Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

CHAPTE
R
Introduction:

A triangle has six important elements; three angles and three sides. In a triangle ABC, the

measures of the three angles are usually denoted by  ,  ,  and the three measures of the

three sides opposite to them are denoted by a, b, c respectively.

If any three out of these six elements, out of which at least one side, are given, the

remaining three elements can be determined. This process of finding the unknown

elements is called the solution of the triangle.

805
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.1
Q.1 Find the values of (iv) cot 33 50
(i) Solution:
Solution: cot 33 50  cot  90  5610  tan56 10
sin5340 In the first column on the left hand
In the first column on the left hand side headed by degrees in the Natural
side headed by degrees (in the Tangents Table we read the number
Natural Sine table) we read the 56° till the minute column number
number 53 till the minute column 6 is reached, we get the number
number 36 is reached, we get the 0.4882 , then we see the right hand
number 0.8049 , then we see the column headed by mean differences.
right hand column headed by mean Running down then column under 4
differences. Running down the till the row of 56° is reached. We
column under 4 till the row of 53 find 38 as the difference for 4 .
is reached. We find 7 as the Adding 38 to 4882, we get 4920. The
difference for 4. Adding 7 to 8049 , integral part of the figure just next to
we get 8056 . 56° in the horizontal line is 1. Hence
Hence cot 33 50  tan5610  1.4920
sin 53 40  0.8056 (v) cos 42 38
Solution:
Alternate Solution:
cos 42 38
(ii) cos 36 20
 cos  90  4722
Solution:
 sin 47 22
cos  36 20  cos  90  5340 In the first column on the let hand
 sin 5340 side headed by degrees (in the
 0.8056 Natural Sine Table) ,We read the
(iii) tan19 30
number 47°. Looking along the row
Solution: of 47° till the minute column number
tan19 30 18 is reached, we get the number
In the first column on the left hand 0.7349 , then we see the right hand
side headed by degrees in Natural column headed by mean differences.
Tangents table we reached the Running down the column under 4
number 19 till the minute column till the row of 47 is reached. We
find 8 as the difference for 4 .
number 30 is reached, we get the
Adding 8 to 7.349, we get 7357.
number 0.3541.
Hence
Hence
cos 42 38  sin 47 22  0.7357
tan19 30  0.3541.
806
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

(vi) tan 25 34 number 42 is reached, we get the

Solution: number the number 0.6115 , then we
see the right hand column headed by
In the first column on the left hand
mean difference . Running down the
side headed by degrees (in the
column under 5 till the row of 370
Natural Tangents Table) we read the is reached, we 12 as the difference
number 25 .Looking along the row, for 5 . Adding 12 to 6115, we get
of 25° till the minute column number 6127. Hence
30 is reached, we get the number cos 5213  sin 37 47  0.6127
0.4770, then we see the right hand (ix) tan 9 51
column headed by mean differences. Solution:
Running down the column under 4 tan 9 51
till the row of 25 is reached. We In the first column on the left hand
find 14 as the difference for 4 . side headed by degrees in the
Adding 14 to 4770 we get (Natural Tangents Table) we read the
4784.Hence number 9°. Looking along the row of
tan 25 34  0.4784 9° till the minute column number
(vii) sin 18 31 48 is reached, we get the number
Solution: 0.1727 , then we see the right hand
In the first column on the left hand column headed by mean differences.
side headed by degrees ( in the Running down the column under 3
Natural Sine Table ) we read the till the row of 9° is reached. We find
number 18 till the minute column 9 as the difference for 3 . Adding 9
number 30 is reached, we get the to 1727, we get 1736.
number 0.3173 , then we see the Hence tan 9 51  0.0149
right hand column headed by mean Q.2 Find  , if :
differences. Running down the (i) sin   0.579
column under 1` till the row of 18 Solution:
is reached. We find 3 as the In the table of Natural Sine, we get
difference for 1 . Adding 3 to 3173, the number 5793 (nearest to 5790)
we get 3176. Hence which lies at the intersection of the
sin 18 31  0.3176 row beginning with 35 and the
(viii) cos 5213 column headed by 24 . The
Solution: difference between 5793 and 5790 is
cos 5213  cos 90  3747 3 which does not occur in the row of
 sin 3747 35° , so we take 2 which occurs in
In the first column on the left hand the row of 35 under the mean
side headed by degrees 9 in the difference column by 1 , so we
(Natural Sine Table) we read the subtract 1 from 35° 24 as get
number 37°. Looking along the row
of 37° till the minute column   sin 1  0.579   3523

807
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

(ii) cos  0.9316 7050) which lies at the intersection

Solution: of the row beginning with 59° and
cos  0.9316 the column headed by 36 . The
 sin  90     0.9316
difference between 7050 and 7045 is
5 which does not occur in the row of
In the table of natural sine , we get 59 , so we ignore it and get
the number 9317 ( nearest to 9316)
  tan 1 1.705
which lies at the intersection of the
row beginning with 68 and the   5936
column headed by 42 . The (v) tan   21.943
difference between 9317 and 9316 is Solution:
1 which occurs in the row of 68 In the Table of Natural Tangents, we
under the mean difference column by get the number 21.20 ( nearest to
1 , so we subtract 1 from 6842 21.943 which lies at the intersection
and get of the row beginning with 87 and
90    sin 1  0.9316  the column headed by 18 . The
90    6841 difference does not occur in the
Table of Tangents, So 5 are added
  2119
in 8718 ( we cannot take the value
(iii) cos  0.5272
of 87 24 from the table ).
Solution:
  tan 1  21.493
cos  0.5272
  87 23
sin  90     0.5272
(vi) sin   0.5186
In the table of Natural sine, we get
Solution:
the number 5255 ( nearest to 5257)
sin   0.5186
which lies at the intersection of the
rows beginning with 31° and the In the table of Natural sine, we get
column headed by 42 . The the number 5180 (nearest to 5186)
difference between 5257 and 5255 is which lies at the intersection of the
2 which occurs in the row of 31° row beginning with 31 and the
under the mean difference column by column headed by 12 , the
1 in 3142 and get difference between 5186 and 5180 is
90    sin 1  0.5257   3143
6 which does not occur in the row of
31 , so we take 5 which occurs in
  5817 the row of 31° under the mean
(iv) tan    difference column by 2 , so we add
Solution: 2 in 31 12 and get
tan      sin 1  0.5186  3114
In the Table of Natural Tangents , we
get the number 7045 (nearest to

808
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.2
Q.1 Find the unknown angles and sides a
sin  
of the following triangles. c
(i) 4
sin 450 
c
1 4

2 c

 c4 2
(ii)
Solution:
Labeling the given triangle .

Solution:
Labeling the given triangle

We have
a  4,   45,   90
We have to find b, c and  .
As we know that
      180
We have
  180    
c  12 ,   600 ,   900
  180  90  45
We have to find a , b and 
   45º
As we know that
From figure       180
a   180    
tan  
b
  180  60  90
4
tan 45 
b    30
4 From figure
1 
b a
sin  
 b 4 c

809
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

sin 60 
a b  5 , c  10 ,   900
12 We have to find a ,  and 
3 a
 From figure
2 12 b
cos  
3 c
12  a
2 5
cos  
6 3 a 10
1
and cos  
2
b
cos   1
c   cos 1  
2  
b
cos 60     60º
12
1 b We know that

2 12       180
1
12  b   180    
2
  180  60  90
6b
   30
(iii)
Also from figure
a
sin  
c
a
sin 60º 
10
3 a

2 10
Solution:
3
Labeling the given triangle. 10  a
2
5 3a
(iv)

We have .
Solution:
810
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Labeling the given triangle  b  9.535

(v)

Solution:
We have Labeling the given triangle .
a  8 ,   400 ,   900
We have to find b, c and 
As we know that
      180
  180    
  180  90  40 We have
   50 c  15 ,   56º ,   90º
From figure We have to find a, b, and 
a We know that
sin  
c       180

sin 40º 
8   180    
c   180  56  90
8
c    50
sin 40º
8 From figure
c
0.643 a
sin  
c
 c  12.45
a
and sin 34º 
15
a 15  0.559  a
tan  
b
8.387  a
8
tan 40º   a  8.387
b
8 and
b
tan 40º b
cos  
8 c

0.839
811
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

b   180  45  90

cos34º 
15    45
15×0.829 = b
and
12.435  b
a
 b  12.435 sin  
c
(vi) 8
sin 45º 
c
1 8

