*ATP 3-20.

97

Cavalry Troop

6(37(0%(5

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.

*This publication supersedes ATTP 3-20.97, 16 November 2010 and FM 3-20.971,

4 August 2009.

Headquarters, Department of the Army

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 *ATP 3-20.97 (ATTP 3-20.97, FM 3-20.971)

*Army Techniques Publication Headquarters

No. 3-20.97 Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 6HSWHPEHU2016

Cavalry Troop

Contents
Page
PREFACE.............................................................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1 ROLE OF THE CAVALRY TROOP ................................................................... 1-1
Section I – Operational Environment ............................................................. 1-1
Variables of the Operational Environment.......................................................... 1-1
Threats................................................................................................................ 1-2
Section II – Organizations................................................................................ 1-2
Capabilities and Limitations ................................................................................ 1-3
Armored Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop ................................................. 1-3
Infantry Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop................................................... 1-4
Stryker Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop ................................................... 1-7
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Cavalry Troop .................................................. 1-8
Scout Platoon ..................................................................................................... 1-9
Chapter 2 MISSION COMMAND ........................................................................................ 2-1
Section I – Troop Mission Command ............................................................. 2-1
Section II – Troop Integration of Squadron Staff Products .......................... 2-2
Directed Friendly Course of Action ..................................................................... 2-3
Graphic Control Measures.................................................................................. 2-3
Information Collection Plan................................................................................. 2-3
Execution Matrix ................................................................................................. 2-3
Event Template .................................................................................................. 2-4
Latest Time Information is of Value .................................................................... 2-4
Fires Support Prodcuts ....................................................................................... 2-4
Task Organization .............................................................................................. 2-5
Assigning Platoon Tasks .................................................................................... 2-5
Section III – Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield/Battlespace ........... 2-5
Section IV – Orders .......................................................................................... 2-6
Section V – Responsibilities ........................................................................... 2-8
Troop Commander ............................................................................................. 2-8
Executive Officer ................................................................................................ 2-9

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution will be unlimited.

*This publication supersedes ATTP 3-20.97, 16 November 2010 and FM 3-20.971, 4 August 2009.
i
Contents

First Sergeant ...................................................................................................... 2-9

Scout Platoon Leader .......................................................................................2-10
Scout Platoon Sergeant ....................................................................................2-10
Fire Support Team ............................................................................................2-10
Mortar Section Sergeant ...................................................................................2-11
Communications Sergeant ................................................................................2-12
Company Intelligence Support Team ................................................................2-12
Combat Medics ................................................................................................. 2-12
Combat Repair Team ........................................................................................2-13
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Noncommissioned Officer ....2-13
Supply Sergeant ................................................................................................2-13
Armorer and Supply Specialist ..........................................................................2-13
Chapter 3 RECONNAISSANCE TASKS ............................................................................. 3-1
Section I – Basics of Reconnaissance Tasks ................................................ 3-1
Reconnaissance Fundamentals .......................................................................... 3-1
Reconnaissance Techniques .............................................................................. 3-1
Reconnaissance Methods ................................................................................... 3-2
Reconnaissance Sensor Assets ......................................................................... 3-3
Reconnaissance Management ........................................................................... 3-3
Commanders Reconnaissance Guidance .......................................................... 3-3
Focus .................................................................................................................. 3-3
Tempo of Reconnaissance ................................................................................. 3-4
Engagement/Disengagement Criteria ................................................................. 3-4
Displacement Criteria .......................................................................................... 3-4
Section II – Forms of Reconnaissance ........................................................... 3-4
Zone Reconnaissance ........................................................................................ 3-5
Area Reconnaissance ......................................................................................... 3-9
Route Reconnaissance .....................................................................................3-17
Reconnaissance in Force .................................................................................3-19
Special Reconnaissance ...................................................................................3-22
Section III – Reconnaissance Handover ....................................................... 3-22
Reconnaissance Handover Planning Considerations.......................................3-22
Preparation ........................................................................................................3-22
Execution ..........................................................................................................3-23
Chapter 4 SECURITY TASKS ............................................................................................. 4-1
Section I – Basics of Security Tasks............................................................... 4-1
Security Fundamentals ....................................................................................... 4-1
Methods and Management ................................................................................. 4-2
Commander’s Security Guidance ....................................................................... 4-2
Section II – Forms of Security ......................................................................... 4-2
Screen ................................................................................................................. 4-2
Stationary Screen ................................................................................................ 4-4
Moving Screen .................................................................................................... 4-6
Guard .................................................................................................................. 4-8
Cover .................................................................................................................4-11
Area Security.....................................................................................................4-12

ii ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Contents

Local Security ................................................................................................... 4-15

Counterreconnaissance .................................................................................... 4-16
Chapter 5 RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY IN DECISIVE ACTION TASKS .......... 5-1
Section I – Reconnaissance and Security in the Offense ............................ 5-1
Security Tasks in Support of the Offense ........................................................... 5-1
Reconnaissance Tasks in Support of the Offense ........................................... 5-13
Section II – Reconnaissance and Security in the Defense ......................... 5-31
Security Tasks in Support of the Defense ........................................................ 5-31
Reconnaissance Tasks in Support of the Defense .......................................... 5-51
Section III – Reconnaissance and Security in Stability .............................. 5-59
Security Tasks in Support of Stability ............................................................... 5-59
Reconnaissance Tasks in Support of Stability ................................................. 5-74
Chapter 6 AUGMENTATION .............................................................................................. 6-1
Section I – Brigade Combat Team Assets ..................................................... 6-1
Engineer Support ................................................................................................ 6-1
Fire Support ........................................................................................................ 6-2
Intelligence Support ............................................................................................ 6-6
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Support .................................. 6-6
Section II – External Brigade Combat Team Assets ..................................... 6-7
Army Aviation Support ........................................................................................ 6-7
Air and Missile Defense Support ........................................................................ 6-9
Close Air Support ............................................................................................... 6-9
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support ............................................................. 6-10
Civil Affairs Support .......................................................................................... 6-10
Religious Support ............................................................................................. 6-10
Military Information Support Operations ........................................................... 6-11
Chapter 7 SUSTAINMENT .................................................................................................. 7-1
Section I – Basics of Sustainment .................................................................. 7-1
Section II – Sustainment Planning .................................................................. 7-4
Sustaining Reconnaissance Operations ............................................................ 7-4
Sustaining Security Operations .......................................................................... 7-4
Sustainment Planning Requirements ................................................................. 7-5
Supporting Attachments and Detachments ........................................................ 7-6
Sustainment Communications ............................................................................ 7-7
Sustainment Reporting ....................................................................................... 7-7
Section III – Logistics Package Operations ................................................... 7-7
Troop Trains ....................................................................................................... 7-7
Supply Routes .................................................................................................... 7-8
Logistics Package Planning................................................................................ 7-8
Logistics Package Resupply .............................................................................. 7-8
Logistics Package Survivability .......................................................................... 7-9
Section IV – Troop Resupply Operations..................................................... 7-10
Resupply Site Selection .................................................................................... 7-10
Resupply Methods ............................................................................................ 7-10

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 iii

Contents

Section V – Maintenance ................................................................................ 7-13

Field Maintenance .............................................................................................7-13
Recovery ...........................................................................................................7-14
Battle Damage Assessment And Repair...........................................................7-14
Maintenance Collection Point ...........................................................................7-14
Section VI – Medical Support ......................................................................... 7-14
Appendix A ANALOG REPORTS ......................................................................................... A-1
Appendix B TROOP OPERATING DISTANCES .................................................................. B-1
Appendix C TROOP COMMAND POST ............................................................................... C-1
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1
REFERENCES.................................................................................. References-1
INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1

Figures
Figure 1-1. ABCT Cavalry Troop Organization ...................................................................... 1-4
Figure 1-2. IBCT Mounted Cavalry Troop Organization ........................................................ 1-6
Figure 1-3. IBCT Dismounted Cavalry Troop Organization ................................................... 1-7
Figure 1-4. SBCT Cavalry Troop Organization ...................................................................... 1-8
Figure 3-1. IBCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance ..................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3-2. ABCT Troop Area Reconnaissance .................................................................. 3-11
Figure 3-3. SBCT Troop Route Reconnaissance ................................................................ 3-18
Figure 4-1. SBCT Troop Stationary Screen ........................................................................... 4-6
Figure 4-2. ABCT Troop as Part of Squadron Guard .......................................................... 4-10
Figure 4-3. IBCT Troop as Part of Squadron Flank Guard .................................................. 4-11
Figure 5-1. IBCT Squadron Moving Screen, Offense ............................................................ 5-6
Figure 5-2. IBCT Troop Moving Screen ................................................................................. 5-7
Figure 5-3. IBCT Troop Moving Screen, Phase II and III ....................................................... 5-9
Figure 5-4. IBCT Troop Moving Screen, Phase IV and V .................................................... 5-11
Figure 5-5. SBCT Squadron Reconnaissance in Force, Offense ........................................ 5-15
Figure 5-6. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force ............................................................. 5-16
Figure 5-7. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase I............................................... 5-18
Figure 5-8. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase II.............................................. 5-19
Figure 5-9. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase III............................................. 5-20
Figure 5-10. ABCT Squadron Zone Reconnaissance, Offense ........................................... 5-24
Figure 5-11. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance in the Offense ........................................ 5-25
Figure 5-12. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase I ................................................. 5-26
Figure 5-13. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase II ................................................ 5-28
Figure 5-14. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase III ............................................... 5-29
Figure 5-15. ABCT Squadron Guard, Defense .................................................................... 5-33
Figure 5-16. ABCT Troop Guard .......................................................................................... 5-35

iv ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Contents

Figure 5-17. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase I ............................................................................ 5-36

Figure 5-18. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase II ........................................................................... 5-37
Figure 5-19. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase III .......................................................................... 5-38
Figure 5-20. SBCT Squadron Area Security, Route ............................................................ 5-40
Figure 5-21. SBCT Troop Area Security, Route ................................................................... 5-41
Figure 5-22. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase I .............................................................. 5-44
Figure 5-23. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase II ............................................................. 5-46
Figure 5-24. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase III ............................................................ 5-48
Figure 5-25. IBCT Squadron Route Reconnaissance, Defense .......................................... 5-53
Figure 5-26. IBCT Squadron Route Reconnaissance, Time-Distance Estimates................ 5-54
Figure 5-27. SBCT Squadron Screen, Stability .................................................................... 5-60
Figure 5-28. Information Requirements ................................................................................ 5-61
Figure 5-29. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability .......................................................................... 5-62
Figure 5-30. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase I ............................................................ 5-64
Figure 5-31. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase II ........................................................... 5-65
Figure 5-32. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase III .......................................................... 5-66
Figure 5-33. SBCT Squadron Area Security, Stability ......................................................... 5-69
Figure 5-34. SBCT Troop Area Security .............................................................................. 5-70
Figure 5-35. SBCT Troop Area Security, Phase I ................................................................ 5-71
Figure 5-36. SBCT Troop Area Security, Phase II ............................................................... 5-72
Figure 5-37. SBCT Squadron Area Reconnaissance, Stability ............................................ 5-75
Figure 5-38. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance ................................................................. 5-77
Figure 5-39. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance, Phase I .................................................. 5-78
Figure 5-40. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance, Phase II ................................................. 5-80
Figure 7-1. Troop Service Station Resupply ........................................................................ 7-12
Figure B-1. ABCT Scout Platoon Operational Distance (Unrestrictive Terrain) .....................B-2
Figure B-2. ABCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Unrestrictive Terrain) ...................B-3
Figure B-3. IBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances (Severely Restrictive) .....................B-4
Figure B-4. IBCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Severely Restrictive) .....................B-5
Figure B-5. IBCT Dismounted Scout Platoon .........................................................................B-6
Figure B-6. IBCT Dismounted Cavalry Troop .........................................................................B-7
Figure B- 7. SBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances (Restrictive) ..................................B-8
Figure B-8. SBCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Restrictive) ...................................B-9
Figure C-1. ABCT Cavalry Troop Command Post ................................................................ C-3
Figure C-2. IBCT Cavalry Troop Command Post .................................................................. C-4
Figure C-3. SBCT Cavalry Troop Command Post ................................................................ C-5

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 v

Contents

Tables
Table 2-1. Team Orders Development .................................................................................. 2-8
Table 6-1. Fire Support Capabilities (Mortars) ....................................................................... 6-3
Table 6-2. Air to Ground Check-In Brief................................................................................. 6-7
Table 6-3. Attack Aviation Call for Fire .................................................................................. 6-8
Table 7-1. Supply Classes ..................................................................................................... 7-2
Table B-1. Scout Platoon Width/Depth Formula .................................................................. B-10
Table B-2. ABCT Cavalry Platoon Operational Distances in Unrestrictive Terrain ............. B-11
Table B-3. IBCT Cavalry Platoon Operational Distances in Severely Restricted
Terrain .............................................................................................................. B-11
Table B-4. SBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances in Restricted Terrain .................... B-12
Table B-5. Cavalry Troop Optics Systems ........................................................................... B-13
Table B-6. ABCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List .................................................. B-14
Table B-7. IBCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List ................................................... B-15
Table B-8. SBCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List .................................................. B-16

vi ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Preface
Army techniques and procedures (ATP) 3-20.97 provides framework and tactical employment principles for
Cavalry troops of the Cavalry squadrons in the Armored brigade combat team (ABCT); the Infantry brigade
combat team (IBCT), mounted and dismounted; the Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT); and the battlefield
surveillance brigade (BFSB).
The principal audience for ATP 3-20.97 is all members of the military. Army headquarters commanders and staffs
serving in joint task force or multinational headquarter positions should refer to this ATP for military and joint or
multinational force operations. Trainers and educators throughout the Army should use this manual, also.
Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable United
States, international, and in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure that
their Soldiers operate according to the law of war and the rules of engagement. (See FM 27-10.)
ATP 3-20.97 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the
glossary and the text. For definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent
publication follows the definition. This publication is not the proponent for any Army terms.
ATP 3-20.97 applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States,
the United States Army Reserve, Department of the Army civilians, and government contractors unless otherwise
stated. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns refer to both men and women.
The proponent agency is the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE). Send comments and
recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028, (Recommended Changes to Publications and
Blank Forms) to:
Email: [email protected]
U.S. Mail: Commanding General, MCoE
Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Doctrine and Collective Training Division
ATTN: ATZK-TDD (ATP 3-20.97)
Fort Benning, GA 31905-5410

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 vii

 Introduction
To understand ATP 3-20-97, the reader should review ADRP 3-0 and the doctrinal principles outlined
ADRP 3-07, ADRP 3-90, FM 3-55, FM 3-90-2, FM 3-98, and ATP 3-20.96. The reader should understand
offensive, defensive, and stability tasks, the operations process and its relation to the Army’s military decision-
making process, and troop leading procedures described in ADRP 5-0. The reader also must understand the
concepts associated with mission command as described in ADRP 6-0.
ATP 3-20.97 provides combined arms tactics that Cavalry troops use to conduct reconnaissance and appropriate
security tasks. This publication is authoritative but requires judgement in application.
The following summarizes each chapter of ATP 3-20.97:
Chapter 1 discusses the operational environment and threat profiles that a Cavalry troop encounters while
conducting operations. The chapter also describes the organization, equipment, capabilities, and limitations found
in each type of brigade combat team (BCT) Cavalry troop.
Chapter 2 discusses information that the Cavalry commander conducts and considers when developing mission
orders. The chapter discusses mission command and the responsibilities of the commander, staff, and unit
leadership during mission command.
Chapter 3 discusses the basics of reconnaissance that includes forms of reconnaissance and reconnaissance
handover.
Chapter 4 is an overview of security tasks. It discusses the fundamentals of security, the forms of security, and
the considerations when conducting security tasks.
Chapter 5 discusses the Cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance and security to support squadron tasks during
decisive action. Squadron tasks support BCT offense, defense, and stability tasks.
Chapter 6 discusses the augmentation of combat forces that provide the Cavalry troop with enablers to enhance
the effectiveness of the reconnaissance and security mission.
Chapter 7 discusses how the Cavalry unit plans and organizes for sustainment tasks. Chapter 7 also discusses the
different types of logistics packages (LOGPACs) and the operations, maintenance, field services, and Army health
support system available for the Cavalry troop.
The techniques and procedures discussed in this publication are specific examples of conducting a particular
tactical enabling task. Collectively, they provide a set of tools that commanders use to employ tactical situations.
The existing rules of engagement in a specific situation control the actual application of the techniques and
procedures discussed in this publication.

viii ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Chapter 1
Role of the Cavalry Troop
As the eyes and ears of the squadron commander, the Cavalry troop is the squadron
commander’s primary reconnaissance and security asset. Cavalry troops provide the
information the commander needs to conduct better-informed planning, to direct
operations, and to visualize the area of operations. The Cavalry troop skillfully
conducts reconnaissance and security tasks to collect information about the threat’s
location, disposition, and composition. As part of the squadron, the Cavalry troop
provides reaction time and maneuver space for the BCT commander. In turn, these
operations allow the BCT commander to shape the area of operations proactively and
to accept or initiate contact at times and places of the commander’s choosing. Cavalry
troops conduct reconnaissance and security tasks throughout the squadron and BCT
area of operations.

SECTION I – OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

1-1. Cavalry units conduct reconnaissance and security tasks in close contact with enemy organizations and
civilian populations. Cavalry organizations employ appropriate combinations of mounted and dismounted
tactics and are able to both fight for information and develop the situation through stealthy tactics and
observation based upon the mission variables of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support
available-time available and civil considerations (METT-TC).
1-2. The commander and troop leadership use available information and knowledge to make timely and
effective decisions. Commanders and leadership seek to build and maintain situational understanding
throughout the operations process. Situational understanding is the product of applying analysis and
judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships among the operational and mission variables
to facilitate decision making (ADP 5-0). The considerations below apply to the two types of variables of an
operating environment, operational variables and mission variables. (Refer to ADRP 3-0 for more
information.) Section I also discusses the types of threat forces encountered within the operating
environment. An operational environment is a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences
that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).

VARIABLES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

1-3. Throughout the operations process, the commander takes into account the military and nonmilitary
aspect of the operational area since they change from one area of operations to another and both impact on
the conduct of operations. Operational variables describe the military aspects of an operational environment
and the population’s influence on it. The two variables of the operational environment are operational
variables and mission variables. Army planners analyze an operational environment in terms of eight
interrelated operational variables: political, military, economic social, information, infrastructure, physical
environment, and time. (Refer to ADRP 5-0 for more information.)
1-4. The second type of variable is the mission variable, which describes characteristics of the area of
operations focusing on how they might affect a mission. The mission variables are mission, enemy, terrain
and weather, troops and support available-time available and civil considerations (METT-TC). (Refer to
ADRP 5-0 for more information.)

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 1-1

Chapter 1

THREATS
1-5. Cavalry troops conduct missions in a variety of operational environments. The most common threats
that Cavalry units will likely encounter are hybrid threats. A hybrid threat is the diverse and dynamic
combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, and/or criminal elements unified to achieve
mutually benefitting effects (ADRP 3-0). Hybrid threats combine regular forces governed by international
law, military custom, and tradition combined with unregulated forces that act with no restrictions on violence
or targets. Hybrid threats can come in the form of nation-states or nonstates. Refer to ADRP 3-0 for more
information. Also, refer to TC 7-100, TC 7-100.3, and TC 7-100.4.
1-6. A threat is any combination of actors, entities, or forces that intend to harm United States forces,
United States national interests, or the homeland (ADRP 3-0). Threats may include individuals, groups of
individuals (organized or unorganized), paramilitary or military forces, nation-states, or national alliances.
Threats become enemies when they execute their capability to do harm to the United States.
1-7. An enemy is a party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized (ADRP 3-0).
Cavalry units engage enemies in accordance with the rules of engagement of the area in which the troop
operates and according to the laws of land warfare. An adversary is a party acknowledged as potentially
hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may be envisaged (JP 3-0). A neutral is a party
identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly or enemy forces. (ADRP 3-0). Land operation threats
are more complex because a threat, an enemy, an adversary, a neutral, or a friend, often intermix with no
easy means to distinguish one from another.

REGULAR VERSUS IRREGULAR FORCES

1-8. The standing military units regulated by a nation-state or alliance of states characterize regular forces.
The function of these forces is to provide military offense and defense in service to the state or alliance.
Regular military units may also be involved directly or indirectly in coordination with both irregular and
unconventional warfare operations as described in JP 3-05.
1-9. Irregular forces include revolutionary, paramilitary, militia, partisan, insurgent, guerrilla,
covert/underground, mercenaries, and armed criminal elements. (See ATP 2-01.3, Table 5-1 for a description
of these irregular forces.) Cavalry forces should expect to face hybrid threats when conducting
reconnaissance and security tasks, and are likely to encounter irregular forces at a higher concentration than
other maneuver forces. Irregular forces are not mutually exclusive and can move from one form to another.
(Refer to TC 7-100 and TC 7-100.4 for more information about each component of a hybrid threat.)

CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS
1-10. Cavalry forces may encounter criminal organizations. While there will always be criminal elements
present in any operational environment, the question is whether those criminal organizations will find it in
their interests to become part of a hybrid threat and attempt to achieve common goals and objectives to
prevent legitimate control of areas, commerce, and the judicial system. Criminal organizations are normally
independent of nation-state control. Large-scale criminal organizations often extend beyond national
boundaries to operate regionally or worldwide and include a political influence component. Individual
criminals or small gangs do not normally have the capability to affect legitimate host nation political, military,
and judicial organizations adversely; however, this adverse influence may occur at the local government
level.

SECTION II – ORGANIZATIONS
1-11. Below are the current capabilities and limitations common to each of the BCT Cavalry troops. Provided
below are descriptions for the organization, equipment, capabilities, and limitations that are specific for each
of the Cavalry troops.

1-2 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Role of the Cavalry Troop

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

1-12. The following general capabilities and limitations apply to all types of Cavalry troops. Specific troop
capabilities center on the formation types discussed below.
1-13. Each Cavalry troop can conduct simultaneous reconnaissance of up to six areas (one per scout section).
The size of each area depends on factors such as the pattern of the road net, terrain features, anticipated
enemy activity, reconnaissance tasks to perform, availability of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and Army
aviation to support, and the time available. Each troop can conduct a detailed zone reconnaissance at a rate
dependent on the terrain and execution of all the tasks associated with the mission. All Cavalry troops can
reconnoiter two routes per platoon in a permissive no-threat environment, up to two routes as a troop in a
low-threat environment, and one route as a troop in a medium to high-threat environment. When faced with
a lightly equipped threat, each Cavalry troop can conduct either forceful or stealthy reconnaissance
depending on the higher commander’s guidance.
1-14. Cavalry troops can provide all weather, accurate, and timely reconnaissance and security in
nonrestrictive, restrictive, and urban terrain using surveillance systems, mounted, and dismounted Scouts. In
addition, all troops can conduct reconnaissance and security operations while rapidly developing the
situation. Troops can fight for information and conduct counterreconnaissance while gathering information
about hybrid threats and other information.
1-15. Cavalry troops can employ integrated and synchronized reconnaissance and surveillance systems to
defeat enemy deception, decoys, and cover and concealment that would otherwise remain undetected by
single-capability surveillance means.
1-16. Each Cavalry troop can also—
z Direct combat power, assesses situations, reconnaissance, and security capabilities to meet priority
intelligence requirements.
z Employ synchronized reconnaissance and surveillance systems and Scouts without the delays and
excessive compartmentalization associated with coordination intensive surveillance.
z Support targeting and target acquisition using available ground and aerial assets, including the fire
support team and UAS.
z Reduce risk and enhance survivability by providing information so the squadron can avoid contact
or achieve situational dominance if contact is necessary.
z Assist in shaping the operational environment by providing information or directing fires to disrupt
the enemy.
1-17. The general limitations of the Armored brigade combat team (ABCT), the Stryker brigade combat
(SBCT), and the mounted Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) Cavalry troops include limited dismounts
within Scout sections, which require combining two or more Scout sections to generate the required
dismounts to conduct long duration observation post. Additional limitations include the ability to conduct
continuous screening operations and dismounted tasks associated with zone, area, route reconnaissance, and local
security.

ARMORED BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM CAVALRY TROOP

1-18. The ABCT Cavalry troop organization includes a headquarters section, two Scout platoons, and a
mortar section (see figure 1-1, page 1-4). The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an executive officer
(XO), a first sergeant (1SG), a supply sergeant, a supply specialist, an operations noncommissioned officer
(NCO), a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) noncommissioned officer, and a forward
signal support NCO. The two Scout platoons each have one platoon leader, one platoon sergeant, and three
section leaders. The mortar section has a section leader, two squad leaders, two gunners, two assistant
gunners, and two drivers. The mortar section has two armored 120-millimeter (mm) mortars (self-propelled).
The ABCT Cavalry troop has the following equipment within each of the two Scout platoons:
z M3A3 Cavalry fighting vehicle. Six for K-series modified table of organization and equipment
(MTOE).
z AN/TAS-8 Long-Range Advance Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3).

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 1-3

Chapter 1

z Caliber .50 machine gun.

z M240B 7.62-mm machine gun.
z Armored high mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs) equipped with tube
launched, optically tracked, wire-guided (TOW) antitank missile systems for R-series MTOE.
z Armored HMMWVs. (R-series MTOE.)
z MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade. (R-series MTOE.)
z Javelin command launch unit.
1-19. The ABCT Cavalry troop capabilities include survivability in unified land operations and fighting for
information. The M3A3 Cavalry fighting vehicle armed with a 25-mm cannon, 7.62-mm coaxial machine
gun, and TOW missile system, provides firepower.
1-20. The ABCT Cavalry troop limitations include limited maneuverability in urban environments and other
types of complex terrain. The troop’s heavier vehicles create sustainment consideration for resupply,
refueling, and maintenance despite the ABCTs enhanced sustainment capability. The up-armored HMMWV
provides limited protection and mobility.

Figure 1-1. ABCT Cavalry Troop Organization

INFANTRY BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM CAVALRY TROOP

1-21. There are two types of Cavalry troops in the IBCT, a mounted troop and a dismounted troop. The
paragraphs below discuss both types of IBCT Cavalry troops.

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 Role of the Cavalry Troop

MOUNTED CAVALRY TROOP

1-22. The mounted IBCT troop organization has a headquarters section, three Scout platoons, a mortar
section, and an attached fire support team (See figure 1-2, page 1-6). The troop headquarters has a troop
commander, an XO, a 1SG, a supply sergeant, an operations NCO, an operations assistant, a CBRN
noncommissioned officer, and a forward signal support NCO. The three Scout platoons each have one platoon
leader, one platoon sergeant, and two section leaders. The mortar section is equipped with two 120-mm
mortars (towed). The IBCT mounted Cavalry troop possesses an organic 120-mm mortar section (towed) for
organic fire support and each of the three Scout platoons has the following equipment:
z TOW up-armored HMMWVs.
z Armored HMMWVs.
z Caliber .50 machine gun.
z AN/TAS-8 LRAS3.
z MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade.
z M240B 7.62-mm machine gun.
z Javelin command launch units.

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

1-23. The IBCT mounted Cavalry troop has the following capabilities:
z Provides reconnaissance and security for IBCT operations.
z Possesses six mounted TOW systems (two per platoon).
z Possesses an organic 120-mm mortar section (towed).

1-24. The IBCT mounted Cavalry troop has the following limitations:
z The up-armored HMMWV provides limited protection.
z The up-armored HMMWV’s added weight limits mobility, especially in complex terrain.

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Chapter 1

Figure 1-2. IBCT Mounted Cavalry Troop Organization

DISMOUNTED CAVALRY TROOP

1-25. The dismounted IBCT troop has a troop headquarters, two scout platoons, a mortar section, and a
sniper section. The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an XO, a 1SG, a supply sergeant, three radio
operators, a CBRN noncommissioned officer, an operations assistant, and a supply specialist (see figure 1-3,
page 1-7). The platoons have three Scout sections. The mortar section has a section leader, squad leader, two
gunners, and two assistant gunners. The sniper section has a squad leader, two senior snipers, and four
snipers. They normally operate as two heavy sniper teams or three light sniper teams. The IBCT dismounted
Cavalry troop has the following equipment:
z HMMWV (scout platoon).
z Unmanned Aircraft System Raven.
z HMMWV and cargo truck (troop headquarters).
z Boat landing craft inflatable (troop headquarters).

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

1-26. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has the following capabilities:
z Provides reconnaissance and security for IBCT operations.
z Provides mission command, staff planning and supervision of operations of organic and
attached units.
z Provides dismounted reconnaissance capability that supports motorized troops in execution of the
squadron mission.
z Possesses an organic 60-mm mortar section.

1-27. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has the following limitations:
z Possesses limited transportation capability.
z Lack of a mobility platform that the squadron must consider when conducting planning.

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 Role of the Cavalry Troop

Figure 1-3. IBCT Dismounted Cavalry Troop Organization

STRYKER BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM CAVALRY TROOP

1-28. The SBCT Cavalry troop has a troop headquarters, three scout platoons (R-series) or two scout platoons
(K-series), and a mortar section (see figure 1-4, page 1-8). The Cavalry troop headquarters has a troop
commander, an XO, a first sergeant, an operations sergeant, an operation assistant, a CBRN
noncommissioned officer, a supply sergeant, and a supply specialist. The scout platoons have one platoon
leader, one platoon sergeant, and two section leaders. The mortar section has two Stryker mortar carrier-
mounted 120-mm mortars and a fire direction center. The SBCT Cavalry troop has an organic 120-mm mortar
section (mounted). Each of the Scout platoons has the following:
z Caliber .50 machine gun.
z AN/TAS-8 LRAS3.
z Javelin command launch units.
z Stryker reconnaissance vehicles.
z MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade.
z M240B 7.62-mm machine gun.

1-29. The SBCT Cavalry troop capabilities include—

z Maximizing the teaming of ground Scouts and brigade surveillance systems to conduct close
reconnaissance of enemy forces.
z Equipping with 120-mm self-propelled mortars.
z Fighting for information against light and motorized forces or heavier threats when augmented.

1-30. The SBCT Cavalry troop has limited ability to—

z Perform route reconnaissance with four vehicle platoons. (R Series MTOE).
z Maintain enemy contact in some situations, such as—
„ During emergency resupply.
„ Conducting casualty evacuation operations.

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Chapter 1

Figure 1-4. SBCT Cavalry Troop Organization

BATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCE BRIGADE CAVALRY TROOP

1-31. The battlefield surveillance brigade (BFSB) Cavalry troop includes a troop headquarters section and
two motorized Scout platoons. The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an XO, a first sergeant, an
operations sergeant, a forward signal support NCO, a CBRN NCO, a supply sergeant, a supply specialist,
and two drivers. The two Scout platoons organize with one platoon leader, one platoon sergeant, and two
section leaders. The BFSB Cavalry troop has the following within each of the two Scout platoons:
z Armored HMMWVs.
z Caliber .50 machine guns.
z AN/TAS-8 LRAS3.
z Javelin command launch units.
z MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade.
z M240B 7.62-mm machine guns.

1-32. The BFSB Cavalry troop has the following capabilities:

z Integration into the BFSB reconnaissance and surveillance architecture.
z Access to information and intelligence collected by brigade assets.
z Habitual relationship with the BFSB’s long-range surveillance company.
May provide the troop and squadron commanders with added flexibility in employing the
troop.

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 Role of the Cavalry Troop

z Long-range communications beyond line of sight.

Facilitates long-range target acquisition and interdiction when employed with the attached
fire support team.
1-33. The BFSB Cavalry troop’s leaders at all levels must plan and conduct operations that consider the
troop’s limitations. These limitations include firepower and protection factors such as lack of mortars and
armored fighting vehicles; limitations in laser target acquisition and designation, in addition to reliance on
indirect fires and joint fires. In addition to those limitations mentioned above, the Cavalry troop has a very
limited ability to fight for information in decisive actions because the troop is vulnerable to enemy
counterreconnaissance and security measures. The Cavalry troop itself possesses limited dismounted
capability. These limited dismounts within the Scout sections requires that two Scout sections be combined
to generate the required dismounts to conduct long duration observation posts, continuous screening
operations, and dismounted tasks associated with zone, area, route reconnaissance and/or local security.
1-34. The Cavalry troop in the BFSB has extremely limited ability to fight for information because it lacks
organic mortars; armored fighting vehicles, such as the Cavalry fighting vehicle, the Stryker, and TOW. The
BFSB should fight for information only within the guidelines of the commander’s engagement criteria.
1-35. The BFSB Cavalry troop has the following limitations, which careful employment or augmentation
can mitigate:
z Limited dismounted capability, requiring platoons to assume section missions to generate the
required dismounts.
z Limited direct fire standoff, lethality, and survivability in unified land operations.
z Lack standoff, lethality, and survivability with crew-served weapons in terrain lacking cover
and concealment.

SCOUT PLATOON
1-36. Scout platoons are the primary collection asset in the Cavalry troop, and the organic reconnaissance
unit available to Infantry and Armor battalions. The fundamental role of the Scout platoon is to conduct
forceful or stealthy reconnaissance that satisfies the commander's critical information requirements. The
commander gives missions to the platoon and the platoon progressively builds situational awareness of the
operational environment for the commander. The information the platoon provides enables the commander
to develop situational understanding, make comprehensive plans and decisions, and direct follow-on or future
operations. The Scout platoon conducts security to provide reaction time and maneuver space. The scout
platoon—
z Provides a significant dismounted, mounted, and reconnaissance capability.
z Maximizes security with timely, accurate, and relevant combat information.
z Enables higher headquarters to employ combat power quickly and decisively.
z Rapidly assesses situations and directs combat power, reconnaissance, and security capabilities to
meet priority intelligence requirements.
z Employs integrated and synchronized reconnaissance to detect threat deception, decoys, and cover
and concealment.
z Supports targeting and target acquisition through available ground and aerial assets.
z Assists in shaping the area of operations by providing information or directing fires to disrupt the threat.
z Requires augmentation from engineer assets to perform technical engineer tasks.
z Employs limited organic sustainment assets.

ARMORED BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM SCOUT PLATOON

1-37. Armored brigade combat team scout platoons have three Cavalry fighting vehicles and five armored
HMMWVs outfitted with LRAS3s (R series MTOE), or six Bradley fighting vehicles (K-series MTOE). The
following paragraphs discuss the capabilities and limitations of the scout platoons.

