Acts passed under Article 252
Article 266 Consolidated Funds and public
▪ Some important instances of legislations by
accounts of India and of the States.
Parliament under this Article are:
18. Correct Answer: Option (3)
• Estate Duty Act (1953)
▪ Under Article 256, the executive power of every
• Prize Competition Act (1955)
State shall ensure compliance with the laws
• Prize Competition Act (1955)
made by Parliament and any existing laws which
• Seeds Act, 1966
apply in that State.
• Water Preservation and Control of Pollution
▪ Executive power of the Union shall extend to
Act, 1974
giving directions to a State as may appear to the
• Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act, Government of India to be necessary
1976

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 ▪ Even a private citizen whose interests or rights • The drawing up and execution of the
are jeopardised or affected by the failure of the specified schemes for the welfare of the
State Government to discharge the obligation Scheduled Tribes in the state.

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imposed upon it by Article 256, can seek relief 21. Correct Answer: Option (2)
from court requiring the State Government to ▪ Article 200 provides that when a Bill passed by
exercise its executive power to ensure the State Legislature, is presented to the
compliance with the laws made by Parliament Governor, the Governor cans:
and existing laws • Give his assent to the bill, or
19. Correct Answer: Option (1) • Withhold his assent to the bill, or
▪ President may, with the consent of the state • Return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for
government, entrust to that government any of reconsideration of the state legislature.
the executive functions of the Centre. ✓ However, if the bill is passed again by the
▪ Conversely, the governor of a state may, with state legislature with or without
the consent of the Central government, entrust amendments, the governor has to give
to that government any of the executive his assent to the bill, or
functions of the state. • Reserve the bill for the consideration of the
▪ This mutual delegation of administrative president. In one case such reservation is
functions may be conditional or unconditional. obligatory, that is, where the bill passed by
▪ The Constitution also makes a provision for the the state legislature endangers the position
entrustment of the executive functions of the of the state high court
Centre to a state without the consent of that ▪ When the governor reserves a bill for the
state. consideration of the President, he will not have
▪ But, in this case, the delegation is by the any further role in the enactment of the bill
Parliament and not by the president. ▪ He appoints the chief minister and other
▪ Thus, a law made by the Parliament on a subject ministers. They also hold office during his
of the Union List can confer powers and impose pleasure.
duties on a state, or authorise the conferring of ▪ Soon after an election when a single party or a
powers and imposition of duties by the Centre coalition emerges as the largest single party or
upon a state. group, there is no difficulty in the selection and
20. Correct Answer: Option (4) appointment of a Chief Minister.
▪ Centre is empowered to give directions to the ▪ However, where no single party or group
states with regard to the exercise of their command absolute majority, the Governor has to
executive power in the following matters: exercise his discretion in the selection of Chief
• The construction and maintenance of Minister.
means of communication (declared to be of ▪ Governor cannot return a money bill for the
national or military importance) by the reconsideration of the state legislature.
state; Normally, the Governor gives his assent to a
• The measures to be taken for the money bill as it is introduced in the state
protection of the railways within the state; legislature with his previous permission.
• The provision of adequate facilities for 22. Correct Answer: Option (3)
instruction in the mother-tongue at the ▪ Article 263 of the Constitution of India provides
primary stage of education to children for the establishment of an Inter-State Council
belonging to linguistic minority groups in ▪ If at any time it appears to the President that the
the state; public interests would be served by the
• It shall be the duty of the Union to promote establishment of a Council charged with the duty
the spread of the Hindi language, to of –
develop it so that it may serve as a medium • inquiring into and advising upon disputes
of expression which may have arisen between States;
• investigating and discussing subjects in
which some or all of the States, or the Union

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 and one or more of the States, have a ▪ Every person who has been illegally deprived of
common interest; or his right to life or liberty shall have an
• making recommendations for the better co- enforceable right to compensation.