2 c

 c 8 2
Solve the right triangle ABC, in
Solution:
which   900
Labeling the given triangle .
Q.2   37º 20 , a  243
Solution:

We have
a = 8, b = 8, γ = 900
We have
We have to find  ,  and c
  90º ,   37º 20 , a  243
From figure
We have to find  , b and c
a
tan   We know that
b
      180
8
tan     180    
8
tan   1   180  3720  90
  tan 1 1    5240
   45 From figure
a
We know that sin  
c
      180
243
  180     sin  37º 20  
c
812
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

243 a
0.626  tan 62º 40 
c 796
243 796 1.934  a
c
0.626  1540.02  a
 c  400.69
and
and b
cos  
a c
tan  
b 796
cos 62º 40 
243 c
tan 37º 20 
b 796
0.459 
243 c
0.762 
b 796
c
243 0.459
b
0.762  c 1733.57
 b  318.89
Q.4 a  3.28 , b  5.74 ,   90
Q.3   62º 40 , b  796 ,   90 Solution:
Solution:

We have
  62º 40 ,   90º, b  796 We have
  90º , a  3.28 b  5.74
We have to find  , a and c.
We have to find  ,  and c.
We know that
      180 From figure
a
  180     tan  
b
  180  90  6240
3.28
tan  
   2720 5.74
From figure tan   0.571
a   tan 1  0.571
tan  
b
813
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

   29º 44 cos  0.711

We know that   cos1  0.711
      180
   44º 40
  180    
We know that
  180  90  2944
      180
   5916
  180    
and   180  4444  90
b
cos      4520
c
5.74 and
cos  29º 44  
c a
tan  
5.74 b
0.868 
c a
tan 44º 40 
5.74 68.4
c
0.868 1.01 68.4  a
 c  6.61  69.084  a
Q.5 b  68.4 , c  96.2 ,   90º Q.6 a  5429 , c  6294 ,   90
Solution: Solution:

We have
a  5429 , c  6294 ,   90
We have We have to find  ,  and b
b  68.4 , c  96.2 ,   90º From figure
We have to find a ,  and  a
sin  
From figure c
b 5429
cos   sin  
c 6294
68.4 sin   0.862
cos  
96.2
814
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

  sin 1  0.862 We know that

      180
   59º 36
  180    
We know that
  180  5010  90
      180
   3950
  180    
From figure
  180  5936  90
a
sin  
   3024 c
a
Also from figure sin  3950  
b 0.832
cos  
c 0.64  0.832  a
b 0.532  a
cos  59º 36  
6294  a  0.532
 3184.97  b
b
cos  
Q.7  = 5010 , c  0.832 ,   90 c
Solution: b
cos  3950  
We have  = 5010 , c  0.832 , 0.832
  90 0.767  0.832  b

We have to find :  , a and b. 0.628  b

 b  0.638

815
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Angles of Elevation and Depression

Let OA be the horizontal line and O be the position of observer B and C are two points
such that B is above the horizontal line and C is below the horizontal line.

From Figure
(i) For looking at B above the horizontal ray, we have to raise our eye, and  AOB is called
the Angle of Elevation and
(ii) for looking at C below the horizontal ray we have to lower our eye, and  AOC is called
the Angle of Depression.

816
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.3
Q.1 A vertical pole is 8m high and the length of its shadow is 6m. what is the angle of
elevation of the sun at that moment?
Solution:
Let height of pole is BC  8 m
Length of its shadow is AB  6 m
From figure.
Perp 8 4
tan    
Base 6 3
4
  tan 1  
 
3
  53.1

Or   538
Q.2 A man 18dm tall observes that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree at a
distance of 12m from him is 32 . What is the height of the tree?
Solution:
Let height of tree is BE  h
Height of man is AC  18 dm 1.8m
Distance between Man and Tree is
AB  12 m
From figure
mAB  m CD  12m
mAC  m BD  1.8m
DE
tan 32 
CD
 0.624812  x
x  7.498m
Height of tree is h  m BD  m DE
 1.8  7.49
h  9.29 m

817
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.3 At the top of a cliff 80m high, the angle of depression of a boat is 12°. How far is the
boat from the cliff?
Solution:
Let A be the position of boat and C be the top of cliff.
Distance between boat and cliff is AB  x
Height of cliff is mBC  80 m
From figure
m  ACD  m  BAC (Alternate angles)
mBC
tan12 
mAB
80
x
tan120
x  376.3m

Q.4 A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle of 240 with the well. Its foot
is 5m from the wall. Find its length
Solution:
Let the length of ladder is AC  x
Distance between ladder and wall is mAB  5 m
From figure
5
sin 24 
x
5
x
sin 24
x  12.29m
Note: Answer of this question in book is wrong .
Q.5 A kite flying at a height of 67.2m is attached to a fully stretched string inclined at
an angle of 55° to horizontal. Find the length of the string .
Solution:
Let C be the position of kite
Height of kite is mBC  67.2 m
Length of string is mAC  x
Form figure

818
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

67.2
sin 55 
x
67.2
x
sin 55
x  82.036m

Q.6 When the angle between the ground and the sun is 300 , flag pole casts a shadow of
40m long. Find the height of the top of the flag.
Solution:
Let the height of flag pole is mBC  h
Length of its shadow is mAB  40 m
From figure
h
tan 30
40
h  40   0.5773

h  23.09m
Q.7 A plane flying directly above a post 6000m away from an anti-aircraft gun observe
the gun at an angle of depression of 27°. Find the height of the plane.
Solution:
Let A be the position of anti-aircraft gun, B be the position of check post
and height of plane is mBC  h
distance between place and anti-aircraft Gun is mAB  6000 m
From figure
m  AC D  m  B AC ( Alternative Angles )
in ABC
h
tan 270 
6000
h  6000  0.5095
h  3057.15 m

819
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.8 A man on the top of 100m high light house is in the line with two ships on the same
side of it, whose angles of depression from the man are 17° and 19° respectively.
Find the distance between the ships.
Solution:
Let A and B be the position of ships,
and distance between ships is mAB  x

height of light house is mCD  100m

From figure,
m  AD E  m C AD
 Alternate Angles
m  B D E  m C B D
In  B DC
100
tan19 
BC
100
mBC   290.42m
tan190
Now In  A C D
100
tan17 
x  290.42
100
x  290.42 
tan17
x  327.08  290.42
Distance between Ships x  36.66m
Q.9 P and Q are two points in line with a tree. If the distance between ‘P’ and ‘Q’ be
30m and the angles of elevation of the top of the tree at P and Q be 12 and 15
respectively, find the height of the tree.
Solution:
Let height of tree is mRS  h
Distance between P and Q is mPQ  30m
In  Q R S
h
tan15
y
h  y tan15 (i)

820
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

In PRS
h
tan12 
30  y
h   30  y  tan12 (ii)
Comparing (i) & (ii)
y tan15   30  y  tan12
y tan15 30tan12  y tan12
y tan15 y tan12 6.3766
y  0.0553  6.3766
y  115.11m
Put in (i)
h  115.11 0.267 
h  30.84 m
Q.10 Two men are on the opposite sides of a 100m high tower. If the measures of the
angles of elevation of the top of the tower are 18° and 22° respectively. Find the
distance between them.
Solution:
Let A and C be the position of men
Height of tower is mBD  100m
Distance between men is mAC  x  y
In  BCD
100
tan18 
y
100
y
tan18
y  307.8m
In  ABD
100
tan 22 
x
100
x 
tan 22
x  247.5m
So, Distance between points = x  y  307.8  247.5  555.3m

821
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.11 A man standing 60m away from a tower notices that the angles of elevation of the
top and bottom of a flag staff on the top of the tower are 64° and 62° respectively,
Find length of flag staff .
Solution:
Let the height of tower is mBC  h
Height of flag staff is mCD  x
Distance between men and power is mAB  60m
In  ABC
h
tan 62 
60
h  60  tan 62
h  112.8435 m
In  ABD
h x
tan 64 
60
h  x  60  tan 64
112.84  x 123.01
x  123.01 112.84
x  10.17 m
Q.12 The angle of elevation of the top of a 60m high tower from a point A, on the same
level as the foot of the tower, is 25 . Find the angle of elevation of the top of the
tower from a point B, 20m nearer to A from the foot of the tower.
Solution:
Let the height of tower is mCD  60m
The distance between A and B is mAB  20m
In  ACD
60
tan 25
20  x
60
 20  x  
tan 25
x  128.6  20
x  108.67m
In  BCD
60
tan =
x
 60 
  tan 1  
 108.67 
  28.9