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Chapter 1

Capabilities
1-38. The Cavalry squadron and combined arms battalion scout platoons in the ABCT have the following
capabilities:
z The M3A3 Cavalry fighting vehicle provides firepower and survivability.
z The Cavalry fighting vehicle has a stabilized turret employing a 25-mm auto-cannon, a 7.62-mm
coaxial machine gun, and a TOW missile system.
z Each Cavalry fighting vehicle carries up to four Scouts to execute dismounted tasks.
z The LRAS3 provides the ability to detect, recognize, identify, and estimate location of distant
targets.

Limitations
1-39. The Cavalry squadron and combined arms battalion Scout platoons in the ABCT have the following
limitations:
z They are vulnerable to enemy counterreconnaissance and security measures, and their ability to
fight for information is limited.
z The HMMWV provides inadequate survivability and mobility against direct and indirect fires in
operations teamed with the more survivable and mobile M3A3. (R-series MTOE.)
z Limited dismounts reduce the capability of the platoon to conduct long-term observation posts,
continuous screening ability, or to conduct multiple dismounted tasks associated with route, zone,
or area reconnaissance concurrently.

IBCT MOUNTED SCOUT PLATOON

1-40. Each of the three Scout platoons have six armored, mounted HMMWVs. The following paragraphs
discuss the capabilities and limitations of the scout platoons.

Capabilities
1-41. The IBCT mounted Scout platoon has the following capabilities:
z Possesses mounted TOW systems.
z Possesses mounted MK-19 grenade launcher mounted systems.
z Possesses .50-caliber machine gun mounted systems.
z Is highly mobile and responsive.
z Provides all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely information gathering using LRAS3.

Limitations
1-42. The following limitations apply to the IBCT mounted Scout platoon:
z Due to their vulnerability to enemy counterreconnaissance and security measures, limited in
fighting for information.
z The HMMWV provides inadequate survivability and mobility.
z The platoon possesses limited dismounted capability.
z Limited dismounts reduce the capability of the platoon to conduct long-term observation posts
(OPs), continuous screening, or to conduct the dismounted tasks associated with route, zone, or
area reconnaissance.

IBCT DISMOUNTED CAVALRY TROOP AND INFANTRY BATTALION SCOUT PLATOONS

1-43. 11B Infantry Soldiers compose the dismounted troop and the Infantry battalion Scout platoons. They
provide dedicated dismounted capabilities to the squadron.

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 Role of the Cavalry Troop

Capabilities
1-44. The dismounted Cavalry troop and Infantry battalion Scout platoons can—
z Provide all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely reconnaissance and security in complex,
close, and urban terrain.
z Employ UAS to enhance reconnaissance efforts.
z Conduct stealthy reconnaissance and security operations.
z Conduct ground, water, and air insertion.

Limitations
1-45. The dismounted Cavalry troop and Infantry battalion scout platoons have the following limitations,
which careful employment or augmentation can mitigate:
z Limited mounted capability, requiring augmentation of mobility platforms for rapid movement.
z Limited direct-fire standoff, lethality, and survivability.
z Requires more time to plan and employ to reduce risk because of the limited protection inherent
in the design of this type of Scout platoon.
z Requires vehicle augmentations to perform convoy security.
z Possible limitations of the dismounted reconnaissance troop:
„ Only has the Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below (FBCB2) system in vehicles.
„ May require augmentation to perform offense or defense missions.

SBCT SCOUT PLATOON

1-46. The platoon has four (R-series MTOE) or six (K-series) Stryker reconnaissance vehicles. The
following paragraphs discuss the capabilities and limitations of the vehicles.

Capabilities
1-47. The SBCT scout platoon has the following capabilities:
z Provides all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely reconnaissance and security in complex,
close, and urban terrain.
z Possesses four Javelin systems.

Limitations
1-48. The SBCT scout platoon has the following limitations:
z Limited ability to fight for information due to the vulnerability of platoon vehicles to enemy
counterreconnaissance and security measures.
z Four-vehicle, two-section platoons accept risk when individual Stryker‘s reconnoiter lateral routes
and the terrain adjacent to the route when performing route reconnaissance.
z With limited dismounts within sections, the two sections must be combined to generate the
required dismounts needed to execute a long-term observation post, continuous screening, or
conduct the dismounted tasks associated with route, zone, and/or area reconnaissance.

BATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCE BRIGADE SCOUT PLATOON

1-49. The BFSB scout platoon is a lightly armed organization that relies on stealth versus aggressive methods
to conduct reconnaissance and security. The light composition of vehicles and weapons dictates that it must
withdraw or exfiltrate to preserve its information collecting capability when compromised. If an asset
decisively engages, the asset relies on its limited firepower and Army or joint fires for protection, and to
break direct fire contact. The platoon organizes with six, armored HMMWVs.

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Chapter 1

CAPABILITIES
1-50. The BFSB scout platoon integrates into the BFSB architecture. It has access to information and
intelligence collected by brigade assets. Also—
z The scout platoon possesses multiple Javelin missile systems and is highly mobile and responsive.
z The platoon provides all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely information gathering through
the combined use of LRAS3s.

Limitations
1-51. The BFSB Cavalry troop does not have organic mortars; therefore, security missions and fighting for
information in decisive action is difficult. The BFSB scout platoon has the following limitations:
z The platoon possesses limited dismounted capability. The HMMWV provides inadequate
survivability and mobility and carries a crew of three, one of whom performs dismounted
reconnaissance tasks.
z The scout platoon has limited dismounts within sections.
z Two sections combine to generate the required dismounts to execute a long-term observation post,
to conduct continuous screening, or to conduct the dismounted tasks associated with route, zone,
or area reconnaissance.

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 Chapter 2
Mission Command
Squadron and troop commanders must apply the principles of mission command to
develop the situation in close contact with the enemy and civilian populations.
Commanders use the principles of mission command to develop their understanding,
visualization, and description of the operational environment, the terrain, local
populations, and the enemy.

The role of reconnaissance and security tasks in mission command is essential. To

make effective decisions in an uncertain environment, the BCT commander requires
timely and accurate combat information from their reconnaissance and security formations.

SECTION I – TROOP MISSION COMMAND

2-1. Mission command is the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to
enable disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the
conduct of unified land operations (ADP 6-0).
2-2. Commanders enable mission command during operations by providing a clear commander’s intent and
using mission orders to assign tasks, allocate resources, and issue broad guidance. Guided by the squadron
commander’s intent and the mission purpose, troop commanders take actions that accomplish the mission.
They take appropriate actions and perform the necessary coordination without needing new orders.
2-3. Mission command as a warfighting function assists commanders in balancing the art of command with
the science of control, while emphasizing the human aspects of mission command. A warfighting function is
a group of tasks and systems (people, organizations, information, and processes) united by a common purpose
that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. (Refer to ADRP 6-0 for more information.)
2-4. Troop leading procedures extend the military decision-making process to the small-unit level. The
military decision-making process and troop leading procedures are similar but not identical. Commanders
with a coordinating staff, use the military decision-making process as their primary planning process.
Company-level and smaller units lack formal staffs and use troop leading procedures to plan and prepare for
operations. The responsibility for planning is primarily on the commander or small-unit leader. (Refer to
FM 6-0 for more information.)
2-5. Troop leading procedures are a dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to analyze a mission,
develop a plan, and prepare for an operation (ADP 5-0). These procedures enable leaders to maximize
available planning time while developing effective plans and preparing their units for an operation. Troop
leading procedures consist of the following eight steps:
2-6. Step 1. Receive the mission. The troop commander quickly analyzes the mission upon receipt and
identifies reconnaissance or security tasks that the troop needs to conduct. The troop commander should
provide the higher commander with a confirmation brief following the receipt of an order.
2-7. Step 2. Issue a warning order. Upon determining a tentative course of action, the troop commander
issues a warning order so subordinate units can begin their planning and preparation centered largely on the
tasks for the desired form of reconnaissance or security. The troop commander must incorporate all
warfighting functions into the warning order (WARNORD) including for example, fires and sustainment
planning. At the end of this step, the commander receives a confirmation brief from leaders to ensure clear
communication of instructions and subordinate leadership understanding.

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Chapter 2

2-8. Step 3. Make a tentative plan. The commander develops a tentative plan to direct or synchronize the
reconnaissance guidance based upon an evaluation of the mission variables (METT-TC) to answer priority
intelligence requirements (PIR). The commander develops a tentative plan without becoming rigidly fixed
on this plan and can adapt as information changes. The troop commander develops a reconnaissance and
security plan based on the squadron commander’s guidance and the overall reconnaissance and security plan.
A clear understanding of this guidance aids the troop commander in planning and executing the troop mission.
Reconnaissance and security guidance enables clarification of intent to subordinate leaders.
2-9. Step 4. Initiate movement. The commander relies heavily on the XO and 1SG. Cavalry troops must be
adept at quickly setting the unit in motion towards their start point, line of departure, or line of contact
positions to support the rapid deployment of Cavalry forces.
2-10. Step 5. Conduct reconnaissance. The commander evaluates the designated area of operations using all
available tools—maps, satellite imagery, video surveillance footage, aerial fly overs (when available),
intelligence products, and previous reports to determine routes, possible engagement areas and the possible
and additional assets required (such as aviation, fires, engineers, and military intelligence assets).
2-11. Step 6. Complete the plan. Inherent in completing the plan is the face-to-face coordination with
adjacent units. A Cavalry troop maneuvering, traversing, or staging in other maneuver forces’ areas of
operation increases the risk of fratricide and introduces vulnerabilities to the maneuver forces. When Cavalry
troops take any maneuver actions, they should consider the possibility of forward or reverse passage of lines.
The commander must mitigate risk through the exchange of plans with the adjacent and higher commanders
to include operational graphics. The commander determines route and possible engagement area
development using squadron S-2 (battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer) products, such as obstacle
overlays and modified combined obstacle overlays (MCOOs), and determines the assets available and the
possible assets required (such as aviation, fires, engineers, and military intelligence assets).
2-12. Step 7. Issue the order. Upon issuing the order, the commander will likely participate in the supported
commander’s combined arms rehearsal if time permits. Upon completion of this rehearsal, the Cavalry troop
commander must conduct a unit rehearsal with all leaders and augmented assets to imprint a mental picture
of the sequence of the key actions and to improve mutual understanding. Based upon time constraints at the
Cavalry troop level and mission requirements, the confirmation brief is usually the only option. See FM 6-0
for more detailed information on rehearsals.
2-13. Step 8. Supervise and refine. After issuing the order, the commander continues to supervise execution
preparation. The commander evaluates and adjusts the plan as new information becomes available.
2-14. The troop commander develops a reconnaissance and security plan based on the squadron
commander’s guidance and the overall reconnaissance and security plan. A clear understanding of this
guidance aids the troop commander in planning and executing the troop mission. Guidance enables the troop
commander to clarify their own intent for their subordinate leaders. The troop commander then uses the
elements of the commander’s role in the operations process (understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and
assess) to develop specific guidance for the troop. (Refer to ADRP 5-0 for more information.) The squadron
commander’s guidance consists of focus, tempo of reconnaissance or security, and engagement/
disengagement, and displacement criteria. The commander can specify different reconnaissance and security
guidance for each phase of an operation and can adjust the components of their guidance at any point in the
operation.

SECTION II – TROOP INTEGRATION OF SQUADRON STAFF PRODUCTS

2-15. The troop commander receives staff products from the squadron to aid with troop leading procedures.
The following paragraphs represent and describe some of the squadron products and the troop commander’s
application of them. Troop commanders have a responsibility to refine products generated by the squadron
staff to focus appropriately on the troop level. Copying items, such as mission and intent, verbatim from the
squadron operation order (OPORD) and issuing as troop mission and intent will not provide sufficient clarity
to the troop’s subordinate leaders. Troop commander’s must also ensure that they understand all squadron
products completely; if not, they must seek clarification from the responsible staff section as opposed to
having a vague understanding and trying to make it happen on their own initiative.

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 Mission Command

DIRECTED FRIENDLY COURSE OF ACTION

2-16. The squadron directed friendly course of action should include the commander’s intent, mission
concept of the operation, tasks to subordinate units, and the commander’s reconnaissance, and security
guidance by phase (or as needed). Upon receiving the order and issuing the warning order, in conjunction
with task organization and latest time information is of value, the commander begins step three of troop
leading procedures—make a tentative plan. Troop commanders must ensure they understand the squadron
commander’s objective and the boundaries for their unit. It is critical that troop commanders understand the
timelines and the assets available to complete the mission. The troop commander should clearly understand
what the squadron commander expects of their troop. If the troop commander is unclear of the commander’s
intent, the troop commander should seek additional guidance. The troop commander makes the tentative plan
and begins the troop leading procedures but must remain cognizant of changing facts that could alter the
original plan. The commander must not become overly committed or fixated on the original plan and assume
away or diminish legitimate concerns for fear of altering the plan.
2-17. The troop commander provides a confirmation brief to the squadron on the details of the troop's scheme
of maneuver to ensure the plan nests with higher headquarters’ intent, including platoon-level graphic control
measures that the troop commander consolidates at the troop level.

GRAPHIC CONTROL MEASURES

2-18. The supported command should provide detailed graphic control measures to the troop. When control
measures are not detailed, it is the troop commander’s responsibility to synchronize troop graphic control
measures with the higher headquarters to ensure the troop scheme of maneuver meets the supported
commander’s intent. The use of observation posts in-depth, named areas of interest, reconnaissance
objectives, coordination points, and targets convey a scheme of maneuver. For example, troop commanders
should depict and designate tentative observation post locations for the platoons.

INFORMATION COLLECTION PLAN

2-19. The squadron information collection plan should contain adequate detail to conduct effective
reconnaissance. Troop commanders must highlight specified tasks for their organization. They must also
understand squadron and brigade decision points, the PIRs that support those decisions and which named
areas of interest (NAIs) associate with each PIR. Commanders must understand their role in the BCT, the
BCT and squadron commander’s intent, and how their troop tasks nest within the BCT. Failure to understand
these linkages and supporting relationships will result in a loss of synchronization and effectiveness for the
overall information collection plan. Additionally, the troop commander may develop troop PIRs or indicators
that support the BCT and squadron commanders’ intent and guidance. Troop commanders need to be careful
that they do not assign NAIs to everything. Information collection assets are finite. Therefore, each NAI
should associate with at least one PIR, which in turn should support a squadron or BCT decision point.
Reverse line of sight analysis, good terrain analysis, and thorough enemy analysis will help the troop
commander decide where to look and equally as important, when to look there.
2-20. The squadron naming convention should identify which named area of interest belongs to which troop.
Similar to fire support target blocks, standard operating procedures (SOPs) should dictate how troops should
label their named areas of interest and target areas of interest to ensure no two troops are using the same
name for different named areas of interest. For example, A troop can name their NAIs 100-199; B Troop can
name their NAIs 200-299; C Troop can name their NAIs 300-399.

EXECUTION MATRIX
2-21. The squadron execution matrix is a visual and sequential representation of the key tasks and
responsible organizations over time. The execution matrix provides a visualization of the timeline for the
squadron mission and should closely mirror Annex L (Information Collection) from the squadron OPORD.
The troop commander should similarly visualize troop tasks in time and space to identify any obvious
problems or situations requiring augmentation or changes to the scheme of maneuver. Visualization helps

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Chapter 2

ensure that the troop synchronizes with the squadron scheme of maneuver, adjacent units, and any attached
elements.

EVENT TEMPLATE
2-22. The event template helps to develop the information collection overlays and the decision support
template for the supported commander. Use the event template during the execution phase of the operations
process to aid in determining which course of action the enemy has adopted. The event template is comprised
of the following elements: time-phase lines, NAIs, TAIs, and enemy decision points. Time-phase lines are
linear geographic areas that depict when enemy activity will occur. Usually, the commander selects NAIs to
capture indications of enemy courses of action, but the commander may also relate to conditions of the
operational environment. An enemy decision point is a point in time and space when the enemy commander
anticipates making a decision regarding a specific course of action.
2-23. An enemy situation template depicts a single potential enemy course of action and does not provide
enough detail about the enemy situation to understand the different enemy objectives and how the objectives
may affect the troop area of operations. Troop commanders must refine the squadron event template to depict
anticipated enemy actions in or near the troop area of operations. Troop commanders should incorporate
expected enemy actions into the troop’s scheme of maneuver. The enemy’s techniques of employing their
weapons and equipment influences information collection planning. For example, the enemy’s techniques of
employing crew served weapons may indicate enemy objectives. (See ATP 2-01.3 for more information on
situation template and event template creation.)

LATEST TIME INFORMATION IS OF VALUE

2-24. Commanders must understand the latest time information is of value (LTIOV). Commanders who do
not understand LTIOV cannot support their higher headquarters in a timely manner. Troop commanders must
answer priority intelligence requirements quickly so the BCT commander can select a course of action.
Failure to understand LTIOV on the part of the commander violates two reconnaissance fundamentals—
report all information rapidly and accurately and develop the situation rapidly. Failure to apply these two
fundamentals hinders Scouts from providing commanders with the information they need to make the right
decision at the right time. To help combat this shortcoming, commanders must plan and execute their mission
within the timeline to remain relevant. Troop commanders must understand LTIOV and its importance. Troop
commanders must understand how BCT decision points and commander’s critical information requirements
tie into the information collection plan and squadron and troop tasks. (Refer to FM 3-98, FM 3-55, and
ATP 2-01 for more information.)

FIRES SUPPORT PRODCUTS

2-25. The troop commander and the troop fire support team use the scheme of fires to describe the troop’s
use of available fires to support the concept of operations with emphasis on the scheme of movement and
maneuver and the synchronization matrix. The troop commander, with the troop's fire support officer’s
assistance, ensures that targets assigned to the troop support the scheme of maneuver. If needed, the
commander may task the fire support officer to refine and resubmit targets that the squadron assigns. The
Fire Support Annex (Annex D) typically includes the following products, fire support execution matrix,
attack guidance matrix, and target list worksheet. (See ATP 3-09.42 for more information.)
2-26. The fire support execution matrix is a detailed portrayal of the portions of the fire support plan that
the subordinate element is responsible for executing. The format and techniques for its development and use
varies according to individual unit tactical standard operating procedures. The fire support execution matrix
generally includes targets assigned to each subordinate unit, fixed and rotary wing assets available, active
fire support coordination measures, active airspace coordination measures, radar zones, locations of fire
support elements, and priorities of fire. The information is typically displayed in either a by phase or key
event format. The fire support execution matrix may include additional information like a communication
plan with the field artillery battalion, restrictions, ammunition available, and time on station. (See
ATP 3-09.42 for more information.)

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2-27. The attack guidance matrix is a targeting product approved by the commander, which addresses the
how and when to engage targets and the desired affects. The matrix includes specific high-payoff targets,
timing of engagements, and the commander’s desired effects. The attack guidance matrix addresses how and
which weapons system to use to execute the request for fire. The attack guidance matrix ensures that the
execution synchronizes with the scheme of maneuver. (See ATP 3-60.)

TASK ORGANIZATION
2-28. The troop commander evaluates required tasks, troop capabilities and limitations, and conditions to
conduct an initial assessment to determine if there is a need for additional assets. The troop commander
requests more information from higher if needed, and evaluates his internal section and sizing requirements
to determine if it is necessary to reconfigure platoons.

ASSIGNING PLATOON TASKS

2-29. The squadron staff should provide a detailed explanation of PIR, which decision points they support,
and which NAIs align against specific PIR. Troop commanders refine this information into indicators for
their platoons which, once asigned against a collection asset become, specific information requirements. It is
critical that troop commanders provide sufficient detail for subordinate leaders to understand these linkages,
as well as the implications of the information they collect, such as confirming or denying enemy courses of
action or LTIOV.
2-30. Assigning the proper task and purpose to each platoon that supports the higher commander’s intent is
critical. The troop commander assigns appropriate tasks to each platoon based on shared understanding and
mutual trust with their subordinate leaders. The troop commander’s assessment of the experience, skills,
manning, training, abilities, and discipline of the individual platoons determines the assignment of platoon
tasks. Troop commanders must exercise discerning judgment when assigning tasks that are appropriate for
Scout platoons. As an example, if the squadron mission is to conduct a guard, an appropriate task for a
platoon would be to conduct a screen. Platoons may also have tasks different from each other. One platoon
may conduct a zone reconnaissance while another platoon conducts a route reconnaissance.

SECTION III – INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE

BATTLEFIELD/BATTLESPACE
2-31. Intelligence preparation of the battlefield/battlespace (IPB) is the systematic process of analyzing and
visualizing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations in an area of interest to
determine their effect on operations (ATP 2-01.3). Commanders apply intelligence preparation of the
battlefield to gain the information necessary to selectively apply and maximize operational effectiveness at
critical points in time and space. (Refer to ATP 2-01.3 for more information.)
2-32. The troop commander uses the IPB process as part of planning to constantly evaluate and reduce
uncertainties concerning the enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations within the area of operations.
Commanders conduct the IPB during mission planning and throughout the conduct of the operation. The
supported command’s S-2, supported by a troop company intelligence support team (COIST) when formed
or augmented, provides the troop commander with the information and products needed to accomplish troop-
level planning. The troop commander refines these IPB products and combines them with their own
assessment to facilitate planning and situational awareness at the Scout platoon level.
2-33. Commanders initiate troop planning using IPB with a narrow focus toward developing a detailed
understanding of the troop’s area of operations. Developing an understanding of the troop’s area of operation
(AO) requires judgment concerning adversary capabilities and limitations in relation to the factors of
observation and fields of fires, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment and
how they impact the enemy’s employment of soldiers and combat systems.
2-34. Troop commanders must further refine squadron IPB products and assessments to provide additional
detail and insight based on their assessment of the mission variables in their area of operations. The IPB
process is cyclic. One of the most critical steps is to determine threat and adversary courses of action
(ATP 2-01.3), which assists in developing the event template, which in turn drives collection planning. In

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developing multiple threat courses of action, the commander should consider factors such as potential or
assessed methods of enemy maneuver based on the terrain, enemy task organization, and varying objectives
of the enemy commander. By identifying multiple enemy courses of action, the troop commander can
determine how the enemy could array against the formation. Threat and adversary courses of actions should
nest with the higher command’s assessment. If the troop commander disagrees with the higher headquarters
on the enemy courses of actions, the troop commander notifies the commander and staff for a resolution.
Creating threat courses of action that are not consistent with higher headquarters introduces confusion at
several echelons when reporting information.
2-35. The troop commander refines the higher headquarters’ indicators, which distinguish between the
various enemy courses of action. As the commander determines indicators and locations to answer priority
intelligence requirements, the IPB process serves as the foundation for the friendly scheme of maneuver. The
troop commander understands the higher headquarters collection plan and optimizes the use of cueing,
mixing, and redundancy of available collection assets.
2-36. A detailed IPB forms the foundation of the information collection plan. The troop commander
identifies tactical hazards in the IPB process to bypass or mitigate as appropriate based on the mission
variables.

SECTION IV – ORDERS
2-37. Commanders issue plans and orders to subordinates to communicate their understanding of the
situation and their visualization of operations. Mission orders focus subordinates on the mission, and the
purpose of the mission without prescribing exactly how to do it, allowing the subordinates the freedom to
seize opportunities or to react effectively to unforeseen enemy actions and capabilities. Mission orders also
coordinate and synchronize subordinate actions and inform those outside the unit how to cooperate and
provide support. Commanders ensure that all operations plans and orders comply with applicable domestic
and international laws. They also confirm that the plan or order is relevant and suitable for subordinates.
2-38. Effective orders development allows commanders maximum planning time while preventing
confusion and uncertainty among subordinates. Commanders develop an orders process that maximizes time
management and allows subordinates the majority of the pre-mission planning time. Commanders should
allot one third of available mission planning time for themselves while preserving two thirds of the available
time to their subordinates to prepare prior to mission execution.
2-39. Mission orders follow the five-paragraph format (situation, mission, execution, sustainment, and
command and signal) and are as brief and simple as possible. Mission orders clearly convey the unit’s mission
and the commander’s intent. Mission orders summarize the situation, describe the operation’s objective and
end state, and provide a simple concept of operations to accomplish the unit’s mission. When assigning tasks
to subordinate units, mission orders include all components of a task statement: who, what, when, where, and
why. Commanders particularly emphasize the purpose (why) of the tasks to guide individual initiative. (Refer
to FM 6-0 for more information.) Effective plans and orders foster mission command by―
z Describing the situation to create a shared understanding.
z Conveying the commander’s intent and concept of operations.
z Assigning tasks to subordinate units and stating the purpose for conducting the task.
z Providing the control measures necessary to synchronize the operation while retaining the
maximum freedom of action for subordinates.
z Task-organizing forces and allocating resources.
z Directing preparation activities and establishing times or conditions for execution.

2-40. Commanders ensure reconnaissance and security guidance is explanatory in their orders. Orders both
contain and explain focus, tempo of reconnaissance or security, engagement and disengagement criteria, and
displacement criteria.

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TYPES OF MISSION ORDERS

2-41. Commanders issue orders verbally or in writing. The five-paragraph field order format remains the
standard for issuing orders. The technique used to issue orders (verbal or written) is at the discretion of the
commander; each technique depends on time and the situation. Army organizations use three types of orders:
operation orders (OPORDs), fragmentary orders (FRAGORDs), and warning orders (WARNORDs). Refer
to FM 6-0 for more information.

VERBAL ORDERS
2-42. Commanders use verbal orders when operating in an extremely time-constrained environment. Verbal
orders offer the advantage of quick distribution but risk overlooking or misunderstanding information. The
production of written FRAGORDs normally follow the issuing of verbal orders to confirm the guidance and
direction provided by the verbal orders.

WRITTEN ORDERS
2-43. Commanders issue written plans and orders that contain both text and graphics. Graphics convey
information and instructions through military symbols. (ADRP 1-02 lists approved symbols.) Graphics
complement the written portion of a plan or an order and promote clarity, accuracy, and brevity. Commanders
often develop and disseminate written orders electronically to shorten the time needed to gather and brief the
orders group. Troop commanders can easily edit and modify electronically produced orders and incorporate
staff products into their orders. They can send the same order to multiple recipients simultaneously.
Commanders can use computer programs to develop and disseminate precise, corresponding graphics to add
to the efficiency and clarity of the orders process, but they still need to verify that subordinates understand
the order.
2-44. Electronic editing makes importing text and graphics into orders easy. Unfortunately, such ease can
result in orders becoming unnecessarily large without added operational value. Commanders need to ensure
that orders contain only information needed to facilitate effective execution. Orders should not regurgitate
unit SOPs. They should be clear, concise, and relevant to the mission.
2-45. Commanders will not always have the luxury of consolidating all of their platoons or platoon leaders
to issue an OPORD in person. For example, the Cavalry troop is often planning its next reconnaissance
mission while it is simultaneously conducting security operations (the BCT is planning to transition from
defensive to offensive operations). In such a situation, commanders may choose to write their OPORD in
FBCB2 and create overlays to transmit digitally to their subordinates.

ORDERS TECHNIQUES
2-46. Commanders can use different techniques when developing their orders. The commander is
responsible for the order regardless of the technique they choose to develop it. One technique involves the
commander writing the order with little or no input from other unit leaders and teams. The commander
controls the development and speed of the process but this often limits input and creativity. The second
technique allows the commander to use the strengths of the unit leaders and teams and any subject matter
experts attached to the troop.
2-47. The commander receives input from the other unit leaders and teams to help develop the order when
using the team technique. Table 2-1, page 2-8, is an example of what paragraphs the leader and team may
contribute to the orders development.

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Table 2-1. Team Orders Development

LEADER OR TEAM MEMBER ORDERS PARAGRAPH

Executive Officer 4 and 5
First Sergeant 4
Commander, Platoon Leaders or
3 and 5
Platoon Sergeants
Fire Support Officer 3
Mortar Platoon Sergeant 3
Communications Sergeant 5
Company Intelligence Support Team 1 and 3
Combat Medics 3 and 4
Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
and Nuclear Noncommissioned 3
Officer
Supply Sergeant 4

SECTION V – RESPONSIBILITIES
2-48. The Cavalry officers and NCOs are highly trained in the use of organic weapons, indirect fires, land
navigation, supporting fires, demolitions, obstacles, communications, reconnaissance, liaison, and security
techniques. Officers and NCOs are familiar with combined arms tactics and can react to rapidly changing
situations. They also know how to employ surveillance, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, and sustainment assets,
attached or supporting the troop.

TROOP COMMANDER
2-49. The commander establishes a positive command climate that instills and fosters trust and mutual
understanding. The commander’s most important role in mission command lies in combining the art of
command with the science of control. The commander visualizes and describes the area of operations, directs
actions to achieve results, and leads the troop to mission accomplishment.

Note. The commander continuously analyzes the situation to ensure command presence at the
decisive point.

2-50. The foundation of the relationship between the squadron commander and the troop commander rests
on all of the elements of mission command with special emphasis on mutual trust and shared understanding
between the two commanders. The troop commander must be knowledgeable in reconnaissance and security
tasks and in the capabilities and limitations of the troop. Additionally, the troop commander must develop
mutual trust and shared understanding with subordinates.
2-51. The commander, with the assistance of their subordinate leaders, is responsible for the integration and
synchronization of all assets and enablers within the troop to accomplish the mission. The troop commander’s
additional responsibilities include the following:
z Serve as the subject matter expert in reconnaissance and security fundamentals and tasks.
z Preserve the troop’s reconnaissance capability.
z Plan and execute fires to support the troop’s missions.
z Synchronize operations with adjacent and supporting units.
z Synchronize and plan the use of additional assets, such as—
„ Unmanned Aircraft System.
„ Ground sensors.

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 Mission Command

„ Prophet.
„ Human intelligence collection teams.
z Synchronize and integrate use of additional combat assets, such as Infantry platoons, mobile gun
system platoons, or tank platoons.
2-52. The troop commander establishes priorities with the executive officer and the 1SG. The troop
commander defines expectations and standards and ensures the XO and 1SG execute those expectations. The
commander must ensure the XO, as the second in command, has the same situational understanding as the
commander and understands the visualization the commander has for the mission. The commander must
ensure the XO executes the commander’s visualization in running the command post. The commander must
personally mange rest for the XO and 1SG as they have extensive duties and responsibilities. The commander
must ensure no one attempts to perform without a rest cycle during mission preparation and execution, such
as an XO attempting to perform constantly nonstop without rest.

EXECUTIVE OFFICER
2-53. The XO is the second in command. The XO supervises the troop command post and stays attuned to
the tactical situation in the troop’s area of operations. The XO, must be diligent, relentless, and possess
unbound energy to perform the tasks required. The troop commander establishes priorities with the executive
officer. The XO receives, verifies, and consolidates digital and voice tactical reports from the platoons and
forwards them to the squadron, adjacent, and following units. When FBCB2 use is limited, the XO ensures
the command post converts digital reports into radio voice reports to generate situational awareness of
friendly, enemy, and adversary positions and activities. The XO’s other duties include the following:
z Maneuvers the troop tactical command post to a position where it can assist the troop commander’s
conduct of mission command tasks that generate friendly and threat situational awareness of
friendly, enemy, and adversary positions and activities. See Appendix C. The XO’s other duties
include the following:
„ Assume command of the troop as required.
„ Primary sustainment planner and coordinator. (See chapter 7 for more information on the XO
as a sustainment planner)
„ Assist in preparation of the operations order, especially paragraph 4 (sustainment) and
paragraph 5 (command and signal).
„ Ensure all voice and digital communications are properly functioning.
„ Conduct tactical coordination with higher, adjacent, and supporting units.
z Assist the commander in preparing for follow-on missions.
z Conduct additional duties such as serving as officer in charge for a quartering party.

FIRST SERGEANT
2-54. The 1SG is the troop’s senior NCO. First sergeants have the primary responsibility for training
individual skills and sustaining the troop’s ability to fight. First sergeants are the troop’s sustainment
operator; they help the commander to plan, coordinate, and supervise all sustainment activities that support
the tactical mission. The 1SGs duties include the following:
z Establish and maintain the foundation for troop discipline.
z Manages refit and recuperation of forces. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)
z Assist the commander in performing precombat inspections.
z Execute and supervise routine operations. Routine operations may include—
„ Enforcing the tactical standard operating procedures.
„ Planning and coordinating training.
„ Coordinating and reporting personnel and administrative actions.
„ Supervising supply, maintenance, communications, and field hygiene operations.
z Supervise, inspect, and/or observe all matters designated by the commander.

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z Primary sustainment operator and assists the commander to plan, coordinate, and supervise all
sustainment activities that support the tactical mission. (See chapter 7, of this publication for more
information.)
z Assist in preparation of the operations order, especially paragraph 4 (sustainment).
z Plan, rehearse, and supervise key sustainment actions in support of the tactical mission, such as—
„ Resupply of class I, III, IV, and V products and materials.
„ Maintenance and recovery.
„ Medical treatment and evacuation.
„ Replacement and return-to-duty processing.
z Coordinates with the XO in all critical sustainment functions.
z Conduct training and ensure proficiency in individual and unit collective skills that support the
troop’s mission-essential task list.

SCOUT PLATOON LEADER

2-55. The Scout platoon leader is responsible to the troop commander for the discipline, combat readiness,
training, and the equipment maintenance of the platoon. The platoon leader has a thorough knowledge of
reconnaissance and security operations, and works closely with the troop commander during the mission
analysis portion of the planning process. A solid understanding of troop leading procedures and the ability to
apply them quickly and efficiently in the field are essential. The scout platoon leader is proficient in the
tactical employment of the scout platoon, knows the capabilities and limitations of personnel and equipment,
and is an expert in threat organizations, doctrine, and equipment.
2-56. The scout platoon leader is versatile, able to exercise sound judgment, and makes correct decisions
quickly based on the commander‘s intent and the tactical situation. It is the platoon leader‘s responsibility to
ensure that every leader in the platoon understands and can successfully accomplish the following competencies:
z Subject matter expert in reconnaissance and security fundamentals.
z Troop leading procedures.
z Tactical movement.
z Patrolling and local security.
z Action on contact.
z Deployment.
z Observation post establishment and operation.
z Patrolling and local security.
z Employment of fires.
z Reporting procedures.
z Proper use and maintenance of all organic equipment and communications, including digital assets.
z Employment of additional assets such as Prophet and UAS.

SCOUT PLATOON SERGEANT

2-57. Sustainment activities are the platoon sergeant’s responsibility. The platoon sergeant accomplishes this
by coordination with the troop 1SG. The platoon sergeant leads elements of the platoon as directed by the
platoon leader. The platoon sergeant assumes command in the absence of the platoon leader thus requiring
personal proficiency in all platoon leadership competencies. The platoon sergeant is the most experienced
NCO within the formation. The platoon sergeant also assists in maintenance, initiating movement, discipline,
and assists and mentors the platoon leader plan when needed.