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ordination of policy and action with respect ▪ The right to access to courts shall be deemed to
to that subject, include the right to reasonably speedy and
▪ It shall be lawful for the President by order to effective justice in all matters before the courts,
establish such a Council. tribunals or other fora and the State shall take all
23. Correct Answer: Option (1) reasonable steps to achieve the said object.
▪ On 27th April 2007, the Government of India ▪ Deprivation or acquisition of property shall be by
constituted a Commission on Centre-State authority of law and only for a public purpose.
Relations under Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi, There shall be no arbitrary deprivation or
former Chief Justice of India, to examine acquisition of property.
Centre-State relations. ▪ Every child shall have the right to free education
▪ The Commission examined and reviewed the until he completes the age of fourteen years; and
legislative, administrative and financial in the case of girls and members of the Scheduled
relations, role of Governors, emergency Castes and the Schedule Tribes until they
provisions, economic and social planning, complete the age of eighteen years.
Panchayati Raj institutions, sharing of 26. Correct Answer: Option (3)
resources, including inter-state river water. ▪ Seventh schedule of the Indian constitution deals
▪ The Commission made 273 recommendations with different subjects of administration into
in its report presented to Government on 30th union, state and concurrent list.
March 2010. ▪ The subjects not included in any of the three lists
24. Correct Answer: Option (4) (Union list, State list, Concurrent list) of the 7th
Recommendations of Punchhi commission: schedule of Indian constitution come under the
▪ It is necessary that some broad agreement is residual list.
reached between the Union and States before ▪ Article 248 of the Indian Constitution has
introducing legislation in Parliament on matters conferred the Parliament the power to make
in the Concurrent List. laws pertaining to subjects under the residual
▪ It is necessary to provide for impeachment of list.
the Governor on the same lines as provided for • Subjects such as information technology,
impeachment of the President. space technology, cyber laws, etc., which
▪ It is necessary to prescribe a time limit within came up after the adoption of the Indian
which the Governor should take the decision Constitution, are placed under this list.
whether to grant assent or to reserve it for ▪ Article 366(1) of the Constitution provides that
consideration of the President. the expression ‘agricultural income’ in the
▪ To be able to discharge the Constitutional Constitution means agricultural income as
obligations fairly and impartially, the Governor defined for the purpose of enactments relating
should not be burdened with positions and to Indian Income Tax.
powers which are not envisaged by the ▪ Taxes on agricultural income falls under Entry 46
Constitution and which may expose the office in “State List” under the Constitution of India.
to controversies or public criticism. ▪ Thus, only the State Governments are competent
▪ Governors should be given a fixed tenure of five to enact legislations for taxation of agricultural
years and their removal should not be at the income.
sweet will of the Government at the Centre. ▪ The Central Government cannot levy income tax
25. Correct Answer: Option (4) on agricultural income.
▪ The National Commission to Review the 27. Correct Answer: Option (3)
Working of the Constitution was set up with ▪ The 101st Amendment to India’s Constitution
Government Resolution dated 22 February, inserted Article 279A to empower India’s
2000. President to establish the Goods and Service Tax
(GST) Council.

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 ▪ Accordingly, the GST Council was established in • Certain subjects of the Union List and the
September 2016. Concurrent List should be transferred to the
▪ The Goods and Service Tax Council consist of State List.