822
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.13 Two buildings A and B are 100m apart. The angle of elevation from the top of the
building A to the top of the building B in 20 . The angle of elevation from the base
of building B to the top of the building A in 50 . Find the height of the building B.
Solution:
Let distance between building A and
Building B is mAB  100m
Height of building A is mAE  x
Height of building B is mBD  x  y
In  AEB
x
tan 50 
100
x 100 1.1917
x  119.17  mBC  From figure 
In  DEC
y
tan 20 
mCE
y
tan 20
mAB
y  100  tan 20
y  36.39m

Height of Building B  m BC  mDC

 x y
 119.17  36.39
 155.56m
Q.14 A window washer is working in a hotel building. An observer at a distance of 20m
from the building finds the angle of elevation of the worker to be of 30 . The
worker climbs up 12m and the observer moves 4m farther away from the building.
Find the new angle of elevation of the worker.
Solution:
Let D be the position of window washer and B be the
position of observer.
Angle between observer and the worker is 30°
Distance between observer and building is mBC  20m
Height of building is mCE  x  12
In BCD

823
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

mCD
tan 30 
20
x  20  tan30
x  11.54m
In  ACE
mCD  m DE
tan  
mAB  mBC
11.55  12

4  20
23.54

24
  tan 1  0.9811
  44.4
Q.15 A man standing on the bank of Canal observes that the measure of the angle of
elevation of a tree on the other side of the canal, is 60 . On retreating 40m from the
bank, he finds the measure of the angle of elevation of the tree as 30 . Find the
height of the tree and width of the Canal
Solution:
Let B be the position of man making
angle 60 with tree.
After retreating
A be the position of man making angle 30 with tree.
Width of canal is mBC  x
height of tree is mCD  h
In  BCD
h
tan 60
x
h  x tan 60 (i)
In  ACD
h
tan 30 
40  x
 40  x  tan 30  h (ii)
On Comparing (i) and (ii)
x tan 60   40  x  tan 30
x tan 60  23.094  x tan30
x  tan 60  tan 30  23.094
Width of Canal x  20m
From (i) h  20 tan 60  20 3
h  34.64m
824
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Oblique Triangles:
A triangle which is not right, is called an oblique triangle,

All the above triangles are oblique triangles.

The Law of Cosine:
In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, prove that:
(i) a 2  b2  c2  2bc cos
Proof:
Let side AC of triangle ABC along the positive direction of x  axis with vertex A at
origin, then BAC will be in the standard position.
Since AB  c and mBAC  
 Coordinates of B are (c cos , c sin  )
Since AC  b and point C is on the x  axis,
 Coordinates of C is  b,0 
By Distance formula
BC  (c cos   b)2  (c sin   o)2
Squaring on both sides
BC  (c cos  b)2  (c sin   o)2
2

BC  c 2 cos2   b2  2bc cos   c 2 sin 2 

2

BC  c 2 (cos2   sin 2  )  b2  2bc cos 

2

BC  c 2  b2  2bc cos  cos2   sin 2   1

2

a2  b2  c2  2bc cos  BC  a
Hence proved
(ii) b2  a 2  c2  2ac cos 
Proof:
Let side BC of triangle ABC be along the positive direction of the x  axis with vertex
B at origin than ABC will be in the standard position.
Since BA  c and mABC  

825
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

 Coordinates of A are (c cos  , c sin  )

Also BC  b and point C is on the
x  axis
 Coordinates of C is  a,0 
By distance formula
AC  (c cos   a)2  (c sin   0)2
Squaring on both sides
AC  (c cos   a)2  (c sin   0)2
2

AC  c 2 cos2   a 2  2ac cos   c 2 sin 2 

2

AC  c 2 (cos2   sin 2  )  a 2  2ac cos 

2

AC  c 2  a 2  2ac cos  cos2   sin 2   1

2

b2  a 2  c2  2ac cos  AC  b
Hence proved
(iii) c  a  b  2ab cos 
2 2 2

Proof:
Let side CB of triangle ABC be along the
positive
direction of the x-axis with vertex C at the
origin then
ACB will be in the standard position.
Since CA  b and mACB  
 Coordinates of A are (b cos  , b sin  )
Also CB  a and point B is on the x-axis
 Coordinates of B are  a,0 
By distance formula
AB  (b cos   a)2  (b sin   0)2
Squaring both sides
AB  (b cos   a)2  (b sin   0)2
2

AB  b2 cos2   a 2  2ab cos   b2 sin 2 

2

826
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

AB  b2 (cos2   sin 2  )  a 2  2ab cos 

2

AB  b2  a 2  2ab cos  cos2   sin 2   1

2

c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos  AB  c
Hence proved
Laws (i), (ii) and (iii) can also be written as
b2  c 2  a 2
cos  
2bc
c  a 2  b2
2
cos  
2ca
a  b2  c 2
2
cos  
2ab
Note:
If ABC is right, then
Law of cosine reduces to Pythagoras Theorem
If   90 then a2  b2  c2
If   90 then b2  a 2  c2
If   90 then c2  a 2  b2
The Law of Sines
In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, prove that:
a b c
 
sin  sin  sin 
Proof:
Let side AC of triangle ABC be along the positive
direction of the x  axis with vertex A at origin,
then BAC will be in the standard position.
Since AB  c and mBAC  
 coordinates of the point B are (c cos , c sin  )
If the origin A is shifted to C, then BCX will be in the
standard position Since BC  a and mBCX  180  
Therefore the coordinates of B are  a cos(180   ), a sin(180   ) 
In both the cases, the y-coordinate of B remains the same.
a sin(180   )  c sin 
a sin   c sin 
827
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

a c
  (i)
sin  sin 
In a similar way, with side AB along positive x  axis , we can prove that
a b
  (ii)
sin  sin 
From (i) and (ii), we have
a b b
 
sin  sin  sin 
Hence proved
The Law of Tangents
In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, Prove that:
   
tan  
a b  2 
(i) 
ab    
tan  
 2 
   
tan  
bc  2 
(ii) 
bc    
tan  
 2 
  
tan  
ca  2 
(iii) 
ca   
tan  
 2 
Proof: (i)
By law of sine, we have
a b

sin  sin 
a sin 
 
b sin 
By componendo and dividendo property, we have
a  b sin  sin

a  b sin  sin
       

2cos   sin  
  2   2 
       
 
2sin  cos  
 2   2 
828
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

       
Divide up and down by cos   cos   we have
 2   2 
       
cos   sin  
  2   2 
      
cos   cos  
 2   2 
      
sin   cos  
  2   2 
      
cos   cos  
 2   2 
   
sin  
 2 
       
cos   tan  
  2   2 
       
sin   tan  
 2   2 
   
cos  
 2 
   
tan  
a b  2 

ab    
tan  
 2 
Hence proved
Similarly We can prove that:
      
tan   tan  
bc  2  ca  2 
 and 
bc     ca   
tan   tan  
 2   2 
Half Angle Formulas:-
(a) The sine of half the angle in terms of the sides.
In any triangle ABC, we have
 ( s  b)( s  c)
(i) sin 
2 bc
 ( s  c)( s  a)
(ii) sin  where 2s  a  b  c
2 ca

829
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

 ( s  a)( s  b)
(iii) sin 
2 ab
Proof: (i)
We know that

2sin 2  1  cos  (i)
2
 b2  c 2  a 2 b2  c 2  a 2
2sin 2  1 cos  
2 2bc 2bc
2bc  (b2  c 2  a 2 )

2bc
2bc  b 2  c 2  a 2

2bc
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc

2bc
a 2  (b2  c 2  2bc)

2bc
a 2  (b  c)2

2bc


 a  (b  c) a  (b  c)
2bc
(a  b  c)(a  b  c)

2bc


 a  c  b  (a  b c) (ii)
2bc
2s  a  b  c
(2s  b  b)(2s  c  c)
  a  c  2s  b
2bc
and a  b  2s  c
(2s  2b)(2s  2c)

2bc
 (2s  2b)(2s  2c)
2sin 2 
2 2bc
 2( s  b)( s  c)
sin 2 
2 2bc
 ( s  b)( s  c)
sin 2 
2 bc