FIRE SUPPORT TEAM

2-58. The fire support team is critical to the Cavalry troop. It is responsible for coordinating indirect fires
(mortar, field artillery, and close air support) for the troop. The team processes calls for fire from the platoons
and allocates the appropriate indirect fire system based on the commander’s guidance for fire support.

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 Mission Command

2-59. The fire support team vehicle can serve as the alternate troop command post. The fire support officer
has ready access to the higher-level situation and the radio systems necessary to replace the troop command
post if necessary. The fire support officer’s additional responsibilities include the following:
z Advise the commander on the capabilities and status of all available fire support assets.
z Serve as the commander’s primary advisor on the enemy’s indirect fire capabilities.
z Assist the commander in developing the operations order to ensure full integration of fires.
z Recommend targets, fire support coordination measures, methods of engagement, and is
responsible for initiating indirect fires.
z Determine specific tasks and instructions required to conduct and control the fire plan.
z Develop an observation plan, with limited visibility contingencies, that supports the troop and
higher headquarters missions.
z Request critical friendly zones to assist counterbattery fires in response to enemy artillery and
mortar attacks.
z Refine and integrate the troop target worksheet and submit the completed worksheet to the
squadron fires cell.
z Assist the commander in executing the indirect fire and target acquisition plan into each rehearsal.
Integrating indirect fire observers into the rehearsal plan is critical.
z Alert the commander to denials in requests for fires against a target in tactical situations.
z Monitor the location and capabilities of friendly fire support units and assist the commander in
clearance of indirect fires in tactical situations.
z Designate no-fire areas as necessary to protect friendly forces.

MORTAR SECTION SERGEANT

2-60. The mortar section sergeant is responsible for providing responsive indirect fires to support the troop
commander’s concept of the operation. The section sergeant assists the commander in indirect mortar fire
planning. The sergeant assists in establishing movement control, triggers for movement, triggers for shifting
targets, and mortar caches. As a rule of thumb, the mortar section maintains two-thirds maximum range of
mortar fire forward of the reconnaissance elements. The section sergeant maintains discipline, conducts
training, and exercises control over the mortar section. The sergeant supervises the section’s sustainment,
which includes supply and equipment maintenance. The mortar section sergeant’s additional responsibilities
include the following:
z Recommend employment techniques and positioning of the mortars to support the scheme of
maneuver.
z Assist in developing the troop fire support plan to determine the best type and amount of mortar
ammunition to fire based on the mission variables of METT-TC.
z Train the section to ensure technical and tactical proficiency and combat lifesaver skills; cross
train personnel within the section on key tasks to ensure continuous operations.
z Select and reconnoiter new positions and routes for the section (in conjunction with overall troop
plan); control the movements of the section.
z Keep abreast of the enemy situation and locations of friendly units to ensure the best use of
ammunition and the safety of friendly troops.
z Supervise the execution of orders.
z Ensure coverage of priority targets at all times; establish the amount and type of ammunition set
aside for priority targets.
z Coordinate the fires and displacement of the mortar section with the action of other units.
z Anticipate needs and submit timely ammunition resupply, maintenance, and refuel requests to
sustain combat operations.

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COMMUNICATIONS SERGEANT
2-61. The communications sergeant assists in all aspects of tactical communications. The communications
sergeant locates with the XO or 1SG per the standard operating procedures and may operate the troop net
control station. The communication sergeant receives and distributes signal operation instructions and
communications security encryption keys. The communications sergeant ensures the troop receives the
appropriate database for systems operating on the tactical internet. These include the FBCB2, single-channel
ground and airborne radio system, the system improvement program, enhanced position location reporting
system, and a high-speed integrated circuit. The communications sergeant trains operators in initialization
and reinitialization of the systems and maintains the troop addressing and routing schemes. The
communications sergeant troubleshoots troop digital communications equipment and ensure that necessary
repairs are completed.

COMPANY INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TEAM

2-62. The mission of the COIST is to describe the effects of the weather, enemy, terrain, and local population
on friendly operations to reduce uncertainty and aid in the decision-making process. Troop leaders must
review and interpret huge volumes of data on a daily basis to determine their relevance and relationships. A
few examples of this data include weapons intelligence team reports, patrol debriefs, intelligence summaries,
link diagrams, and be-on-the-lookout lists. The establishment of the COIST is internal, although the
commander determines and directs the exact requirements for the COIST. Specified and implied tasks usually
include targeting, patrol briefings, debriefings, detainee operations, and site exploitation. It is important the
COIST have a sufficient number of personnel to conduct continuous 24-hour operations. Leaders in the
COIST must be vigilant when performing the following tasks to derive the most benefit from the organization:
z Developing a debriefing standard operating procedures and supervising its execution.
z Track and disseminate priority information requirements, specific information requirements.
z Participate in squadron operations and intelligence working group. (Refer to FM 3-55 for more
information.)
z Maintain regularly scheduled communication with higher headquarters’ staff.

2-63. Regardless of how the troop commander resources the COIST, the troop commander should organize
and train the COIST team to perform the following tasks:
z Conduct document and media exploitation handling and processing.
z Patrol briefing and debriefing.
z Detainee processing and tracking.
z Tactical questioning.
z Troop support to nodal and pattern analysis.
z Reconnaissance and security synchronization and management.
z Creation and interpretation of supporting intelligence products.
z Liaison with the squadron S-2.

COMBAT MEDICS
2-64. Combat medics attached to the troop provide emergency medical treatment for sick, injured, or
wounded personnel. The combat medics’ responsibilities include the following:
z Provide medical guidance to troop leadership as necessary.
z Conduct triage for injured, wounded, or ill friendly and enemy personnel.
z Request and coordinate the evacuation of sick, injured, or wounded personnel under the direction
of the 1SG.
z Assist in the training of troop personnel in basic first aid and of combat lifesavers in enhanced
first-aid procedures.
z Requisition class VIII supplies from the squadron aid station.
z Recommend locations for troop casualty collection points.

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z Provide guidance to the troop’s combat lifesavers as necessary.

z Advise the troop commander and 1SG on mass casualty operations.
z Keep the 1SG informed on the status of casualties.
z Coordinate with the 1SG for additional Army health system requirements.

COMBAT REPAIR TEAM

2-65. The maintenance team chief is responsible for all 20-level repairs to keep all assigned vehicles,
weapons, and equipment mission capable. The team chief is responsible for requesting and receiving all
necessary parts and consumables from higher headquarters to maintain the troop equipment fleet. The
maintenance team chief provides internal troop vehicle recovery capability. The maintenance team chief
coordinates with the executive officer for maintenance and supply activities. The maintenance team chief
advises the troop commander in developing a maintenance plan that includes regular routine preventive
maintenance and emergency maintenance so that the troop can maximize its operational readiness.

CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR

NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER
2-66. The CBRN noncommissioned officer is responsible for troop CBRN defense activities. The NCO
supervises CBRN monitoring, detection, and decontamination operations. The CBRN noncommissioned
officer assists in maintaining CBRN equipment and training CBRN equipment operators and
decontamination teams. The noncommissioned officer operates from the troop command post and assists the
XO in executing mission command operations. The CBRN noncommissioned officer advises the troop
commander and XO on contamination avoidance measures and obscuration, flame, and CBRN
reconnaissance support requirements. Additionally, the CBRN noncommissioned officer monitors reports of
CBRN attacks and advises the commander of their impact. The CBRN noncommissioned officer is the CBRN
expert and advises the commander on the integration of the CBRN reconnaissance section and platoon if the
troop has that requirement.

SUPPLY SERGEANT
2-67. The supply sergeant picks up, transports, and issues supplies and equipment to the troop. The supply
sergeant works closely with the 1SG to accomplish these tasks. The supply sergeant leads the logistics
package to the linkup point or, if the situation dictates, moves it forward to the supported unit’s location. The
supply sergeant also evacuates enemy prisoners of war and other detainees and assists in the evacuation of
deceased Soldiers to the mortuary affairs collection point.

ARMORER AND SUPPLY SPECIALIST

2-68. The armorer and supply specialist performs organizational maintenance and repairs on the troop’s
small arms weapons. The specialist evacuates weapons to the direct support maintenance unit if required.
Normally, the specialist assists the supply sergeant in the brigade support area, but may operate forward with
the troop command post to support continuous command post operations.

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 Chapter 3
Reconnaissance Tasks
Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance to determine enemy composition and
disposition as well as to gather information on terrain and populations. Reconnaissance
tasks enable all units to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative across the range of
military operations by identifying, creating, and capitalizing upon opportunities.
Reconnaissance tasks provide commanders with information, facilitate
decisionmaking, and concentrate unified efforts against decisive points.

SECTION I – BASICS OF RECONNAISSANCE TASKS

3-1. Cavalry troops use visual means or other detection assets to conduct reconnaissance missions to gather
information. The information may be identifying enemy or civilian population activities and resources within
the area of operations or it may be information regarding meteorological, hydrographical or geographical
characteristics within the area of operations.

RECONNAISSANCE FUNDAMENTALS
3-2. The Cavalry troop commander uses the same seven reconnaissance fundamentals when developing the
reconnaissance plan and in the deployment of reconnaissance assets. (Refer to FM 3-90.2 and FM 3-98 for
more information.) The seven reconnaissance fundamentals are—
z Ensure continuous reconnaissance.
z Do not keep reconnaissance assets in reserve.
z Orient on the reconnaissance objective.
z Report all information rapidly and accurately.
z Retain freedom of maneuver.
z Gain and maintain enemy contact.
z Develop the situation rapidly.

RECONNAISSANCE TECHNIQUES
3-3. Two reconnaissance techniques that the Cavalry commander must understand and recognize while
conducting reconnaissance are reconnaissance push and reconnaissance pull. (Refer to FM 3-98 for
more information.)
3-4. Reconnaissance push occurs when the higher maneuver commander develops a course of action, and
pushes the reconnaissance units to confirm or deny specific information gaps that will confirm or deny the
suitability of the course of action. Reconnaissance push requires a higher fidelity of the enemy and friendly
situations as well as the terrain.
3-5. Reconnaissance pull occurs when the friendly maneuver commander does not have a course of action,
and sends the Cavalry units to find information that will pull the rest of the organization into a course of
action. The Cavalry unit has to find and communicate the enemy situation and terrain information so that the
maneuver commander can develop a course of action based on the information the Cavalry provides.
Reconnaissance pull requires a broad and detailed plan on the part of the Cavalry commander. The plan must
be adaptable and flexible to address an evolving situation.

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RECONNAISSANCE METHODS
3-6. Cavalry troop commanders use the mission variables of METT-TC to determine which method is best
when conducting reconnaissance missions. Cavalry troops use combinations of methods to ensure that the
unit is providing depth and redundancy throughout the area of operations. There are four methods of
reconnaissance; dismounted, mounted, aerial, and reconnaissance by fire.

DISMOUNTED RECONNAISSANCE
3-7. The dismounted method collects detailed information about the enemy, terrain, society, and
infrastructure within a given area, zone, or along a route. The trade-off for conducting dismounted
reconnaissance is that it is very time consuming. The platoons conduct dismounted reconnaissance when in
close proximity to enemy positions and when encountering danger areas. Dismounts are highly effective
using optics at long ranges and identifying the enemy and potential courses of action early, as well as shaping
the fight through indirect fires. Additional situations in which the troop commander would direct the platoons
to conduct dismounted reconnaissance are when stealthy or detailed reconnaissance is required, time is
available, and restrictive terrain limits mounted reconnaissance.
3-8. Of the three types of BCTs, the IBCT is the only organization that has a dedicated dismounted troop.
The IBCT dismounted troop can assume a motorized reconnaissance role if given additional mobility assets.
They are well suited to air assault operations if assault aviation assets are available to insert and extract them.
The commanders of the other BCT Cavalry troop types can task organize their mounted Scouts to conduct
dismounted reconnaissance when the situation requires the use of that reconnaissance method. However, they
are limited in the number of Scouts that they can dismount without leaving Scout vehicles unmanned.

MOUNTED RECONNAISSANCE
3-9. Mounted reconnaissance permits a more rapid and forceful tempo at the expense of stealth. The Scout
platoon uses the LRAS3 or other organic optics to observe the enemy from a distance. These are the primary
means of collecting information while conducting mounted reconnaissance. Units conducting mounted
reconnaissance operations must keep in mind that dismounted activities are required for security reasons.
3-10. The troop commander plans mounted reconnaissance when there is―
z Limited time.
z Known enemy locations.
z Distances requiring mounted movement.
z No primary concern with stealth.
z The ability to provide the same information as the dismounted method.
z Terrain in the vicinity of a target or named area of interest that allows the use of vehicles.

AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE
3-11. Aerial reconnaissance provides a flexible, low-risk means for gaining basic information in the least
amount of time. Cavalry troops conduct aerial reconnaissance using organic UAS or Army aviation assets
placed under the operational or tactical control of the troop.
3-12. The troop commander plans the use of or requests aerial reconnaissance when there are—
z Extreme time limits.
z Objectives at extended ranges.
z Target requiring verification.
z No available ground reconnaissance elements.
z High risk to ground reconnaissance assets.
z Complex terrains and favorable weather conditions.

3-13. The troop commander must take into consideration some of the limitations of aerial reconnaissance:
z Weather and environmental conditions are not always conducive for aerial reconnaissance.

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z Aerial reconnaissance usually relies on visual cues (imagery) and does not gather audio cues that
might assist in answering information requirements.
z The fidelity of the imagery might be poor based on optical constraints or concealment from aerial
observation.
z Depending on the platform, aerial reconnaissance is not always conducive for stealthy
reconnaissance.

RECONNAISSANCE BY FIRE
3-14. Reconnaissance by fire places direct or indirect fire on positions where there is a reasonable suspicion
of enemy. The goal is to cause the enemy to move or return fire, thereby disclosing their disposition to fight.
Commanders may direct reconnaissance by fire when expecting enemy contact, under time limitations, or
reconnaissance elements cannot maneuver to develop the situation.
3-15. A reconnaissance by fire technique requires one element firing while another element observes the
area. Another technique is to use indirect fires while the Cavalry units are in position to observe the area
where the indirect fires impact to observe any reaction from the enemy. Indirect fires may not cause any
reaction if the enemy has fortified overhead cover.

RECONNAISSANCE SENSOR ASSETS

3-16. A Scout directly observing a target is the most versatile reconnaissance asset because that Soldier can
assess the enemy’s moral and react to unforeseen circumstances to accomplish the mission. A commander
uses internal sensors, such as unmanned ground sensors with external sensors, such as artillery radars, to
enhance the troops’ reconnaissance capabilities.

RECONNAISSANCE MANAGEMENT
3-17. No single means of reconnaissance management can answer every information requirement and there
are rarely enough reconnaissance assets to cover every requirement. Troop commanders manage their
reconnaissance assets using cueing, mixing and redundancy. Additionally, they may task organize any of
their organic or attached elements. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

COMMANDERS RECONNAISSANCE GUIDANCE

3-18. The troop commander develops a reconnaissance plan based on the squadron commander’s guidance
and overall plan. The squadron commander’s guidance enables the troop commander to clarify their own
intent for subordinate leaders. Reconnaissance and security guidance is contained in the five-paragraph
operation order. The commander’s reconnaissance guidance is how the commander communicates the way
to conduct the directed form of reconnaissance. Commanders may adjust guidance by phases. The
commander’s guidance consists of focus, tempo of reconnaissance, engagement and disengagement criteria,
and displacement criteria. (Refer to ATP 3-20.96 and FM 3-98 for more information.)
3-19. The troop commander evaluates the required tasks and the troop’s capabilities to accomplish the
mission. If the troop does not have the time or resources to complete all of the tasks, the troop commander
informs the squadron commander. The squadron commander issues further guidance on tasks the troop must
complete, restates the priority of the tasks (usually clear from the reconnaissance objective) or augments the
troop. If after starting the reconnaissance, the troop commander determines that the troop cannot complete
an assigned task it must report to the squadron commander and await further instructions.

FOCUS
3-20. Focus allows the troop commander to determine which tasks the troop must accomplish first, where to
concentrate the reconnaissance activities, and the assets required. It narrows the scope of operations to get
important information to squadron operations. Reconnaissance focus links the tasks of answering the higher
commander’s critical information requirement, supporting targeting, and filling information requirement

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voids. The focus might be terrain-oriented, oriented on enemy security forces, or oriented on the civilian
population.
3-21. The troop commander narrows the focus further by defining a reconnaissance objective. The troop
commander uses information from the intelligence preparation of the battlefield process and asset capabilities
and limitations to decide the reconnaissance objective. The reconnaissance objective consists of (confirm or
deny) information about a specific geographical location, civilian population, or threat activity, allowing the
unit to set priorities and focus on the reconnaissance objective when under time limits.

TEMPO OF RECONNAISSANCE
3-22. Tempo of reconnaissance refers to the level of detail and covertness required of the Cavalry troop to
accomplish reconnaissance tasks. Tempo of reconnaissance uses four terms; rapid, deliberate, stealthy, and
forceful (see FM 3-98). The commander must clearly articulate for the subordinates how to interpret these
terms.
3-23. Reconnaissance tempo uses factors such as planning time, movement formations, and methods. The
troop commander visualizes the tempo of reconnaissance through the analysis of three mission variables of
METT-TC: mission, enemy, and time.

ENGAGEMENT/DISENGAGEMENT CRITERIA
3-24. Establishes which targets the troop is to engage, under which circumstances to use direct or indirect
fires, and which targets they are to hand over to a maneuver element. The commander develops engagement
and disengagement criteria based on established rules of engagement and analysis of the mission variables
of METT-TC variables. Commanders plan engagement/disengagement and displacement criteria for all
missions, even during security tasks. The commander issues guidance to define—
z Engagement and disengagement criteria.
z Bypass criteria.
z Priority of fires.
z Fire support coordination measures.
z Weapons control status (free, tight, or hold).
z Direct fire planning.
z Guidance on actions on contact.
z Reconnaissance handover criteria.
z Rules of engagement.

DISPLACEMENT CRITERIA
3-25. Displacement criteria defines triggers for a planned withdrawal, passage of lines, or reconnaissance
handover between units. As with engagement and disengagement criteria, the conditions and parameters set
out in displacement criteria integrate the commander’s intent with tactical feasibility.

SECTION II – FORMS OF RECONNAISSANCE

3-26. Cavalry troops use four of the five forms of reconnaissance in combination with other ground and
aviation reconnaissance assets to perform reconnaissance missions. Organizations, such as engineers, civil
affairs, and chemical units, have specific reconnaissance tasks to perform that complement the troop’s overall
reconnaissance effort. The BCTs use their organic or attached Cavalry troops primarily to conduct
reconnaissance tasks. The five forms of reconnaissance tasks are zone, area, route, special reconnaissance,
and reconnaissance in force.

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ZONE RECONNAISSANCE
3-27. Zone reconnaissance is a form of reconnaissance that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed
information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries (ADRP
3-90).
3-28. Commanders choose to task organize the reconnaissance force to mitigate risks associated with an
increased tempo of operations. Task organizing the force provides Cavalry organizations with an increased
ability to develop the situation through action in close contact with the enemy and civilian populace. (Refer
to FM 3-98.)

TASKS
3-29. The troop commander, in conjunction with the squadron commander, determines the priority of tasks
that best answer PIRs then focuses the troop’s collection efforts against these requirements. Tasks associated
with zone reconnaissance are—
z Find and report all enemy forces within the zone.
z Based on engagement criteria, clear all enemy forces in the designated AO within the capability
of the unit conducting reconnaissance.
z Determine the trafficability of all terrain in the zone, including built-up areas.
z Locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas in the zone.
z Inspect and classify all bridges within the zone.
z Locate fords or crossing sites within the zone.
z Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts.
z Locate and clear all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the zone (within capability).
z Report reconnaissance information.

3-29. Based on priority, the commander may direct the following:

z Reconnoiter all terrain within the zone.
z Reconnoiter specific terrain within the zone.
z Locate bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and contaminated areas.

MISSION COMMAND GRAPHIC CONTROL MEASURES

3-30. The squadron assigns a line of departure, a series of lateral boundaries, and a limit of advance to
identify the zone. The troop commander further divides the area of operations with additional lateral
boundaries to define platoon zones. The commander includes additional phase lines and contact points at
necessary locations allowing platoons operating abreast to make physical contact and coordinate movement
and information exchange. Commanders designate recognizable landmarks as checkpoints. The higher
headquarters may include airspace coordinating measures to facilitate aerial reconnaissance within the
troop’s area of operations and fire control measure. (See figure 3-1, page 3-6.)

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Figure 3-1. IBCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance

ZONE RECONNAISSANCE CONSIDERATIONS

3-31. The commander develops a plan based on the mission variables of METT-TC. During troop leading
procedures, the commander considers the following criteria. The commander determines commander’s
reconnaissance guidance by evaluating information requirements against troop capabilities.

Friendly Forces
3-32. The commander incorporates the status of friendly forces into a plan. Friendly force considerations for
zone reconnaissance include—
z Mission of adjacent and follow-on forces.
z Reconnaissance objectives of higher headquarters and follow-on forces.
z Commander’s critical information requirement of higher headquarters and follow-on forces.

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z Higher commander’s reconnaissance focus, tempo of reconnaissance, engagement,

disengagement, and displacement criteria including considerations for adjusting tempo and
engagement criteria during reconnaissance.
z Missions of elements operating within the troop’s area of operations but not under troop control.
z Capabilities and limitations of other elements, such as ground sensors attached to or controlled by
the troop.

Enemy Forces
3-33. The commander develops a plan focusing largely on how to collect information relating to the priority
intelligence requirement while considering enemy forces. Enemy force considerations include—
z Type and capabilities of likely enemy weapon systems, surveillance systems, ground sensors,
signal intercept, night observation devices, and related systems.
z Anticipated enemy course of actions including an event template depicting composition, known
and templated disposition, enemy decision points, and potential engagement areas.

Terrain and Weather

3-34. The commander must consider the effects of terrain and weather on both friendly and threat forces in
planning considerations. The commander should note that the terrain and weather might affect threat forces
differently than they effect U.S. reconnaissance forces. Terrain and weather considerations include:
z Effects on weapon systems effective ranges, laser designators, and night observation devices.
z Effects on UAS and other aviation assets for reconnaissance, transport, resupply, fire support, and
medical evacuation.
z Effects on cross-country mobility.
z Effects on fords and bypasses.
z Effects on civil functions and services.

Civil Consideration
3-35. When the zone includes civilian populations, and especially when the focus of the zone reconnaissance
is on civilian populations, the troop leadership must consider the six civil characteristics of ASCOPE (areas,
structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events) in relation to the operational variables of PMESII-PT
(political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, information, physical environment, and time).
3-36. The supported commander’s PIR may be in relation to the ASCOPE factors of key infrastructure
facilities to include government agencies, political party offices, and nongovernmental organizations. It also
may include the locations of power and transformer facilities, water treatment plants, food distribution points,
communications networks, and media outlets.
3-37. Ensure the leaders know the locations of police stations, armories or barracks, encampments, weapons
holding areas, and staging areas. Priority intelligence requirements collection may also focus on the ASCOPE
factors of military forces to include the composition and dispositions of regional and local military,
paramilitary, and law enforcement organizations and their uniforms, insignias, vehicles, markings, and equipment.
3-38. Priority intelligence requirements collection activities routinely focus on the ASCOPE factors of
economics to include the locations, factions, key leaders, compositions, and dispositions of known friendly,
neutral, and belligerent (criminal) elements. The supported command may also have PIR related to
identifying ASCOPE characteristics on social variables to include recent trends in public opinion and the
intensity levels of current and past disturbances, and the effects of lethal force against civilians. Using the
civil characteristics of ASCOPE to assess the political variable and information activities is also a potential
for the Cavalry troop zone reconnaissance plan as it relates to the supported commander’s PIR.

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PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
3-39. The commander develops a concept of operation that describes the scheme of maneuver. The concept
should develop focus and tempo for reconnaissance, engagement, disengagement, and displacement criteria
including changes to tempo based on anticipated contact or requirements.
3-40. The supported commander’s PIR and LTIOV in relation to reconnaissance considerations drive the
focus and tempo of reconnaissance and engagement criteria. The commander must decide if platoons should
conduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance, or a combination of the three to enable the troop to complete its
zone reconnaissance mission to answer the supported commander’s PIR. The troop commander further
identifies subordinate element tasks, including reconnaissance and security as required, while determining
task organization and subordinate unit area of operations based on tasks and METT-TC factors.
3-41. The commander integrates reconnaissance methods such as dismounted, mounted, aerial, and
reconnaissance by fire in conjunction with deployment methods and selecting movement techniques that
support the desired tempo of operations. In zone reconnaissance, the troop identifies infiltration routes against
potential or confirmed enemy positions that allow the use of organic information collection systems, against
those positions. Determine positons that allow the surveillance of named areas of interest.
3-42. The commander should plan to establish a screen upon reaching the limit of advance. The commander
develops target acquisition assignments synchronized with reconnaissance tasks that provide target
description, location (known or templated), method of engagement, desired target effect and purpose, and
criteria requiring change from target surveillance to designation (illumination).
3-43. The troop determines locations and criteria for reconnaissance and target handover. The troop
coordinates the handover plan with external units, and coordinates engagement criteria between units,
develops passage of lines graphic control measures to support noncentralized linkup procedures, and
recommends infiltration routes for the follow-on units during reconnaissance handover planning.
3-44. Graphic control measures, which support the concept of the operation, include the following:
z Boundaries identifying the troop’s area of operations, platoon area of operations, line of departure,
and limit of advance.
z Routes or lanes and designated start points, release points, check points, and rally points for each
route.
z Phase lines, checkpoints, and contact points for coordination with other elements.
z Terrain index reference systems or grid index reference systems assist in controlling subordinate
movements and reporting.
3-45. Commanders carefully plan sustainment operations for Cavalry assets before, during, and after their
commitment as a vital part of maintaining reconnaissance capabilities. Sustainment considerations include
priorities and security of sustainment assets. Commanders plan movement and positioning of trains and
sustainment supply points. The commander plans casualty consolidation and evacuation, vehicle recovery
including secured collection points and maintenance procedures, and equipment and supply destruction
criteria. Resupply, including emergency resupply and caches, covers the following:
z Caches for classes I, III, IV, and VIII and other mission-specific items such as batteries.
z Drop points away from vehicle hide positions and observation posts.

3-46. Communications considerations include positioning of the commander, XOs, and the command post.
If necessary, the commander requests the squadron retransmission team to maintain communications with
the higher headquarters and other designated elements. Additionally, the commander considers methods and
techniques for communications between mounted and dismounted elements, and establishes responsibilities
and procedures for integrating supporting units.

Integration of Other Elements or Assets

3-47. The troop integrates other elements or assets into the reconnaissance effort. Other elements or assets
include UAS and Army aviation assets such as attack reconnaissance units to reconnoiter routes, possible
infiltration lanes, or key and restricted terrain within the area of operations. The troop uses signals intelligence
collection assets provided by the BCTs military intelligence to monitor communications traffic or

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transmissions within designated areas containing suspected enemy or supporting forces. Additionally, the
troop employs LRAS3 and unmanned ground sensors on avenues of approach into the troop’s flanks. Finally,
the troop integrates engineers to assist with classification of bridges, overpasses, culverts, fords, routes,
obstacles, infrastructure, environment, and other classifications related to area damage control in the
designated zone.

Fires
3-48. During reconnaissance operations, the troop commander provides the commander’s guidance for fires
to the fire support officer. The commander’s guidance emphasizes in broad terms when, where, and how the
commander intends to synchronize the effects of fires with other elements of combat power for mission
accomplishment. The commander's guidance for fires should include intent and end state. Understanding the
commander’s intent makes it easier for the fire support officer to advise the commander on how to maximize
indirect fire capabilities to support all phases of the operation and to achieve the desired end state.
3-49. The commander provides the fire support officer with platoon priority of fires by phases. Priority of
fires is the commander’s guidance to the staff, subordinate commanders, fires planners, and supporting
agencies to employ fires according to the relative importance of a unit’s mission (ADRP 3-09).
3-50. Once the commander provides the fire support officer with guidance for fires, the fire support officer
develops a fire support plan. The following are considerations the troop fire support plan should include as a
minimum:
z Guidance on establishment of primary and alternate mortar firing points to keep the mortar section
in position.
z Displacement and movement criteria for the mortar section positioning. (See chapter 6 for more
information on use of mortars.)
z Guidance on the establishment of primary and alternate observer positions.
z Trigger points the mortar section can cover as the platoons bound forward.
z Trigger for each of the planning targets.
z Restrictions from higher.
z Attack guidance.
z Fire support tasks in the task, purpose, effect format.
z Priority of fires by phase.
z Assessments (measure of performance and effectiveness).

AREA RECONNAISSANCE
3-51. An area reconnaissance is a form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information
about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area (ADRP 3-90). An area reconnaissance provides
information about a specified area such as a town, ridge, woods, or other feature critical to operations. The
commander specifies exactly what to look for and why. There are two ways of conducting area
reconnaissance, by maneuvering elements through the area or by establishing observation posts within or
external to the area of interest. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

TASKS
3-52. Area reconnaissance tasks are the same as the zone reconnaissance tasks mentioned above. Based on
time and intent, the commander may direct the reconnaissance towards specific information requirements
only. Primary tasks associated with an area reconnaissance include the following:
z Find and report all enemy within the area.
z Reconnoiter specific terrain within the area.
z Report reconnaissance information.

3-53. Other tasks include the following:

z Reconnoiter all terrain within the area.

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z Inspect and classify all bridges within the area.

z Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges within the area.
z Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts.
z Locate and clear all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the area within capability.
z Locate a bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and contaminated areas.

AREA RECONNAISSANCE CONSIDERATIONS

3-54. As with the zone reconnaissance, the troop commander ensures that the troop has all known
information and intelligence pertaining to the area of operations. The squadron may designate troop
infiltration lanes. The troop commander determines the infiltration method and sequence. At times, the
commander may be required to identify the infiltration lanes. If so, the troop conducts reconnaissance during
troop leading procedures to identify and select infiltration lanes. The troop commander coordinates for
support from other reconnaissance and surveillance assets available to the squadron and BCT to assist with
this reconnaissance. Information from signal intelligence and imagery intelligence can help the commander
to develop and complete the scheme of maneuver during troop leading procedures. The troop commander
uses intelligence and imagery, along with a detailed map reconnaissance, to determine how terrain supports
movement. The commander views the terrain not only from the perspective of how it supports the mission
success, but also from the enemy’s perspective. Measurement and signature intelligence assets previously
coordinate for and provided from echelons above brigade intelligence organizations should focus on
restricted terrain or high-speed avenues of approach to provide early warning of potential enemy movements.
Aviation and UAS assets can provide early warning and reconnaissance of areas that are inaccessible to the
ground troop. (See figure 3-2, page 3-11.)

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Figure 3-2. ABCT Troop Area Reconnaissance

AREA RECONNAISSANCE PLANNING

3-55. While developing an area reconnaissance plan during troop leading procedures, the commander
considers the following. (See zone reconnaissance considerations for a detailed list under each category.)

MISSION VARIABLES OF METT-TC

3-56. The commander considers each mission variable when planning an area reconnaissance. See zone
reconnaissance planning above. The commander should develop an operations sketch that portrays key
terrain. The commander sketch also should highlight restricted or protected areas designated by the rules of
engagement and hazardous areas, intersections, and bridges; and known hostile, belligerent, or criminal areas.
Commanders should have major terrain features, such as parks; industrial complexes; airports and buildings
that mask or interfere with communications or Global Positioning Systems (GPSs); assembly areas, including

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main thoroughfares and improved road surfaces; escape evasion routes or corridors, access routes, and
subterranean routes in their sketch.
3-57. The commander develops a concept of operation. The considerations specific to area reconnaissance
are below: (See zone reconnaissance for a detailed list of additional considerations under each category.)
3-58. Focus and tempo for reconnaissance should include the movement to the areas to reconnoiter, including
techniques and formations if applicable. Commanders select movement techniques that support the tempo of
reconnaissance and that avoid known enemy forces outside the areas to reconnoiter, they select the route(s)
and establish a march order on each route, identify filtration route(s) against a higher threat and establish an
order of march. Additionally commanders identify dismount points and suitable concealed locations to
position vehicles prior to conducting the reconnaissance and identify vehicle positions that allow use of
onboard optics, such as LRAS3, to assist in observation and provide overwatch. The commander’s planning
ensures reconnaissance of the designated areas answers information requirements.
3-59. Commanders ensure they synchronize and integrate all of the command assets to include target
acquisition assignments, UAS and Army aviation assets, ground sensors, and engineers with reconnaissance
tasks. They also integrate available joint sensors into their reconnaissance effort.
3-60. The commander plans for the area reconnaissance by determining locations and criteria for
reconnaissance and target handover and priorities and use of fires to maintain maximum range forward of
platoons. Additionally the commander designates bypass and engagement criteria during both movement to,
from, and during reconnaissance of designated areas.
3-61. Finally, the commander develops the disengagement and displacement criteria and actions of the higher
headquarters reaction force or reserve to support the troop’s conduct of reconnaissance. The commander
develops graphic control measures that support the concept of operation including boundaries that identify
the troop’s area of operations, each subordinate element’s area of operations, the line of departure,
checkpoints and phase lines, fire support coordination measures, and specific areas of interest to be examined
within a given area of operations.

INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION

3-62. Cavalry troops frequently employ infiltration and exfiltration in executing forms of reconnaissance and
security to avoid detection and direct fire contact with enemy elements. Infiltration and exfiltration can occur
during zone, route, or security tasks, but this ATP discusses infiltration and exfiltration as part of area
reconnaissance, primarily for dismounted troops. Cavalry troops can employ infiltration and exfiltration
during any form of reconnaissance or security. Area reconnaissance, in particular, is a form of reconnaissance
that is especially effective for infiltration and exfiltration. Infiltration and exfiltration occurs mounted,
dismounted, or using a combination of the two methods. Preceding infiltration, the troop may require
insertion into the area of operations where it conducts infiltration Insertion may be by ground, air, or water
assets (if they are available and the tactical situation permits). The troop exfiltrates at the conclusion of the
mission, extraction may be required using ground, air, or water assets.
3-63. The following list is a sequence of operational events used to mitigate the chance of reconnaissance
assets being compromised:
z Insertion (if required) by ground, air, or water assets.
z Execution of the reconnaissance mission.
z Extraction (if required) by ground, air, or water.
z Infiltration (mounted, dismounted, or combination).
z Exfiltration (mounted, dismounted, or combination).