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the following members: • The residuary powers should be allocated to
• Union Finance Minister as Chairperson; the states.
• Union Minister of State, who is in charge of • All-India services (IAS, IPS, and IFS) should be
Revenue or Finance will be a member; and abolished.
• The Minister in charge of Finance or ▪ In 1969, the Tamil Nadu Government (DMK)
Taxation or any other Minister nominated appointed a three-member committee under the
by each State Government are Members of chairmanship of Dr. P.V. Rajamannar to examine
GST Council. the entire question of Centre-state relations and
▪ (Article 279A) The council members may be, to suggest amendments to the Constitution.
choose one amongst themselves to be the Vice- 30. Correct Answer: Option (1)
Chairperson of the Council for such period as Article Provisions
they may decide. Article 281 Recommendation of the Finance
▪ The Goods and Services Tax on inter-State trade Commission.
or commerce supplies shall be levied and Article 282 Expenditure defrayable by the
collected by the Union Government. Union or a State out of its revenue.
▪ Such tax shall be apportioned between the Article 283 Custody, etc., of consolidated funds,
Union and the States in the manner as may be contingency funds, and money
provided by Parliament by law on the GST credited to public accounts.
Council’s recommendations [Article 269A(1)]. Article 284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and
28. Correct Answer: Option (1) other money received by public
▪ Rajmannar Committee was set up by the then servants and courts.
DMK Government of Tamil Nadu in 1969 under Article 285 Exemption of property of the Union
the Chairmanship of Dr. P.V. Rajamannar. from state taxation.
▪ It was appointed to examine all aspects of 31. Correct Answer: Option (3)
Centre-State relations and to investigate and ▪ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said, "India is an indestructible
identify the causes of unitary tendencies in union of destructible states".
Central-State relations. ▪ Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a
▪ It submitted its report in 1971. ‘Union of States’ to make it clear that the states
▪ The Central government completely ignored have no right to secede from the union. This
the recommendations of the Rajamannar implies the indestructible nature of the Indian
Committee. Union.
29. Correct Answer: Option (2) ▪ The word Union was carefully chosen over
▪ The important recommendations of the Federation to emphasize that the Indian Union is
committee are as follows: not the outcome of a state agreement and that
• An Inter-State Council should be set up its constituent states have no right to resign from
immediately. it.
• The Finance Commission should be made a ▪ The states can be broken up and reconstituted by
permanent body. boundary changes, a country is an unbreakable
• Planning Commission should be disbanded, union.
and its place should be taken by a statutory ▪ Article 3(a). Parliament may by law form a new
body. State by separation of territory from any State or
• Articles 356, 357 and 365 should be totally by uniting two or more States or parts of States
omitted. or by uniting any territory to a part of any State.
• The provision that the state ministry holds ▪ The central government can also change the
office during the pleasure of the governor names and boundaries of states without their
should be omitted. agreement.
32. Correct Answer: Option (3)

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 ▪ Article 368 provides for two types of US the principle of equality of representation of
amendments, that is, by a special majority of states in the Upper House is fully recognised. This
Parliament and also through the ratification of principle is regarded as a safeguard for smaller

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half of the states by a simple majority. states.
▪ But some other articles provide for the 34. Correct Answer: Option (4)
amendment of certain provisions of the ▪ The Constitution stipulates three types of
Constitution by a simple majority of Parliament, emergencies namely:
that is, a majority of the members of each • National
House present and voting (similar to the • State
ordinary legislative process). • Financial
▪ Notably, these amendments are not deemed to ▪ The emergency provisions contained in the
be amendments of the Constitution for the Indian constitution is a unitary feature.
purposes of Article 368. ▪ During an emergency, the Central government
▪ Therefore, the Constitution can be amended in becomes more powerful and the states go into
three ways: total control of the Centre.
• Amendment by simple majority of the ▪ It can convert the federal structure into a unitary
Parliament, one without a formal amendment of the
• Amendment by special majority of the Constitution.
Parliament, and ▪ The Constitution empowers the Union
• Amendment by special majority of the Parliament to make laws on the subjects
Parliament and the ratification of half of the incorporated in the State List in an emergency.
state legislatures. ▪ Article 250 of India’s Constitution empowers the
▪ The Supreme Court’s power of judicial review Parliament to make laws on any State List
extends to Constitutional Amendments. subjects during the national emergency.
▪ Judicial Review does not mean that every law ▪ Parliament’s laws under this provision will cease
passed by the legislature is taken up by the to operate on the expiration of six months of the
Supreme Court for review. emergency.
▪ It only means that the Court will review the law ▪ The state legislature’s power to make laws on the
as and when it gets an opportunity. same subject is not restricted.
▪ This is possible in two ways. First, the Court can ▪ In the case of disagreement between State law
review the law if its validity is challenged. The and Parliament law, only the Parliament’s law
Supreme Court or High Court may get an prevails.
opportunity to review a law in another situation 35. Correct Answer: Option (3)
also. ▪ In India, there is only Indian Citizenship and no
33. Correct Answer: Option (4) separate state citizenship.
▪ In the case of Indian federalism, more powers ▪ All citizens, irrespective of the state in which they
have been given to the Union Government in are born or reside, enjoy the same rights all over
administrative, legislative, financial and judicial the country.
matters. ▪ The other federal states like the US, Switzerland,
▪ The Indian federal set up stands out with certain and Australia have dual citizenship, that is,
distinctive unitary features. national citizenship as well as state citizenship.
▪ The division of powers favours the Central ▪ Hence, irrespective of the place of his/her
Government, appointment of the Head of the residence or place of birth. He/she is not a citizen
State government by the Central Government, of the Constituent State that he/she may belong
single unified judiciary, single citizenship to but remains a citizen of India.
indicates the unitary nature of our federalism. ▪ All the citizens of India can secure employment
▪ In the case of representation of the states are anywhere in the country and enjoy all the rights
given representation in the Rajya Sabha on the equally in all the parts of India.
basis of population. ▪ Prevalence of a single constitution and single
▪ Hence, the membership varies significantly. In citizenship are part of the unitary features of the
the case of other federations, particularly in the Indian constitution.
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 • The Constitution of India embodies not only ▪ Integrated audit mechanism is a unitary feature
the Constitution of the Centre but also which is the cornerstone of India's governance
those of the states. Both the Centre and the architecture.