830
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

 ( s  b)( s  c)
 sin   is the measure of an angle of ABC ,
2 bc
 
 90  sin  ve
2 2
Hence proved
 ( s  a)( s  c)  ( s  a)( s  b)
In Similar way, we can prove that: sin  and sin 
2 ac 2 ab
(b) The Cosine of Half the Angle in Term of the Sides.
In any triangle ABC, with usual notation, Prove that:
 s( s  a)
(i) cos 
2 bc
 s ( s  b)
(ii) cos 
2 ac
 s ( s  c)
(iii) cos  where 2s  a  b  c
2 ab
Proof: (i)
We know that

2cos 2  1  cos (i)
2
b2  c 2  a 2 b2  c 2  a 2
 1 cos  
2bc 2bc

2bc  b 2  c 2  a 2

2bc
(b  c)2  a 2

2bc
(b  c  a)(b  c  a)

2bc
(b  c  a)(a  b  c)
 (ii)
2bc
 (2s  a  a)(2s)
2cos 2  2s  a  b  c
2 2bc
 (2s  2a).2s
cos 2   b  c  2s  a
2 2.2bc

831
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

2.2.s( s  a)

2.2 bc
 s( s  a)
cos 2 
2 bc
 s(s  a)
 cos   is the measure of an angle of ABC
2 bc
 
Hence proved   90  cos  ve
2 2
In Similar way, we can prove that:
 s ( s  b)  s ( s  c)
cos  and cos 
2 ac 2 ab
(c) The Tangent of Half the Angle in Terms of the Sides.
In any triangle ABC , with usual notation, Prove that:
 ( s  b)( s  c)
(i) tan 
2 s( s  a)

 ( s  a)( s  c)
(ii) tan  Where 2s  a  b  c
2 s ( s  b)

 ( s  a)( s  b)
(iii) tan 
2 s ( s  c)
Proof: (i)
We know that
 ( s  b)( s  c)
sin     (i)
2 bc
 s( s  a)
cos     (ii)
2 bc
Divide (i) by (ii)
 ( s  b)( s  c)
sin
 2  bc
tan 
2  s(s  a)
cos
2 bc


 s  b  s  c   bc
bc s s  a

832
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry


 s  b  s  c   bc
bc s s  a

 ( s  b)( s  c)
 tan 
2 s( s  a)
Hence proved
In similar way, We can prove that:
 ( s  a)( s  c)  ( s  a)( s  b)
tan  and tan 
2 s ( s  b) 2 s ( s  c)
Solution of Oblique Triangles
We can solve an oblique triangle if
(i) One side and two angles are known, Or
(ii) Two sides and their included angle are known Or
(iii) Three sides are known.
Case Given Use
One side and Two angles Law of sines
1.
are given
Two sides and their (i) First law of cosine and then law of sines,
2.
included angle are given or (ii) First law of tangents and then law of sines.
Three sides are given (i) Law of cosine
3.
or (ii) the half angles formulas

833
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.4
Solve the triangle ABC, if 3 1 2
 6 
Q.1   60 ,   15 , b  6 2 2 3
Solution: c  3 1
      180
Q.2   52 ,   8935 , a  89.35
  180   
Solution:
  180  60  15
      180
  105   180    
By law of sines, we have   180  52  8935
a b
   3825
sin  sin 
By Law of sines, we have
sin 
 a b b a
sin  
sin  sin 
6 sin105
a  sin 
sin 60 ba
sin 
 3 1 89.35  sin 52
6  b
 2 2  sin 3825

 3 b  113.31
 
 2 
Again
3 1 2 c a
 6  
2 2 3 sin  sin 
a  3 1 sin 
ca
sin 
Again
89.35  sin 8935
c b c
 sin 3825
sin  sin 
sin  c  143.79
c b
sin  Q.3 b  125 ,   53 ,   47
6. sin15 Solution:
c
sin 60       180
 3 1 
6    180    
  2 2    180  53  47
 3
    80
 2 
834
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

By law of sines, We have Again

c b b c
 
sin  sin  sin  sin 
sin  sin 
c b bc
sin  sin 
125  sin 53 16.1 sin 6243
c b
sin 80 sin 7432
c  92.82 b  14.84
Again Q.5 a  53 ,   8836 ,   3154
a b Solution:

sin  sin        180
sin    180    
a b
sin    180  8836  3154
125  sin 47
a   5930
sin 80
By law of sines, we have
a  101.36
b a
Q.4 c  16.1,   4245 ,   7432 
sin  sin 
Solution: sin 
      180 ba
sin 
 180     53  sin 8836
b
  180  4245  7432 sin 5930
  6243 b  61.49
By law of sines, we have Again
a c c a
 
sin  sin  sin  sin 
sin  sin 
a c ca
sin  sin 
16.1  sin 4245 53  sin 3154
a  c
sin 7432 sin 5930
a  11.33 c  32.50

835
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.5
Q.1 b  95, c  34 and   52 By using sine law,
Solution: a b

By cosine law, sin  sin 
a 2  b2  c2  2bc cos  b sin 
sin  
a
a 2  952  342  2  95 34  cos52
12.5  sin  3820 
a2  6203.8 sin  
15.3
a 2  6203.8 sin   0.506
a  78.76   sin 1  0.506 
By using sine law,   3026
a b
 Q       180
sin  sin 
  180    
b sin 
sin    180  3820  3026
a
95  sin 52   11114
sin  
78.76
Q.3 a  3  1 , b  3  1 ,   60
sin   0.95
Solution:
  sin 1  0.95 By cosine law,
  7153 c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos 
Q       180
      
2 2
c2  3 1  3 1  2 3 1 3  1 cos60
  180    
Q  a  b    a  b   2  a 2  b2 
2 2

 180  52  71 53

 c2  2   3  1   2   3  1  .
1
2 2 2 2

  567     2

Q.2 b  12.5 , c  23 ,   3820 c 2  2  3  1  2  3  1

1
Solution: 2
By cosine law, c2  2  4  2
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos  c2  6
a 2  12.5   23  2 12.5 23 cos  38 20
2 2
c2  6
a2  243.21 c 6
a  243.21
2
By using sine law,
a  15.3

836
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

a c 3  sin  3620 
 sin  
sin  sin  3.99
a sin  sin   0.445
sin  
c   sin 1  0.445

sin  
 
3  1 sin 60
  26 27
6
Q       180


 3 1  3   180    
3 22   180  2627  3620
3 1   11713
sin  
2 2
Q.5 a7 b  3   3813
 3 1 
  sin 1   Solution:
 2 2  By cosine law,
  15 c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos 
Q       180 c2  72  32  2  7  3 cos  3813
  180    
c 2  25
 180 15  60
c 2  25
  105
c5
Q.4 a  3, c  6,   36 20
By using sine law,
Solution: b c
By cosine law, 
sin  sin 
b2  a 2  c2  2ac cos  b sin 
sin  
b  3  6  2  3 6  cos3620
2 2 2
c

b2  9  36  36  0.805 3  sin  3813 

sin  
5
b2  15.99
sin   0.371
b2  15.99   sin 1  0.371
b  3.99
  2147
By using sine law,
Q       180
a b
   180    
sin  sin 
a sin    180  2147  3813
sin  
b   120
837
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.6 Solve the following triangles, using     2046

first law of tangents and then law 2  11445
of sines:   5722
a  36.21 , b  42.09 ,   4429
Putting in equation (i)
Solution:     13531
Here b    
5722    13531
Q       180
  13531  5722
    180  
  789
    180  4429
To find c, We use law of sines
    13531 (i)
a c
  
  6745 sin  sin 
2
sin 
By law of tangents ca
sin 
   
tan   36.21 sin 4429
 2  ba c
sin 5722
    b  a
tan  
 2  c  30.12

    b  a     Q.7 a  93 , c  101 ,   80

 tan   tan  
 2  ba  2  Solution:
So Here ca   
     42.09  36.21 Q       180
tan   tan 6745
 2  42.09  36.21     180  


5.88 .
 2 444
    180  80
78.3     100 (i)
     
tan    0.1836   50
 2  2
 
 tan 1  0.1836  By law of tangents of
2
  
  tan  
 1023  2  ca

2    c  a
tan  
    2046  2 
    2046 (ii)     c  a    
 tan   tan  
Adding equation (i) and equation (ii)  2  ca  2 
    13531