3-64. As an example of infiltration and exfiltration, the troop must emplace observation posts as part of a
reconnaissance mission. The mission variables of METT-TC dictate deliberate and stealthy emplacement of
the observation posts. Vehicles infiltrate the area of operations to insert dismounted Scouts who conduct
infiltration on foot to the observation post locations. The dismounts establish the observation posts to confirm
or deny the commander’s priority intelligence requirement. When this mission is complete, the dismounted
Scouts conduct exfiltration to an extraction point (different from the insertion point in most cases) for pickup
by the vehicles, which then conduct exfiltration to move back to the line of departure.

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INFILTRATION
3-65. Infiltration is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through
or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage behind those enemy positions
while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires (FM 3-90-1)intelliggenc. Historically, the scope
of the mission for the infiltrating force has been limited. Infiltration is also a march technique used within
friendly territory to move forces in small groups at extended or irregular intervals. (See FM 3-90-2 for a
discussion of infiltration as a movement technique.) The elements avoid enemy detection when moving
through or into an area occupied by enemy or friendly forces. The troop infiltrates through the area of
operations without engaging the enemy or fighting through prepared defenses. Infiltration is slow and often
conducted under reduced visibility conditions. Synchronized reconnaissance and security operations using
other assets, as well as intelligence preparation of the battlefield, provide the troop with additional security
by locating likely enemy positions and identifying infiltration routes that avoid enemy contact. The troop’s
higher headquarters uses UAS cued by geospatial intelligence, Prophet, and ground sensors to locate gaps in
enemy positions and assist the troop in infiltrating.
3-66. Enemy dispositions may require the BCT to attack and destroy specific elements in the enemy’s
disruption zone or to penetrate the defense so the troop can infiltrate. The BCT also can conduct a feint or
demonstration as a military deception so the troop can infiltrate at another point.

Planning Considerations
3-67. Infiltration and exfiltration requires centralized planning and decentralized execution planning and
movement security considerations for infiltration and exfiltration are similar. Infiltration is one of the troop’s
most difficult missions and must be resourced and supported by its higher headquarters. The troop requires
detailed knowledge of the terrain and current enemy information to enhance survivability and maximize
chances for success. The BCT higher headquarters, as part of its IPB process, gathers detailed terrain analysis,
focusing on identifying potential infiltration routes and likely enemy positions. The corps or division analysis
and control elements of the headquarters to which the BCT attaches, uses several databases to provide
detailed enemy dispositions and compositions to support infiltration planning. The S-2 evaluates intelligence
shortfalls. The BCT battalion or brigade operations staff officer (S-3) tasks information collection assets to
obtain more detail to support the infiltration mission. For example, the BCT S-3 may task UAS to conduct
aerial reconnaissance of the proposed infiltration lanes to obtain a current picture of the area of operations
prior to and during movement of the ground Scouts.
3-68. The troop commander, XO, forward support officer, first sergeant, operations sergeant, platoon
leaders, platoon sergeants, and the leaders of any supporting organizations review terrain analysis and enemy
data to identify gaps within enemy dispositions and potential infiltration routes. The troop commander
participates in this analysis and determines whether to move the troop as a unit or in echelon on single or
multiple infiltration lanes. The overriding factor in determining to use single or multiple lanes is the ability
to remain undetected. Space and time separate forces moving along the infiltration lane. Moving the troop
by platoons is faster and easier to control. Conversely, echeloned movement by sections or individual vehicles
lessens the likelihood of detection due to the smaller size of the moving elements.
3-69. The higher headquarters and troop commander plan adequate time for infiltration. The higher
headquarters and troop commander allow time for potential delays. The higher headquarters and troop
commander ensure that the troop has sufficient time to reach its area of operations and subsequent primary
or alternate rally points. The contingency plan addresses actions on contact, aborting the infiltration, shifting
elements during reconnaissance, and actions if an element fails to arrive or arrives late at the primary rally
point. The contingency plan designates alternate rally points to use if the enemy occupies the primary rally
point, the primary rally point becomes compromised, or the rally point identified is unsuitable.
3-70. The concept of the operation describes the infiltration method, sequencing (by unit of echelon), and
timing, as well as the higher headquarters’ military deception actions and their purpose or relation to the
infiltration. The commander uses the concept to identify potential observation posts, objective rally points,
and vehicle hide positions. The commander also uses the concept to prescribe actions on contact and
infiltration abort criteria. The commander integrates indirect fires to support the infiltration, including priority
of fires, and uses the assigned named areas of interests and information requirements to develop

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reconnaissance focus and objective. The commander identifies primary and alternate rally points. The first
Scout element reaching the rally point establishes security and then uses FBCB2 or radio voice to identify
and exchange recognition signals with follow-on troop elements is an example of actions at rally points.
3-71. Terrain analysis uses the products of the intelligence preparation of the battlefield process, imagery,
and ground reconnaissance to enable the troop to identify primary and alternate infiltration routes. These
routes should avoid enemy positions, obstacles, populated areas, main avenues of approach, and heavily
populated routes and trails. In addition, movement along the routes must not expose vehicle or Soldier
silhouettes along crest lines.
3-72. Graphic control measures include checkpoints or terrain index reference systems to control movement
and provide mission command flexibility in response to anticipated and unanticipated events. The troop can
use a checkpoint as a rallying point if a Scout element becomes lost or it must move off the infiltration route
or observation post.
3-73. Threat analysis is another planning consideration. Threat analysis assists in identifying the enemy’s
probable lines for deployment. Threat analysis also assists with identifying lines of contact, battle positions,
fighting positions, obstacles, security forces deployed for counterreconnaissance, and identifying times of
reduced alert status.
3-74. Availability of signal support is also a planning consideration available to the troop commander.
Possible signal support includes the provision of digital identification means and combat net radio
retransmission capabilities in follow-on sections to maintain contact with the lead elements.
3-75. Other planning considerations are the weather, casualty evacuation procedures, and an emergency
resupply plan. Weather analysis helps to identify periods of reduced visibility. The weather analysis can also
predict the effectiveness of troop and enemy night observation devices.

Execution
3-76. The paragraphs below describe the operational considerations that apply when executing the
infiltration. Other considerations may apply dependent on the situation. The size of the infiltrating element
depends on the assigned mission, time available, the amount of available cover and concealment, and the
acquisition capabilities of both friendly and enemy forces. The troop can infiltrate as a whole or by platoons.
Infiltration can be executed mounted, dismounted, or a combination of the two. Scouts insert into the area of
operations by ground vehicle, aircraft, or watercraft depending on the availability of equipment and the type
of mission. The troop may use single or multiple infiltration lanes or zones. The lanes or zones must have
sufficient width to allow the infiltrating elements to change their planned routes to avoid contact. The troop
commander enforces radio listening silence except when the troop is in contact or when directed by the
commander. Infiltration planning includes indirect fire. The troop employs fires only if the infiltrating
element makes contact or if the commander employs fires at another location to divert attention from the
infiltration lane. Fires can be in the form of troop mortars, artillery, rotary- or (in rare circumstances) fixed-
wing air support, or a combination of all four. The commander’s for guidance engagement and disengagement
criteria must state actions on contact clearly. If the unit makes visual contact undetected, it continues the
mission. If detected, elements execute actions on contact.

Infiltration Order of Movement

3-77. The troop commanders position themselves in the infiltration order of movement where they can best
exercise mission command. If a penetration is required, they may initially locate with the maneuver force
command group. The troop command post and the commanding officer may collocate with the stationary
force command post to coordinate a forward passage of lines. The commander and the command post
commanding officer track forward movement using FBCB2. They input radio voice reports into the FBCB2.
The commander modifies the troop’s scheme of maneuver based on the mission variables of METT-TC and
directs necessary changes using FRAGORDs via FBCB2 or radio voice to combat net radio to maneuver the
troop and ensure synchronization of effort.

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Inifiltration Methods
3-78. The troop movement can be as a unit or echeloned by individual platoons. As noted earlier, infiltration
can be executed mounted, dismounted, or as a combination of the two. Insertion by ground vehicle, rotary-
wing aircraft, or watercraft depends on the availability of equipment and type of mission. The techniques and
procedures may also address shifting to alternate infiltration lanes, actions at rally points or objective rally
points, and actions upon loss of communications.

Employment by Unit
3-79. Employment by unit lends itself to mission command as the entire troop is infiltrating at once. The
troop uses multiple lanes to gain flexibility. The troop infiltrates mounted and dismounted to conduct
different Cavalry missions.

Employment by Section
3-80. The entire troop can infiltrate at one time, which allows the commander to retain control over all troop
elements. A troop can use multiple lanes to gain increased flexibility. The troop infiltrates using situationally
appropriate mounted and dismounted movement techniques to conduct different tactical missions.

Dismounted Infiltration
3-81. The troop commander directs Scouts to conduct dismounted infiltration when there is—
z Available time.
z A requirement for stealth.
z Expected or achieved enemy contact through visual means.
z Terrain or enemy occupied or dominated areas that Scout vehicles cannot move through.
z A primary concern for security.

Mounted Infiltration
3-82. Though an infiltration may be primarily mounted, dismounted activities may be required during the
operation to achieve stealth and security. The troop commander directs Scouts to conduct mounted infiltration
when there is—
z Limited time.
z Known enemy locations.
z Distance requiring mounted movement.

Aerial Insertion
3-83. The planning and conduct of a troop aerial insertion is similar to an air assault operation. FM 3-99
discusses air assault operations in detail. The planning team must include the squadron commanding officer;
the S-2, S-3; the battalion or brigade logistics staff officer (S-4); the battalion or brigade signal staff officer
(S-6); the fire support officer; the aviation liaison officer; the Air Force air liaison officer; and the troop
commander. The plan accounts for deceptive actions, use of reserves, suppression of enemy air defense,
actions at the landing and pickup zones and sustainment to include casualty and medical evacuation.

Single-lane Infiltration
3-84. The least desirable technique of infiltration is on a single lane. It requires all infiltrating groups to move
at intervals in the same lane. The troop commander uses the single lane technique when analysis of the
mission variables of METT-TC supports the identification of only one gap in the enemy position. The troop
commander considers the number of vehicles and dismounted Soldiers, time available, route concealment,
and vehicle and Soldier time and distance interval used to prevent detection.

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Multiple-lane Infiltration
3-85. The multiple-lane infiltration technique is the preferred method of infiltration. The troop infiltrates by
multiple lanes through two or more gaps found in the enemy’s defense.

Infiltration Actions on Contact

3-86. When Cavalry elements infiltrate, the detection of one subordinate element may alert the enemy and
compromise the entire mission. The troop rehearses techniques and procedures for actions with known and
chance contact during infiltration. For example, if detected subordinate elements return fire, break contact,
and report. If the Cavalry unit makes visual contact but remains undetected, it bypasses the enemy force and
continues the mission. The commander’s intent clearly states what the unit should do upon contact with
the enemy.

EXFILTRATION
3-87. Exfiltration is a tactical mission task where a commander removes Soldiers or units from areas under
enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means (FM 3-90-1). If the troop infiltrates to
conduct its mission, it can expect to exfiltrate once the mission is complete. The commander conducts plans
for exfiltration in conjunction with infiltration and refines the plan as the mission progresses. The commander
plans for contingency exfiltration in the event conditions force the troop or its subordinate elements to
conduct an unplanned exfiltration. The troop order addresses actions for both planned and unplanned
exfiltration.

Planning Considerations
3-88. Planning considerations for an exfiltration are similar to those for infiltration. The principles of route
selection, movement formations, and movement security previously discussed in relation to infiltration apply
during movement along exfiltration routes or to the extraction site. Exfiltration operations require additional
time to account for unforeseen circumstances, such as inadvertent contact with enemy forces or unexpected
restricted terrain. Exfiltration timing is critical from a standpoint of morale and mission accomplishment.
Commanders plan extraction before the operation, with alternate plans for contingencies, such as the
evacuation of sick or injured personnel. The plan must address actions in the event communications are lost.
When an element has missed a certain number of required transmissions, the commander assumes that the
element has a communications problem, is in trouble, or both. The commander must prescribe a plan for no
communication, resupply, and exfiltration that accounts for all possibilities. In addition, the plan must address
alternate forms of exfiltration in addition to a linkup with the element’s vehicles. The OPORD may specify
dismounted exfiltration or defending in place with a later linkup with advancing friendly forces. If the
element’s vehicles cannot extract the element or if capture is imminent, use any of these means as an
alternative.
3-89. Exfiltration extraction points for dismounts should be far enough away from observation posts to
ensure the enemy does not hear vehicle or helicopter noises. Mountains, dense foliage, and other similar
terrain features can screen these noises. In flat, open terrain on a clear night, rotary-wing aircraft lose most
of their audio signature at approximately a five-kilometer distance. Commanders must plan movement routes
that put ridgelines, rivers, and other restricted terrain between the unit and enemy forces. Near and far
recognition signals should be coordinated, disseminated, and rehearsed prior to the mission. Lastly, primary
and alternate linkup points should never be on a single azimuth leading away from the observation post of an
exfiltration route.

Exfiltration Methods
3-90. Ground exfiltration is the preferred method when scouts are in a stay-behind mode (withdrawal or
delay). Exfiltration by ground is used when—
z Friendly lines are close.
z Widely dispersed enemy forces are present.
z Largely uninhabited areas exist along the route.

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 Reconnaissance Tasks

z Other methods are not feasible.

z Enemy forces are not conducting aggressive or active counterreconnaissance and security activities.
z Terrain degrades the enemy’s ability to maneuver against the exfiltrating element.
z Units must reach an extraction point after the execution phase of the mission is complete.

Extraction
3-91. Availability of ground vehicles makes extraction the most common method of exfiltration for troop
elements. Generally, platform-based extraction is used when—
z Covering long distances.
z Cover and concealment are lacking.
z Time of return is essential.

3-92. Extraction by air or water assets is favored under the following conditions:
z Resources are available.
z Time requirements preclude any other extraction method.
z Heavily populated hostile areas obstruct ground extraction.
z Use does not compromise the mission.
z Enemy does not have air or naval superiority.

3-93. Extraction points should be far enough away from the enemy so extraction assets remain undetected.
The commander plans movement routes that put restricted terrain between the unit and enemy forces. The
commander should never put primary and alternate extraction points on a single azimuth leading away from
the objective.

ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE
3-94. Route reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all
terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route. (ADRP 3-90) That route may be
a cross-country mobility corridor. It provides new or updated information on route conditions, such as
obstacles, bridge classifications, enemy, and civilian activity along the route. The commander normally
assigns this mission when wanting to use a specific route for friendly movement. When the reconnaissance
tempo is necessarily rapid or the desire for specialized route information is high, the Scout platoon should
augment with engineer reconnaissance capability.

TASKS
3-95. Route reconnaissance requires the accomplishment of certain tasks, unless otherwise directed by the
squadron commander. These tasks are not a checklist or arranged sequentially, as some may not be necessary
for mission accomplishment. If limited by time, the commander directs the reconnaissance only towards
specific information requirements. The following are tasks associated with a route reconnaissance:
z Find, report, and, based on engagement criteria, clear within capabilities all enemy forces that can
influence movement along the route.
z Reconnoiter and determine the trafficability of the route.
z Reconnoiter all terrain the enemy can use to affect movement along the route.
z Reconnoiter all built-up areas along route.
z Reconnoiter all lateral routes. Conduct out-posting along lateral routes to identify potential enemy
positions and forces that could influence the route. (See ATP 3-20.96.)
z Inspect and classify all bridges within the area.
z Reconnoiter defiles along the route, clear of enemy and obstacles (within capability), or locate a
bypass.
z Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts.
z Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges on the route.

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z Locate and clear all improvised explosive devices (IEDs), mines, obstacles, and barriers on the
route within capability.
z Locate bypasses around built-up areas, obstacles, and contaminated areas.
z Report route information.

ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE CONSIDERATIONS

3-96. The higher headquarters specifies the route, including the start point, release point, and other critical
points along the route. It establishes airspace coordinating measures, specifies the reconnaissance start time,
and designates a completion time. The troop commander analyzes the terrain to gain an appreciation of the
danger areas within the area of operations and the nature of the potential enemy using the provided IPB
products to include imagery. The troop commander determines how much terrain on each flank of the route
to reconnoiter. Higher headquarters constraints or restrictions may also influence how much terrain to
reconnoiter. The troop commander coordinates with other reconnaissance and surveillance assets to ensure
support is available to the squadron and BCT prior to and during reconnaissance. The commander may also
direct a platoon to conduct a route reconnaissance as a specific task in another mission. (See figure 3-3.)

Figure 3-3. SBCT Troop Route Reconnaissance

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ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE PLANNING

3-97. The troop normally performs a tactical road march to the line of departure and deploys to execute route
reconnaissance. The commander determines security requirements for the move to the line of departure based
on the amount and quality of intelligence known about the enemy. The commander also considers the effect
final disposition of forces has on the troop’s follow-on mission. The commander develops an operational
concept (see below) that describes route reconnaissance procedures. The zone reconnaissance planning
considerations in paragraphs 3-31 to 3-38 apply to the conduct of a route reconnaissance with the following
additional civil considerations. (See zone reconnaissance for additional considerations.)
z Local government jurisdictions that encompass the route.
z Relief agencies and other nongovernmental organizations using the route.
z Dislocated civilians using the route.

3-98. The commander develops the focus and tempo of reconnaissance and reconnaissance of the route to
answer the applicable information requirements including identifying requirements to reconnoiter and
classify the route or designated portions of the route; requirements to conduct an area reconnaissance of
designated terrain on the flanks of the route; and selecting movement techniques that support the tempo of
reconnaissance. Considerations for sustainment and communications during the route reconnaissance are the
same as those for zone reconnaissance discussed in section III of this chapter. The troop commander specifies
actions at built-up areas and actions on contact with enemy forces or civilians. The commander specifies the
transition to the follow-on mission after completing the reconnaissance or reaching the limit of advance.
Additionally, the commander plans for the following:
z Synchronizing target acquisition assignments with reconnaissance tasks.
z Integrating other elements or assets into the reconnaissance effort including Unmanned Aircraft
System and Army aviation assets.
z Prophet, ground sensors, engineers, and CBRN reconnaissance elements (to reconnoiter for
contamination and bypasses).
z Reconnaissance handover locations and criteria.
z Maintaining maximum indirect fire range forward of the platoons using fires and priorities of fires.
z Bypass and engagement criteria.
z Graphic control measures that support the concept of the operation including—
„ Boundaries identifying the troop’s area of operations.
„ Subordinate element boundaries lateral to the route to support reconnaissance on the flanks.
„ Routes including start points, release points, and checkpoints for other critical points.
„ Phase lines and contact points for coordination with other elements.
„ Limit of advance.

RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE
3-99. A reconnaissance in force is a deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy’s
strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information (ADRP 3-90). Battalion-size task forces
or larger organizations usually conduct a reconnaissance in force. A commander assigns a reconnaissance in
force when the enemy is operating within an area where the commander cannot obtain adequate intelligence
by any other means. A unit may also conduct a reconnaissance in force in restrictive terrain where the enemy
is likely to ambush smaller reconnaissance forces. A reconnaissance in force is an aggressive reconnaissance,
conducted as an offensive operation with clearly stated reconnaissance objectives. The overall goal of a
reconnaissance in force is to determine enemy weaknesses to exploit. It differs from other reconnaissance
operations because it normally attempts to gain information about the enemy and not the terrain. The
commander plans for the retrograde or reinforcement of the force in case it encounters superior enemy forces.
The commander also plans to exploit success.

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3-100. A Cavalry troop usually conducts its portion of a higher reconnaissance in force as an attack or a
zone reconnaissance. The Cavalry troop requires augmentation to conduct a reconnaissance in force since it
must penetrate the security area of a larger enemy force. These augmentations include—
z Tanks or mobile gun systems.
z Helicopter or UAS reconnaissance.
z Artillery (or missile) fire support.
z Engineer mobility and countermobility assets.
z Short-range air defense.
z CBRN reconnaissance assets.

TASKS
3-101. Tasks for reconnaissance in force include—
z Penetrate the enemy’s security area and determine its size and depth.
z Determine the location and disposition of enemy forces.
z Attack enemy positions and attempt to force the enemy to react by using local reserves or major
counterattack forces, employing fires, adjusting positions, and employing specific weapon
systems.
z Determine weaknesses in the enemy’s disposition for exploitation.
z Locate obstacles and create lanes as specified.
z Entering areas of operation in complex terrain not previously occupied by friendly forces, such
as urban environments.
3-102. A unit conducting a reconnaissance in force performs tasks within its capabilities. If it does not have
the time or resources to complete all of these tasks, the troop commander informs the higher commander
assigning the mission. The higher commander then issues further guidance on which tasks the troop must
complete or restates the priority of tasks, which is usually clear from the reconnaissance objective. If, after
starting the reconnaissance in force, the troop determines that it cannot complete an assigned task it must
report to the higher commander and await further instructions.
3-103. The tasks for the Cavalry troop are attack or zone reconnaissance to support the squadron
reconnaissance in force. Reference zone reconnaissance tasks in this manual for tasks conducted. Refer to
FM 3-98 for the tasks of the higher command during a reconnaissance in force.

COMBAT FORMATIONS
3-104. The troop uses different formations based on the mission variables of METT-TC. The troop may use
a combat formation as part of a reconnaissance in force. The troop moves in one of the movement formations
during tactical operations—column, line, echelon, box, wedge, or vee. The troop uses two types of
formations, coil and herringbone, to provide security during halts. All of these formations are flexible in
execution. The troop commander can modify them according to the situation, enemy, terrain, and factors
within the troop itself (task organization, combat losses). To ensure the troops can transition into and out of
the various movement formations easily and quickly, the formations must become second nature for all troop
elements. (Refer to FM 3-90-1 for more information.)

TROOP COLUMN AND STAGGERED COLUMN

3-105. The troop uses the column formation when moving on a designated route, when speed is essential,
and contact with the enemy is not expected. Column and staggered column formation moves the troop quickly
and efficiently from one place to another. The troop usually moves at a designated speed and with a set
distance between vehicles when moving in a column formation. The situation and the troop SOP determines
the march speed and distance between the vehicles. In most situations, the column formation allows the
fastest movement of any formation. The column formation facilitates effective control of the troop during the
move, but leaves the troop vulnerable to enemy air or ground attack.

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 Reconnaissance Tasks

3-106. The staggered column is a modified column formation with elements offset rather than in roughly
straight alignment (as in the column). Advantages of the staggered column include all-around observation
and fields of fire and enhanced overwatch capability. The staggered column often entails vehicles moving
off or near the edge of the roadway, so leaders must exercise extreme caution to avoid IEDs and mines.

Troop Line
3-107. The troop line formation, in which elements are roughly abreast during movement, is applicable in
nearly all troop missions, including during the conduct of defensive tasks. The line formation affords
maximum reconnaissance (and firepower, if applicable) forward over a wide frontage. A key disadvantage
is the requirement for overwatch from external or adjacent elements because vehicles or elements moving on
line can provide only limited security.

Troop Vee
3-108. The troop vee formation is common for reconnaissance or security missions. The purpose is to
provide maximum reconnaissance or firepower forward and to enhance mission command. The forward
platoons conduct most of the information gathering, reporting, and security tasks while the rear platoons and
headquarters element, positioned in-depth, provide overwatch, protection, and control the forward movement
of the troop.
3-109. In addition to positioning maximum assets forward, the vee formation allows the troop commander
to mass combat power at the decisive point. The vee also gives the troop depth, flexibility, and immediate
mutual support during movement. Disadvantages include limited firepower to the front and somewhat limited
security compared to other formations.

Note. One means of enhancing security in the vee is to position the troop mortars in or near the
center of the formation to provide indirect fire support across the troop front.

3-110. The troop split-vee is a variation of the vee formation. Its use is in conjunction with the traveling
overwatch movement technique in reconnaissance and security missions. In the split-vee formation, the
forward platoons move approximately abreast to provide maximum reconnaissance or security. The rear
platoons, if the troop has three or more platoons, work in-depth, but each rear platoon initially follows one
of the forward platoons while it conducts the operation. The rear platoons key their movement on the progress
of the forward platoons based on guidance from the troop commander.
3-111. The split-vee allows the rear platoons to maintain positions from which they can provide support
rapidly to the forward platoons as necessary. In turn, the forward platoons can reconnoiter routes and
positions for the rear platoons. A key disadvantage of the split-vee is limited firepower to the front.

Troop Wedge
3-112. The wedge formation, though not ordinarily a typical Cavalry formation, may occur when enemy
contact is likely and the troop must fight for information. The wedge provides elements with effective local
security and mutual support. The formation allows the troop to employ responsive firepower to the front and
flanks and to shift fires rapidly. A disadvantage of the wedge is limited reconnaissance capability to the front.

Troop Coil and Herringbone

3-113. The troop uses the coil and herringbone formations to establish effective all-around security when it
must halt during an operation. The troop commander should develop SOPs for the formations and conduct
rehearsals so that correct execution becomes automatic for all elements.
3-114. The coil formation provides a perimeter defense during extended halts or lulls in the operation.
Platoons and other elements position themselves in a roughly circular formation to cover enemy avenues of
approach to the position.

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3-115. The troop uses the herringbone when it must assume a hasty defense, with 360-degree security,
during a short halt. Scouts may dismount to provide greater security, and elements should move off the road
if terrain allows.

Note. When executing the coil or herringbone formation, platoons and other elements must
exercise extreme caution to avoid IEDs and mines emplaced off or along the edge of the roadway.

SPECIAL RECONNAISSANCE
3-116. Special reconnaissance is reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation
in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or
operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces (JP 3-
05). These actions provide an additive capability for commanders and supplement other conventional
reconnaissance actions. Even with long-range sensors and overhead platforms, some information in the target
area may only come from visual observation or other collection methods. Special operations forces can gain
access to denied, hostile areas, worldwide communications, and specialized aircraft and sensors so they can
conduct special reconnaissance against targets that are inaccessible to other forces.
3-117. Cavalry troops are the most likely to encounter special reconnaissance forces; therefore, Cavalry
troops must prepare to conduct reconnaissance handover with special reconnaissance forces. Special
reconnaissance activities include environmental and armed reconnaissance, target and threat assessment, and
post strike reconnaissance. (Refer to JP 3-05 for more information.)

SECTION III – RECONNAISSANCE HANDOVER

3-118. Reconnaissance handover is the action that occurs between two elements in order to coordinate the
transfer of information and/or responsibility for observation of potential threat contact, or the transfer of an
assigned area from one element to another (FM 3-98). Reconnaissance handover may cover an area or zone,
such as an area of operations, a named area of interest, and a target area of interest. Reconnaissance handover
may involve visual, electronic, digital, or analog observation and information sources or any combination of
these. A reconnaissance handover is usually associated with a designated reconnaissance handover
coordination point or a phase line designated as a reconnaissance handover line.
3-119. A reconnaissance handover provides the information connection, the overlapping communications,
and the commander’s reconnaissance focus required when planning and executing layered reconnaissance
and surveillance operations with multiple assets. The commander’s focus may differ for each echelon. (Refer
to FM 3-98 for more information.)

RECONNAISSANCE HANDOVER PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

3-120. Reconnaissance handover shares several tasks with battle handover including relief in place, linkup,
and passage of lines. (Refer to FM 3-90.2.) Unlike battle handover, however, it does not imply direct fire contact.

PREPARATION
3-121. The troop begins coordination as soon as they identify reconnaissance handover requirements
between units. The commander finds handover criteria in the higher headquarters order. Coordination
includes establishing a communication plan between the units as necessary. The communication plan
includes radio frequencies, net identifications, needlines for enhanced position location reporting systems,
host files required to conduct the linkup (if units are from different maneuver control systems), and
communications security variables for communications. Recognition signals are established and confirmed
to prevent fratricide. If necessary, the troop coordinates indirect fires and fire support coordination measures,
critical friendly zones, preplanned targets, final protective fires, and obscuration missions,
3-122. Troops conduct coordination to identify the transfer of command relationships for subordinate
platoons and elements between units as necessary. A technique is for the troop to leave a Scout section in
contact with an enemy security element while the rest of the troop continues reconnaissance farther into the

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 Reconnaissance Tasks

area of operations. As the squadron shifts the handoff between the units, the follow-on unit may accept
operational or tactical command of the Scout section until one of its own sections is able to relieve the original
Scout section that is observing the enemy element. Additionally, the higher headquarters may issue on-order
missions to other information collection assets to assist in the handover. A technique is to task a UAS to
establish and maintain contact with a moving force while conducting a reconnaissance handover between the
troops and a follow-on unit. As reconnaissance handover becomes imminent and final coordination begins,
this level of coordination supports the reconnaissance handover by allowing the UAS maximum time on
station and ensuring redundant observation during handover.
3-123. Rehearsals are important before executing any reconnaissance handover. During rehearsals,
elements involved in the reconnaissance handover synchronize their plans and SOPs to ensure clarity and
understanding during execution. (See FM 6-0 for additional information on the conduct of rehearsals.)

EXECUTION
3-124. The troop may conduct reconnaissance handover with follow-on or security (stationary) forces,
accept reconnaissance handover from a forward force, or control the handover between subordinate elements.
The requirement to maintain liaison and exchange information becomes even more important as the distance
closes between the forces executing reconnaissance handover. Units may establish liaison by collocating their
commanders, XOs, and command posts, if applicable. The follow-on unit may attach a Scout section to the
troop to facilitate coordination and handover. Establish face-to-face liaison, if this is not possible, units must
establish a reliable digital and/or voice linkup to exchange critical information.
3-125. When conducting face-to-face linkup, units complete final coordination and exchange information,
and then confirm that reconnaissance handover is complete based on the specified criteria. If conducting
target handover, the accepting unit acquires the target before handover is complete. The unit that is handing
over responsibility supports the unit accepting handover by executing responsibilities of the stationary unit
while conducting a forward passage of lines or relief in place. If follow-on forces are conducting an attack,
the unit handing over the reconnaissance may facilitate the attack by conducting reconnaissance pull,
executing targeting, and employing previously coordinated indirect fires. (See FM 3-90-2 for a discussion of
those responsibilities.)

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 Chapter 4
Security Tasks
Troop missions will often transition from reconnaissance to security along the front,
flank, or rear of friendly units, facilities, population, or areas that require protection
from unforeseen circumstances. Security tasks provide the protected force with
reaction time and maneuver space. Troops often perform security tasks as part of a
squadron security task, but they can perform security independently as situations allow.

The main difference between the conduct of security and reconnaissance is that
security orients on the force, area, facility, or population to protect, while
reconnaissance seeks information on enemy, terrain, populations, and infrastructure.

SECTION I – BASICS OF SECURITY TASKS

4-1. Security tasks provide higher commanders with reaction time and maneuver space to react to the enemy
and to develop the situation. There are five security tasks, screen, guard, cover, area security, and local
security. Cavalry troops are incapable of cover and cannot conduct guard without significant augmentation.
4-2. The Cavalry troop organization and organic equipment makes it difficult to execute a security mission
above screen without augmentation. The troop may participate in some other security tasks as a member of
a robust combined arms force. Commanders at all levels must consider the mission variables of METT-TC
when employing their units in a security role.
4-3. Current trends stress the likelihood of Cavalry troops conducting operations in noncontiguous,
extended areas of operations, possibly creating significant gaps. The troop commander uses all available
assets to minimize these gaps. Despite the continual evolution of sophisticated sensors and collection assets,
a troop’s common operational picture is never perfect, especially in periods of limited visibility or adverse
weather. The troop prepares to conduct security missions because uncertainty is always present in an
area of operation.

Note. Troops in the BFSBs Cavalry squadron cannot perform the same set of security missions as
their counterparts in the Cavalry squadrons of the ABCT, IBCT, and SBCT. The BFSB troops can
conduct screening missions for a limited time.

SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS
4-4. Successful security operations depend on properly applying the five funda mentals of security
which are:
z Provide early and accurate warning.
z Provide reaction time and maneuver space.
z Orient on the main body to protect.
z Perform continuous reconnaissance.
z Maintain enemy contact. (FM 3-90-2 discusses each of the five security fundamentals in detail.)

Note. During stability operations, providing early and accurate warning is much harder to
achieve. Proximity to the local population results in less distance and less reaction time because.
When friendly forces alienate the local populace, detecting threats becomes more difficult because
locals are less likely to warn U.S. forces of pending threats and threat developments.

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METHODS AND MANAGEMENT

4-5. Security is not divorced from reconnaissance. Security fundamentals and reconnaissance fundamentals
complement each other. Cavalry units conduct security tasks using reconnaissance methods and management.

COMMANDER’S SECURITY GUIDANCE

4-6. The squadron commander assigning a security mission and the troop commander must address special
considerations, such as those listed below, when conducting security task planning. (Refer to ATP 3-20.96
and FM 3-98 for more information.) Similar to the squadron commander, the troop commander must analyze
the area of operation and build the necessary depth to provide reaction time and maneuver space to the force
to protect. The troop commander determines appropriate locations and types of observation posts oriented on
the force to secure. The commander develops requirements such as time to establish an observation post
(OP), augmentation, intelligence support, and fire support planning, as well as integrating engineers, air
ground operations, and logistics. Also planned are special requirements in addition to mission command and
sustainment asset locations.
4-7. The Cavalry troop commander develops security guidance based on the squadron commander’s
guidance and overall plan. An understanding of this guidance aids the Cavalry troop commander in planning
and executing the troop mission. The squadron guidance enables the commander to clarify troop guidance
and intent for subordinate leaders. Disseminate the Cavalry commanders’ guidance to the lowest level so all
leaders and Soldiers understand and can execute the mission. The elements and purpose of security guidance
are similar to reconnaissance guidance. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)
z Focus (to include security objective).
z Tempo of security.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria.
z Displacement criteria.