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states must operate within this single- ▪ The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
frame. audits the accounts of not only the Central
• There is only Indian Citizenship and no government but also those of the states.
separate state citizenship. ▪ But his appointment and removal is done by the
36. Correct Answer: Option (3) president without consulting the states.
▪ India has a single, integrated judicial system. ▪ Hence, this office restricts the financial
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the autonomy of the states.
judicial system. ▪ The American Comptroller-General, on the
▪ Integrated judiciary is a unitary feature contrary, has no role with respect to the
▪ India judiciary follows procedure established by accounts of the states
law whereas judiciary in USA follows due ▪ These include:
process of law. • Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG): The
▪ The High Courts are below the Supreme Court, apex audit institution, responsible for
they regulate and supervise lower courts. auditing Union and State government
▪ This single system of courts enforces both the finances.
Central laws as well as the state laws. • Indian Audit and Accounts Department
▪ The Indian judiciary is structured in a pyramid, (IA&AD): The primary audit agency,
with lower courts at the bottom, high courts in conducting audits of government entities
the centre, and the Supreme Court at the top. and programs.
▪ In the US, on the other hand, there is a double • State Audit Departments: Conducting audits
system of courts whereby the federal laws are of State government entities and programs.
enforced by the federal judiciary and the state 39. Correct Answer: Option (3)
laws by the state judiciary. ▪ The Parliament is empowered to legislate on any
37. Correct Answer: Option (4) subject of the State List if the Rajya Sabha passes
▪ The institution of All India Services is one of the a resolution to that effect in the national interest.
key establishments in a unitary form of ▪ This means that the legislative reach of the
government. Parliament can be extended without amending
▪ In a federation, the federal and state the Constitution.
governments provide independent public ▪ This can be done when there is no emergency of
services. any kind.
▪ In India, public services are divided between the ▪ Additionally,
central government and the states. • According to Article 249 of India's
▪ The All-India Services include Indian Constitution, if a majority of two-thirds of
Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Rajya Sabha members pass a resolution
Service (IPS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS). asking for legislation on a State List,
▪ In 1966, the Indian Forest Service (IFS) was Parliament will make the necessary
created as the third All-India Service. legislation. Parliamentary law is only
▪ Article 312 of the Constitution authorises the effective for one year. However, it can be
Parliament to create new All-India Services on extended for another year if needed.
the basis of a Rajya Sabha resolution to that • During a national emergency, India's
effect. Parliament can pass laws on any State List
▪ The Centre recruits and trains members of issue under Article 250 of the Constitution.
these services, and maintains ultimate The Parliament's laws under this provision
authority over them. will expire after six months of emergency.
▪ These services, in a way, contravene the notion The state legislature has unrestricted ability
of federalism in the Constitution. to pass legislation on the same issue.
38. Correct Answer: Option (2)

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 • According to Article 252 of India's • The Union government has the power to
Constitution, if two or more state override State governments in certain
legislatures request a law on a subject from matters.