838
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

     101  93 Q.8 b  14.8 , c  16.1 ,   4245

So, tan   tan 50
 2  101  93 Solution:
8 Here cb   
 1.1915
194 Q       180
        180  
tan    0.049
 2      180  4245
 
 tan 1  0.049      13715 (i)
2
 
    6837
 249 2
2
By law of tangent
    537
  
    537 (ii) tan   c b
 2 
Adding equation (i) and equation (ii)    cb
tan  
    100  2 
    537    c b   
 tan   tan  
 2  cb  2 
So,
2  9423
   16.1  14.8
  4711 tan   tan 6837
 2  16.1  14.8
Putting in equation (i)
1.3
    100   2.554
30.9
4711    100   
  100  4711
tan    0.107
 2 
  5249  
 tan 1  0.107 
2
To find
 
a b  68
 2
sin  sin 
    1216
93 b
     1216 (ii)
sin 4711 sin 80
93  sin 80 Adding equation (i) and equation (ii)
b     13715
sin 4711
124.8  b     1216
b  124.8 2  12459
  6229

839
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Putting in equation (i)    

    13725
tan    0.2156
 2 
6229    13725  
 tan 1  0.2156 
  13725  6229 2
 
  7456 1210
2
To find a, We use law of sines,     2420 (ii)
a b
 Adding equation (i) and equation (ii)
sin  sin 
    6938
sin 
a b     2420
sin 
2  9358
14.8  sin 4245
a 9358
sin 6229 
2
a  11.3
  4659
Q.9 a  319 , b  168 ,   11022
Putting in equation (i)
Solution:     6938
Here ab  
4659    6938
Q       18
  6938  4659
    180  
  2239
    180 11022
To find c, We use law of sines,
    6938 (i)
b c
  
  3449 sin  sin 
2
sin 
By law of tangent cb
sin 
   
tan 
 2
 a b
 168  sin 11022 
c
    ab sin  2239 
tan  
 2  c  408.97
    a b     b  61, c  32 ,   5930
 tan   tan   Q.10
 2  ab  2 
Solution:
So,
Here bc  
    319  168
tan   tan 3449 Q       18
 2  319  168
    180  
151
  0.695     180  5930
487
840
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

    12030 (i) a b

  sin  sin 
  6015
2 sin 
ab
By law of tangent sin 
    61 sin 5930
tan   bc a
 2  sin 8851
    bc a  52.56
tan  
 2 
Q.11 Measures of two sides of a triangle
    bc    
 tan   tan   are in the ratio 3:2 and they
 2  bc  2  include an angle of measure 57°.
So, Find the remaining two angles.
     61  32
tan   tan 6015 Solution:
 2  61  32 Consider a triangle ABC with usual
29 notations. Such that
 1.7496
93 a : b  3: 2 and   57
    Q       180
tan    0.5456
 2      180  
 
 tan 1  0.5456      180  57
2
    123 (i)
 
 2836  
2   6130
    5713 (ii) 2
Also given
By adding equation (i) and equation (ii)
a : b  3: 2
    12030
a 3
    5713 
b 2
By Componendo-Dividendo theorem
2  17743
a b 3 2

  8851 a b 3 2
a b 1
Putting in equation (i)  (ii)
ab 5
    12030
By law of tangent
8851    12030
   
  12030  8851 tan   a b
 2 
  3139     ab
tan  
To find a, use law of sines,  2 

841
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

    a b     Q.12 Two forces of 40N and 30N are

 tan   tan   uuur uuur
 2  ab  2  represented by AB and BC which
    1 are inclined at an angle of 14725 .
So, tan    tan 6130
 2  5 uuur
Find AC , the resultant of
1 uuur uuur
 1.8418
5 AB and BC .

    Solution:
tan    0.3684
 2  Consider a triangle ABC with usual
  notation
  tan 1  0.3684 
2
 
 2013
2
    4026 (iii)
Adding equation (i) and equation (iii)
    123 Here a  30 N , c  40 N ,
    4026   14725
2 16326 To find b
  8143 By cosine law
Putting in equation (i) b2  c2  a 2  2ca cos 
    123
b2  402  302  2  40  30  cos 14725
8143    123 b2  1600  900  2400cos 14725
  123  8143
b2  4522.26
  4117
b2  4522.26

b  67.24

842
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.6
Q.1 a  7, b  7 , c 9 402  662  322
 cos  
Solution: 2  40  66
We know that 4932
cos  
b2  c 2  a 2 5280
cos  
2bc 411
cos  
7 2  92  7 2 440
 cos  
2  7  9    cos 1 
 411 

81  440 
cos  
2 79   2055
9 Again by cosine law
cos  
14 a 2  c 2  b2
cos  
9 2ac
  cos 1  
 14  322  662  402
cos  
  50 2  32  66
Again by cosine law 3780
cos  
4224
a 2  c 2  b2
cos   315
2ac cos  
352
7 2  92  7 2
  315 
2 79   cos 1  
81  352 
cos  
2 79   2630
9 Q       180
  cos1  
 14    180  2055  2630
  50   13235
Q       180
Q.3 a  28.3 , b  31.7 , c  42.8
  180  50  50 Solution:
  80 We know that

a  32 , b  40 , c  66 b2  c 2  a 2
Q.2 cos  
Solution: 2bc
 31.7    42.8   28.3
2 2 2
We know that
 cos  
b2  c 2  a 2 2  31.7  42.8
cos  
2bc 2035.84
cos  
2713.52
843
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

cos   0.75 2566.7532

cos  
  cos1  0.75 3592.578
cos   0.714
  4123
  cos1  0.714 
Again by cosine law
a 2  c 2  b2   4424
cos  
2ac Q       180
 28.3   42.8   31.7 
2 2 2
  180  3339  4424
cos  
2  28.3  42.8
  10157
1627.84
cos   Q.5 a  4584 , b  5140 , c  3624
2422.48
cos   0.672 Solution:
We know that
  cos1  0.672 
b2  c 2  a 2
  4746 cos  
2bc
Q       180  5140    3624    4584 
2 2 2

 cos  
  180  4123  4746 2  5140  3624
  9051 cos  
18539920
37254720
Q.4 a  31.9 , b  56.31 , c  40.27
cos   0.497
Solution:
  cos1  0.497 
We know that
b2  c 2  a 2   609
cos  
2bc Again by cosine law

 56.31   40.27    31.9 

2 2 2
a 2  c 2  b2
 cos   cos  
2  56031 2074 2ac
cos   0.832  4584    3624    5140 
2 2 2

cos  
  cos1  0.832 2  4584  3624 

  3339 7726832
cos  
33224832
Again by cosine law cos   0.232
a 2  b2  c 2   cos1  0.232 
cos  
2ab
  7633
 31.9    56.31   40.27 
2 2 2

cos   Q       180
2  31.9  56.31   180  609  7633
  4318
844
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.6 Find the smallest angle of the Q.7 Find the measure of the greatest
triangle ABC, When angle, if sides of the triangle are
a  37.37 , b  3.24 , c  35.06 16,20,33.
Solution: Solution:
As b  3.24 is the smallest side of As c  33 is the longest side, then
the triangle, then  the opposite angle  opposite to side c is the
angle of side b is the smallest angle greatest angle.
of the triangle. By cosine law
By cosine law a 2  b2  c 2
cos  
a 2  c 2  b2 2ab
cos  
2ac 16    20    33
2 2 2


 37.34    35.06    3.24  2 16  20 
2 2 2

cos  
2  37.34  35.06 256  400  1089
2612.9816 
cos   640
2618.2808
433
cos   0.997 
640
  cos1  0.997  cos    0.6766
  338   cos1 (0.6766)
  13234

Q.8 The sides of a triangle are x2  x  1, 2 x  1 and x 2  1 . Prove that the greatest angle of
the triangle is 120 .
Solution:
Suppose: a  x2  x  1, b  2 x  1, c  x2 1
Clearly a is the greatest side, then the angle ' ' opposite to the side 'a' is greatest.
b2  c 2  a 2
cos  
2bc
 2 x  1   x 2  1   x 2  x  1
2 2 2