SECTION II – FORMS OF SECURITY

4-8. The five forms of security tasks are screen, guard, cover, area security, and local security. The
paragraphs below discuss each task. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

SCREEN
4-9. Screen is a security task that primarily provides early warning to the protected force (ADRP 3-90). A
screening troop is a security element, which primarily observes, identifies, and reports information related to
a commander’s PIR while aggressively executing counterreconnaissance, which impedes, harasses, or
destroys the enemy’s reconnaissance effort. Although it provides the least amount of protection of any
security mission, a screen is appropriate when operations have created extended flanks, when gaps between
forces exist that are not secured in force, or when early warning is needed over gaps that are not considered
critical enough to require security in greater strength.
4-10. Troops plan screens in-depth. Depth prevents the threat from easily identifying and penetrating the
screen, prevents gaps from occurring when observation posts displace, and facilitates the destruction of
enemy reconnaissance elements without compromising critical operations (FM 3-98).
4-11. Troops screen a stationary force to the front, flanks, and rear of the main body. Troops screen a moving
force to the flanks or rear. Screening operations are not performed forward of a moving force. Cavalry troop
conduct a zone reconnaissance, reconnaissance in force, or part of a guard forward of the moving force.
Cavalry troop commanders plan a series of observation posts, augmented with patrols to ensure surveillance
of dead space to establish a screen.

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TASKS
4-12. Execution considerations guide screen planning. Tasks that a Cavalry troop conducts for the screen
include―
z Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the screen undetected and unreported.
z Maintain continuous surveillance of all avenues of approach that affect the main body’s mission.
z Conduct counterreconnaissance to destroy, defeat, or disrupt all enemy reconnaissance elements,
within capabilities and according to engagement criteria.
z When facing an echeloned enemy force, locate and identify the lead elements that indicate the
enemy’s main attack, as prescribed in the enemy’s order of battle based upon IPB.
z Determine the direction of enemy movement, maintain contact, and report threat activities even
while displacing.
z Impede and harass the enemy within capabilities without becoming decisively engaged and while
displacing to provide the protected force commander with additional time and maneuver space.
z Detect and report all enemy elements attempting to pass through the screen, both ground and
aerial, to provide the protected force commander early warning of enemy activities.

EXTENDED SCREENS
4-13. When METT-TC dictates an extended screen across frontages in excess of what the Cavalry troop can
effectively accomplish, the troop commander, as part of the mission analysis, determines where to accept
risk in the extended screen based on the IPB analysis and identifies what additional augmentation is required
to cover the area of operation.

DEPTH
4-14. Depth allows one element of the screen to pass enemy contact to another element without displacement
by conducting a reconnaissance handover. The term screen line is descriptive only of the security provided
along the forward trace. Depth allows the troop to do the following:
z Prevent the enemy from identifying and penetrating the screen.
z Prevent gaps in the screen from occurring with displaced or destroyed screening elements.
z Facilitate the destruction of enemy elements without compromising critical observation posts.
z Maintain contact with enemy elements without compromising observation posts.

4-15. Troop commanders assign platoons areas of operation that allow multiple observation posts to establish
a screen and establish depth. Troop commanders plan section level operations in-depth to support their
security plan. Often the observation posts on a screen do not support each other by direct fire. At a minimum,
the observation posts must support and overlap by observation, while still observing named area of interests
and avenues of approach. The mortar section positions behind the screen where they can support all elements
of the screen. The degree to which depth can be attained is a function of many factors, including
the following:
z Higher commander’s intent and concept as expressed in the OPORD.
z Geographical location of the screen based on time-distance analysis.
z Positioning of the protected force, area, facility, or population.
z Engagement criteria.
z Disengagement criteria.
z Displacement criteria.
z Width of the area of operation.
z Terrain and avenues of approach it will support.
z Attachments and detachments.
z Logistical and fire support from the main body.

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STATIONARY SCREEN
4-16. Planning considerations include establishing observation posts in-depth and conducting patrols to
ensure adequate surveillance of the assigned area of operation (see figure 4-1, page 4-6). Screens are active,
with stationary observation posts as only one part of the mission. To ensure that continuous overlapping
surveillance occurs, the troop employs observation posts, patrols (mounted and dismounted), aerial
reconnaissance, and sensors.
4-17. A troop executing a screen requires the following minimum guidance from higher headquarters. (Refer
to FM 3-98 for more information.) The troop commander evaluates each consideration discussed in the
following paragraphs when developing the troop plan and information collection plan.
z Location of the initial screen.
z Movement or maneuver to occupy the screen.
z Assigned area of operations for subordinate elements.
z Security.
z Air and ground integration.
z Surveillance and acquisition assets.
z Fires.
z Protection.
z Mission command.
z Sustainment.
z Control of displacement to subsequent positions.
z Reconnaissance handover between screening elements.

SCREEN LOCATION
4-18. The troop commander determines the likely enemy avenues of approach based on detailed IPB, and
directs the screen accordingly. The troop commander utilizes platoon boundaries, phase lines, and
recognizable terrain features to assign subordinate areas of operations. The troop commander knows the
capabilities and limitations of organic and attached sensors, and arrays them along the screen line to maximize
their effects

SCREEN OCCUPATION
4-19. The troop commander determines if the troop conducts a zone reconnaissance, infiltration, or tactical
road march to the screen based on time-distance analysis of both friendly and enemy units. The troop
commander keeps the screening force within logistical and fire support range of the main body. The troop
commander considers the time required to establish primary positions, identify subsequent positions, rehearse
displacement lanes, and emplace mortars.

OBSERVATION POST EMPLACEMENT

4-20. The troop commander is responsible for planning the emplacement of section level observation post
positions to gain observation on assigned NAIs. The commander provides mission orders and security
guidance to subordinate platoons and other attachments with the commander’s intent and security guidance.
That guidance also develops the indicators for subordinates to look for within NAIs.

DEFINE TRIGGER LINES AND DECISION POINTS

4-21. The troop commander develops specific engagement and disengagement criteria for the platoons to
trigger specified actions. These can include displacement to secondary observation posts or the initiation of
direct or indirect fires against the enemy. Producing a well-developed set of engagement, disengagement,
and displacement criteria for the subordinate units allows the commander to exercise effective control over
the troop.

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ENGAGEMENT AREA DEVELOPMENT

4-22. Screens use engagement areas where the commander anticipates engaging enemy reconnaissance
elements. The commander utilizes the seven engagement area development steps and plans them in-depth
throughout the screen. Those steps are:
z Identify likely avenues of approach.
z Identify the enemy scheme of maneuver.
z Determine where to kill the enemy.
z Plan and integrate indirect fires.
z Conduct an engagement area rehearsal.

4-23. The commander understands the battlefield geometry of utilizing indirect in conjunction with aircraft
and manages airspace utilizing vertical, lateral, and time separation. The commander determines critical
station times, tasks, and priorities of support for subordinate elements. The troop commander plans mortar
firing points to provide organic indirect fire support for screening platoons. With assistance from the troop
fire support team, the troop commander incorporates artillery, casualty evacuation, and aviation assets (refer
to FM 3-04) to conduct counterreconnaissance, mass effects in engagement areas, engagement of enemy
high-value and high-payoff targets, support maneuver elements, and assist subordinate elements to disengage
and displace.

MOBILITY, COUNTERMOBILITY, AND SURVIVABILITY

4-24. The troop commander addresses the mobility of screening forces during planning by developing a
detailed terrain and enemy analysis, and subsequently developing a maneuver plan to address those factors.
The troop commander develops primary and alternate routes and lanes to direct subordinate units during
displacement. The troop commander impedes enemy maneuver using fires and obstacles. The troop
commander improves the survivability of the force through detailed planning and synchronization of
enablers, such as the use of indirect fire obscuration to support displacement. A troop commander is unlikely
to have a prepared position due to the nature of a screen; thus, the troop commander must use the terrain and
enabler capabilities deliberately.
4-25. Passage lanes and passage points. The troop commander coordinates with the supported unit to develop
passage lanes and passage points to prevent fratricide and enable troop elements to displace, or the protected
force to pass forward of the screen. The troop commander plans and disseminates near and far recognition
between the passing and stationary unit.
4-26. Positioning of mission command nodes. The troop commander places the troop command post in a
location to maintain communication with subordinate elements and higher headquarters. The troop command
post should remain outside of enemy contact, and incorporated in the troop displacement plan.
4-27. Sustainment. The troop commander has to determine how to resupply screening platoons while
maintaining contact with the enemy. A troop commander can establish troop or platoon level service stations,
or pre-position caches at planned subsequent positions. At each resupply point, the troop commander
determines the appropriate type and amount of the required classes of supply. Commanders should plan each
resupply point so that resupply occurs while the unit is not in contact with the enemy. Casualty collection
points can serve as troop internal logistic release points established by the first sergeant, where platoon
sergeants conduct linkup, and transfers of casualties and supplies. The troop commander plans resupply
following the troop’s displacement and passage of lines prior to conducting a follow-on mission.
4-28. When elements of the screen displace to other positions, the displacement is normally event-driven.
The screen continues to maintain contact and provide security while displacing. (See figure 4-1.) The
following factors may dictate displacement:
z Approach of an identified and specified enemy element.
z Detection by an enemy force.
z Relief by a friendly unit.
z Movement of the main body.

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Chapter 4

Figure 4-1. SBCT Troop Stationary Screen

MOVING SCREEN
4-29. The troop can conduct a moving screen to the flank or rear of a moving force. The troop does not
screen forward of a moving force. Screening the rear of a moving force is essentially the same as a stationary
screen. As the main body moves, the troop occupies a series of successive positions. The main body
commander directs time and distance factors to maintain movement. Sensors or UAS can enhance the screen
during the maneuver of Scout platoons or sections; they can work to extend the areas of coverage, also.
4-30. The planning considerations for a stationary screen also apply to a moving screen; however, the
commander must account for the movement of the main body. The moving flank screen poses additional
considerations. The width of the screen area is not as important as maintaining orientation on the main body
and maintaining continuous observation of avenues of approach that might affect the main body’s maneuver.

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GRAPHIC CONTROL MEASURES

4-31. The inherent dual orientation of a moving flank screen (the direction of movement versus orientation
of the screen) poses challenges for operational control. Graphic control measures facilitate both orientations.
The use of these control measures provide maximum flexibility in terms of mission execution. Troop
commanders issue FRAGORDs to adjust their plans to the enemy situation using these control measures. The
procedures in the following paragraphs apply when using graphic control measures to a moving flank screen.
4-32. While use of graphic control measures and the requisite planning seems excessive, they provide
maximum flexibility in terms of mission execution. The troop commander can issue FRAGORDs to adjust
the plan to the enemy situation.

Phase Lines
4-33. Troop commanders use phase lines to control the unit’s movement. The troop commander plans to use
these phase lines as on-order boundaries to control platoon movement (parallel to the main body direction of
travel). The commander places phase lines based on planned width of a Scout platoon’s screen (perpendicular
to the main body direction of travel). The troop commander does not divide avenues of approach with a phase
line. Troop commanders use phase lines rearward of the initial screen to control retrograde movement (toward
the main body). The troop commander uses phase lines as subsequent (on-order) screen lines.

Objectives, Checkpoints, and Axis of Advance

4-34. The commander can also use objectives, checkpoints, or an axis of advance to control the movement
of task organized maneuver platoons and teams in a command relationship to the troop. The commander
positions these forces to support the Scouts on the moving screen. If the Scouts make enemy contact, the
commander can use these control these control measures to designate battle positions for these maneuver
forces to occupy. The commander should also plan subsequent (on-order) battle positions between the screen
limit of advance and the main body. The conduct of a delay by the troop using these battle positons will
provide additional time for the protected force to react to the enemy attack.

Mortar Firing Points

4-35. The commander uses mortar firing points or checkpoints to control movement of the mortar section.
The commander positions firing positions rearward of the screen line where they allow the mortars to fire
two-thirds maximum range forward or cover likely avenues of approach. The commander plans subsequent
(on-order) mortar firing points between the screen line and the main body.

Note. Displacement criteria for the moving screen should be event-driven It should take the form
of triggers related to the movement of the main body in conjunction with survivability
considerations for the screening elements.

OCCUPYING THE SCREEN

4-36. The troop can use three basic techniques for occupying a moving force’s flank screen. The factors that
determine the employment of a specific technique, or a combination of techniques, are the enemy situation
(and the knowledge available about the enemy), the squadron commander’s intent, the speed at which the
main body is moving, the screening force’s capability, and the terrain. All three techniques require the troop
to maintain contact with the main body, orient the screen in relation to the main body’s maneuver, and
conduct reconnaissance and screen in two directions (to the flank of the main body and to the direction
of travel).
4-37. The troop crosses the line of departure separately from the main body in the first technique and
conducts a tactical road march within an area of operation parallel to the force. The troop then deploys from
a release point to the initial screen positions and orientation. Platoons occupy observation posts as they reach
them. Unmanned Aircraft Systems can conduct surveillance forward of the troop or assist in maintaining
contact with the main body. Sensors can augment observation posts by providing long-range surveillance of
enemy avenues of approach. The parallel tactical road march technique is the fastest but least secure

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technique for providing a flank screen for a moving force. The technique is appropriate to employ when the
main body is moving very quickly, the line of departure is not a line of contact, or earlier reconnaissance and
security indicates enemy contact is not likely in the area through which the troop is moving.
4-38. In the second technique, the troop crosses the line of departure separately from the main body and
conducts a zone reconnaissance within an area of operation parallel to the force. Platoon elements establish
the screen as they arrive at their positions. The second technique is appropriate when the main body is moving
slower, the line of departure is not a line of contact, or earlier reconnaissance indicates enemy contact is
possible in the troop area of operation.
4-39. In the third technique, the troop crosses the line of departure with the main body and conducts a zone
reconnaissance out to the screen. The technique requires more time but provides the most security for the
main body. The third technique is appropriate when the main body is moving slowly, the line of departure is
the line of contact, or the enemy situation is vague or enemy contact is expected.

REPOSITIONING THE SCREEN

4-40. The speed of the main body, distance to the objective, and the enemy situation determines the
movement of the screen. Troop movement centers on a designated route of advance. The route is parallel to
the axis of advance of the main body and is large enough to accommodate rapid movement of the troop and
to facilitate occupation of the screen. The troop keeps the route clear to ensure rapid movement of the troop’s
enablers, sustainment, and mission command assets. Sustainment elements should remain off the main route
unless moving or traveling on alternate routes in depth.
4-41. Both ground and aerial reconnaissance assets use the four basic movement methods: alternate bounds
by observation posts, alternate bounds by units, successive bounds, and continuous marching to reposition
the screen. (Refer to FM 3-90-2 for more information.)

LIMITED VISIBILITY
4-42. Troop commanders must plan for limited visibility conditions, as these conditions often occur during
the conduct of a screen mission. Troop commanders should never allow gaps in the screen when aircraft
cannot fly or Scouts cannot observe their assigned area. The troop can take the following actions to guard
against gaps:
z Adjust ground observation posts.
z Employ night and thermal observation devices.
z Increase the use of electronic surveillance devices, ground-based sensors, and LRAS3.
z Place trip flares and observation posts along dismounted avenues of approach.
z Conduct dismounted patrols.

4-43. Depth in the screen facilitates acquisition of enemy forces that may elude forward elements.
Coordinating the conduct of patrols prevents misidentification and fratricide. Rigorous noise, light, and litter
discipline during limited visibility prevents compromise and bypass of observation posts by enemy forces.
Additional observation posts established as listening posts take advantage of the extended distance sound
travels at night. Observation posts plan and use indirect fires illumination rounds as necessary.

GUARD
4-44. Guard is a security task to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and
reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body.
Units conducting a guard mission cannot operate independently because they rely upon fires and functional
and multifunction support assets of the main body (ADRP 3-90).
4-45. A guard is a form of security operation whose primary task is to protect the main body (see figure 4-2,
page 4-10; figure 4-3, page 4-11). The guard fights to gain time while observing and reporting information.
The guard force differs from the screen because it prevents observation and direct fire on the force, area, or
facility to protect. The guard normally fights the enemy when necessary to gain time, and allows freedom of
maneuver for the main body. The guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays to prevent enemy

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 Security Tasks

ground observation and direct fire against the main body. (Refer to ADRP 3-90, FM 3-98, and ATP 3-20.96
for more information.) A guard is appropriate when—
z Contact is expected.
z An exposed flank or an enemy force is to the rear.
z The main body is conducting a retrograde.
z A requirement exists for greater protection than a screen can provide.

4-46. A troop does not commonly conduct a guard mission unless augmented with additional combat power.
A squadron conducting a moving guard normally tasks a troop with the conduct of a zone reconnaissance or
a screen. The troop conducts a screen or defense during a stationary guard. On order, the troop collapses the
screen depth or width to provide overlapping fires to the guard force. Existing knowledge of the terrain or
enemy situation, speed of advance of the main body, and nature of the main body objective may determine
which mission the troop receives. (Refer to chapter 3 of this ATP for zone reconnaissance and reconnaissance
in force.)
4-47. Guard tasks. Troops do not commonly conduct a guard. Tasks listed below are squadron tasks.
Squadrons conducting a guard perform certain tasks. Staffs consider whether subordinate units conducting a
guard mission require augmentation to execute their mission. The tasks for a guard are as follows:
z Destroy the enemy advance guard causing the enemy main body to prematurely deploy, within
their capabilities.
z Guard forces maintain surveillance of avenues of approach into the AO.
z While displacing, the guard force impedes and harasses the enemy within their capability denying
the enemy the ability to place effective direct fires on the protected force.
z The squadron causes the enemy main body to deploy, and then reports its direction of travel.
z Guard forces deny the enemy ground elements the ability to pass through the security area
undetected and unreported.
z The guard force destroys or causes the withdrawal of all enemy reconnaissance patrols
z Maintains contact and reports enemy activity during all operations the guard force maintains
contact with the protected force and other forces operating on its flanks.
z The guard force prevents direct fires upon the main body.
z Troop commanders analyze requirements and notify the squadron commander of those tasks they
will be unable to accomplish. If unable to augment, the squadron commander notifies the protected
force commander who then task organizes more augmentation or provides guidance on the
prioritization of tasks.
4-48. Cavalry troops, as part of a squadron, should conduct engagement area (EA) development when
conducting a guard or a defense. Troop and platoon leaders should also conduct an abbreviated or limited
form of EA development during screens, area security missions, or any time employing observation posts.
Commanders may use the acronym “I ID PEPR” to aide in EA development. The engagement area is where
the troop commander intends to mass fires and their effects on the enemy. Indirect fire, attack aviation, or
close air support should be the preferred forms of engagement. After considering the mission variables of
METT-TC, the commander conducts EA development. During steps 4, 5, and 6 the troop emplaces obstacles
first to ensure they tie into terrain and shape the EA, then emplaces observation and direct fire to overwatch
those obstacles, and finally plans indirect fires to support the plan and cover any dead space that the EA
might have. However, the commander may conduct Steps 4 to 6 in any order. The steps for EA development
are--
1. I- Identify likely enemy avenues of approach.
2. I - Identify most likely enemy course of action.
3. D - Determine where to kill the enemy.
4. P - Plan and integrate obstacles.
5. E- Emplace direct fire weapon systems.
6. P - Plan and integrate fires.
7. R - Rehearse the execution of operations within the engagement area.

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Chapter 4

Figure 4-2. ABCT Troop as Part of Squadron Guard

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 Security Tasks

Figure 4-3. IBCT Troop as Part of Squadron Flank Guard

COVER
4-49. A covering force is a self-contained force capable of operating independently of the main body, unlike
the screen or guard force, to conduct the cover task (FM 3-90-2). The covering force develops the situation
early and deceives, disorganizes, and destroys enemy forces. Cavalry troops conduct either zone
reconnaissance or screen operations depending on the squadron commander’s scheme of maneuver. (Refer
to chapter 3 and the paragraphs discussing the guard in this ATP for more information. Refer to FM 3-98 and
ATP 3-20.96 for more information.) The covering force fights to gain time while observing, reporting
information, and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. A covering
force reconnoiters attacks, defends, and delays to prevent enemy indirect fires, direct observation, and direct
fires against the main body. A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening and guard forces. A
covering force or portions of it often engage with enemy forces; therefore, the covering force must have
substantial combat power to engage the enemy and still accomplish its mission. Covering forces perform the
following functions―
z Operate beyond the artillery range of the main body.
z Determine the distance from the main body using the mission variables METT-TC.
z Develop the situation earlier, fight longer and more often, and defeat larger enemy forces.
z Prevent enemy units from bypassing the covering force.
z Subordinate elements of the covering force perform the following actions:
„ Reconnoiter.
„ Screen.
„ Attack.

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Chapter 4

„ Defend.
„ Delay.

AREA SECURITY
4-50. Area security is a security task conducted to protect friendly forces, installations routes, and actions
within a specific area (ADRP 3-90). It includes the reconnaissance of the area. Area security missions include
protecting personnel, airfields (as well as terrain around airfields from which surface-to-air missiles can be
launched), convoys, facilities, main supply routes, lines of communications, terrain features, towns,
equipment, and critical points. Area security prevents the enemy from influencing friendly actions in a
specific area and denies the enemy use of an area for its own purposes. Area security may include occupying
and establishing a 360-degree perimeter around the area or taking actions to destroy enemy forces already
present in that area. Area security operations may require the execution of a wide variety of supporting
operations and tasks. When assessing the mission variables of METT-TC, the supported commander should
identify the troop that may require augmentation when performing area security.

TROOP TASKS
4-51. A troop can execute the following tasks when conducting area security operations―
z Screen.
z Route security.
z Convoy security.
z Local security.
z Zone, area, and route reconnaissance.
z Offensive and defensive tasks (within capabilities).

AREA SECURITY TECHNIQUES

4-52. The troop conducts an area security mission by preventing enemy ground elements from directly
observing friendly activities within the secured area. The troop prevents (within capabilities) enemy
maneuver forces from penetrating the defensive perimeter of the defended force or installation. The troop is
more likely to be in close contact to a local population in area security, requiring a close relationship with
local leaders and security forces to assist in identifying enemy forces.
4-53. The commander has the platoons employ a variety of enabling tasks such as patrolling, establishing
observation posts, conducting convoy security, occupying battle positions, conducting ambushes, and
establishing combat out-postings to accomplish security tasks. The commander can react to unforeseen
contingencies using a quick reaction force or through retasking platoons or sections. The troop can execute
ambushes and preemptive strikes with greater precision by integrating information collection platforms and
techniques with the products of the IPB process.
4-54. Early warning of enemy activity is paramount in area security and provides the commander with time
and space to react. Successful operations require proper reconnaissance planning coupled with dismounted
or mounted patrols and aerial reconnaissance especially when securing fixed sites. METT-TC determines
augmentation requirements for the troop; thus, consideration for the needs of aviation, maneuver forces,
engineers, and artillery is given. Failure to conduct continuous reconnaissance can create a vulnerable
location for the enemy to infiltrate or attack.
4-55. A troop conducting area security conducts an area reconnaissance of its assigned area of operations to
detect and then eliminate enemy forces and capabilities that can damage or destroy the protected force. The
troop establishes a defensive perimeter to protect the unit, installation, facility, or activity if situationally
appropriate. Troop commanders typically divide the perimeter into platoon areas with boundaries and contact
points. Perimeters vary in shape and distribution of assets based on the results of intelligence preparation of
the battlefield and METT-TC. The most probable direction of attack may require extra weighting of assets
to defeat an attack or infiltration. The troop orients on the force to protect.

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4-56. The troop commander ensures platoons integrate observation posts, ground-based sensors, UAS,
human intelligence, and mounted and dismounted patrols. Organic or attached tanks, Cavalry fighting
vehicles, mobile gun systems, and other antiarmor weapon systems orient on high-speed avenues of approach.
Unmanned aircraft systems and ground-based sensors provide overlapping surveillance coverage at extended
distances from the perimeter.
4-57. Platoons can establish perimeters around critical infrastructures, and high-value assets, while other
units conduct operations to provide security and assist with the provision of minimum essential stability tasks.
The troop commander also can position reaction forces between several secured locations. Other missions or
tasks to support area security may include screening along zones of separation or other designated areas to
detect violations of peacekeeping agreements, conducting route and convoy security, conducting checkpoint
operations to monitor or control movement, and patrolling between secured locations.

CONVOY SECURITY
4-58. Both military and civilian convoys are subject to attack from insurgents, necessitating constant
security. Civilian convoys do not have an internal security force like most military convoys; therefore, a
security force often escorts convoys of two or more vehicles. The size of the convoy determines the number
of required security force elements. The general rule of thumb is one platform for every five vehicles in the
civilian convoy.
4-59. The commander ensures artillery and mortar support planning for the entire route of movement. The
commander integrates troop mortars into the escort element itself or positions artillery elements to provide
fire support along the route. The commander coordinates with the squadron fires cell to provide fire along
the route of movement to ensure that fire support teams can enter the radio voice or digital fire direction
center net, send routine location reports, and request and adjust fires at a moment’s notice. The commander
coordinates call signs, frequencies, areas of employment, schedules of movement, and target numbers prior
to convoy movement.
4-60. The troop addresses air defense of the convoy if an air threat is possible. The convoy elements review
small arms air defense procedures and establish orientation areas. The commander integrates air defense
reinforcements into the movement and defense plan. If the route falls under an existing air defense umbrella,
the squadron staff, along with the controlling air defense headquarters, should make the appropriate
coordination.
4-61. Convoy security operations in an urban or built-up area require different emphasis and techniques than
those in rural areas. The population density and characteristics of the area may require the use of nonlethal
weapons and the careful application of lethal weapons. To ensure they apply minimum essential force to
minimize loss of life and destruction of property, leaders must conduct detailed planning, coordination, and
control. Convoys should move through populated areas when these areas are least congested and therefore
less dangerous to the security of the convoy whenever possible. Convoy operations may require assistance
from military or local police and other government agencies to secure the route before the convoy enters the
built-up area.
4-62. The commander, the XO, and the 1SG plan for sustainment in convoy security operations. Fuel and
maintenance elements should be included in the convoy itself or pre-positioned in secure areas along the
route. Troops perform a detailed precombat inspection before the convoy starts movement to ensure that
vehicles are full of fuel, perform preventive maintenance checks and services, and eliminate potential
maintenance problems. Troops plan and rehearse casualty evacuations in detail along the entire movement
route. To ensure that immediate medical support is available, coordination occurs and is maintained among
the convoy security force, the troop command post, the troop trains command post (when deployed), and the
designated units along the route. Troops plan and rehearse aerial medical evacuation in detail. The preferred
means of evacuation is aerial medical evacuation because of the possibility of operating over extended
distances from the squadron aid station.

ROUTE SECURITY TECHNIQUES

4-63. Enemy forces use various methods to sever supply routes and lines of communications. Roads,
waterways, and railways may have mines or improvised explosive devices along them. The enemy can locate

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Chapter 4

ambush sites adjacent to the route or can destroy bridges and tunnels by demolitions making long routes
difficult to secure.
4-64. Route security is a subset of area security. Cavalry troops and other forces conduct route security to
prevent a threat from attacking, destroying, seizing, containing, impeding, or harassing traffic along the route.
Troops prevent the enemy from placing obstacles on or destroying portions of the route to interdict traffic.
Route security operations are defensive in nature and, unlike screen missions, are terrain-oriented.
Route Security Force Tasks
4-65. The troop commander deploys platoons on and to the flanks of a designated route. The troop performs
the following functions to accomplish the route security mission:
z Conducts mounted and dismounted reconnaissance of the route and key locations along it to ensure
the route is trafficable.
z Conducts route clearance. (If required, task organizes with attached engineers and other elements.)
z Conducts intelligence preparation of the battlefield to identify sections of the route to search for
suspected enemy locations.
z Establishes roadblocks and checkpoints along the route and lateral routes to stop and search
vehicles and persons on the route and those entering the route, which may require augmentation
from other units, such as an Infantry platoon.
z Occupies key locations and terrain along or near the route.
z Aggressively conducts ground and aerial reconnaissance and surveillance to maintain route
security.
z Establishes observation posts (covert and overt) or ambushes at critical points to watch for
enemy activity.
Route Security Techniques
4-66. The following discussion highlights two techniques that the Cavalry troop can use to execute route
security depending on the nature of the enemy, purpose of the security mission, and characteristics of the
route.
4-67. In the first technique, the troop conducts route reconnaissance at irregular intervals to avoid developing
a pattern that the enemy may exploit. The troop reconnoiters the route, including conducting zone
reconnaissance to either flank. Organic or attached UAS or supporting aviation assets can reconnoiter in
advance of ground troops or assist in screening the flanks. In addition to conducting reconnaissance, troop
elements may escort engineers conducting route clearance, improvement, or maintenance; clearing terrain at
potential ambush sites; and repairing damage caused by enemy actions.
4-68. The second technique entails out-posting (see ATP 3-20.96). The troop employs out-posting on critical
portions of a route or key avenues of approach to the route to provide early warning of enemy elements
attempting to interdict the route. The primary purpose of out-posting is to acquire the enemy and direct
employment of reaction forces or indirect fire to destroy them. The troop can employ out-posting either
covertly or overtly
4-69. Based on METT-TC, the troop can employ out-posting either covertly or overtly. Covert techniques
involve designated personnel discreetly staying behind once vehicles stop at a predetermined location and
everyone has dismounted then remounted the vehicles. Patrolling under limited visibility to the out-posting
site is another technique for covert employment. Overt employment involves parking a vehicle along the
route or establishing visible observation posts to provide security to the route possibly to influence the enemy
to conduct activities such as IED emplacement on another route preferably one with covert out-posting. Out-
posting can include fire support assets, troop mortars, or howitzer sections that can mass fires to support the
observation posts.
Route Security Procedures
4-70. Troop mortars deploy into fixed firing positions collocated with command posts on the route. Fire
support assets are controlled and deployed so fire support is available to all reconnaissance elements along
the route. Fire support can mass effects at critical positions or into areas of most frequent enemy activity.

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 Security Tasks

Fire plans should have priority targets to support convoy or patrol movement and final protective fire to
support checkpoints or out-posting.
4-71. Enemy forces may emplace IEDs, mines, and demolitions; create craters or abatises; and establish
ambushes or roadblocks to interdict or destroy traffic; therefore, units conduct patrols at irregular intervals
along the route based on enemy trends and recent activities. Air, mounted, and dismounted patrols facilitate
detection of enemy forces before they can emplace obstacles or execute ambushes. Leaders organize patrols
with sufficient forces to reconnoiter off-route ambush sites and with enough combat power to survive initial
enemy contact. Engineers, Infantry, military police, and other assets should augment reconnaissance patrols
to increase combat effectiveness based on enemy capabilities. Other techniques to defeat enemy attempts to
interdict the route or ambush convoys include the following:
z Deceptive mock convoys under escort to determine enemy reactions.
z Ambushes along known or suspected dismounted approaches to the route.
z Registered indirect fires triggered by sensor cues such as an improved remotely monitored
battlefield sensor system, followed by patrols.
4-72. Although UAS cannot secure the route, they can assist in observing the route, cover large areas in a
short time on a continuous basis, and provide depth to the screen securing the route. Ground sensors are a
technique to use for surveillance of key avenues of approach or areas that do not require continuous
surveillance by scouts. Ground sensor and UAS employment reduce the Soldier requirement and logistical
demands on the troop’s resources.

LOCAL SECURITY
4-73. Local security consists of observation posts, local security patrols, perimeter security, and other
measures to provide close-in security for a force. The amount of training on these latter tasks and the
resources devoted to conducting them in an area of operation depends on the mission variables of METT-TC.
4-74. Local security includes any measure the troop takes against threat and enemy actions. Local security
includes finding any enemy forces in the immediate vicinity and knowing as much as possible about their
intentions. Local security prevents surprise and is important to maintaining the initiative.
4-75. The troop provides local security by—(See ATP 3-37.10 for a detailed discussion of local security
activities.)
z Establishing a contiguous defensive perimeter around its location.
z Employing obstacles and command detonated mines around and within that defensive perimeter.
z Conducting stand-to.
z Using effective camouflage.
z Using observation posts and patrols.
z Employing strict movement control.
z Enforcing noise and light discipline.
z Enforcing operations security.
z Employing proper communications procedures.
z Establishing specific alert levels within the troop.

Note. The troop can use mutual overwatch to enhance 360-degree security. While overwatch may
not prevent the enemy from attacking a particular element, it can mitigate the enemy’s ability to
engage decisively all friendly forces at once allowing friendly elements to interdict, defeat, and
destroy attacking enemy forces before they can withdraw.

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Chapter 4

COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE
Counterreconnaissance is a tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a commander to counter
enemy reconnaissance and surveillance efforts. Counterreconnaissance is not a distinct mission, but a component
of all forms of security operations (FM 3-90-1). The focus of counterreconnaissance is to deny the enemy any
information about friendly operations. Units deceive, defeat, or destroy enemy reconnaissance efforts to deny
them information.

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 Chapter 5
Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks
The squadron’s fundamental role is to conduct reconnaissance and security during the
BCT’s execution of decisive action tasks. The squadron conducts offensive, defensive,
and stability tasks as a part of the BCT to acquire accurate information about the
disposition of enemy forces to shape the situation for the decisive operation. The
squadron prohibits the enemy from acquiring accurate information about friendly
forces and conducts reconnaissance and security while the BCT is in transition.

Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance and security as part of a squadron during the
BCT’s execution of decisive action tasks. The Cavalry troop conducting
reconnaissance and security builds the BCT commander’s situational understanding,
provides reaction time and maneuver space, and allows the commander to seize, retain,
and exploit the initiative.

SECTION I – RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY IN THE OFFENSE

5-1. The techniques described in this chapter are complimentary to the reconnaissance and security chapter
discussions. For readers’ ease, comprehension, and concision, the techniques are in a separate chapter. A
vignette illustrates each task and shows appropriate Cavalry troop techniques for each task execution in a
decisive action context. The techniques show how to apply doctrinal concepts to actual situations and
missions. The solutions to each tactical problem are not prescriptive. Commanders must always determine
the most effective employment for their unit in a given situation. However, these vignettes provide basic
planning considerations that troop commanders should address when preparing task executions. The selected
examples below do not cover every form of reconnaissance and security.
5-2. The commander briefs subordinates using the five-paragraph field order as seen in the first vignette.
For simplicity and brevity, the vignettes presented discuss in detail only select planning considerations,
guidance, graphics, and warfighting functions that apply to each solution. Actual mission analysis and
planning require more detail than what is in the examples below.

SECURITY TASKS IN SUPPORT OF THE OFFENSE

5-3. A squadron conducts security operations during BCT offensive operations to provide reaction time and
maneuver space, which allows the BCT commander to develop audacity, concentrate combat power, achieve
surprise, and maintain tempo of the operation. When a squadron provides security in the offense, it is
generally by conducting an advance guard, flank guard, or moving screen.
5-4. A troop may conduct security tasks as part of the Cavalry squadron during BCT to focus on the conduct
of offensive tasks within decisive action. The troop provides reaction time and maneuver space so the BCT
commander can develop audacity, concentrate combat power, achieve surprise, and maintain the operation’s
tempo.