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the State List, the Union Parliament will • State governments have significant
pass the necessary laws. autonomy in implementing policies and
• Article 253 of India's Constitution allows programs.
Parliament to enact laws for all or part of 42. Correct Answer: Option (3)
the country to execute treaties, ▪ The Indian Constitution is mainly a written
agreements, or conventions with other constitution.
countries. ▪ A written constitution is framed at a given time
• When President's Rule is declared in a state and comes into force or is adopted on a fixed
under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, date as a document.
the Union Parliament creates laws related ▪ Our constitution was framed over a period of 2
to the State List. years, 11 months and 18 days, it was adopted on
40. Correct Answer: Option (3) 26th November, 1949 and enforced on January
Veto Over State Bills 26, 1950.
▪ The governor is empowered to reserve certain ▪ The British Constitution is an example of
types of bills passed by the state legislature for unwritten constitution. It is to be noted though,
the consideration of the President. that a written constitution is ‘mainly’ an enacted
▪ The President can withhold his assent to such document, there could be bodies or institutions
bills not only in the first instance but also in the which may not be included in the constitution
second instance. but form an important part of governance.
▪ Thus, the President enjoys absolute veto (and ▪ The Indian constitution is the lengthiest in the
not suspensive veto) over state bills. world. The original constitution had 395 Articles
▪ But in US and Australia, the states are and 8 Schedules, while, the constitution of USA
autonomous within their fields and there is no has only 7 Articles.
provision for any such reservation. ▪ It specifies the structure, organisation, powers
41. Correct Answer: Option (3) and functions of both the Central and state
▪ India's dual polity framework has evolved over governments and prescribes the limits within
time, striking a balance between centralization which they must operate.
and decentralization. ▪ Thus, it avoids the misunderstandings and
▪ The Constitution establishes a dual polity disagreements between the two.
consisting of the Union at the Centre and the 43. Correct Answer: Option (1)
states at the periphery. ▪ The Constitution divided the powers between
▪ Each organ is vested with sovereign powers to the Centre and the states in terms of the Union
be exercised in the field assigned to them List, State List, and Concurrent List in the Seventh
respectively by the Constitution. Schedule.
▪ The Union government deals with matters of ▪ II. The division of powers between the union
national importance like defense, foreign and the states is a federal feature of the
affairs, currency, communication, and so on. constitution
▪ The state governments, on the other hand, look ▪ It is an indispensable attribute of the
after matters of regional and local importance Constitution federal character.
like public order, agriculture, health, local ▪ Articles 245 to 255 in Part XI of India’s
government, etc. Constitution deal with the legislative relations
▪ Additionally, some of the features of a dual between the Centre and the States.
system are; ▪ The Union Parliament is solely responsible for
• The Constitution divides powers between enacting laws on Union List issues.
the Union and State governments through • The Union list currently contains 100
the Seventh Schedule. subjects.

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 • The Union List prioritizes important issues Independent Judiciary
like as external affairs, defense, ▪ The Constitution establishes an independent
communications, civil aviation, railways, judiciary headed by the Supreme Court for two

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inter-state trade and commerce, banking, purposes:
currency, and insurance. • one, to protect the supremacy of the
▪ State Legislatures are solely responsible for Constitution by exercising the power of
enacting laws related to the State List. judicial review; and
• the State list consists of 61 subjects, down • two, to settle the disputes between the
from 66 initially. Centre and the states or between the states.
• The laws enacted by a state legislature on ▪ The Constitution contains various measures like
the listed issues are specific to that state. security of tenure to judges, fixed service
• Law and order, police, prison, agriculture, conditions and so on to make the judiciary
land revenue, local government, public independent of the government.
health, land liquor, state public services, 47. Correct Answer: Option (3)
and fisheries are all important topics in the ▪ Bicameralism, a key federal feature in India,
state list. refers to the division of the legislative branch into
▪ The centre has overriding powers over the two houses and provides checks and balances,
concurrent and residuary powers. preventing any one house from dominating the
44. Correct Answer: Option (3) legislative process.
▪ The Constitution is the supreme or the highest ▪ The Lok Sabha represents the people, while the
law of the land. Rajya Sabha represents the states, ensuring
▪ The laws enacted by the Centre and the states equal representation for all states.
must conform to its provisions. Otherwise, they ▪ The Rajya Sabha represents the states of Indian
can be declared invalid by the Supreme Court or Federation, while the Lok Sabha represents the
the high courts through their power of judicial people of India as a whole.
review. ▪ The Rajya Sabha is required to maintain the
▪ Thus, all the organs of the government federal equilibrium by protecting the interests of
legislative, executive and judicial at both the the states against the undue interference of the
levels must operate within the jurisdiction Centre.
prescribed by the Constitution. ▪ It Maintains a balance between the Union
45. Correct Answer: Option (4) government and state governments, promoting
Rigid Constitution cooperative federalism.
▪ The procedure of amending the Constitution in 48. Correct Answer: Option (3)
a federal system is normally rigid. ▪ The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a
▪ Indian Constitution provides that some constitutional body responsible for conducting
amendments require a special majority. free, fair, and transparent elections in India.
▪ Such an amendment has to be passed by ▪ There is an election commission for both the
majority of total members of each house of the centre and states in India.
Parliament as well as by two-thirds majority of ▪ It derives its power from Article 324 of the
the members present and voting there in. Constitution, ensuring independence and
▪ However, in addition to this process, some autonomy.
amendments must be approved by at least 50% ▪ Key functions;
of the states. • Organizes and oversees elections to the Lok
▪ After this procedure the amendment is signed Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative
by the head of the state i.e; the President. Assemblies, and Presidential and Vice-
▪ Since in India important amendments can be Presidential elections.
amended through this procedure. • Organizes and oversees elections to the Lok
▪ Hence, Indian Constitution has been rightly Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative
called a rigid constitution Assemblies, and Presidential and Vice-
46. Correct Answer: Option (3) Presidential elections.

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 • Registers and scrutinizes candidate (protection of wild life), 29 (weights and
nominations, ensuring compliance with measures), and
electoral laws. • seventh amendment act omitted entry 36

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• Sets up and manages polling stations, (acquisition or requisitioning of property)
ensuring smooth voting processes. from the state list.
• Recommends electoral reforms to the ▪ As a result, the state list now contains only 61
government, enhancing the electoral subjects, instead of 66 subjects as originally
process. provided.
▪ The Election Commission conducts elections ▪ On the other hand, forty-second amendment act
not only to the Central legislature but also to by way of transfer added four new entries in the
the state legislatures. concurrent list.
▪ But this body is constituted by the President
and the states have no say in this matter.
▪ The position is same with regard to the removal
of its members as well.
49. Correct Answer: Option (4)
▪ There are two kinds of routes through which
federations have been formed.
• The first one involves independent States
coming together on their own to form a
bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty
and retaining identity, they can increase
their security.
• This type of ‘coming together’ federations
include the USA, Switzerland and Australia.
• In this first category of federations, all the
constituent States usually have equal
power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal
government.
▪ The second one is where a large country decides
to divide its power between the constituent
States and the national government.
• India, Spain and Belgium are examples of
this kind of ‘holding together’ federations.
• In this second category, the Central
Government tends to be more powerful vis-
à-vis the States.
• Very often different constituent units of the
federation have unequal powers. Some
units are granted special powers.
50. Correct Answer: Option (2)
▪ By way of omission, addition and transfer, the
union government through different
amendment acts has brought changes in the
distribution of competences. as under seventh
schedule of the constitution, between centre
and states.
▪ Thus, forty-second amendment act omitted
entries 11 (education), 19 (forest), 20

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