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solutions and colligative properties

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2 views5 pages

solutions and colligative properties

Uploaded by

shreyashegde2008
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solutions and colligative properties:

some important conclusions


 The solution of liquid in gas or solid in gas is not possible because
the constituents cannot form a homogeneous mixture.
 Some properties of solutions: it is a monophasic system, Certain
properties of solution such as density, viscosity, surface tension,
boiling point, freezing point etc. vary with the composition of the
solution.
 Semi-molar: M/2 or 0.5M
 If the density of solution is approximately 1; then Molality >
Molarity
 Demal (D) is another unit for expressing the concentration of a
solution. It is equal to molar concentration at 0°C i.e., 1D
represents one mole of the solute present in one litre of the
solution at 0°C.
 Equi metal solutions of different substances (non-volatile, non-
electrolyte) have the same values of colligative properties.
 Measurement of Relative Lowering in Vapour Pressure also known
as Ostwald and Walker Method.
 Physical state of solvent and solution is same.

1. Vapor pressure
At equilibrium, rate of condensation= rate of evaporation
Vapor pressure of a liquid does not depend on:
1. The amount of liquid taken
2. Surface area of the liquid
3. Volume/ shape of the container
Saturated (equilibrium) pressure of water, at a given temperature is called
as aqueous tension
The value of aqueous tension is different at different temperatures.
Volatile solids (like iodine) also evaporate and have a vapor pressure at
any given temperature, just like liquids

2. Solutions of solids and gases in liquids


Supersaturated solution:
1. Should be prepared in a dust free vessel and at a higher
temperature.
2. It is metastable
3. Mechanical stress, ie shaking can cause deposition of solute
Like dissolves like: polar solutes dissolve polar solvents and non-polar
solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
Nacl and sugar dissolve in water, whereas naphthalene and anthracene do
not, they dissolve in benzene
Effect of temperature on solubility of a solid in a liquid
Exothermic, as T increases, solubility decreases
Endothermic, as T increases, solubility increases
Effect of pressure on solubility of solid in a liquid: NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT
Solubility of gases in liquids: dependent factors
Nature of gas, nature of liquid, temperature and pressure

3. Henry’s law
Characteristics
1. The value of Kh is different in different solvents and it increases with
increase in temperature
2. Higer the value of kh of a gas, lower will be its solubility
Effect of temperature: solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in
temperature
Applications of henry’s law:
1. Increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the
bottle is sealed under high pressure
2. Scuba drivers must cope with high concentration of dissolved gases
while breathing air at high pressure underwater. Increased pressure
increases the solubility of atmosphere gases in blood. Bends: a
medical condition where the nitro
3. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to
think clearly, symptoms of a condition called as anoxia.
Limitations of henry’s law
Henry’s law is not valid when:
1. Pressure of the gas is too high
2. The temperature is too low
3. The gas undergoes any chemical reaction with solvent
4. The gas undergo dissociation in solution
Steam distillation: based on the principle that, the boiling point of 2
immiscible liquids is less than the individual boiling points of both the
liquids.
4. Raoult’s law and important deviations
Azeotropic mixtures: large cases of deviations from ideality lead to special
class of compounds called as azeotropes, constant boiling mixtures or
azeotropic mixtures
A boiling liquid mixture at azeotropic composition produces vapor of
exactly the same composition, and the liquid does not change its
composition as it evaporates
Separation of azeotropic mixture: when this composition is reached, the
condensate has the same composition as the azeotropic liquid. The vapor
phase is not richer in any component than the liquid phase, hence they
can’t be separated beyond the azeotropic composition using distillation.
Types of Azeotropic mixtures (i) Minimum boiling Azeotropic mixtures the
mixture of two liquids whose boiling point is less than either of the two
pure components. They are formed by non-ideal solutions showing
positive deviation. For example (95.5%) + water (4.5%) + water boils at
351.15 K.
(ii) Maximum boiling Azeotropic mixtures the mixture of two liquids whose
boiling point are more than either of the two pure components. They are
formed by non-ideal solutions showing negative deviation. For example,
HNO3 (68%) + water (32%) mixture boils at 393.5 K

5. Limitations of Raoult’s law


Only works for ideal solution. Very dilute solutions obey Raoult’s law to a
reasonable level
Ideal solutions: solutions which obey Raoult’s aw over the entire range of
conc.

6. Osmosis and osmotic pressure


The hydrostatic pressure built up on the solution which just stops the
osmosis is called osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure  = hdg
The external pressure which must be applied on the solution in order to
stop the flow of the solvent into the solution through semipermeable
membrane is equal to osmotic pressure.
Semipermeable Membrane: A membrane which allows the passage of
solvent molecules but not that of solute. when a solution is separated
from the solvent by it is known as semipermeable membrane.
Reverse Osmosis: If external pressure greater than osmotic pressure is
applied, the flow of solvent molecules can be made to proceed from
solution towards pure solvent, i.e., in reverse direction of the ordinary
osmosis.
Reverse osmosis is used for the desalination of sea water for getting fresh
drinking water.

Condition for validity of law


 Temperature should remain constant.
 Solution should be dilute.
 System must be heterogeneous, i.e., two solvents should be
immiscible.
 Solute should not influence the immiscibility of two solvents.
 Solute neither dissociate nor associate in either of the solvent.
 Solute should be soluble in both solvents.
Some important terminologies

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