MOVING SCREEN
5-5. A moving screen operates to the flank or rear of BCT offensive operations. A squadron conducts a
moving screen during offensive operations with Cavalry troops and scout platoons. The Cavalry troops and
scout platoons work in coordination to establish a series of observation posts that provide early warning to
the main body of potential enemy threats and defeat enemy reconnaissance efforts.

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Chapter 5

Squadron Mission
5-6. The squadron mission for this vignette is in a five-paragraph operations order. References to annexes
and appendixes are notional. The vignettes after moving screen do not adhere to the standard five-paragraph
format. They include only essential information for the vignette.
Situation
5-7. The situation paragraph for this vignette is in the following subparagraphs.
z Terrain, see annex B, Intelligence.
z Weather, see annex B, Intelligence.
z Enemy forces, intelligence reports indicate that enemy forces control the town of RUFU and are
using it as a local command and control center. (See figure 5-1, page 5-6.) The enemy is composed
of irregular forces operating in six- to eight-man teams. The enemy protects the command and
control center using small arms, mortars, and antitank guided munitions in defensive positions.
The town of RUFU has friendly ties with the towns of LQUI and KWILL. LQUI and KWILL
have up to 30 enemy fighters that may reinforce RUFU. Teams of 3-5 men will attempt to use
mountain passes to reinforce defensive positions in RUFU.
z Friendly forces, see annex C, Operations.
z Interagency, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental organizations, see Annex V, Interagency
Coordination.
z Civil considerations, see annex K, Civil Affairs Operations.
z Attachments and detachments, see annex A, Task Organization.

5-8. For these vignettes, coordinating instructions, below, list task organization as squadron available
resources. The troop commander should determine when to request available resources.
Mission
5-9. The squadron mission statement is as follows. The IBCT squadron conducts a screen of phase line
(PL) COLTS from 030400DEC20XX to 070400DEC20XX to protect the BCTs attack into objective (OBJ)
LEON.
Execution
5-10. Commander’s intent is as follows:
z Purpose. The purpose of this operation is to conduct a moving screen along PL COLTS to provide
the BCT maneuver space and reaction time. Doing so will prevent enemy reinforcements from
affecting rifle BN’s during their attack into OBJ LEON (RUFU).
z Key tasks are—
z Identification of enemy reinforcements.
„ Rapid interdiction by indirect fires and close air support (CAS).
„ Maintaining redundant mission command capability.
„ Synchronization with the rifle battalion’s movement (triggers).
5-11. End state. Reinforcements prevented from observing the rifle battalions (enemy); approaches to OBJ
LEON retained (terrain); collateral damage minimized (civil); squadron consolidated, reorganized, and
preparing for future operations (friendly).
5-12. Commander’s reconnaissance and security guidance. Commanders issue reconnaissance and
security guidance to complement the commander’s intent. For this vignette, commander’s reconnaissance
and security guidance is in coordinating instructions. (Refer to FM 3-98.)
5-13. Concept of operations. (See figure 5-1, page 5-6). The concept of operation has five phases: Phase I,
prepare for operations; Phase II, occupation of AO Joey; Phase III, occupation of AO Ben; Phase IV,
occupation of AO Jessie; Phase V, consolidation and reorganization.
z Phase I, Prepare for Operations. Phase I begins upon receipt of this OPORD and ends with the
insertion of C Troop at landing zone (LZ) STRAWBERRY. Sustaining operation 1: B and C

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

Troops assist fire support cell (FSC) in preparing speedballs for emergency resupply. Critical to
this phase are pre-combat inspections, execution of the air mission brief, and rehearsals.
Conditions to transition to the next phase require completed air mission briefs, built resupply
packages, green medical evacuation conditions, A Troop postured to provide convoy security to
protect the ground assault convoy, and troop rehearsals and squadron confirmation briefs are
complete.
z Phase II, Occupation of AO Joey. Phase II begins with the insertion of C Troop at LZ
STRAWBERRY and ends with the insertion of B Troop into LZs PLUM and GRAPE. Critical to
this phase is the rapid establishment of a dismounted screen of PL COLTS in AO Joey. Shaping
operation 1: C Troop establishes OPs within AO Joey focused on PL COLTS. Conditions to
transition to the next phase require that C Troop establish OPs, B troop postures in pickup zone
(PZ), and the squadron tactical command post (TAC) positions to control the operation.
z Phase III, Occupation of AO Ben. Phase III begins with the insertion of B Troop into LZs PLUM
and GRAPE and ends with the insertion of C Troop into LZs PEACH and APPLE. Critical to this
phase is the rapid establishment of a dismounted screen of PL COLTS in AO Ben. Shaping
operation 2: B Troop establishes OPs within AO Ben oriented on PL COLTS. Conditions for
transitioning to the next phase require that C Troop displaces from their OPs, IBCT rifle battalions
reach PL BROWNS (trigger for C Troop movement), and FSC postures to conduct planned
resupply.
z Phase IV, Occupation of AO Jessie. Phase IV begins with the insertion of C Troop into LZs
PEACH and APPLE and ends with the displacement of B and C Troops, when IBCT rifle
battalions secures OBJ LEON. Critical to this phase is the rapid establishment of a dismounted
screen of PL COLTS in AO Jessie. Decisive operation: C Troop establishes OPs within AO Jessie
focused on PL COLTS. Conditions to transition to the next phase require IBCT rifle battalion to
secure OBJ LEON and to complete aerial resupply of B and C Troops.
z Phase V, Consolidation and Reorganization. Phase III begins with the displacement of B and C
Troops from their respective zones and ends when the squadron closes on the tactical assembly
area (TAA) and prepared for future operations. Critical to this phase is synchronizing the
withdrawal from zones Ben and Jessie and the air movement to the squadron TAA. On order, B
and C Troops will displace from their OPs in zones Ben and Jessie, and conduct air movement to
the squadron TAA once OBJ LEON is secure.
5-14. Scheme of movement and maneuver. The squadron conducts the scheme of movement and maneuver
in five phases. Phase I, prepare for operations; Phase II, occupation of AO Joey; Phase III, occupation of AO
Ben; Phase IV, occupation of AO Jessie; and Phase V, consolidation and reorganization.
z Phase I, Prepare for Operations. A Troop’s (ground assault convoy security) planning priorities
are downed aircraft recovery, reinforce IBCT rifle battalion in vicinity of OBJ LEON, reinforce
the IBCT squadron screening PL COLTS, secure emergency resupply tactical convoy operation
(TCO), and assume REDCON 2 no later than (NLT) XXXX.
„ B Troop supporting effort 2 (SE2) conducts mission planning, rehearsals, and an air mission
brief to prepare for security operations. B Troop also assists the FSC in constructing four
speedballs (CL I, V, VIII) for resupply operations during Phase IV.
„ C Troop (SE1) conducts mission planning, rehearsals, and air mission brief to prepare for
security operations. C Troop assists FSC in constructing four speedballs (CL I, V, VIII) for
resupply operations during Phase IV and assumes PZ posture at squadron LZ NLT XXXX.
„ FSC main effort (ME) constructs eight speedballs (CL I, V, VIII) for aerial resupply
operations during Phase IV.
„ Headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT) supporting effort (SE3) secures the squadron
main command post and maintains RETRANS Team 1 at REDCON 2 to support mission
command across the squadron’s area of operations.
z Phase II, Occupation of AO Joey. A troop (convoy security). No change to planning priorities.
„ B Troop (SE1) assumes PZ posture at squadron LZ NLT XXXX to enable rapid infiltration
of AO Ben.

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Chapter 5

„ C Troop main effort (ME) conducts air assault to LZ STRAWBERRY (refer to FM 3-99) and
establishes a screen of PL COLTS in AO Joey. C Troop establishes platoon OPs focused on
NAIs 7 and 8 to provide early warning and reaction time to IBCT rifle battalion during their
movement to OBJ LEON. The squadron TAC will move with C Troop throughout the
operation.
„ FSC (SE2) is ready to conduct emergency resupply as necessary.
„ HHT (SE3), no change.
z Phase III, Occupation of AO Ben. A troop (convoy security). No change to planning priorities.
„ B Troop (ME) conducts air assault to LZs PLUM and GRAPE and establishes a screen of PL
COLTS in AO Ben. B Troop establishes platoon OPs focused on NAIs 4 and 5 to provide
early warning and reaction time to IBCT rifle battalion during their movement to OBJ LEON.
„ C Troop (SE1) maintains their OPs in AO Joey to provide early warning and reaction time to
the rifle battalions. C Troop moves to PZ BANANA and assumes PZ posture once the IBCT
rifle battalion reaches PL BROWNS (trigger for movement).
„ FSC (SE2), no change.
„ HHT (SE3), no change.
z Phase IV, Occupation of AO Jessie. A Troop, (convoy security). No change to planning priorities.
„ B Troop (SE1) maintains their OPs in AO Ben to provide early warning and reaction time to
the rifle battalions. B Troop assumes PZ posture for exfiltration at LZs PLUM and GRAPE
once the rifle battalions secure OBJ LEON. BPT receive aerial resupply at LZs PLUM and
GRAPE, if required.
„ C Troop (ME) conducts air assault air from PZ BANANA to LZs PEACH and APPLE and
establishes a screen of PL COLTS in AO Jessie. C Troop establishes platoon OPs oriented
on NAIs 1 and 2 to provide early warning and reaction time to IBCT rifle battalion while
securing OBJ LEON. On order, receive aerial resupply at LZs PEACH and APPLE. C Troop
assumes PZ posture for exfiltration at LZs PEACH and APPLE once the rifle battalion’s
secures OBJ LEON.
„ FSC (SE2) conducts aerial resupply to C Troop at LZs PEACH and APPLE to enable long
duration security operations. Be prepared to conduct aerial resupply of B Troop at LZs PLUM
and GRAPE, if required.
„ HHT (SE3), no change.
z Phase V, Consolidation and Reorganization. A Troop (convoy security). No change to planning
priorities.
„ B Troop (SE1) conducts air movement from PZs PLUM and GRAPE to the squadron LZ to
begin consolidation and reorganization activities. B Troop is second in the order of movement
for exfiltration.
„ C Troop (ME) conducts air movement from PZs PEACH and APPLE to the squadron LZ to
begin consolidation and reorganization activities. C Troop is first in the order of movement
for exfiltration.
„ FCS (SE3) provides area sustainment support to maintain the squadron’s combat power.
„ HHT (SE2) provides helicopter landing zone control of the squadron’s LZ to enable
exfiltration operations.
„ Tasks to subordinate units. See annex C, Operations.
5-15. Coordinating instructions. Normally, the commander includes reconnaissance and security guidance
with commander’s intent. For this vignette, it is included under coordinating instructions along with PIR and
available squadron resources. The remaining vignettes, only list relevant aspects of the five-paragraph field
order, commander’s reconnaissance and security guidance, PIR, and available squadron resources.
z Commander’s security guidance includes the following:
„ Focus. Your focus is to ensure the freedom of maneuver for the main body. Identify any
enemy attempting to mass and engage our main body with direct fires and indirect fires.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

„ Tempo of security. The duration of this operation is long duration. Plan for 96 hours. Platoons
will conduct a combination of both long- and short-duration observation posts. The main
body’s movement rate drives the tempo of security.
„ Engagement/disengagement criteria. Destroy enemy armed with mortar or heavy machine
guns with attack aviation or indirect fires. Troops should disengage only to maneuver to a
position of advantage over the enemy.
„ Displacement criteria. Troops will displace on order. Main body movement rates will drive
displacement.
5-16. Squadron staff and the troop commander break down consolidated PIR into indicators for platoons.
The following are PIR and indicators—
z Squadron PIR # 12. Will the enemy attempt to reinforce RUFU from NAIs 8, 7, 5, 4, 2 or 1?
Supports BCT commander’s decision to continue attack into OBJ Leon (RUFU).
ƒ Troop SIR # 67. Is there evidence of crew served weapons? Troop SIR # 68. Are there groups
of fighting-age men carrying weapons? Answers Squadron PIR # 12. Will the enemy attempt
to reinforce RUFU from NAI 8 or NAI 2? Which supports BCT commander’s decision to
continue attack into OBJ Leon (RUFU).
z Squadron PIR # 14 Are vehicles prestaged in towns to transport enemy dismounts in NAI 6 will
or NAI 3 (LQUI)? Supports BCT commander’s decision to continue attack into OBJ Leon
(RUFU)?
ƒ Troop SIR # 69. Are there vehicles in NAI 3 (LQUI) that could transport fighters to mountain
passes? Answers squadron PIR # 14, are vehicles prestaged in towns to transport stage
dismounts in NAI 3 (LQUI)? Which supports BCT commander’s decision to continue attack
into OBJ Leon (RUFU)?

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Chapter 5

Figure 5-1. IBCT Squadron Moving Screen, Offense

Troop Mission
5-17. Situation: See squadron situation above.
5-18. Mission: C Troop screens to disrupt enemy forces along PL Colts in AO Joey and on order AO Jessie
from 030400DEC20XX to 070400DEC20XX to protect the BCT’s attack into Objective Leon.
5-19. Execution: Commander’s Intent, Expanded Purpose: Prevent enemy usage of the town of RUFU for
command and control of the province and allow local forces to regain control. (See figure 5-2, page 5-7.)
Key tasks include the following:
z Prevent enemy disruption on the main body.
z Ensure communication with higher and adjacent headquarters at all times.
z Retain security and freedom of maneuver at all times.
z End State, Enemy: Enemy forces unable to reconnoiter or disrupt main body within AO Joey and
Jessie. Friendly: All Soldiers consolidated with squadron at the town of RUFU and postured for
follow-on operations. Terrain: Town of RUFU secured. Civil: Collateral damage minimized.
Commander’s security guidance includes the following:
„ Focus. Platoons should focus on the enemy. Identify their movement, information collection
positions, and indirect fire positions. Squadron and troops remain oriented on the main body.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

„ Tempo of security. The duration of this operation is long duration. Plan for 96 hours. Platoons
will conduct a combination of both long- and short-duration observation posts. The main
body’s movement rate will drive the tempo of security.
„ Engagement/disengagement criteria. Destroy enemy indirect fire and heavy weapons systems
with aviation fires or indirect fire. Small arms should engage enemy elements of less than
five dismounts.
„ Displacement criteria. Displacement will occur in two steps. First step begins when the main
body reaches PL Cowboys. Platoons will begin collecting all assets in preparation for
movement while maintaining observation. Second step, the troop commander retains
authority to begin movement to the PZ.

Figure 5-2. IBCT Troop Moving Screen

Moving Screen, Phase I

5-20. The moving screen will occur in four phases. Phase I is movement to AO Joey and movement to the
observation post. Phase I begins with the troop in PZ posture and ends with the selection of actual observation
posts and troop locations at AO Joey.
5-21. The key tasks during this phase are to establish security and communication with troop and squadron
at the LZ. Next, conduct tactical movement to and set primary and alternate observation posts, mortar firing
points, a casualty collection point, and the troop command post. Finally, report location of all personnel and
equipment and observation of assigned NAIs.

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Chapter 5

5-22. Establish security and communication, allowing the troop to establish a foothold in the area of
operation and report. Platoons will provide radio checks to the command post prior to moving to their
observation posts. Troop reports will provide situational understanding to higher headquarters and ensure
synchronization of sequential or simultaneous events within the brigade.
5-23. Conduct tactical movement. Platoons have templated observation posts, and the freedom to choose a
suitable position based on the terrain. While not templated by troop, platoons will select alternate observation
post locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons must ensure the locations can identify the
indicators as soon as possible to provide early and accurate warning. Providing the early warning will give
the main body more time to react to any possible threat. The troop headquarters element will set the troop
command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point. The troop will report the command post
location to the squadron. The troop also will share the casualty collection point location with the platoons.
The troop command post should locate in a position that allows the command team to command their
elements, maintain situational awareness of their area of observation, and report to the squadron.
5-24. Platoons report the location of all personnel, equipment, and observation of assigned NAIs. The fire
support officer recommends to the commander the establishment of fire support coordination measures
within the troop area of operation. Platoons must immediately report the locations of their primary and
alternate observation posts to the troop. Platoons report once they begin to observe their assigned named
areas of interest so the commander can build an operational picture for the squadron. The operational picture
allows the fire support officer to establish the appropriate fire support coordination measure to support each
observation post.

Moving Screen, Phase II

5-25. Phase II is a screen of AO Joey. Phase II begins with platoons establishing observation posts and ends
with all aircrafts loaded. Key tasks during this phase are establishing operations, security and displacement
to PZ Banana, routine and priority casualties for evacuation to higher levels of care and the evacuation of the
remains of personnel killed in action. (See figure 5-3, page 5-9.)
5-26. Establishing observation posts. The platoons must improve their positions continually throughout the
duration of the observation point. It is imperative that the platoons emplace sensors and obstacles to protect
the observation posts and allow them to maintain contact with enemy forces. Identify dead space and establish
restricted operation zones (ROZs) for organic unmanned aircraft systems. Maintaining enemy contact allows
platoons to provide early and accurate warning to the main body of any enemy personnel moving to reinforce
the town of RUFU. Maintaining enemy contact also gives the main body reaction time and maneuver space,
allowing the commander to redirect combat power to neutralize the threat.
5-27. Security and displacement to PZ Banana. The troop must control the displacement of the platoons to
PZ Banana. Security must control the displacement of the platoons while ensuring continuous reconnaissance
of the NAIs and while conducting a deliberate reconnaissance handover with a sensor.
5-28. Load all routine and priority casualties for evacuation to higher levels of care. Evacuate the remains of
and personnel effects of personnel killed in action. To maintain continuous reconnaissance, priority and
routine casualties remain on the screen line and do not evacuate prior to troop movement to the PZ unless
they transport with the urgent casualties to the troop casualty collection point.

Moving Screen, Phase III

5-29. Phase III is movement to AO Jessie and screen set along PL Colts. (See figure 5-3.) Phase III begins
with aircraft departure from PZ Banana and ends with movement to screen. Key tasks during this phase are—
resupply from troop to platoon level, conduct tactical movement to and set primary and alternate observation
posts, mortar firing points, the casualty collection point, and the troop command post. Platoons report
locations of all personnel and equipment and observation of assigned NAIs.
5-30. Resupply from troop to platoon level. The resupply will take place using the prepackaged supplies
prepared prior to the start of the mission. Aerial delivery with speedballs is a technique used to deliver
resupply from helicopters. The speedball in this operation consists of prepackaging supplies of class I
(subsistence to include water) and class V (ammunition) into aviation kit bags, duffle bags, human remains

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

pouches, or other suitable containers. Helicopters fly as close to the drop point as possible, reduce speed,
drop supplies, and leave the area quickly. Troops pack the supplies in shock-absorbing material to minimize
damage. The speedball will travel on the aircraft to LZ Apple and LZ Peach at the same time the platoons
are displacing by helicopter into AO Jessie, allowing the platoons to continue to operate and still perform
continuous reconnaissance. The remaining key tasks are similar to phase I.

Figure 5-3. IBCT Troop Moving Screen, Phase II and III

Moving Screen, Phase IV

5-31. Phase IV screen of AO Jessie. Phase IV begins with platoons establishing observation posts and ends
with all casualties loaded. Key tasks during this phase are establishing observation posts (See figure 5-4,
page 5-11), load all routine and priority casualties and remains of KIAs for evacuation to higher levels of
care, and conduct tactical movement to Objective Leon.
5-32. Establishing observation posts. See phase II.

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5-33. Load all routine and priority casualties and remains of KIAs for evacuation to higher levels of care. To
maintain continuous reconnaissance, priority and routine casualties remain on the screen line. The platoon
does not evacuate KIAs prior to troop movement to the PZ unless they transport with the urgent casualties to
the troop casualty collection point.
5-34. Conduct tactical movement to OBJ Leon. To displace from a screen, a troop may use a variety of
methods to conduct a tactical movement by foot to OBJ Leon. The troop commander controls the
displacement of the platoon observation posts to ensure security and to maintain continuous reconnaissance
until the troop is prepared for movement to OBJ Leon.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

Figure 5-4. IBCT Troop Moving Screen, Phase IV and V

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Warfighting Function Considerations

5-35. The warfighting function is one technique commanders can use to verify their planning. The
warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative
purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-36. Facilities. Establish troop command posts in a manner that is mobile, yet maintains the ability to battle
track and provide guidance to subordinates. The commander does not have to be physically present in the
command post but must maintain mobility, retaining the ability to make decisions and provide positive
leadership. Locate troop command post in a position that best allows the command team to synchronize their
elements, maintain situational awareness of the area of operation, and report to squadron.
5-37. Systems. troop commanders must consider the effects of intervisibility lines and equipment capabilities
on communications when on the move. Troops will establish retransmission sites without compromising
observation posts. Retransmission antennas only need to be elevated to a minimum height necessary to
provide line of sight communication. In addition, the commander must consider redundancy in retransmission
sites when on the move. Units must maintain communication capability while bounding to retransmission
sites. During a moving screen, troops should plan to use lower tactical infrastructure and establish their
command posts in a location where they can communicate with subordinate, adjacent, and higher
headquarters elements, and are able to coordinate resupply and casualty evacuation or other emergency
requests.
5-38. Graphics. Create shared understanding by providing troop graphics for a moving screen to the force to
protect. In addition, the troop must receive a copy of the graphic control measures from the force to protect
to provide a common operational picture for the operation. Graphic control measures are event based and
commanders must disseminate changes to subordinates and adjacent higher echelons due to the highly mobile
nature of this operation.

Movement and Maneuver

5-39. Aerial/aviation. Troops must utilize the five phases of the air assault to synchronize efforts with
aviation elements. Troops must conduct planning as early as possible with the aviators who will support this
operation. At a minimum, the aviators must be there for the operations order and integrated into a combined
arms troop rehearsal.
5-40. Dismounted. To orient on the force to protect, the screening force must operate far enough forward to
provide reaction time and maneuver space. The main body will dictate the tempo of this operation. The troop
must prepare to displace or conduct long duration observation posts based on the tempo of the main body.

Intelligence
5-41. To ensure continuous reconnaissance, layer area forward of the troop with sensors and ensure an event
based information collection plan. When nonorganic sensors are not available, the Cavalry troop organic
sensors (Raven) should cover the gaps in the information collection plan.

Fires
5-42. Plan mortar firing point and artillery position bounds to ensure the screening force does not move
beyond the range of indirect fire support. Planned mortar firing points and pre-planned targets allow for quick
organic indirect fire support. No fire areas and coordinated fire lines require updates frequently from platoon
through to BCT level to maintain enemy contact without risking injury to friendly troops. Deconflict airspace
between troop mortars and available air assets to ensure timely fires and continuous reconnaissance.

Sustainment
5-43. Troops should consider resupply methods to enhance continuous reconnaissance. For this scenario, the
aerial resupply method uses rotary wing assets to deliver preconfigured speedballs. An important planning
factor is the resupply plan after the speedball is on ground. Before the mission, rehearsals should cover the

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

resupply process from the troop to the platoon level. Every Soldier should know when the resupply is taking
place and the process of how supplies are broken down to the lowest level. If there is a need for an emergency
resupply, the troop should consider the tailgate resupply method to allow continuous reconnaissance.
5-44. During a moving screen, evacuate priority and routine casualties during displacement operations.
Evacuate urgent casualties from the observation posts to higher levels of care without compromising the
information collection to ensure continuous reconnaissance. The troop commander and 1SG need to place
special attention on the treatment and evacuation plan for casualties due to the troop operating away from
normal medical support.

Protection
5-45. The commander will designate minimum requirements for the observation posts based on mission
variables. These minimum requirements include weapon systems, optics (mixture of thermal and night
vision), personnel strength, and proximity to civilians. The main body tempo will contain uncertainty;
obstacles emplaced should be flexible enough to move multiple times without significant effort. Commanders
will ensure platoons maintain the ability to shape avenues of approach for the enemy without reduction of
the obstacle compromising speed of the moving screen and thus security of the main body. Troop commanders
should consider the use of spider mines and seismic sensors for longer duration observations posts.

RECONNAISSANCE TASKS IN SUPPORT OF THE OFFENSE

5-46. Troops conduct reconnaissance operations during BCT offensive operations to allow commanders to
understand the situation, visualize the battle, and make decisions. When a troop conducts reconnaissance tasks,
it conducts zone reconnaissance, area reconnaissance, route reconnaissance and a reconnaissance in force.

RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE
5-47. A reconnaissance in force to support BCT offensive operations is a deliberate operation to collect
information about enemy forces and other information. The troop fights for information to determine enemy
weaknesses to exploit. The troop is seeking to gain direct contact with enemy forces. A squadron may conduct
a reconnaissance in force prior to the BCT offensive operation as the only means to satisfy information
requirements. The example below demonstrates a reconnaissance in force to collect information about a cave
complex utilized by enemy forces. The BCT cannot collect information by any other means and smaller
reconnaissance units are subject to ambush.

Squadron Mission
5-48. BCT area of operation. The BCT was unsuccessful in obtaining information about the cave complex
through sensors and needs the squadron to conduct a recon in force to obtain details on the cave complex
defense for a possible follow on clearance operation. Intelligence estimates assume 75 to 300 fighters
guarding the complex with Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADs), recoilless rifles, small arms,
and mortars. Mission: SBCT squadron conducts a reconnaissance in force to attack by fire in the vicinity of
OBJ Neal, Barrington, and Hoisington NLT 030400DEC20XX in order to cause the enemy force to deploy
into their defensive positions. Execution: Squadron will conduct a reconnaissance in force NLT
030400DEC120XX. Order of march is B Troop, C Troop, and A Troop. B Troop will set SBF oriented on
OBJ Neal. C Troop will set SBF oriented on OBJ Hoisington. A Troop, with attached mobile gun system
(MGS) platoon, will follow and assume either troop’s mission. Once establishing direct fire contact, B and
C Troops continue to execute reconnaissance by fire to determine the extent and orientation of defensive
positions surrounding the cave complex. On order, A Troop assumes the mission and continues the fight until
the squadron has met the displacement criteria. (See figure 5-5, page 5-15.)
5-49. Squadron commander’s reconnaissance guidance.
z Focus. Your focus is to determine the composition and disposition of enemy defensive positions.
Identify how the enemy is going to defend the cave complex, including positioning of mortars,
recoilless rifles and obstacles.

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z Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is forceful. The approach march will be
overt to cause the enemy to deploy into defensive positions. During actions on the objective, I
want you to gain and maintain direct contact with enemy forces.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct an aggressive operation. Enemy contact is desired
and imminent. Maintain contact with enemy personnel to observe defensive techniques and to
exploit their weakness. Disengage only to reestablish contact in a position of advantage over
enemy defenses.
z Displacement criteria. We will displace when satisfying the information requirements.
5-50. Squadron consolidated PIR is broken into indicators for platoons by the squadron staff, troop
commander, or both. Following are PIRs and indicators.
5-51. Division PIR #2. Where is the enemy’s logistics storage located? (Linked to division commander
decision to commit combat forces.) Indicators could be—
z Improved positions near cave complex in division NAI XX (Refined to BDE NAI 1, 2, 3), NAI
YY, NAI ZZ.
z Threat forces protecting complex terrain with three or more fighting positions in division NAI
XX, YY, ZZ.
5-52. BDE PIR #21. What cave entrances are the enemy utilizing? (Linked to BDE commander decision to
employ DPICM.) Indicators could be—
z Personnel loitering at entrances in NAI 1, 2, 3.
z Attempts to conceal entrance in NAI 1, 2, 3.

5-53. Squadron PIR #221. What is the size of the force defending the threat logistic storage sites? (Linked
to squadron commander’s decision to halt at PL Lions.) An indicator could be—
z How many enemy dismounts are on the objective?
z Signs of routine vehicle traffic near caves in NAI 1, 2, 3.
z Signs of fires, cooking, sleeping, hygiene, or human waste in NAI 1, 2, 3.
z Signs of cleared fields of fire for heavy weapon systems in NAI 1, 2, 3.

5-54. Squadron PIR #222. What is the force array for high value targets? Where is threat reconnaissance
force? (Linked to squadron commander’s decision to employ counter reconnaissance hunter or killer teams.)
Indicators could be—
z Location of antennas in NAI 1 or NAI 3.
z Location of any tripods in NAI 1 or NAI 3.

5-55. Available resources. The following resources are available to the troop upon request:
z Modified table of organization and equipment.
z MGS platoon.
z UAS with full motion video over 10,000 feet.
z Human intelligence collection team(s).
z Priority of fire 155-mm artillery.
z Signals intelligence.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

Figure 5-5. SBCT Squadron Reconnaissance in Force, Offense

Troop Mission
5-56. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: A Troop conducts reconnaissance by fire on NAI 1
NLT 030400DEC20XX in order to cause the enemy force to deploy into defensive positions. Commander’s
intent— (See figure 5-6, page 5-16.)
5-57. Key tasks include the following:
z Identify enemy defensive force array.
z Retain freedom of maneuver while fixing enemy within OBJ NEAL.
z Ensure communication with higher and adjacent headquarters at all times.

5-58. End state, enemy: Enemy forces fixed in OBJ Neal after deploying to battle positions. Friendly: Alpha
Troop conducts recon handover with aerial sensor and postures for follow on operations. Terrain: Key terrain
for follow-on operation’s attack identified. Civil: Collateral damage minimized.
5-59. Troop commanders reconnaissance guidance includes the following:
z Focus. Your focus is to determine the composition and disposition of enemy defensive positions.
The reconnaissance objective is to identify how the enemy is going to defend the cave complex,
including positioning of mortars, recoilless rifles, and obstacles in NAIs 1, 2, and 3.
z Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is forceful and deliberate. Tempo is
deliberate because we are collecting detailed information on enemy forces. The approach march

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Chapter 5

will be overt to cause the enemy to deploy into defensive positions. During actions on the
objective, I want you to gain and maintain direct contact with enemy forces.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. MGS will engage all recoilless rifle positions and
MANPADS with main gun rounds. MGS will not engage with main gun rounds on any other
targets. Mortars will engage only with proximity fuse to reduce obscuration on the objective. Upon
reaching the attack-by-fire position, each vehicle-mounted system will expend 100 rounds of .50
cal. or 10 MK 19 rounds over a five-minute period. Platoons will disengage if the enemy does not
react to our direct fire.
z Displacement criteria. We will displace when the squadron has satisfied the information
requirements.

Figure 5-6. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force

Reconnaissance in Force, Phase I

5-60. The troop mission occurs in three phases. Phase I, movement to attack by fire, begins crossing the line
of departure (LD) and ends when establishing the attack-by-fire position. (See figure 5-7, page 5-18.) Key
tasks during this phase include establishing mortar firing point 1 prior to crossing PL Lions, quickly closing
the distance to the objective, and reporting identification of graphic control measures on the ground, such as
target reference points, restrictive fire lines, casualty collection points, indirect fire targets, and boundaries.

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5-61. The troop establishes a mortar firing point prior to crossing PL Lions to ensure the troop will maintain
responsive organic indirect fire assets throughout the operations. Mortars can adjust rapidly to changing
situations that may include supporting the withdrawal of the force, conducting a hasty defense, or executing
exploitation. Mortars should be able to fire at least one-half to two-thirds of their range to the front of the
forward elements of the supported friendly force. The mortars utilize only proximity fuse to reduce
obscuration, allowing the UAS to maintain visual contact with the enemy formations.
5-62. The troop quickly closes the distance to the objective. The troop must maneuver into position quickly
to reduce the probability of engagement with recoilless rifles in the open desert. The troop must maintain
dispersion between vehicles and utilize intervisibility lines to maintain cover and concealment. The order of
march for Phase I is 2d Platoon, mortar section, 1st Platoon. The order of march will allow the mortars and
2d Platoon the ability to provide support to the remainder of the troop through indirect fires and
reconnaissance as they maneuver into their support-by-fire positions.
5-63. Platoons report identification of graphic control measures on the ground (target reference points,
restricted fire lines, casualty collection points, indirect fire targets, and boundaries). Platoons must
immediately identify and report the locations of their graphic control measures on the ground, reducing the
risk of fratricide and allowing the troop command team to control fires as necessary. The troop headquarters
needs to make changes to the control measures based on reports from the platoon. It is imperative to
disseminate all changes throughout the troop to maintain a common operational picture.

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Figure 5-7. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase I

Reconnaissance in Force, Phase II

5-64. Phase II begins with 2d Platoon set at observation posts and ends with specific information
requirements answered in NAI 1, 2, and 3. (See figure 5-8, page 5-19.) Key tasks during this phase include
reconnaissance by fire, observing NAIs, and dismounts conducting area reconnaissance of NAI 3.
5-65. Reconnaissance by fire. Platoons engage targets within their assigned target reference points to achieve
the desired fire pattern. For this scenario, 1st and 2d Platoons will initially employ the reconnaissance method,
reconnaissance by fire. If no enemy personnel move into battle positions, the troop commander should
provide the squadron commander with enough information to facilitate a decision point as to whether the
troop should maneuver beyond PL Seahawks to PL Dolphins. An aggressive maneuver may cause the enemy
to move out of their hide positions or may determine that no enemy battle positions, routes, cave entrances,
or high-value target list (HVTL) positions exist within OBJ NEAL. First Platoon will receive a section of the
mobile gun system and engage from support by fire 2. A section of the mobile gun system and a section of
reconnaissance vehicle will provide the primary direct fires into their sector of fire while observing NAI 1. Second
Platoon will engage from support by fire 1 into their sector of fire while observing NAI 1 and NAI 2. Platoons
must manage and report ammunition status to allow the troop to adjust rates of fire or reposition forces.

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5-66. Observation of NAIs. As the troop’s decisive operation for this scenario, 1 st Platoon will accomplish
the decisive point from a position where they can observe NAIs 1 and 2. Together with 2 d Platoon, the
redundancy of assets allows the troop to observe from multiple angles. Taking photos or video will assist
planners of future missions to understand the enemy’s actions. First Platoon can accomplish assist planners
of future missions to understand the enemy’s actions using optics and reporting, or they may utilize the
troop’s UAS and record the video feed. If the current system does not allow playback, then the platoon should
record the live feed with a camera or other device.
5-67. Dismounts conduct area reconnaissance of NAI 1. A section of reconnaissance vehicles from
1st Platoon and all the other platoon dismounts will conduct an area reconnaissance of NAI 2 to assess the
area as a foothold for follow on operations. Assessing the area allows the troop to provide a recommended
course of action and may cause the enemy to deploy more dismounts, believing a dismounted force is attacking.

