2301108 Calculus II ISE Tutoring Session

Implicit differentiation
Suppose F (x, y, z) = 0 is given where z is implicitly defined by x, y and F is differentiable,

∂F dx ∂F dy ∂F dz
+ + = 0.
∂x dx ∂y dx ∂z dx

∂F
Assume that is not zero,
∂z

∂F ∂F
∂z ∂z ∂y
= − ∂x , =− .
∂x ∂F ∂y ∂F
∂z ∂z

Example. Suppose that z is implicitly defined as a function of x and y by the equation

πy
ex cos( ) − sin xz 2 + y 2 ln z = 1.
2
!
∂z !!
Find .
∂x !(x,y)=(0,1)

Example. Suppose that z is implicitly defined as a function of x and y by the equation

2x2 − yz sin x + y ln z = 0
∂z
Find .
∂x

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√
Example. Let F (x, y, z) = xz 2 + xy z + 3y 2 and z implicitly defined as a function of x and y by the
equation F (x, y, z) = 0.

1. Fx (−1, −2, 4) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Fz (−1, −2, 4) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

!
∂z !!
3. =.............................................................................
∂x !(x,y)=(→1,→2)

Example. Let z be implicitly defined as a function of x and y by the equation

2 − xyz 3 + y 2 z − 3x2 y = 0,

and F (x, y, z) = 2 − xyz 3 + y 2 z − 3x2 y. Let t, a, b be integers such that

!
∂z !! 13
F (1, 2, t) = 0, Fy (1, 2, t) = a, and = .
∂y !(x,y)=(1,2) b

Find the values of t, a, and b.

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Gradient vectors and Directional derivatives

Definition The directional derivative of f at (x0 , y0 ) in the direction of a unit vector #u = #a, b$
is

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) − f (x0 , y0 )

D!u f (x0 , y0 ) = lim
h→0 h

if this limit exists.

Theorem If f is a differentiable function of x and y, then f has a directional derivative in the
direction of any unit vector #u = #a, b$ and

D!u f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b.

Definition If f is a function of two variables x and y, then the gradient of f is the vector
function ∇f defined by

∂f # ∂f #
∇f (x, y) = #fx (x, y), fy (x, y)$ = i+ j.
∂x ∂y

Theorem Suppose f is differentiable function of two or three variables. The maximum value
of the directional derivative D!u f (x) is |∇f (x)| and it occurs when #u has the same direction as the
gradient vector ∇f (x).

Example. Let F (x, y) = ex . Consider the following statements.

2 y 3 →xy+2

1. The gradient vector of F at the point (2, −1) is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. The unit vector #u from (2, −1) to (−1, 1) is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The directional derivative of F at (2, −1) in the direction #u is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. The minimum rate of change of F at (2, −1) is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Example. Let f (x, y) = ln(y + x2 ). Then,

1. fx (x, y) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. fy (x, y) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The unit vector in the direction of #1, 2$ is #u = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. ∇f (1, 0) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. D!u f (1, 0) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. The maximum rate of change at (1, 0) is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example. Suppose that f (x, y) = xey→1 + x2 y 3 .

1. Find the gradient vector of f at (2, 1).

2. Find the maximum rate of change of f at (2, 1).

3. In what direction does f have the minimum rate of change?

xy 2
Example. Suppose that f (x, y) = + x sin y�
π
1. ∇f (x, y) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. ∇f (−1, π) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The directional derivative of f at (−1, π) in the direction of a unit vector # √12 , − √12 $ is . . . . . . .

4. The maximum rate of change of f at (−1, π) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5. The minimum value of the directional derivative of f at (−1, π) occurs in the direction . . . . . . .

Example. Let f (x, y) = sin(πx2 y). Then

1. fx (x, y) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. fy (x, y) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The unit vector in the direction of #3, −4$ is #u = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. ∇f (1, 2) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. D!u f (1, 2) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extreme Values
Theorem If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b) and the first-order derivative of f exist,
then

fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0.

A point (a, b) is called a critical point (or stationary point) of f if fx (a, b) = 0 and
fy (a, b) = 0, or one of these partial derivatives does not exist.

Second Derivative Test Suppose the second partial derivatives of f are continuous on a disk
with the center (a, b), and suppose that fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0. Let

D = D(a, b) = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) − fxy (a, b)2 .

! If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f (a, b) is a local minimum.

! If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f (a, b) is a local maximum.

! If D < 0, then f (a, b) is not a local maximum or minimum. In this case, the point (a, b) is
called a saddle point of f .

To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function f on

a closed, bounded set D:
1. Find the values of f at the critical points of f in D.

2. Find the extreme values of f on the boundary of D.

3. The largest of the values from previous steps is the absolute maximum value; the smallest
values is the minimum value.

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Example. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of

f (x, y) = 2x3 + 6xy 2 − 3y 3 − 150x.

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Example. Let f (x, y) = 2x2 + y 2 + 8x.

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of f if exists.

2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 16}.

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2301108 Calculus II ISE Tutoring Session

Example. Let f (x, y) = (x − 1)(y − 1)(x + y − 1).

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of f if exists.

2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on triangle

D = {(x, y) | x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}.

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2301108 Calculus II ISE Tutoring Session

Example. Suppose that f (x, y) = x3 − 6x2 − y 2 .

1. Find and classify the critical points of f .

2. Find the absolute minimum and maximum values of f on {(x, y) | x2

24 + y2
144 ≤ 1}.

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2301108 Calculus II ISE Tutoring Session

Example. Suppose that f (x, y) = xy + 2 and D is the rectangle defined by {(x, y) | − 1 ≤ x ≤

1 and − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1}.

1. The critical point of f is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. The absolute maximum value of f on D is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The absolute minimum value of f on D is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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