2  2 x  1  x 2  1
4 x 2  1  4 x  x 4  1  2 x 2   x 4  x 2  1  2 x3  2 x 2  2 x 

2  2 x3  2 x  x 2  1
x 4  2 x 2  4 x  2   x 4  2 x3  3x 2  2 x  1

2  2 x3  2 x  x 2  1
845
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

2 x3  x 2  2 x  1

2  2 x3  x 2  2 x  1

  2 x3  x 2  2 x  1

2  2 x3  x 2  2 x  1

1
cos   
2
 1
  cos 1   
2  
  120
  120
Q.9 The measures of side of a 265398
cos  
triangular plot are 413,214 and 309750
375 meters. Find the measures of cos   0.856
the corner angles of the plot.   cos1  0.856 
Solution:   312
Suppose: a  413 , b  214 , c  375 Q       180
By cosine law 8419  312    180
  180  8419  3121
b2  c 2  a 2
cos     6439
2bc
Q.10 Three villages A,B and C are
 214    375   413
2 2 2

cos   connected by straight roads 6km,

2  214  375  9km and 13km. What angle these
roads make with each other?
15852
cos   Solution:
160500 Consider the three villages A,B and
cos   0.098 C are the vertices of a triangle ABC
with road as the sides of triangle.
  cos1  0.098 A

  8419 
Again by cosine law b
c
a c b
2 2 2
cos  
2ac
 
 413   375   214 
2 2 2
B a
cos   C
2  413 375  Suppose a  6km , b  9km ,
c  13km

846
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

By cosine law 62  132  92

cos  
b2  c 2  a 2 2  6 13
cos  
2bc 124

9  13  6
2 2 2 156

2  9 13 cos  
31
81  169  36 39

2  9 13  31 
  cos 1  
214  39 

234   3721
107
cos   As       180
117
  180    
 107 
  cos  1

 117 
  180  2351  3721
  2351
Again by cosine law   11848

a 2  c 2  b2
cos  
2ac

Area of Triangle
Case-I:
Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of Two Sides and Their Included Angle.
With usual notations, Prove that:
1 1 1
Area of triangle ABC  bc sin   ca sin   ab sin 
2 2 2
Proof :
Consider three different kinds of triangles ABC with mC   as
(i) Acute (ii) Obtuse (iii) Right
From A , draw AD  BC or BC produced.

847
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

AD
In figure (i),  sin 
AC
AD
In figure (ii),  sin(180o   )  sin 
AC
AD
In figure (iii),  1  sin 90o  sin 
AC
In all the three cases, we have
AD  ACsin   bsin  AC  b
Let  denote the area of triangle ABC
By elementary geometry, we know that
1
 (base)(altitude)
2
1
 (BC)(AD)
2
1
 ab sin 
2
Similarly We can prove that:
1 1
 bc sin   ca sin 
2 2
Case-II:
Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of One Side and Two Angles.
In a triangle ABC , with usual notations, we have
a 2 sin  sin  b2 sin  sin  c 2 sin  sin 
Area of triangle   
2sin  2sin  2sin 
Proof:
By the law of sin es , we know that:
a b c
 
sin  sin  sin 
b a a sin 
  b (i)
sin  sin  sin 
c a a sin 
and  c (ii)
sin  sin  sin 
Also we know that area of triangle is
1
 bcsin  (iii)
2
Putting values from (i) and (ii) in (iii), we get
848
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

1  a sin    a sin  
    sin 
2  sin    sin  
a 2 sin  sin 

2sin 
Hence proved
Case-III:
Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of its Sides.
In a triangle ABC , with usual notation, prove that:
Area of triangle  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
Proof:
We know that area of triangle ABC is
1
 bc sin  (i)
2
1    
 bc . 2 sin cos sin   2sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
 
  bc sin cos (ii)
2 2
(s  b)(s  c) s(s  a)
  bc (by half angle formulas)
bc bc
(s  b)(s  c)s(s  a)
  bc
(bc)2

s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)

  bc
(bc) 2
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
  bc
bc
  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
Which is also called Hero’s formula
Case
Given Area of Triangle
No.
1 Two sides and one angle is 1 1 1
given  bc sin   ca sin   ab sin 
2 2 2
2 One side and two angles are a sin  sin  b sin  sin  c 2 sin  sin 
2 2

given   
2sin  2sin  2sin 
3 Three sides are given   s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)

849
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.7
Q.1 Find the area of triangle ABC, b 2 sin  sin 

given two sides and their included 2sin 
angle:
 25.4  sin  4517  sin  3641 
2

(i) a  200 , b  120 ,   150 

2sin  982 
Solution: We know that
 138.29 sq.units
1
 ABC  ab sin 
2 (ii) c  32 ,   4724 ,   7016
1
  200 120sin150 Solution: Q       180
2   180    
1
 100 120    180  4724  7016  6220
2
We know that area of triangle ABC is
 6000 sq.units
c 2 sin  sin 
b  37 , c  45 ,   3050 
(ii) 2sin 
Solution: We know that
 32  sin  4724  sin  7016 
2

1 
 ABC  bc sin  2sin  6220 
2
1  400.54 sq.units
  37  45  sin 3050
2 (iii) a  4.8 ,   8342 ,   3712
 426.69 sq.units Solution: Q       180
(iii) a  4.33 , b  9.25 , 8342    3712  180
  5644   180  8342  3712
Solution: We know that   596
1
 ABC  absin  a 2 sin  sin 
2 
2sin 
1
  4.33  9.25sin 5644  4.8
2
sin  596  sin  3712 
2 
2sin  8342 
 16.74 sq.units
 6.01 sq.units
Q.2 Find the area of the triangle ABC,
given one side and two angles: Q.3 Find the area of the triangle ABC,
(i) b  25.4 ,   3641 ,   4517 given three sides:
Solution: Q       180 (i) a  18 , b  24 , c  30
  180  4517  3641  982 abc
Solution: s 
2
We know that area of triangle ABC is

850
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

18  24  30 32.65  42.81  64.92

s 
2 2
72 140.38
s 
2 2
s  36 s  70.19
Now s  a  36  18  18 Now s  a  70.19  32.65  37.54
s  b  36  24  12 s  b  70.19  42.81  27.38
s  c  36  30  6 s  c  70.19  64.92  5.27
Area of triangle: Area of triangle:
  s  s  a  s  b  s  c    s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

 36 18 12  6  70.19  37.54  27.38  5.27

 46656  616.604 sq.units
 216 sq.units Q.4 The area of triangle is 2437. if
(ii) a  524 , b  276 , c  315 a  79, and c  97, then find
abc angle  .
Solution: s
2 Solution: Area of triangle:   2437
524  276  315 a  79 , c  97,   ?
s
2 1
Area of triangle:   ac sin 
1115 2
s
2 1
s  557.5 2437   79  97sin 
2
Now s  a  557.5  524  33.5 2437  2
 sin 
s  b  557.5  276  281.5 79  97
s  c  557.5  315  242.5 0.636  sin 
sin 1  0.636   
Area of triangle:
  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
3929  
 557.5  33.5  281.5  242.5   3929
 35705.89sq.units Q.5 The area of triangle is 121.34. if
(iii) a  32.65 , b  42.81 ,   3215,   6537 , the find c
c  64.92 and angle  .
abc Solution:   3215 ,   6537 , c  ?
Solution: s
2
 ?
Area of triangle:   121.34
851
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q       180 121.34  2sin  828 

 c2
  180  3215  6537  828 sin  3215  sin  6537 
Area of triangle: 494.62  c2
c 2 sin  sin  c 2  494.62

2sin 
c  22.24
sin  3215  sin  6537 
121.34  c 2
2sin 828 

Q.6 One side of a triangular garden is 30m. if its two corner angles are 22 1 and
2

112 1 , find the cost of planting the grass at the rate of Rs.5 per square meter.
2
Solution:
Consider a triangular garden ABC with usual notation.

Suppose: a  30m ,   112 1 ,   22 1

2 2
Q       180
  180    
  180 112.5  22.5
  45
a 2 sin  sin 
Area of Garden:  
2sin 
302 sin 112.5  sin  22.5 

2sin  45 

Area of Garden  225 sq.meter

Cost of planting the grass at 1 sq.meter  Rs.5
Cost of planting the grass at 225 sq.meter  Rs. 225  5  Rs.1125

852
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Circles Connected with Triangle

Following three kinds of circles related to a triangle
(i) Circum-circle (ii) In-circle (iii) Ex-circle
(i) Circum-Circle:
The circle passing through the three vertices of a triangle is called a circum-circle.
Circum-centre:
The centre of the circum-circle is called circum- centre,which is the
point of intersection of the right bisectors of the sides of the triangle. In
the figure, point O is called circum-centre.
Circum-radius:
The radius of the circum-circle is called the circum-radius and it is denoted by R
Theorem:
With usual notations, prove that
a b c
R  
2sin  2sin  2sin 
Proof:

Fig (i) Fig(ii) Fig(iii)

 BAC is acute   BAC is obtuse   BAC is right 
Consider three different kinds of triangle ABC with mA  
(i) acute (ii) obtuse (iii) right
Let O be the circum-centre of ABC . Join B to O and produce BO to meet the circle
again at D. Join C to D.
From figure mBD  2R (diameter of the circle)
and m BC  a
Case-I:
In fig. (i) As angles in the same segment are equal, so
m BDC  m A  
In right triangle BCD ,
mBC
 sin mBDC  sin 
mBD

853
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Case-II:
In fig. (ii) As sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180o , so
mBDC  mA  180o
m BDC    180o

 mBDC  180o  
In right triangle BCD
mBC
 sin mBDC  sin(180o  )  sin 
mBD
Case-III:
In fig. (iii), As angle inscribed in a semi-circle is always a right angle, so
mA    90o
mBC
  1  sin 90o  sin α
mBD
In all the above three cases, we have proved that
mBC
 sin 
mBD
a
2R
 sin   mBC  a, mBD  2R 
 a  2R sin 
a
R
2sin 
b c
Similarly, we can prove that R  and R 
2sin  2sin 
a b c
Hence R   
2sin  2sin  2sin 
Deductions of Law of Sines:
a b c
We know that R   
2sin  2sin  2sin 
a b c
   2R
sin  sin  sin 

854
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

abc
Prove that R 
4
Proof:
a
We know that R 
2sin 
a  
R sin   2sin cos
  2 2
2.2sin cos
2 2
a
 By half angle formulas
( s  b)( s  c) s( s  a)
4
bc bc
a

( s  b)( s  c) . s(s a)
4
(bc)2
a

s( s  a)( s  b)( s  c)
4
bc
abc
 R
4 s( s  a)( s  b)( s  c)

R
abc
4
   s(s  a)(s  b)( s  c) 
Hence proved
(ii) In-Circle:
The circle drawn inside a triangle touching its three sides is called
in-circle or inscribed circle

In-Centre:
The centre of an inscribed circle is called in-centre, which is the point of intersection of
the bisectors of angles of the triangle. In the above figure, point O is called in-centre.
In-Radius:
The radius of the inscribed circle is called in-radius and it is denoted by “r”

855
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Theorem:

In any triangle ABC , with usual notations r 
S
Proof:
Let the internal bisectors of angles of triangle ABC meet at O, the in-centre.

Draw OD  BC, OE  AC and OF  AB

Let mOD  mOE  mOF  r
From the figure,
Area of ABC  Area of OBC  Area of OCA  Area of OAB
1 1 1
  BC  OD  CA  OE  AB  DF
2 2 2
1 1 1
 ar  br  cr
2 2 2
1
 r (a  b  c )
2
1
 r ( 2 s) 2 s  ( a  b  c)
2
  rs

r
s

r
s
(iii) Escribed Circle:
A circle, which touches one side of the triangle externally and the other two produced
sides internally, is called an escribed circle, or ex-circle or e-circle.
Ex-Centre:
The centre of the escribed circle are called ex-centre which are the points where the
internal bisector of one and the external bisectors of the other two angles of the triangle
meet.
856
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Note:
In ABC
(i) Centre of the ex-circle opposite to the vertex A is usually taken as I1 and its radius is
denoted by r1
(ii) Centre of the ex-circle opposite to the vertex B is usually taken as I 2 and its radius is
denoted by r2
(iii) Centre of the ex-circle opposite to the vertex C is usually taken as I3 and its radius is
denoted by r3
Theorem:
With usual notations, prove that
  
(i) r1  (ii) r2  (iii) r3 
sa s b s c
Proof:
Let I1 be the centre of the escribed circle opposite to the vertex A of ABC .
From I1 , draw I1D  BC, I1E  AC produced and I1F  AB
produced. Join I1 to A, B and C.
Let mI1D  mI1E  mI1F  r1
From the figure
Area of  ABC  Area of  I1 AB  Area of  I1 AC  Area of  I1BC
1 1 1
  AB  I1F  AC  I1E  BC  I1D
2 2 2
1 1 1
 cr1  br1  ar1
2 2 2
1
  r1 (c b  a)
2
1
  r1 (2s  a  a) 2s  a  b  c
2
2s  a  b  c
1 1
  r1 (2s  2a)  .r1 . 2 ( s  a)
2 2

 r1 
sa
Hence proved
Note:
In order to prove

(i) r2  , we take vertex B opposite to e-center I 2
s b

(ii) r3  we take vertex C opposite to e-center I 3
sc

857
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

EXERCISE 12.8
Q.1 Show that
  
(i) r  4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2
  
R.H .S  4 R sin .sin .sin
2 2 2

4
abc  s  b  s  c   s  a  s  c   s  a  s  b 
4 bc ac ab

 s  a  s  b  s  c
2 2 2
abc

 a 2b 2 c 2
abc  s  a  s  b  s  c 
 .
 abc
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

s
2

s


s
r
 L.H.S
  
(ii) s  4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
  
R.H .S  4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
abc s  s  a  s  s  b  s  s  c 
4
4 bc ac ab

abc s s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2


 a 2b 2 c 2
abc s

 abc
s
 L.H .S

858
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.2 Show that:

        
r  a sin sin sec  b sin sin sec  c sin sin sec
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  
First we show that r  a sin sin sec
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  a sin sin sec
2 2 2

a
 s  a  s  c   s  a  s  b  bc
ac ab s s  a

bc  s  a   s  b  s  c 
2

a
a 2bcs  s  a 

a
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
a 2 .s
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
a
a2 s2

a
as


s
r
 L.H .S
Now, we show that
  
r  b sin sin sec
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  b sin sin sec
2 2 2

b
 s  a  s  b   s  b  s  c   ac 
ab bc s  s  b

ac  s  a  s  b   s  c 
2

b
ab 2cs  s  b 

b
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
b2 s

859
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
b
b2 s 2

b
b.s


s
r
 R.H .S
Now, we prove that
  
r  c sin sin sec
2 2 2

  
R.H.S  c sin sin sec
2 2 2

c
 s  b  s  c   s  a  s  c  ab
bc ac s s  c

ab  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2

c
abc 2 s  s  c 

c
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
c 2 .s
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
c
c2 s2

c
c.s


s
r
 L.H .S
Q.3 Show that
  
(i) r1  4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2

4
abc  s  b  s  c  s  s  b s  s  c
4 bc ac ab
860
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

abc s  s  b   s  c 
2 2 2


 a 2b 2 c 2
abc s  s  b  s  c 
 .
 abc
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

 s  a

2

 s  a


sa
 r1
 L.H .S
  
(ii) r2  4 R cos sin cos
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  4 R cos sin cos
2 2 2
abc s  s  a   s  a  s  c  s s  c
4
4 bc ac ab

abc s  s  a   s  c 
2 2 2


 a 2b 2 c 2
abc s  s  a  s  c 

 abc
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

  s  b

2

  s  b


s b
 r2  L.H .S
  
(iii) r3  4 R cos cos sin
2 2 2
      
R.H .S  4 R cos   cos   sin  
2  2  2

861
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

abc s  s  a  s  s  b   s  a  s  b 
4
4 bc ac ab

abc s  s  a   s  b 
2 2 2


 a 2b 2 c 2
abc s  s  a  s  b 

 abc
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

  s  c

2

  s  c


sc
 r3
 L.H .S
Q.4 Show that 
(ii) r2  s tan
2

(i) r1  s tan  
2 R.H.S  s tan  
2
  s  a  s  c 
R.H.S  s tan s
2 s  s  b

s
 s  b  s  c  s 2  s  a  s  c 

s s  a s  s  b

s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
s 2  s  b  s  c  
  s  b
2

s s  a


s  s  a  s  b  s  c  s b

s  a
2  r2
 L.H .S


sa
 r1
 L.H .S

862
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

 s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
(iii) r3  s tan 
2
 s  c
2


R.H.S  s tan 
2 
sc
s
 s  a  s  b   r3
s  s  c
 L.H .S
s  s  a  s  b 
2


s  s  c

Q.5 Prove that:

(i) r1r2  r2 r3  r3r1  s 2
L.H.S  r1r2  r2 r3  r3r1
     
 .  .  .
s a s b s b s c s c s a
2 2 2
  
 s  a  s  b   s  b  s  c   s  c  s  a 
 1 1 1 
 2    
  s  a  s  b   s  b  s  c   s  c  s  a  
 s c  s a s b 
 2  
  s  a  s  b  s  c  
 3s  a  b  c 
 2  
  s  a  s  b  s  c  
 3s   a  b  c  
 2  
  s  a  s  b  s  c  
3s  2s
 2
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
s
 2
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
2s2

s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
s2
 2
2
 s2
 R.H .S

863
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

(ii) rr1 r2 r3  2 c
 2s 2  s  a  b  c   ab 


L.H.S  rr1 r2 r3
c
      2s 2  s  2s   ab 
 . . . 
s s a s b s c
c
4   2s 2  2s 2  ab 
 
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
c
 0  ab
4


2 abc

 2 
 R.H .S 4
abc
(iii) r1  r2  r3  r  4R 4
 4R
L.H.S  r1  r2  r3  r
 R.H .S
   
    (iv) r1r2 r3  rs 2
s a s b s c s
L.H.S  r1 r2 r3
 1 1 1 1
     
s a s b s c s   
 . .
s a s b s c
 s  b  s  a s   s  c 
    3
  s  a  s  b   s  c  s  
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
 2s  a  b s s c
    s 3
  s  a  s  b  s  s  c   
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
a b  c  a b c 
    
s 3
  s  a  s  b  s  s  c   2
 c c   s
   
  s  a  s  b  s  s  c   
s2
s
 1 1 
 c     s 2 .r
  s  a  s  b  s  s  c  
 R.H.S
 s  s  c    s  a  s  b   Q.6 Find R, r , r1 , r2 and r3 , if measure of
 c  
 s  s  a  s  b  s  c   the sides of triangle ABC are
 s  cs  s  as  bs  ab 
2 2
(i) a  13 , b  14 , c  15
 c  
 2  Solution:
Given: a  13 , b  14 , c  15

864
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

abc a  b  c 34  20  42
Q s Q s 
2 2 2
13  14  15 42 96
   21   48
2 2 2
s  a  21 13  8 s  a  48  34  14
s  b  21  14  7 s  b  48  20  28
s  c  21 15  6 s  c  48  42  6
  s  s  a  s  b  s  c    s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

  21 8  7  6  48 14  28  6
  7056  112896
  84   336
abc 13 14 15 abc 34  20  42
R  R 
4 4  84 4 4  336
2730 28560
  8.125   21.25
336 1344
 84  336
r  4 r  7
s 21 s 48
 84  336
r1    10.5 r1    24
sa 8 sa 14
 84  336
r2    12 r2    12
s b 7 s b 28
 84  336
r3    14 r3    56
s c 6 sc 6
(ii) a  34 , b  20 , c  42
Solution:
Given: a  34 , b  20 , c  42

Q.7 Prove that in an equilateral triangle

(i) r : R : r1  1 : 2 : 3 (ii) r : R : r1 : r2 : r3  1 : 2 : 3 : 3 : 3
Solution:
Let the length of each side of equilateral triangle is “a”.
a  b  c a  a  a 3a
s  
2 2 2
3a 3a  2a a
sa  a  
2 2 2
865
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

3a a
s b  a 
2 2
3a a
sc  a 
2 2
  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
3a a a a
 . . .
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2
 a  a
4 2
abc a.a.a a
R  
4 3 2 3
4 a
4
 2
3a 3a 3a 2 2 a
r     
s 4 2 4 3a 2 3
 3a 2 a 3a 2 2 3a
r1      
sa 4 2 4 a 2
 3a
r2  
s b 2
 3a
r3  
sc 2
a a 3a
(i) r : R : r1  : :
2 3 3 2
2 3
Multiplying by
a
a 2 3 a 2 3 3a 2 3
  :  : 
2 3 a 3 a 2 a
1 :2 : 3  R.H.S
(ii) r : R : r1 : r2 : r3  1: 2 : 3: 3: 3
L.H.S  r : R : r1 : r2 : r3
a a 3a 3a 3a
 : : : :
2 3 3 2 2 2
2 3
Multiplying by
a
a 2 3 a 2 3 3a 2 3 3a 2 3 3a 2 3
  :  :  :  : 
2 3 a 3 a 2 a 2 a 2 a
1 :2 :3 :3 : 3 =R.H.S

866
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.8 Prove that:

  
(i)   r 2 cot cot cot
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  r 2 cot cot cot
2 2 2
2 s s  a s  s  b s s  c
 2
s  s  b  s  c   s  a  s  c   s  a  s  b 
2 s3
 2
s s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

2 s4

s2 s  s  a  s  b  s  c 

2 s2

s2 

 L.H.S
  
(ii) r  s tan tan tan
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  s tan .tan .tan
2 2 2

s
 s  b  s  c   s  a  s  c   s  a  s  b 
s s  a s  s  b s s  c

s
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
s3
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
s
s4

 s.
s2


s
r
 L.H.S

867
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

  
(iii)   4 R r cos cos cos
2 2 2
  
R.H.S  4 R r cos cos cos
2 2 2
abc  s  s  a  s  s  b  s  s  c 
4
4 s bc ac ab

abc s .s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2


s a 2b 2 c 2
abc s.
 .
s abc

 L.H.S
Q.9 Show that
1 1 1 1
(i)   
2rR ab bc ca
1
L.H.S 
2rR
1

 abc
2. .
s 4
1 2s
 
abc abc
2s
abc

abc
a b c
  
abc abc abc
1 1 1
  
bc ac ab
1 1 1
  
ab bc ca
 R.H.S
1 1 1 1
(ii)   
r r1 r2 r3
1 1 1
R.H.S   
r1 r2 r3
868
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

s a s b s c
  
  
s a  s b s c


3s   a  b  c 


3s  2s


s


1

r
 L.H.S
Q.10 Prove that:
     
a sin sin b sin sin c sin sin
r 2 2 2 2 2 2
  
cos cos cos
2 2 2
Solution: First we prove.
 
a sin sin
r 2 2

cos
2
 
a sin sin
R.H .S  2 2

cos
2
  
 a sin sin sec
2 2 2

a
 s  a  s  c   s  a  s  b  bc
ac ab s s  a

a
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
s a2

s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
a
s2 a2

869
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry


a
s.a


s
r
 L.H .S
Now, we prove
 
b sin sin
r 2 2

cos
2
 
b sin sin
R.H .S  2 2

cos
2
  
 b sin sin sec
2 2 2

b
 s  b  s  c   s  a  s  b  ac
bc ab s  s  b

b
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
s b2
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
b
s 2 b2

 b.
sb


s
r
 L.H .S
Now we prove
 
c sin sin
r 2 2

cos
2
 
c sin sin
R.H.S  2 2

cos
2
  
 c sin sin sec
2 2 2

870
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

c
 s  b  s  c   s  a  s  c  ab
bc ac s  s  c

c
 s  a  s  b  s  c 
sc 2
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
c
s 2c 2

c
s.c


s
r
 L.H.S
Q.11 Prove that:
abc  sin   sin   sin    4s
L.H.S  abc  sin   sin   sin   (i)
a b c
R  
2sin  2sin  2sin 
a b c
sin   , sin   , sin  
2R 2R 2R
Equation (i) becomes
 a b c 
L.H.S  abc    
 2R 2R 2R 
 abc 
 abc  
 2R 
 2S 
 abc  
 2R 
s
 abc.
abc
4
s

1
4
 4S
 R.H.S

871
Chapter-12 Application of Trigonometry

Q.12 Prove that


(i)  r1  r2  tan c
2
Solution:

L.H.S   r1  r2  tan
2
    
   tan
s  a s b 2
 1 1  
    tan
s  a s b 2
 s b s a 
 
 s  a  s  b 

  s  a  s  b   s  s  c

   2s  a  b 
 s  a  s  b 
s  s  a  s  b  s  c
2 2

1
   a  b  c  a  b
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
1
 . c.

c
 R.H.S

(ii)  r3  r  cot c
2

L.H .S   r3  r  cot
2
    
   cot
s c s  2
 1 1 
    .cot
s c s 2
 s   s  c  s s  c
  
 s  s  c   s  a  s  b 
s  s  c
   s  s  c
s 2  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2

1
 c
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
1
 . c.

c
 R.H.S

872