Figure 5-8. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase II

Reconnaissance in Force, Phase III

5-68. Phase III begins with 1st Platoon dismounts linking up with vehicles and ends once the platoon has
crossed PL Charger. (See figure 5-9, page 5-20.) Key tasks during this phase include providing handover
information to aerial sensors, emplacing obscuration, and bounding south of the line of departure and
transporting casualties.

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5-69. Provide handover information to aerial sensors. The troop must ensure that aerial sensors maintain
visual contact of OBJ Neal prior to leaving their support-by-fire position. Conducting a reconnaissance
handover with the aerial sensor allows the unit to continue observing the objective, developing the enemy
situation by evaluating enemy BDA, and observing the enemy’s attempts to repair or improve their battle
positions. Maintaining visual contact using aerial sensors greatly aids the brigade combat team with planning
and executing clearance operations. Maintaining visual contact also allows the commander to determine if
the answers to the PIR gained during the reconnaissance in force have changed due to enemy activity.
5-70. Emplace obscuration. Before the troop begins movement out of their support-by-fire position, they
must emplace obscuration if they made enemy contact, since they will be vulnerable as they begin to displace.
Troops can request smoke missions from supporting artillery, use troop mortars to fire smoke missions,
employ the smoke grenade launchers on their vehicles, have troops employ handheld smoke grenades, or any
combination of these methods to achieve the required obscuration.
5-71. Bound south of the LD and transport casualties. Once the squadron has answered all PIR and all troops
are prepared to move out of their attack-by-fire positions, the troop will begin to bound south until they have
moved back to PL Chargers (LD). The troop will transport the priority and routine casualties to a higher level
of care at this time. The troop needs to keep as many weapon systems as possible focused on the objective so
they should limit casualty evacuation operations to urgent casualties only during the first two phases.

Figure 5-9. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase III

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-72. The warfighting considerations described here apply to the scenario above. These are examples for
illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-73. Facilities. In this scenario, the commander may need to move with 1 st Platoon to achieve the proper
understanding for decision making and adjacent unit coordination. The executive officer may need to locate
the command post near 2d Platoon so the troop can report information rapidly and accurately to squadron

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while maintaining standoff. The 1SG establishes the casualty collection point in a position that affords cover
and concealment and if possible, centrally locates the casualty collection point between point of injury and
ambulance exchange points.
5-74. Systems. Emplace enemy icons on FBCB2 graphics to facilitate cueing, mixing, and redundancy of
assets to orient on the reconnaissance objective. For example, 1st Platoon identifies a potential recoilless rifle
tripod in NAI 1 and emplaces the graphic on FBCB2, which cues 2d Platoon to confirm the specific
information requirement by mixing with the internal UAS and redundancy through LRAS3.
5-75. Graphics. The reconnaissance in force scenario requires platoons to understand their sectors of fire
because the troop must manage their ammo expenditure and prevent target overkill or fratricide. All restricted
fire lines need to be easily identifiable on the ground and platoons must report identification of graphic control
measures on the ground.

Movement and Maneuver

5-76. Mounted. In this scenario, the use of speed to close the distance enables the troop to reduce the
firepower overwatch of the recoilless rifles. Once in range, the mobile gun system section and RV
crew-served weapons may mass upon antitank weapons and allow dismounts to maneuver without risk of
suppression. Vehicles in the support-by-fire positions must continue survivability moves throughout the
operation to avoid decisive engagement. Vehicle commanders and squad leaders must communicate to
manage rates of fire, maintain situational awareness, and to prevent vehicles from running over dismounts.
5-77. Dismounted. The troop utilizes dismounts to clear intervisibility lines in undulating terrain and to
provide a higher level of detail during the area reconnaissance of NAI 2. Without the use of dismounts, the
enemy commander may only deploy antitank weapon systems. Employing dismounts may cause the enemy
to fully deploy its defensive capabilities, fully answering all PIR.
5-78. Fires. Planned mortar firing points and preplanned targets allow for quick organic indirect fire support.
No fire areas and coordinated fire lines require updates frequently from platoon through BCT level to
maintain enemy contact to avoid risking injury to friendly troops. Airspace needs to be deconflicted between
troop mortars and available air assets to ensure timely fires and continuous reconnaissance. Use indirect fire
sparingly during the early phases of the operation to prevent obscuration of the enemy position. Overuse of
indirect fire may disrupt the enemy deployment from hide sites to battle positions. Employ obscuration fires
to conceal the movement from attack by fires back to the LD once the troop has satisfied all the information
requirements.

Sustainment
5-79. Sustainment assets should be in position as far forward as possible for resupply and maintenance
support requirements. Consumption rates of class V will be a higher than normal reconnaissance mission;
therefore, adjust unit basic loads accordingly. Operators, crews, and maintenance personnel maximize
momentum by fixing inoperable equipment at the point of malfunction or damage. Self-recovery will be the
primary method of recovery for this mission followed by like-recovery to the maintenance collection point.
Platoons should ensure each section has tow bars.
5-80. Troops will have a casualty evacuation plan, and make every effort to staff and equip nonmedical
vehicles with medical personnel from point of injury to platoon casualty collection point forward to the troop
casualty collection point. Troops should plan to use their ambulance Stryker for medical evacuation
operations from the troop casualty collection point to the squadron ambulance exchange point. Ensure all
troops know the evacuation plan for casualties.

Protection
5-81. Dismounts should consider the use of mine detection equipment during area reconnaissance of NAI 2.
Given little to no man-made cover or concealment, vehicles will need to find their own natural cover during
this operation. If the enemy has MANPADs, dismounts must eliminate this threat to allow friendly air assets
to conduct operations in the area.

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Chapter 5

ZONE RECONNAISSANCE
5-82. A squadron executing a zone reconnaissance for a BCT offensive operation usually orients on the main
body’s axis of advance and focuses on the enemy and terrain. A zone reconnaissance normally transitions
into a security task to protect the main body. The squadron ensures they conduct continuous reconnaissance
as they occupy their security positions. The squadron could also conduct a zone reconnaissance as the BCT
offensive operation culminates to create the space and early warning for the BCT, allowing it to consolidate
and reorganize in preparation for defense operations.
5-83. The BCT and squadron staff should consider the focus, tempo, and terrain effects when planning all
reconnaissance operations. These factors can affect the amount of time that is required for a subordinate unit
to complete their reconnaissance tasks.
5-84. The squadron completes the zone reconnaissance and enables the BCT transition into the defense. The
squadron performs zone reconnaissance to identify enemy counterattacks and to establish a screen to expand
the security area.
5-85. A squadron executing a zone reconnaissance for a BCT offensive operation is deliberate, oriented on
the main body’s axis of advance and focused on the enemy and terrain. A zone reconnaissance normally
transitions into a security task to protect the main body. Troops ensure they conduct continuous
reconnaissance as they occupy their security positions. (See figure 5-10, page 5-24.)

Squadron Mission
5-86. Situation: The squadron completes a mission as the advance guard and gathers information enabling
the BCT to plan for future offensive operations. The squadron performs zone reconnaissance to identify
enemy support zones and avenues of approach. The town of Tyler is a known staging area for enemy forces
operating in 10 to 15 man teams. Intel reports the enemy may possess antitank missile capabilities, UAS, and
BMPs. The enemy is utilizing a subterranean network north of the river to cache weapons in our security
zone. Mission: ABCT squadron conducts zone reconnaissance to identify enemy support zones and avenues
of approach NLT 030400DEC20XX in order to enable the main body to conduct offensive operations.
Execution: ABCT squadron will conduct zone reconnaissance from LD (PL Orange) to LOA (PL Red).
Subordinate units will move through sector identifying possible surface and subterranean routes that the
enemy is or could be using. Troops will engage and destroy enemy within engagement criteria. Troops will
not execute phase lines until given permission from higher in order to maintain security across the zone.
Squadron commander’s reconnaissance guidance is as follows:
z Focus. Confirm or deny any surface or subterranean infiltration routes. Your focus is to identify
enemy caches in sector.
z Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is deliberate. You will not establish your
screen until you have completed a thorough reconnaissance of the zone. Reconnoiter all surface
enemy infiltration routes that support a squad-size element and any subterranean cache sites.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Engagement criteria is aggressive—destroy squad size or
smaller elements to expand the security area. If you encounter a superior force, or an enemy force
defending from a subterranean structure, break direct contact but maintain visual contact for
follow-on support.
z Displacement criteria. Once the troops are set at the limit of advance, they will establish
observation posts and screen to the limit of advance. Squadron will displace upon answering all
assigned indicators.
5-87. The supported headquarters provides PIR, which is broken into indicators for platoons. PIR could be
the following.
5-88. Division PIR #3. Is the bridge trafficable by tanks? What bridges across the Coryell River support
72-ton vehicles? (Supports division commander’s decision to cross Coryell River with follow-on forces.)
Indicators include:
z Bridge classification signs indicating above 72 tons?
z Observation of tanks crossing bridge in vicinity of Division NAI 12 and Division NAI 13.
z Multiple large semi-trucks co-use of bridge in Division NAI 12 and Division NAI 13.

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5-89. BCT PIR #33. Where are locations to bypass the bridge? (Supports BCT commander’s decision to use
multiple crossing points.) Indicators could be:
z Observation of existing bypass usage by vehicle traffic near Division NAI 12 and Division
NAI 13.
z Observation of a ford site near Division NAI 12 and Division NAI 13.
z Observation of sturdy banks that will adequately support a mobile bridge to span (55 feet?) near
Division NAI 12, Division NAI 13, and BCT NAI 1.
5-90. BCT PIR #34. Does Route (RTE) CHARLOTTE facilitate rapid advancement of tank and armored
vehicles? (Supports BCT commander decision to use march formation to PL Browns.) Indicators include:
z Paved road capable with width for three or more tanks abreast.
z Soil conditions near Route Charlotte are not muddy, marshy, rubbled, or contain surface drainage
ditches, which support multiple 72-ton vehicles moving in traveling formation.
5-91. Squadron PIR #331. Where are subterranean routes that can facilitate threat rapid dismounted
movement to impact Route Charlotte, Route New York, or Route Atlanta? (Supports squadron commander’s
decision to commit attached Infantry company to clear complex terrain.) Indicators include:
z Heavy foot traffic paths in Squadron NAI 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.
z Observation of small arms fire from Squadron NAI 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.
z Smoke/fire in vicinity of Squadron NAI 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.

5-92. Available squadron resources. The following are available resources.

z Modified table of organization and equipment.
z Priority of fires for the BCT’s DS field artillery battalion.
z Priority support for the brigade Shadow.
z Low-level voice intercept.
z Engineer reconnaissance team.
z Engineer obstacle-reducing team.
z Human intelligence.

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Figure 5-10. ABCT Squadron Zone Reconnaissance, Offense

Troop Mission
5-93. Situation: See the squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts zone reconnaissance to gather
information throughout the AO from 031100DEC20XX to 040500DEC20XX to enable future BCT offensive
operations. Commander’s intent, expanded purpose: Deny the enemy a key safe haven for planning and
conducting operations throughout the province. (See figure 5-11, page 5-25.) Key tasks include the following:
z Identify and report routes that support friendly armored vehicles throughout the troop area of
operations the zone.
z Destroy enemy forces within capabilities located in troop area of operations.
z Conduct forward passage of lines.
z Evaluate and report subterranean routes that could support platoon size or greater movement.

5-94. End state, enemy: Enemy forces within the zone unable to influence future offensive operations.
Friendly: Higher echelons informed and enabled to conduct planning for offensive operations. Terrain:
Primary avenues of approach classified. Civil: Ensure impact upon patterns of life are minimal. The troop
commander’s guidance includes the following:

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z Focus. The focus is to determine the threat in the zone and identify routes and key terrain leading
up to the town of Tyler. Reconnaissance objective is to ensure no enemy caches remain in the
troop area of operations.
z Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is stealthy and deliberate. The signature
is stealthy because we do not want the enemy to know the BCT will conduct offensive operations
in this area of operation. The amount of detail to collect is deliberate because the BCT has ample
amount of time to plan their offensive operation.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Bradley fighting vehicles will engage enemy light armor, and
antitank guided munitions between PL Orange and PL Red. The mortar section will provide
suppression of enemy light armor vehicles. Platoons will disengage from more than three heavy
armored vehicles. Platoons will disengage from tunnels when encountering sustained small arms
fire coming from the subterranean feature. The commander retains bypass authority.
z Displacement criteria. Platoons will displace upon LTIOV, answering all assigned indicators, or
upon meeting disengagement criteria

Figure 5-11. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance in the Offense

Zone Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-95. Conduct of this operation will be in four phases. Phase I is rural reconnaissance. Phase I begins at LD
and ends with crossing PL Yellow. (See figure 5-12, page 5-26.) Critical events during this phase are the
forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Yellow, the route reconnaissance of all primary and
secondary routes, identifying and destroying enemy observation posts in zone, and collecting obstacle
intelligence.
5-96. Forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Yellow. Due to the time constraints, the
commander will need to control the tempo of the zone reconnaissance by phase. The commander is taking

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prudent risk by conducting a forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance to PL Yellow because there are no NAIs
that require the platoons to conduct an area reconnaissance. Zone reconnaissance missions are time intensive
and the commander must communicate to subordinate platoons where the troop is willing to assume risk.
5-97. Route reconnaissance of all primary and secondary routes. The platoon must conduct reconnaissance
of all routes within the zone, including routes moving north to south and routes moving east to west. Platoons
may be inclined to focus on south to north routes because this will be the general direction of travel for the
main body attack. However, it is imperative that the platoons understand that the BCT may utilize the east to
west routes as an axis of advance.
5-98. Identify and destroy enemy observation posts in zone. Enemy observation posts on today's battlefield
have many characteristics. Platoons must search for covert, military-style observation posts as well as enemy
personnel disguised as civilians collecting information on friendly forces. Platoons will need to engage with
civilian personnel to attempt to discern intent and discourage curious bystanders.
5-99. Collect obstacle intelligence. Platoons should focus on tactical, enemy prepared obstacles, naturally
occurring obstacles and civilian created obstacles for their reports. An example of an enemy prepared obstacle
would include mine and wire obstacles, tank ditches, and dragon’s teeth. An example of a naturally occurring
obstacle would include escarpments, changes in soil composition, and creek beds. Examples of civilian
created obstacles include civilian traffic patterns, rock quarries, and market places.

Figure 5-12. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase I

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Zone Reconnaissance, Phase II

5-100. Phase II, urban recon, begins with crossing PL Yellow and ends with crossing PL Brown. (See
figure 5-13, page 5-28.) Critical events during this phase are identifying bypass routes around urban areas
and conducting area reconnaissance of NAI 4 and 3.
5-101. Identify bypass routes around urban areas. Moving through an urban area can slow a unit for a
number of reasons, which may encourage a commander to bypass urban areas along the axis of advance.
Bypassing an urban area, especially while en route to an objective, allows a commander to expedite
movement and avoid lethal engagement with enemy forces or avoid nonlethal engagement with the
population, both of which have the ability to significantly slow movement to the objective. During a zone
reconnaissance, a troop should identify bypass routes around urban areas so follow-on units have the option
of bypassing those urban areas where bypassing will not affect mission accomplishment negatively. When
identifying a bypass, the troop must consider the trafficability of the bypass by all the vehicles within the
follow-on force as well as the ability of enemy forces within the urban area to influence friendly movement
on the bypass.
5-102. Conduct area recon of NAI 4. In this scenario, NAI 4 is an open area where the enemy has possibly
used a subterranean network to cache weapons. The troop has a variety of methods available to them to
conduct reconnaissance in this NAI. At some point, the troop should conduct dismounted reconnaissance
through the NAI looking for the presence of the templated subterranean networks. It is highly unlikely the
troop would be able to find signs of a subterranean network by observing the NAI from a distance. The troop
should employ mine-detecting equipment if available to aid in discovering the subterranean network or
cached weapons.
5-103. Conduct area recon of NAI 3. Reconnaissance of NAI 3, which is in an urban area, will require
special consideration by the commander. If the commander is attempting to observe normal patterns of life
or enemy activity in the urban area without influencing the enemy or civilian actions, the troop will need to
utilize optics with enough standoff to conduct surveillance undetected. To develop the situation rapidly, the
troop may need to conduct active reconnaissance in the village with dismounted observation posts. If the
commander is looking to provoke a reaction from possible enemy forces in the urban area, the troop can
move in an overt, aggressive manner without taking steps to avoid detection. As the reconnaissance of NAI
3 is an area reconnaissance within a larger zone reconnaissance mission, the troop should avoid becoming
decisively engaged in the town to retain their freedom of maneuver.

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Figure 5-13. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase II

Zone Reconnaissance, Phase III

5-104. Phase III, crossing point recon, begins with crossing PL Browns and ends with identification of a
trafficable crossing point. (See figure 5-14, page 5-29.) Critical events during this phase are conducting the
linkup and confirming locations for the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection
point; conducting area reconnaissance of NAI 12 and 13, and identifying fording and armored vehicle-launch
bridge sites.
5-105. Conduct linkup and confirm locations for the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty
collection point. Upon crossing PL Browns, the platoons will converge at the intersection of RTE New York
and RTE Miami. At this point, troop commanders should select a coordination point to confirm the location
for the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point during this phase. Phase III
also requires the most security as it is closest to the enemy main body in the town of Tyler. The troop should
plan to conduct this phase of the operation under limited visibility conditions, thus the troop may need to
adjust its tempo during other phases or pause prior to executing this phase.
5-106. Conduct area reconnaissance of NAIs 12 and 13. Prior to moving dismounts forward to classify the
bridges in NAI 12 and 13, the troop must establish proper security measures. Platoons will stop short of the
bridges and establish overwatch positions. Platoons will use optics and additional sensors to observe the far
side of the bridge and to inspect the bridge for obstacles or explosives. The approach to and classification of
the bridges should be done using the most stealthy method available to reduce the chance of contact with the

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enemy. If available, the commander should equip platoons with engineers to remove or disable explosives.
The site may contain a small guard force or be reinforced with tactical obstacles. The troop commander must
understand engagement criteria from squadron and prepare to fight for the information, develop the situation
rapidly, and prepare to gain and maintain contact utilizing additional enablers from the brigade.
5-107. Identify fording and armored vehicle-launch bridge sites. Should the bridges be untrafficable for
tanks, the troop must continue to orient on the reconnaissance objective by finding a bypass route at a fording
site, finding an alternate bridge, or providing a recommended site for an armored vehicle-launch bridge or
other type of bridge.

Figure 5-14. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase III

Zone reconnaissance, Phase IV

5-108. Phase IV, forward passage of lines, begins with observation posts set observing NAIs 10, 12, and 13
and ends after forward passage of lines. Critical events during this phase are observation of NAIs 10, 12, and
13; forward passage of lines; and reconnaissance handover.
5-109. Observation of NAIs 10, 12, and 13. During this critical event, the platoons will orient on several
NAIs: NAI 10 with PIR 5, NAI 12 with PIR 1 and 2, and NAI 13 with PIR 1 and 2. The BCT must know
about the trafficability of the bridges leading across the river to ensure the BCT can access their objectives.
The platoons must develop the situation rapidly, yet remain stealthy according to the commander’s
reconnaissance guidance, to provide the information to the BCT. The information gained from NAIs 10, 12,
and 13 must be reported rapidly and accurately to the BCT so the BCT can complete their course of action
development. To avoid keeping reconnaissance assets in reserve, the troop can use its organic UAS (Raven)
to collect on PIR 5 in NAI 10. Since the platoons will be operating around an urban area, this phase has the
most risks involved and should occur during hours of limited visibility. The platoons should have the most

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information collection assets available to mitigate risks. Redundancy and mixing of collection assets will
provide the BCT with information in greater detail while information collection assets are not assuming as
much risks. As all units observe their NAIs, each collection asset must maintain visual contact with any threat
indicator until the reconnaissance handover with the BCT is complete.
5-110. Forward passage of lines and reconnaissance handover. The reconnaissance handover is critical to
the mission because it ensures continuous reconnaissance. The forward passage of lines will pass the BCT
forward of the troop’s area of operation while the troop’s observation posts stay in place and continue to
observe the NAIs for any change in information. As the BCT is moving through the troop, a designated unit
must linkup, either on the ground or through digital communications, with the troop command posts to
receive the most up-to-date graphics, positions of friendly forces, and information about the NAIs.

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-111. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples
for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-112. Facilities. Platoons should update the troop command post throughout the operation with answers to
indicators. The troop command post must establish each phase in a location where the troop can communicate
collected information rapidly and accurately to squadron command posts. All collected information is vital
to the planning timelines within the brigade, thus information collected requires timely refinement and
reporting.
5-113. Systems. The distance over which the troop moves during this operation may extend beyond the
reach of frequency modulation or digital systems. The commander must request retransmission sites or
communicate via satellite routing from the troop to squadron.
5-114. Graphics. Troops must create shared understanding through graphics in mission orders, especially
when forces converge or collectively transition the tempo of reconnaissance. In this scenario, creating the
coordination point allows the commander to adjust the troop’s tempo to balance with security, reposition
forces to support the next area reconnaissance, and ensure the right amount of information is collected and
provided to the squadron during critical events.

Movement and Maneuver

5-115. Mounted. In this scenario, the unit must identify routes that are able to support tanks. The platoons
must continuously seek bypass routes for any points where trafficability reduces below that level. If contact
is possible or likely, and the follow–on force will need to transition to traveling overwatch or bounding
overwatch, then the platoons should report whether the routes will support only a column or will support unit
dispersion.
5-116. Dismounted. The trafficability of areas off the main roads may increase the chances for vehicles to
be stuck or roll over. Use of dismounts to clear safety areas is paramount to speed, but leaders must inform
the troop commander and higher for situational understanding. Dismounted reconnaissance within NAIs is
more likely to find caches, especially when supported with mine detection devices, site exploitations kits,
and cameras.
5-117. Subterranean. The troop commander must fully understand the squadron commander’s guidance in
dealing with subterranean networks. (Refer to ATTP 3-06.11 for more information.) Commanders must
weigh the priority of reconnaissance in subterranean areas with other named areas of interest.

Intelligence
5-118. Synthesizing and reporting information collected to the squadron command post in a timely manner
will drive the BCTs future offensive operations. The zone reconnaissance will take place during the brigade’s
planning process as a reconnaissance pull technique. Troops should expect changes and additions to PIRs
and NAIs throughout the operation.

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Fires
5-119. If the movement of the troop extends beyond the range of available artillery assets, the troop must
emplace the mortar firing point to support both platoons. The troop plans final protective fires during phase
four due to the troop’s proximity to the enemy main body. The troop establishes no fire areas and ensures all
friendly areas include critical infrastructure.

Sustainment
5-120. The executive officer must coordinate to receive ammunition resupply in a timely manner that does
not sacrifice availability if the mission requires a large amount of mortar employment. The troop should
request the field maintenance team be as far forward as possible to assist in maintenance operations. Recovery
operations during this scenario should include self-recovery at the platoon level followed by like recovery to
pull vehicles to the squadron maintenance collection point. Troops must plan sustainment for all four phases.
Resupply may not be necessary during the mission; however, plan resupply for phase four prior to conducting
follow-on operations. Troops should plan multiple casualty collection points throughout the operation to
allow for frequent casualty evacuations.

Protection
5-121. When stationary, troops use camouflage nets to conceal friendly positions from UAS. Troops should
be cautious of enemy attempts to employ IEDs throughout the zone.

SECTION II – RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY IN THE DEFENSE

5-122. By executing reconnaissance and security tasks, the Cavalry squadron allows the BCT commander
to disrupt enemy tempo, create flexibility in planning, maneuver, mass and concentrate combat power,
conduct operations in depth, and provide preparation and security. Today’s hybrid threat challenges the
traditional military application of defensive operations by utilizing conventional and unconventional means
to disrupt our defensive positions. The vignettes in this section are unique to these specific scenario examples.
5-123. Cavalry troops conduct both reconnaissance and security tasks while supporting the BCT defense.
The troop orients on the BCT while conducting security tasks unless the BCT commander specifies
otherwise.

SECURITY TASKS IN SUPPORT OF THE DEFENSE

5-124. Security supporting BCT defensive operations provides early warning of activities that affect the
main body. A screen can establish and expand the security area, which provides time and maneuver space so
the main body has freedom of movement to establish their defensive plan. Troops conducting a screen may
provide early warning of enemy formations that are conducting spoiling attacks on friendly forces. These
activities do not have to be enemy centric; they can include civilian considerations. For example, a troop
could screen during a BCT defense by providing early warning of violence between factions separated by
natural and manmade geographical boundaries.

GUARD
5-125. A squadron’s guard supporting an offensive BCT operation usually has platoon size (+) units
working in coordination to establish battle positions that prevent observation or direct fire against the main
body. The squadron conducts defensive tasks and limited offensive tasks to deny the enemy the ability to
disrupt the friendly forces’ main body. To maintain the tempo of the BCT attack, the Cavalry troops must
have the ability to move quickly and decisively to maintain contact with the enemy and protected force. A
guard supporting BCT defensive operations defeats or causes the withdrawal of enemy reconnaissance
elements. A guard establishes and expands the security area to provide time and maneuver space to the main
body. A troop as part of a squadron guard attempts to force the enemy main body to deploy early. A Troop,
as a part of a squadron guard, could establish around an airfield during retrograde operations.

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SQUADRON MISSION
5-126. Situation: The BCT is protecting the airfield where an international Red Cross evacuation of political
refugees from a neighboring country is underway. (See figure 5-15, page 5-33.) Insurgent enemy forces have
declared their intent to strike at coalition forces in order to demonstrate strength and counter coalition
messaging that the enemy has been defeated. Intelligence reports expect an attack on the airfield by a
company-sized element in the next 96 hours. Intel reports that the enemy is operating in 20 man teams armed
with portable, unguided, shoulder-launched antitank rocket-propelled grenade launcher (RPG-7s), ПК
Модернизированный: "Kalashnikov's Machine-gun Modernized (PKM), and Avtomat Kalashnikova (AKs)
and use technical mounted (DsKHs). In addition, insurgent enemy forces conducted a recent attack using
suicide bombers leashed together and led by skilled team leaders to detonate on point targets to initiate a
larger attack. Additionally, significant hostile armor formations are located across the international border
approximately 15 kilometers away to the northeast. For political considerations, the squadron guards the
airport until the evacuation is complete as an economy of force so tensions do not escalate with the
neighboring hostile country during the evacuation. Mission: ABCT squadron conducts a guard from
050600DEC20XX to 090600DEC20XX vicinity of HICKMAN Airfield in order to protect the airfield during
evacuation operations. Execution: A Troop, B Troop, and C Troop conducts a zone reconnaissance to PL
Red where the squadron transitions into a guard, with troops conducting area defense. Upon completion of
B Troop’s zone reconnaissance of the area between PLs Blue and White, D Company conducts tactical road
march and establishes TAA Colts. Once the evacuation is complete, the squadron conducts rearward passage
of lines with 1-XX CAB and withdraws. Squadron commander’s security guidance includes the following:
z Focus. Your focus is to defeat enemy personnel attempting to disrupt the main body. Search all
vehicles that attempt to access the airfield. Divert vehicles with three axles or more. Report groups
of 10 or more military-aged males within 2 kilometers of airfield perimeter, question them, and
disperse.
z Tempo of security. Tempo of security is a long duration operation. Plan to defend airfield for
96 hours. You will conduct a zone reconnaissance to establish your battle positions. You will
continue to improve your position throughout this operation. Your battle positions will provide
standoff and the ability to control avenues of approach into the security area.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct this as a discrete operation. Positively identify
enemy elements before engaging. Use escalation of force kits to mitigate civilian casualties. Break
direct contact only to immediately regain contact in a position of advantage over enemy forces.
z Displacement criteria. Displacement will be on order. Once the evacuation is complete and
rearward passage of lines is complete, the squadron will displace. If enemy armor crosses the
international border, the squadron will conduct battle handover with 1-XX CAB and withdraw to
the southwest.

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Figure 5-15. ABCT Squadron Guard, Defense

Troop Mission
Situation: See the squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts zone reconnaissance to gather
information about the AO and establish defensive positions from 050600DEC20XX to 090600DEC20XX
to protect the evacuation. Execution: Commander’s intent, expanded purpose: Deny the enemy access to the
airfield. (See figure 5-16, page 5-35.)
5-127. Key tasks include the following:
z Identify and report routes that support enemy vehicles movement in the AO in addition to the
major roads.
z Destroy smaller size enemy forces within the troop AO.
z Conduct battle handover to 1-XX CAB.
z Conduct rearward passage of lines through 1-XX CAB.

5-128. End State, Enemy: Enemy forces within the troop area of operations. Friendly: Higher echelons
informed and enabled to conduct refugee evacuation. Terrain: Primary avenues of approach classified. Civil:
Ensure impact upon patterns of life are minimal.

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5-129. Troop commander’s reconnaissance guidance includes the following:

z Focus. The focus of the zone reconnaissance is to determine the threat in the zone and identify
routes and key terrain leading up to the airfield. Reconnaissance objective is to find any enemy
forces in the zone.
z Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is forceful and rapid. We need to move
quickly throughout the zone and clear any pockets of enemy fighters. Rapidly move to establish
the screen in order to protect the airfield. We need to collect information on avenues of approach
that the enemy may use to access the airfield.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Platoons will engage enemy light vehicles and enemy
dismounts. The mortar section will provide suppression of enemy light vehicles. Platoons will
disengage from more than three armor vehicles. The commander retains bypass authority.
z Displacement criteria. Platoons will displace upon answering all assigned indicators or upon
meeting disengagement criteria.
5-130. The troop commander plans both reconnaissance and security guidance when required.
Commander’s security guidance includes—
z Focus. The focus of this phase will be enemy dismount teams attempting to influence the
evacuation.
z Tempo of security. The security tempo is long duration. Platoons will plan for 96 hours of
sustainment.
z Engagement/disengagement. Platoons will utilize indirect fire and direct fire to develop the
situation and deny enemy elements the ability to penetrate. Indirect fires will be the primary
means to engage enemy dismount elements; but if indirect fire is not feasible, observation posts
and security patrols can conduct attack by fire to destroy enemy elements of squad size or less.
Dismounted observation posts and patrols will maintain contact with larger elements (greater
than squad size and under platoon strength) and conduct battle handover with a tank platoon.
z Displacement criteria. If the enemy conducts platoon size or larger assaults on an observation
post, the platoon will displace to subsequent observation posts. The platoon will use alternating
bounds to ensure they maintain enemy contact by conducting reconnaissance handover within
the platoon or with UAS. If enemy armor formations cross the international border, prepare for
battle handover with 1-XX CAB currently located south of the airfield.

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Figure 5-16. ABCT Troop Guard

Guard, Phase I
5-131. Conduct of this operation will be in three phases. Phase I is zone reconnaissance. (See figure 5-17,
page 5-36.) Phase I begins at LD and ends with PL Red, the limit of advance. Critical events during this
phase are forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Red. Conduct route recon of all primary
and secondary routes. Identify and destroy enemy observation post in zone.
5-132. Forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Red. The commander will need to control
the tempo of the zone reconnaissance by phase. The commander is taking prudent risk by conducting a
forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance to PL Red. The tank platoon will provide overwatch on the routes
and at NAIs to facilitate speed.
5-133. Route recon of all primary and secondary routes. The platoon must conduct reconnaissance of all
routes within the zone. Platoons may focus on the routes for the enemy attack. However, the platoons must
understand that BCT forces may utilize all routes.
5-134. Identify and destroy enemy observation post in zone. Enemy observation post on today's battlefield
will take on many characteristics. Platoons must search for both covert military style observation posts as
well as enemy personnel disguised as civilians and collecting information on friendly forces. Platoons will
need to engage with civilian personnel to discern intent and discourage curious bystanders.

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Figure 5-17. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase I

Guard, Phase II
5-135. Phase II, establish screen and collapse to guard. (See figure 5-18.) Priority tasks at this phase are
establish screen with observation posts in-depth, develop platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent
fratricide, maximize use of enablers at traffic control posts, casualty evacuations, and establish battle
positions.
5-136. Establish screen with observation posts in-depth. Conducting platoon screens provides early warning
for forces along the route. The depth provided will assist with establishing battle positions that ensure no
threat forces pass through undetected or unreported.
5-137. Develop platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent fratricide. Identify and plot final
protective fires to enable rapid response by available assets. Maximize use of enablers at traffic control posts.
(See area security and casualty evacuations of dismounted personnel below.)
5-138. Establish battle positions. Establishing battle positions that maximize the integration of direct and
indirect fires causes the enemy main body to deploy and provides fighting positions that allow concentration
and massing of lethal fires into designated sectors of fire. The commander will need to conduct detailed
planning to employ organic enablers and all direct fire elements.

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Figure 5-18. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase II

Guard, Phase III

5-139. Phase III, rearward passage of lines and battle handover. (See figure 5-19, 5-38.) Priority tasks at
this phase are passage point selection, transfer of information, and displacement to and movement to TAA
Cobrajock. Battle handover tasks are near and far side recognition and fire control measures.
5-140. Rearward passage of lines. The troop will conduct a rearward passage of lines with 1-XX CAB upon
completion of the evacuation from the airfield. Troop commanders must ensure passage points and
coordination points are clearly identifiable and the troop understands all actions. As the troop is moving
through the CAB, a designated unit must link up, either on the ground or through digital communications,
with the troop command posts to receive the most up-to-date graphics, positions of friendly forces, and enemy
situations. Upon completion of rearward passage of lines, platoons will move to TAA Cobrajock.
5-141. Battle handover. During this critical event, it is important to consider near and far side recognition
symbols that are easily recognizable to prevent fratricide, such as FBCB2 and VS 17 panels. Carefully plan
fire control measures, both direct and indirect, for both units to prevent fratricide and to distribute fires on
the enemy evenly.

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Figure 5-19. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase III

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-142. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples
for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Movement and Maneuver

5-143. Mounted. The troop possesses significant combat power with respect to the threat it faces. The
M3A3 25-mm Bushmaster provides the troop standoff as compared to the enemy weapon systems. The
M3A3 can also destroy enemy technical vehicles and vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. The
effects of antipersonnel and high explosive rounds can cause considerable collateral damage to the
surrounding towns. Commanders will need to consider potential collateral damage when employing those
systems. The TOW system provides additional range but has limits due to collateral damage considerations
as well. The M1-series tank’s 120-mm main gun provides direct fires with precision, which can reduce the
risk of collateral damage. The tanks also provide enhanced day and night optics for target identification.
Coaxial machine guns will create less collateral damage, but the maximum effective range will put the
Cavalry fighting vehicles within range of enemy machine guns. The terrain is unrestricted to mounted forces
outside of urban areas. Maneuver in the towns for the Cavalry fighting vehicles will be limited to streets.

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5-144. Dismounted. Dismounts can establish observation posts to provide early warning to the crews of the
Cavalry fighting vehicles. Cavalry fighting vehicles likely will operate in sections to ensure mutual support
and security. The commander and platoon leaders can consider using a hunter-killer technique where
dismount observation posts identify threats and cue the Cavalry fighting vehicles to move into attack-by-fire
positions to destroy the enemy. The commander can request BCT engineer assets to provide countermobility
along likely avenues of approach to canalize threats into the troop engagement area.

Sustainment
5-145. The FSC will have some sustainment assets located and prepared within the combat trains command
post to provide emergency resupply if necessary. Retrograde equipment that requires extended repair time to
the squadron maintenance collection point.
5-146. Commanders should consider establishing the troop casualty collection point behind the main battle
area. The 1SG may pull casualties from the platoon casualty collection point or directly from vehicles to
preserve combat power during evacuation. Rehearsals for these operations are critical and must happen to
ensure the safety of the casualty, decrease the time from point of injury to the next level of care, and reduce
risks to first responders.

AREA SECURITY
5-147. The focus of area security in support of BCT defensive operations is on the protected force,
installation, route, or area. (See figure 5-20, page 5-40.) A troop could deny the enemy the use of an expected
or historical ambush site. Another example is to task the troop to assess the vulnerabilities of the BCT defense,
which would provide the commander with an objective assessment.

Squadron Mission
5-148. Situation: The BCT has secured RUFU and a line of communication is in place along Route Cerami.
Enemy forces have historically occupied the terrain along this route to ambush elements. These forces
number 3 to 5 personnel and usually have small arms and RPG-7s. Mission: SBCT squadron conducts route
security to protect tactical combat operations as they move along Route Cerami. Execution: Troops will
establish mounted and dismounted observation posts oriented on Route Cerami and conduct reconnaissance
patrols throughout the areas of dead space. Squadron commander’s security guidance includes the following:
z Focus. Your focus is to secure the route to ensure freedom of maneuver for the tactical convoy
operation. Secure all historical ambush sites and terrain that dominates the route.
z Tempo of security. The tempo for this operation is long duration. Plan this operation for 24
hours. Establish observation posts adjacent to the route that are oriented on the route. Conduct
roving patrols to cover dead space between OPs.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct an aggressive operation. Identify and report any
vehicles that stop along the route or any suspicious dismounted activity. Engage any positively
identified enemy element. Do not disengage without approval from squadron.
z Displacement criteria. Displace once the tactical convoy operation reports last element clear.

5-149. Squadron PIR #511. Where are possible ambush sites? (Supports squadron commander’s decision
to occupy ambush site.) Indicators include:
z Choke points is NAI 001.
z Observation of expended brass in NAI 002, 003.
z Observation of disturbed foliage in NAI 002, 003.
z Observation of small arms cache in NAI 002, 003.

5-150. Squadron PIR #521. How is the enemy conducting information collection on U.S. forces? (Supports
squadron commander decision to detain potential collectors.)
z What are civilian movement patterns?
z Is the enemy using dismounted or mounted methods?

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z Where are civilians moving away from normal lines of drift in vicinity of NAI 001, 002, 003,
and 004?
5-151. Division PIR #5. What is the level of indigenous support for enemy forces? Specific information
requirement includes: (Supports division commander decision to employ information operations plan XYZ.)
z Is the enemy resupplying from the population.
z Is the enemy integrating with the population? Observation of population is allowing enemy to
integrate within the social structure.

Figure 5-20. SBCT Squadron Area Security, Route

Troop Mission
5-152. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop, SBCT squadron conducts route security
NLT 300900AUG20XX to protect tactical convoy operations as they move along RTE Cerami. Execution:
Second Platoon conducts route security by performing a zone reconnaissance and establishing a screen to the
north of RTE Cerami. First platoon will conduct zone reconnaissance and establish a screen to the south of
RTE Cerami to prevent the enemy’s influence of the route. The operation will be a three-phase operation.
Phase I is reconnaissance, Phase II is security, and Phase III is displacement. Commander’s intent: We must
enable the BCT to resupply in RUFU. Ensure the enemy cannot influence RTE Cerami. Maintain continuous
observation of infiltration and exfiltration routes and rapidly report all suspicious activity. End State: All
tactical convoy operations have reached RUFU unhindered by the enemy, identification and reporting of all

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enemy is complete, with minimized collateral damage and limited disruption to civilian patterns of life. (See
figure 5-21.) Commander’s reconnaissance guidance includes the following:
z Focus. The focus is to ensure freedom of maneuver for the tactical convoy operation on the route.
Identify all historical ambush sites and terrain that dominates the route.
z Tempo of security. The tempo for this operation is deliberate. Plan to conduct route reconnaissance
at two kilometers per hour and zone reconnaissance at half a kilometer per hour. Ensure a thorough
reconnaissance of all threat avenues of approach.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct an aggressive operation. Identify and report any
vehicles that stop along the route or suspicious dismounted activity. Engage any positively
identified enemy element. Do not disengage without approval from squadron.
z Displacement criteria. Displace if the enemy conducts platoon-size or larger assault of an
observation post.

Figure 5-21. SBCT Troop Area Security, Route

Route Security, Phase 1

5-153. Phase I, reconnaissance, begins with LD at PL Carolina and ends when reconnaissance is complete.
Critical events during this phase include conducting forward passage of lines, then establishing a troop
headquarters (mortar firing points, casualty collection point, and troop command post); conducting
reconnaissance and establishing observation posts while the fire support officer recommends to the
commander establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop’s area of operations.

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5-154. Conduct forward passage of lines. Prior to crossing the line of departure, troops can request feeds
from SBCT controlled Shadow (RQ-7) UAS to ensure continuous reconnaissance. The commander considers
missions variables when selecting movement techniques, routes, and orders of march. If enemy contact is
possible and the troop must conduct a forward passage of lines, the commander considers using traveling
overwatch and ensures direct coordination with the stationary unit. For the passage of lines, troops should
collocate command posts to enable the sharing of graphics and information. Far and near recognition signals
will help prevent fratricide, especially during limited visibility operations.
5-155. Establish troop headquarters. Commanders consider the terrain when establishing a troop command
post, a casualty collection point and mortar firing positions. Casualty collection points should be easily
accessible for casualty evacuation, but provide protection from observation and the effects of fire. When
terrain restricts line of sight, commanders should consider placing upper tactical internet systems on terrain
that enables retransmission to ensure reporting of all information rapidly and accurately. Commanders should
consider placing mortar-firing points in positions to maximize the lowest angle fire possible to ensure the
best fire support coverage of the platoons. Commanders achieve security for these elements by collocating
with mounted elements or placing them in mutually supporting positions.
5-156. Conduct reconnaissance and establish observation posts. In this scenario, due to restrictive terrain
and task organization, the troop conducts a route reconnaissance with one platoon conducting reconnaissance
of the physical route and two platoons developing the terrain and lateral routes that influence the primary
route through zone reconnaissance. Reconnaissance en route to a screen enables the troop to identify enemy
avenues of approach, ambush positions, and optimal locations of observation posts. Commanders should
consider the rate of march for dismounted troops maneuvering through restricted terrain. Leaders must assess
the Soldiers’ approach march, combat and fighting loads, and where to maintain sustainment loads. Leaders
have latitude on the ground to establish observation posts in positions that achieve the best observation
balanced with cover and concealment. In areas of little natural vegetation, concealment kits may aide in
establishing observation posts. Observation posts can use sensors to cue reconnaissance patrols to areas of
dead space to achieve continuous reconnaissance. The commander employs all available collection assets to
aide in redundancy and to achieve mixing to task all reconnaissance assets.
5-157. The fire support officer recommends to the commander establishment of fire support coordination
measures within the troop area of operation. The fire support officer establishes no fire areas over observation
posts to prevent fratricide. Dismounts should use available mission command systems to build a common
operational picture. Dismounts should consider using analog battle tracking to create redundancy. Fire
support personnel should plan for illumination and obscuration to enable platoon operations in all conditions.
Fire support officers and commanders must consider and synchronize the multiple layers of assets operating
in their areas of operations such as aviation, UAS, artillery, and mortars.

Scheme of Maneuver, Phase I

5-158. Prior to crossing the line of departure, B Troop commander requests BCT UAS of Route Cerami to
ensure continuous reconnaissance during this phase. The troop fire support officer creates preplanned targets
using the allocations from higher to cover dead space and deny the enemy key terrain. (See figure 5-22,
page 5-44.)
5-159. B Troop crosses the line of departure at PL Carolina and conducts a tactical road march using a
traveling overwatch movement technique and forward passage of lines through A Troop at passage point.
Second Platoon conducts initial linkup with A Troop and troop command posts collocate to facilitate mission
command during passage. Order of march is 2d Platoon, mortars; 1st Platoon, trains, command post. B Troop
passes through A Troop and assumes responsibility for the fight at the battle handover line (PL Ohio) when
two-thirds of the troop’s combat power has passed through.
5-160. Second Platoon conducts route reconnaissance of RTE Cerami from checkpoint 1 to the release point
at checkpoint 2 to develop the situation through action and to retain freedom of maneuver along RTE Cerami.
As 2d Platoon moves beyond PL Ohio, the troop mortar section establishes a mortar firing point in the vicinity
of mortar firing point 1 to support the platoons’ reconnaissance tasks. Mortar firing point 1 provides two-
thirds coverage forward of all platoons and is accessible by the Stryker mortar carrier. Mortar priority of fires
is 1st, then 2d Platoon. The most probable threat is to the south and comes from the villages of Lqui and Kwill.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

5-161. At checkpoint 1, 1st Platoon moves south and conducts zone reconnaissance from the line of
departure at their boundary with 2d Platoon, between PL Ohio to PL West Virginia and the brigade boundary.
First Platoon will identify and deny suspected enemy ambush locations, identify potential enemy infiltration
routes, and identify any enemy in the area of operations to gain and maintain threat contact. First Platoon
then establishes mounted and dismounted observation posts to observe NAIs 001 and 002 to provide early
warning and to prevent the enemy influencing the force to secure on RTE Cerami.
5-162. At checkpoint 1, 2d Platoon moves north and conducts zone reconnaissance from the line of
departure at their boundary with 1st Platoon, between PL Ohio and PL West Virginia to the division boundary.
1st Platoon will identify and deny suspected enemy ambush locations, identify potential enemy infiltration
routes, and identify any enemy in the area of operations. Second Platoon then establishes mounted and
dismounted observation posts to observe NAIs 003 and 004 to provide early warning and prevent the enemy
from influencing the friendly force on RTE Cerami.
5-163. The troop command post will move from checkpoint 1 and establish itself north of RTE Cerami in
a centrally located position that provides cover and concealment so the command post can report timely and
accurately to the squadron. The troop fire support officer will request counterfire zones to protect the troop
from indirect fires, and establish no-fire areas over sections once they establish observation posts. The
company trains establish a casualty collection point center of sector off the road in covered and concealed
terrain to support the troop.
5-164. Once 2d Platoon completes the route reconnaissance, it prepares to conduct a forward passage of
C Troop. Second Platoon provides guides at the passage point vicinity of checkpoint 1 and guides C Troop
along RTE Cerami to checkpoint 2. PL West Virginia functions as the battle handover line for C Troop to
assume responsibility of the fight. Phase I is complete when observation posts are established and C Troop
has completed its passage through the zone.

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Figure 5-22. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase I

Route Security, Phase II

5-165. Phase II, security, begins when 1st Platoon and a section from 2d Platoon transitions to the screen
and the other section establishes traffic control posts along RTE Cerami. Critical events during this phase are
establishing the screen with observation posts in-depth, developing platoon and troop fire control measures
to prevent fratricide, maximizing the use of enablers at traffic control posts, and casualty evacuations of
dismounted personnel.
5-166. Commander’s security guidance includes the following:
z Focus. The focus of this phase will be enemy dismount teams attempting to influence movement
on RTE Cerami.
z Tempo of security. Tempo is long duration. Platoons will plan for 24 hours of sustainment.
z Engagement/disengagement. Platoons will utilize indirect fire and direct fire to develop the
situation and to prevent enemy elements from penetrating the screen. Indirect fires will be the
primary means to engage enemy dismount elements but if indirect fire is not feasible
observation posts and security patrols can conduct attack by fire to destroy enemy dismount
elements of five personnel or less. Dismounted observation posts and patrols will maintain
contact with larger elements (greater than a 5-man team and under platoon) and conduct battle
handover with mounted observation posts or 2d Platoon as the situation dictates.

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z Displacement criteria. 1st Platoon will displace only on order and no earlier than 24 hours. If
the enemy conducts platoon size or larger assaults on an observation post, the platoon will
displace to subsequent observation posts by alternating bounds. The platoon conducts RHO
within the platoon or with UAS assets to ensure they maintain enemy contact. The displacing
sections will consolidate at alternate observation posts to maintain threat contact. B Troop will
contact squadron to halt traffic on RTE Cerami and conduct battle handover with air weapons
teams available from higher.
5-167. Establish screen with observation posts in-depth. Conducting platoon screens provides early warning
for forces along the route. To ensure no threat forces pass through undetected or unreported, a screen should
achieve depth. A screen achieves depth with dismounted and mounted observation posts arrayed from the
forward line of own troop (FLOT) to the rear boundary of the area of operation. Other assets can assist in
achieving depth such as UAS conducting surveillance in front of the observation posts beyond the line of
sight. As observation posts identify threats, they pass the enemy to subsequent observation posts and
surveillance assets for tracking or engagement. Dismounted operations in this scenario can track threats until
handed off to the Strykers. The Strykers, with their superior weapons systems, will engage and destroy the
enemy, thus preventing the observation posts from compromise.
5-168. Develop platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent fratricide. Multiple mounted and
dismounted elements in a relatively small area will require development and continuous refinement of a
common operational picture to include indirect and direct fire control measures. Commanders should
consider techniques to mark friendly positions, understand the enemy’s capabilities, illumination, and
proximity to adjacent units (Refer to ATP 3-20.98 for more information.) Identify and plot final protective
fires so available assets can respond rapidly.
5-169. Maximize use of enablers at traffic control posts. Commanders should request capabilities briefs
from attached enablers to maximize their effects. When conducting traffic control posts, interpreters, human
intelligence collection teams and female engagement teams allow the troop to collect information while
respecting local culture and values. Military working dogs can assist in threat detection and reduce risk to
ground forces. Obtain traffic control post kits to improve search area organization and reduce risk. Consider
requesting additional class IV materials to create serpentines and holding areas. Utilize biometric systems to
identify persons of interest.
5-170. Casualty evacuation of dismounted personnel. When planning for casualty evacuation in restricted
terrain, commanders should consider criteria for evacuation, techniques for transporting casualties, and
extraction when ground casualty evacuation is not possible. The commander must balance the need for
evacuation and associated personnel versus maintaining continuous reconnaissance. Reconnaissance
handover from an observation post to another asset may be required to maintain continuous reconnaissance.
Rehearse and understand casualty evacuation and medical evacuation plans to the lowest level.

Scheme of Maneuver, Phase II

5-171. During this phase, the troop will have two platoons screening the flanks (1 st and 2d Platoons) and
one section from 2d Platoon conducting route security of RTE Cerami. The narrow width and depth of the
troop area of operations requires the troop command post and mortar section to remain in position. (See
figure 5-23, page 5-46.)
5-172. The screens must maintain surveillance of the dismounted avenues of approach to identify all enemy
and to provide early warning. The screens must prepare to develop the situation using a combination of aerial,
dismounted, and mounted reconnaissance methods. Platoons will select observation posts that provide the
best combination of observation, cover, concealment and communications while maintaining the freedom to
displace to alternate observation posts. To achieve depth in their screens, the platoons establish mounted
observation posts in the less restrictive terrain and dismounted observation posts in restrictive terrain, and
utilize unmanned ground sensors and UAS to cue dismount patrols to mitigate dead space.
5-173. One section from 2d Platoon will conduct route security of RTE Cerami from PL Ohio to PL West
Virginia to protect tactical convoy operations from enemy ambush. The section will accomplish this by
establishing observation posts oriented on the route, conducting traffic control posts, and mounted and
dismounted patrols. Available human intelligence collection teams and female engagement teams can collect

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information from local national personnel. Military working dogs can facilitate vehicle and personnel
searches to help protect the force. Biometric usage can identify known enemy personnel transiting in the area
of operations. Phase II ends when all tactical convoy operations have arrived safely at RUFU and the troop
receives a change of mission

Figure 5-23. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase II

Route Security, Phase III

5-174. Phase III. Consolidation and reorganization. Phase III begins with 1st Platoon and one section of 2d
Platoon collapsing screens and moving to tactical assembly area Bravo. Critical events in this phase are
deliberate displacement of observation posts, establishing a casualty collection point and troop command
post, establishing tactical assembly area security and communications, conducting resupply, and being
prepared to conduct rear passage of lines with C Troop.
5-175. Deliberate displacement of observation post, casualty collection point, and troop command post.
Displacement from observation posts must be a deliberately planned and rehearsed event. The troop
headquarters can set conditions for the platoons’ displacement by planning and coordinating for suppression,
obscuration or deception. Rotary wing lift capabilities can aide in the speed and precision of the exfiltration.
Dismounted, the platoons should plan primary and alternate routes back to their respective linkup points.
Mission command systems enable a common operational picture, reducing risk. The commander must also
consider whether the displacement will be simultaneous or sequential. Reconnaissance handover may be
necessary and will require coordination with external assets such as a UAS or Scout and attack weapon team.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

5-176. Establish tactical assembly area security, communications, and conduct resupply. Establishment of
TAA Bravo following an operation enables the troop to consolidate and reorganize for follow-on operations.
Establishment of a TAA cannot be ad hoc. In planning, the commander should identify a general location for
the TAA, preferably in an area that provides cover, concealment, and enough space for the troop to spread
out to mitigate risk. The commander should identify a quartering party task with planning the security for the
area. The troop XO or 1SG can lead the quartering party with a jump command post to ensure the troop has
continuous communications with higher when the main command post displaces. The quartering party can
guide the platoons into designated positions and facilitate re-establishment of the main command post.
Commanders should also consider when and how to displace their organic mortar systems to ensure coverage.
Commanders use the TAA for resupply once they have established security. Usually, the troop XO or 1SG
will linkup with the distribution platoon at a logistics release point and guide the necessary sustainment
elements to the TAA where they conduct either a tailgate or service station method of resupply. The platoon
utilizes observation posts to provide additional security and early warning for the tactical assembly area.
5-177. Prepare to conduct rearward passage of lines with C Troop. During the transition from security,
operations to follow-on operations the troop should to facilitate passage of other units through its area of
operations. Use of mission command systems or co-location of troop command posts can reduce risk and
expedite passage. If this occurs, the troop should prepare to defend or secure the squadron flank.

Scheme of Manuever, Phase III

5-178. On order, B Troop transitions from security operations to prepare for follow-on operations. On order,
move will be command post 1st Platoon, trains, 2d Platoon. Mortars will remain in place at mortar firing point
1 in TAA Bravo. (See figure 5-24, page 5-48.)
5-179. B Troop will conduct reconnaissance handover with UAS or other aviation assets to maintain
continuous reconnaissance. The platoons will exfiltrate to a platoon rally point in the vicinity of their Strykers
and conduct linkup with far and near recognition. Upon consolidation, the platoons will conduct a tactical
road march to TAA Bravo. B Troop must prepare to conduct rearward passage of lines with C Troop and will
collocate command posts to enable mission command. Upon completion of the rearward passage of lines, PL
Ohio, B Troop assumes responsibility for the fight.
5-180. Platoons will establish local security of TAA Bravo in preparation for resupply and reorganization.
The troop command post will maintain mission command throughout displacement. The troop executive
officer will lead the quartering party, establish TAA Bravo, and establish an alternate command post allowing
the troop main command post to relocate to TAA Bravo without loss of communications with the squadron.
5-181. The logistics release point will be at checkpoint 1. The B Troop 1SG and XO will guide resupply to
TAA Bravo where platoons will receive service station resupply.

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Figure 5-24. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase III

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-182. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples
for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-183. Facilities. Terrain effecting line of sight becomes a critical consideration for command post
placement in this scenario. The troop must be in continuous contact with the platoons and squadron to provide
them with early and accurate warning. The troop positions the command post center sector to reduce the
masking effects of the elevated terrain to the northeast and southwest and to maintain the line of sight with
the squadron. Terrain limits the areas that can support the troop headquarters. If the enemy has situational
understanding of friendly task organization, capabilities and tactics, techniques, and procedures, they will
have a high probability of accurately templating the command post’s location. In this scenario, commanders
consider survivability moves to mitigate this risk.
5-184. Systems. Despite changes in elevation, the troop can utilize the upper tactical internet to
communicate. Platoons can utilize mission command systems like Nett Warrior for development and
exchange of direct fire coordination measures. Utilizing mission command systems greatly enhances the

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

platoon’s ability to provide a common operational picture. Troops must obtain adjacent unit graphic control
measures and signal operation instruction to enable communication and situational understanding.
5-185. Graphics. Commanders utilize control measures such as platoon boundaries to manage terrain
among the platoons. Troop commanders can establish coordination and contact points along boundaries to
facilitate information sharing and coordination with convoys. Utilizing mission command systems will allow
a common operational picture from platoon through squadron.
5-186. Task organization. The commander must consider the span of control when task organizing for the
mission perhaps holding additional enablers at the troop level, or tasked to a platoon to maximize use.
Commanders clearly delineate command and support relationships for subordinates and attachments to
ensure proper use.

Movement and Maneuver

5-187. Aerial/aviation. The multiple draws and dry creek beds in the troop area of operations provides
generous cover and concealment to the enemy. These multiple draws and creek beds reduce the effectiveness
of visual observation, requiring the commander to consider the use of a Scout and attack weapon team and a
UAS to perform continuous reconnaissance along boundaries to mitigate dead space. When considering the
utilization of a Scout and attack weapon team, the commander must take into account the capabilities of the
Scout and attack weapon team. Air ground integration in the scenario is essential as the airspace above the
troop area of operation has the potential for congestion given the width and depth and the number of enablers
available. The commander must consider using air control measures to deconflict airspace and ensure that all
assets, Scout and attack weapon teams, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, and indirect fires can meet the security
fundamentals. The commander should consider aerial insertion for restricted/severely restricted terrain and
deep areas. The commander must balance the time available with the squadron commander’s security
guidance to determine if aerial insertion is appropriate. In this scenario the security focus, PIR and reduced
width and depth of the troop area of operation argues against the need for aerial insertion. To answer the PIR,
the troop conducts a zone reconnaissance of the area of operation. The distance traveled and time available
easily allows mounted and dismounted maneuver.
5-188. Dismounted. When planning in this area of operation, dismounted movement rates over restricted
and severely restricted terrain is a significant factor. The commander must consider the Soldier’s load effects
on movement rates against mission requirements. In this scenario, the requirement for observation posts to
possess surveillance systems, sensors, and sustainment items for twenty-four hours increases the time
required to conduct movement. The zone reconnaissance in Phase I reduces the Soldier’s performance but
not to the extent that it creates tactical risk. The need to ensure the earliest and most accurate warning during
Phase II outweighs the reduced effectiveness in Phase I. Terrain considerations are the principle concern for
manning and positioning an observation post in this scenario. The numerous covered and concealed avenues
of approach are greater than the troop’s capacity to achieve visual observation. The commander must
determine where limited observation posts can achieve the greatest effect. The commander must plan security
patrols to extend the ability to observe avenues of approach. The use of reconnaissance sensors and
Unmanned Aircraft Systems to cue dismounted patrols mitigates dead space and ensures the most efficient
use of limited dismounted assets. The terrain gives the commander the option to cross-attach personnel to
maximize dismounts in restricted terrain, but the commander should consider the cost to the element losing
combat power. In this scenario, consideration was the cross attachment of dismounts from 2 d Platoon to assist
in the zone reconnaissance and maximize observation posts during the follow-on screen. The limited ability
of an SBCT Scout platoon to conduct route reconnaissance in restricted terrain argued against the detachment
of dismounts from this platoon. Sensors and Unmanned Aircraft Systems were more appropriate solutions to
the gap in reconnaissance assets.
5-189. Mounted. Mounted movement rates. The commander must consider the effects terrain has on the
ability to maneuver combat platforms. In this scenario, the terrain was not a significant obstacle to the conduct
of the route reconnaissance; however, this was not the case with the zone reconnaissance and follow-on
screen. The mounted elements halted on the lower slopes of the hills closer to the road to provide support
during the zone reconnaissance; thus, the mounted elements achieved depth in the screen. If the enemy has a
situational understanding of friendly task organizations; capabilities; and tactics, techniques, and procedures,

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they will have a high probability of accurately templating mounted observation post locations. The
commander should plan alternate and supplementary mounted observation post locations to mitigate this risk.
5-190. Systems. Consider range and effects of direct fire weapons systems to ensure elements are within
supporting range. The limited size of the observation post and area of operation reduced the effects of
dispersion and distance. The effective ranges of the troop’s organic 120-mm mortars, MK 19s, and M2s were
sufficient to maintain supporting range between elements without augmentation. In this scenario, the
utilization of biometric automated toolsets (known as BATS) at traffic control posts was critical to maintain
contact with an enemy that was not visually discernible from the civilian population. The troop commander
had to consider assets available to achieve cueing, mixing, and redundancy while reducing the limiting effects
of terrain on the performance of continuous reconnaissance. Unmanned ground sensors and unmanned
aircraft systems were necessary to cue dismounted patrols when direct observation of all avenues of approach
was impossible. Unmanned Aircraft Systems and lightweight laser designator rangefinders achieve mixing
while observing NAIs 002 and 004, and LRAS3s from multiple mounted observation posts to ensure
redundancy on NAIs 001 and 003.

Intelligence
5-191. External. Troops should consider all available external intelligence disciplines. Signals intelligence
assets and enablers, such as LLVI and Prophet, can provide early warning to the troop as well as potential
locations of enemy activity beyond their line of sight. BCT military intelligence company human intelligence
specialists can satisfy the commander’s intelligence requirements and cross cue other assets. These specialists
require direct access to the population and can facilitate tactical command posts along Route Cerami.
Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), if requested ahead of time, could identify potential caves
and subterranean avenues of approach to cue reconnaissance patrols or target a delivery asset. Geospatial
intelligence can facilitate terrain analysis and observation post selection to ensure optimal observation and
fields of fire. Troops could request ground sensors from the BCT to conduct surveillance of trails and dead
space, providing the troop with early warning and cueing other assets.
5-192. Internal. The troop company intelligence support team can aide the commander and platoon leaders
in intelligence preparation of the battlefield and pattern analysis if the supported BCT and division is
primarily involved in the conduct of stability tasks. Determining likely enemy courses of action based on
threat doctrine, history, patterns or even United States doctrine should be a primary function of the company
intelligence support team. The company intelligence support team should have direct reach to the squadron
S-2 to receive intelligence updates or submit requests. Biometric devices, such as BATS, and secure
electronic enrollment kits (known as SEEK), can enable the positive identification of individuals encountered
along the route at traffic control posts. A local national interpreter may be able to perceive body language
and mannerisms in ways U.S. forces cannot.

Fires
5-193. Ground to ground. Commanders should consider their organic mortar capabilities with respect to
elevation, weather, and intended effects. If possible, commanders should integrate artillery to match the
appropriate weapon to the intended target. The fire support officer should plan fire support coordination
measures and coordinate with adjacent units to ensure fire support coverage and reduce risk, particularly
along boundaries. Establishment of critical friendly zones can enable counterfire on threat systems to deny
the enemy from massing fires on positions. Commanders should register guns to ensure timely and accurate
fires. Commanders can allocate individual mortars to platoons or provide a priority of fires based off the
threat, main effort, and terrain. Commanders plan to observe all fires with either sensors or personnel to
achieve the desired effects.
5-194. Air to ground. Fire support officers should plan targets, establish restricted operations zones, and
coordinate with air assets to echelon fires. Fire support officers should utilize mortar gun–target lines, air
corridors, air control points, and airspace coordination areas to deconflict effects and reduce risk. Fire support
officers should utilize aviation assets at the lowest level to maximize effects on targets. Commanders should
use aircraft to mitigate effects of elevation on ground systems.
5-195. Ground to air. Hybrid threats may possess armed or unarmed UAS capabilities. The commander
may request air defense artillery to mitigate this risk. If air defense artillery is unavailable, the use of cover

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and concealment will be paramount. Air guards may suffice in providing ground to air fires depending on the
weapon system.

Sustainment
5-196. Commanders should consider requesting class IV to facilitate traffic control post operations,
observation post improvements, and assembly area development. For restricted terrain, commanders should
consider the necessity of aerial resupply using speedballs and pallets to reduce Soldier load and overall risk.
Commanders should rehearse logistics release point operations and methods of resupply (tailgate or service
station) to ensure efficiency and to provide Soldiers with timely support. Commanders consider sequential
resupply to maintain continuous reconnaissance of NAIs. Commanders should consider centrally locating
recovery assets for vehicles to ensure a timely response and to prevent the destruction of those assets.
5-197. Personnel Soldier loads (approach march, combat, and fighting loads) should be closely monitored
and controlled to prevent injury and to increase the rate of march during reconnaissance. A technique to
consider when planning packing lists for OPs is the acronym CWORMS, which stands for compass, weapon,
optics, radio, map, and seasonal gear. Commanders allocate sustainment or contingency equipment during
resupply, if needed.
5-198. The terrain determines the location of the casualty collection point and ambulance exchange point
for medical evacuation or casualty evacuation. Rehearsals for these operations are critical and must happen
to ensure the safety of the casualty, decrease the time from point of injury to next level of care, and reduce
risk to first responders. Commanders should consider using mounted platforms to maintain local security of
the casualty collection point.

Protection
5-199. Engineers. Sappers provide engineer support and route clearance to ensure countermobility and
survivability. Engineers can prepare fighting positions to protect against direct fire and can clear routes of
IEDs. Engineers attached to platoons may aide in the clearance of IEDs during dismounted patrols as well.
Countermine and counter-IED devices may be available for clearing IEDs, as well.
5-200. CBRN. Threat CBRN capabilities are often overlooked. A chlorine gas attack is a weapon available
to hybrid threats, so commanders should consider the mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) level
necessary for current threat capabilities.
5-201. Military police. Military police support may be useful for route security and traffic control posts.
Military working dogs identify explosives in vehicles, or prepared as IEDs to assist the troop.

RECONNAISSANCE TASKS IN SUPPORT OF THE DEFENSE

5-202. Reconnaissance in support of BCT defensive operations provides initial assessments and refined
information collection to support the commander’s situational understanding. A troop may reconnoiter a
piece of key infrastructure to determine security impacts on friendly forces and civilian populations. For
example, an area reconnaissance augmented with a CBRN section could determine if an enemy attack on a
chlorine factory in the defensive belt would disrupt the BCT operations. Troops could conduct a
reconnaissance of a mobility corridor that would allow enemy forces to infiltrate to positions with direct fire
engagements on the main body. Follow-on guard requirements could transition from this action. The example
below demonstrates reconnaissance to collect information about a potential mobility corridor during a BCT
defense.

ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE
5-203. A route reconnaissance in support of BCT defensive operations is an effort that provides the BCT
with freedom of maneuver and identifies potential route vulnerabilities. Route reconnaissance can determine
trafficability, route constraints, and potential enemy utilization to facilitate the movement of supplies and
repositioning of forces during defensive operations. The squadron should be aware of all possible methods
of movement and should not focus solely on road networks. A river system could allow enemy forces to
conduct smuggling operations, cache supplies, and conduct attacks against brigade defensive positions. A

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squadron may also conduct a route reconnaissance to map the subterranean network that may degrade the
elements of combat power for the BCT defense.

Squadron Mission
5-204. Situation: The Coryell River is the natural boundary between our host nation partner, Rendernovia,
and a separatist controlled area within its borders. Pro-separatist rebels are currently taking advantage of
stirred popular support and are conducting insurgent operations to destabilize the region. They have been
accomplishing this using small, 3 to 5 man teams. Mission: IBCT squadron conducts route reconnaissance
of Route Gillentine to determine suitability and trafficability of the Coryell River to prepare for future joint
operations. Execution: A and B Troops conduct zone reconnaissance to include NAI 1 to 5 and will move
one checkpoint ahead of C Troop along Route Gillentine. Provide support to C Troop as they conduct route
reconnaissance of the river. C Troop is responsible for the river and 50 meters on each side. Commander’s
intent omitted. Squadron commander’s reconnaissance guidance includes the following:
z Focus. Terrain. Your focus is to determine the enemy’s and coalition force’s potential use of
the river moving through the BCT area of operation. Determine potential infiltration points,
ambush sites, obstacles and staging areas.
z Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is deliberate. We will analyze the river
by reconnoitering the bank and physically navigating the river.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Civilians will be in the area. Minimize disruptive activities
and positively identify enemy forces before engaging to minimize civilian casualties.
Disengage if enemy direct fire contact will cause significant civilian collateral damage.
Adjacent unit coordination is critical to ensure a thorough reconnaissance and to mitigate
fratricide.
5-205. The supported headquarters provides PIR, which is broken into indicators for platoons. PIR could
be the following.
5-206. Squadron PIR #632. Where are the locations and the conditions of established boat launch sites?
(Supports squadron commander’s decision to secure boat launch sites). Indicators are—
z What is the composition and disposition of obstacles around these sites?
z What is the condition of the boat ramps?
z What is the condition of the roads leading up to the boat ramps?

5-207. BCT PIR #632. Where on the river can a threat place observation or direct fires? (Supports BCT
commander’s decision to establish combat outpost along the river). Indicators are—
z What is the composition and disposition of enemy cache or resupply sites?
z Are enemy forces observing the river?

5-208. Division PIR #9. What effects will military operations have on local use of the river? (Supports
division commander’s decision to use the river for coalition forces.) Indicators include the following:
z Amount and type of local traffic on the river itself?
z How effective is the separatist propaganda campaign in this area? (See figure 5-25, page 5-53.)

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

Figure 5-25. IBCT Squadron Route Reconnaissance, Defense

5-209. Squadron PIR #632. Where are the locations and what are the conditions of established boat launch
sites? (Supports squadron commander’s decision to secure boat launch sites.) Indicators are—
z What is the composition and disposition of obstacles around these sites?
z What is the condition of the boat ramps?
z What is the condition of the roads leading up to the boat ramps?

5-210. BCT PIR #632. