MEERUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ghat Road, N.H. 58 (Partapur Bye-Pass Road), near Subharti Medical College,
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250002

Affiliated to
Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(BCE-251)

LAB MANUAL

FACULTY: MR.RAHUL KUMAR

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.no. Name of experiments Page No.

1. Introduction to Engineering Drawing 3

2. To study Orthographic Projections 6

3. To study Isometric Projections 7

4. To study Projection of Point 9

5. To study Projection of Line 10

 LAB EXPERIMENT-1

OBJECTIVE
Introduction to Engineering Drawing.

BRIEF DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION

What is an engineering drawing?
An engineering drawing is a subcategory of technical drawings that show the shape, structure, dimensions,
tolerances, accuracy and other requirements needed to manufacture a product or part. Engineering drawings are
also known as mechanical drawings, manufacturing blueprints and drawings. An engineering drawing helps to
define the requirements of an engineering part and conveys the design concept.
The Engineer distributes these drawings to a manufacturing department to produce the parts, to an assembly
department to put the parts together, then to any vendors, archives or other company departments. The drawings
can include an item or system's geometry, dimensions, tolerances, functions, finish, hardware and material.
Basic components of engineering drawing
Technical drawings may have different components depending on the industry, the
part and the purpose of the drawing.

Types of lines in engineering drawings

An engineering drawing has many different kinds of lines that indicate different concepts and design ideas.
Here’s a list of the types of lines you can find in an engineering drawing:
Continuous/drawing line
A solid line is the most common type of line and represents an object’s physical boundaries. These are the lines
used to draw objects. The line thickness can vary—thicker lines are used on the outside contour and thinner
lines are used on the inner contour.

Hidden line
Lines that are not visible in the current view are represented by dashes. They represent the edges where surfaces
meet but are not directly visible. Hidden lines tend to be omitted from drawings unless they are needed to make
the drawing clear.

Center line
Parts with holes and symmetrical features can be shown by using center lines. A center line indicates a circular
feature on a drawing and is characterized by its long-short-long alternating line pattern. They can be used to
represent:
1 Symmetry
2 Paths of motion
3 Centers of circles and the axes of symmetrical parts

Dimension and extension lines

1 Dimension and extension tines are thin lines used to indicate the sizes of features on a drawing.
2 Dimension lines show the orientation and extent of a specified length or size of an element. They end with
arrowheads that terminate at the extension lines.
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3 Extension lines are used to clarify the points at which a dimension begins and ends and extend toward the
element that is dimensioned.

Break line
Break lines show where an object is broken to save drawing space or reveal interior features. Break lines come
in two forms:
A freehand thick line
A long, ruled thin line with zigzags

Phantom line
Phantom lines are thin long-short-short-long lines used to show the travel or movement of an object or a part in
alternate positions. They can also be used to show adjacent objects or features

Section line
Section lines are used to show the cut surfaces of an object in section views. They are fine, dark lines and are
generally drawn at a 45° angle. The type of line can indicate various materials such as steel, copper and brass.

Cutting plane line

Cutting plane lines are heavy lines used in section drawings to show the locations of cutting planes. When using
a cutout view, the cutting plane lines show the path of the cutout.

Leader line
Leader lines are thin lines used to point to an area of a drawing requiring a note for explanation. They are
usually drawn at 45-degree angles.

Types of views in engineering drawings

Engineering drawings often utilize different types of views to contribute to the understanding of a design. Here
are various types of views used in engineering drawings.

Isometric view
Isometric drawings show parts as three-dimensional. Vertical lines stay vertical (compared to the front view)
and parallel lines are shown at an angle, usually 30 degrees. In an isometric drawing, the object appears as if it
is being viewed from above from one corner
The lines that are vertical and parallel are in their true length. This means you can use a ruler and the scaling of
the drawing to measure the length.

Orthographic view
An orthographic view represents a 3-D object using several two-dimensional views of the object. Standard
practice calls for three orthographic views, a front, top and side view. This kind of representation allows for
avoiding any kind of distortion of lengths.
Different areas of the world use different angle projections to show orthographic views. You can tell which
angle projection is used by the symbol shown on the drawing.

First-angle projection: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) calls for this kind of
projection.

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Third-angle projection:
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) calls for this kind of projection
And is the accepted method in the United States.

Section view
A section view looks provides a view of inside an object. Sections are used to clarify the interior construction of
a part that cannot be clearly described by hidden lines in exterior views. The cut material is indicated with
diagonal section lines.

Cutout view:
This view is similar to the section view. While the section view shows the cutting of the entire model, and the
cut-out view would be cutting only a smaller portion of the model. This view helps to reduce the number of
orthographic views in the drawing.

Detail view
Detailed views are scaled-up versions of orthographic views, which are essential in complex models with small
intricacies. They zoom into a selected section of a larger view.

Auxiliary view
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view for no horizontal or no vertical planes. It helps to present inclined
surfaces without distortion.

Dimensions
The text of dimensions can be placed inside or outside the extension lines or drawn at an angle if space is
limited. All dimensions and note text should be oriented to read from the bottom of the drawing. This is called
unidirectional dimensioning.

Information blocks
These are little boxes present at the bottom corner of the engineering drawing. The block includes part name
and number, author’s name, coating, quantity, scale and other information.
Title block: This is usually at the bottom right of the drawing and includes identifying information like the title,
number, part numbers, measurements, intellectual property notes and information about the agency that made
the drawing.
Revisions block: The revisions block is usually at the top right or with the title block and lists other versions of
the drawing.
Bill of materials block: This block is a list of material requirements for a given project. If a drawing requires
too many items to fit in a block, then the list of materials will be provided on separate sheet.
 DESIGNATION OF SHEETS:

Designation Trimmed Untrimmed Size

A1 594 x 841 625 x 880

A2 420 x 594 450 x 625
A3 297 x 420 330 x 450

A4 210 x 297 240 x 330

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 LAB EXPERIMENT-2
OBJECTIVE
To study Orthographic Projections

BRIEF DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION

Orthographic Projection is a method of producing dimensioned working drawings or blueprints of 3-D Objects
using a series of related 2-D views of the object to communicate the object's length, width and depth.

The views are produced by using the fundamental concept of Orthographic Projection - the location of the
Spectator (the viewer). The Spectator is always located at an infinite distance from the object and planes of
reference - this means that the lines of sight (projection lines) remain parallel and will project on to a Plane which
is perpendicular to the projection lines.

The primary views used are called the Elevation, Plan and End Elevation and are produced by projecting an image
of the object as viewed by a spectator standing at infinity on to the Planes of Reference which are then folded flat
to produce a 2-D drawing. Drawings can be used using one of two methods - First Angle Projection (Used in
Europe, Asia & Africa) or Third Angle Projection (Used in the USA). First Angle Projection invloves the
projection of the image of the object on to a Plane positioned behind the object while Third Angle projects the
image on to a plane located between the object and the spectator. The method of projection alters the layout of
the drawing as displayed in the image below. Drawings created using First Angle Projection will have the Plan
View located below the elevation and End Elevation positioned on the side opposite the viewing direction (i.e.
when viewing the left of the object the view is positioned on the right of the Elevation) while the opposite is the
case for Third Angle Projection.
Conventions of Orthographic Projection
There are a number of rules and conventions which must be adhered to when producing Orthographic
Drawings:
 Heights of objects will remain the same between Elevations including End Elevations and Auxiliary
Elevations.
 Widths of Objects will remain the same between the main Elevation, Plan and Auxiliary Plans.
 Lines & Sufaces parallel to the Vertical Plane will appear as true lengths/shapes in the Elevation.
 Lines & Sufaces parallel to the Horizontal Plane will appear as true lengths/shapes in the Plan.
 45° Lines or Arcs should be used to transfer widths between the plan and End Elevation.
 Construction lines should be drawn lightly using a H Pencil.
 Finished lines should be drawn heavily using a B Pencil.

Fig: Orthographic Projections

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 LAB EXPERIMENT-3

OBJECTIVE
To study Isometric Projections
BRIEF DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION
Isometric drawing, sometimes called isometric projection, is a type of 2D drawing used to draw 3D objects that
is set out using 30-degree angles. It's also a type of axonometric drawing, meaning that the same scale is used for
every axis, resulting in a non-distorted image. Since isometric grids are pretty easy to set up, once you understand
the basics of isometric drawing, creating a freehand isometric sketch is relatively simple.

An isometric drawing is a 3D representation of an object, room, building or design on a 2D surface. One of the
defining characteristics of an isometric drawing, compared to other types of 3D representation, is that the final
image is not distorted and is always to scale. This is due to the fact that the foreshortening of the axes is equal.
The word isometric comes from Greek to mean 'equal measure'.

Isometric drawings are a good way to show measurements and how components fit together, and is used in
technical drawing, often by engineers and architects. They differ from other types of axonometric drawing,
including dimetric and trimetric projections, in which different scales are used for different axes to give a distorted
final image.

In an isometric drawing, the object appears as if it is being viewed from above from one corner, with the axes set
out from this corner point. Isometric drawings begin with one vertical line along which two points are defined.
Any lines set out from these points should be constructed at an angle of 30 degrees.

ISOMETRIC DRAWING VS ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE

Both isometric drawings and one-point perspective drawings use geometry and mathematics to present 3D
representations on 2D surfaces. One-point perspective drawings mimic the human eye, so objects appear smaller
the further away they are from the viewer. In contrast, isometric drawings use parallel projection, which means
objects remain at the same size, no matter how far away they are.

Basically, isometric drawing doesn’t use perspective in its rendering (i.e. lines don’t converge as they move away
from the viewer). Isometric drawings are more useful for functional drawings that are used to explain how
something works, while one-point perspective drawings are typically used to give a more sensory idea of an object
or space.

The limitation of isometric drawings compared to 3D models is that you can't change your vantage point, you
have to see the drawing from the top viewpoint.

THE BENEFITS OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric drawings are very useful for designers – particularly architects, industrial and interior designers and
engineers, as they are ideal for visualizing rooms, products, and infrastructure. They're a great way to quickly test
out different design ideas. They also illustrate the 3D nature of an object, without being drawn in 3D software,
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and measurements can be made to scale along the principal axes.

Fig: Isometric Projections

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 LAB EXPERIMENT-4

OBJECTIVE
To study Projection of Point

BRIEF DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION

Projection of Points
1. A point represents a location in space or on a drawing, and has no width, height and depth.
2. A point is represented by the intersection of two lines.

Positions of a point
1. When a point lies in the first quadrant, it will be above H.P. and in front of V.P.
2. When the point lies in the second quadrant, it will be above H.P. and behind V.P.
3. When the point lies in the third quadrant, it will be below H.P. and behind V.P.
4. When the point lies in the fourth quadrant, it will be in front of V.P. and below H.P.

System of notation
1. In this text, the actual points in space are denoted by capital letters A, B, C etc.
2. Their front views are denoted by their corresponding lower case letters with dashes a’, b’, c’ etc., and their top
views by the lower case letters a, b, c etc.
3. Projectors are always drawn as continuous thin lines (2H pencil).

Fig: Projection of Point

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 LAB EXPERIMENT-5

OBJECTIVE
To study Projection of Lines

BRIEF DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION

1 A straight line is the shortest route to join any two given points.
2 It is a one-dimensional object having only length (l).
3. The projection of straight line are obtained by joining the top and front views of the respective end
Points of the line.
4. The actual length of the straight line is known as true length (TL).

Different positions of a line wrt principle planes

• Parallel to both the planes (HP and VP)
• Parallel to one plane and perpendicular to the other
• Parallel to one plane and inclined to the other
• Inclined to both the planes

TRACE OF A LINE
1 The point of intersection or meeting of a line with the reference plane, extended if necessary, is
known as the trace of a line.
2 The point of intersection of a line with the HP is known as the horizontal trace, represented by HT and
that with the VP is known as the vertical trace, represented by VT.
3 No trace is obtained when a line is kept parallel to a reference plane.
4 If the line is given parallel to a plane, it will never intersect that plane and, therefore, no trace of the line
on that plane. If the line is given parallel to VP and inclined to HP, only HT will be obtained and no VT.
5 If the line is given parallel to HP and inclined to VP, only VT will be obtained and no HT.
6 If the line is given parallel to both the planes, neither HT nor VT will be obtained.

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Fig: Projection of lines

Fig: Projection of lines

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Fig: Projection of lines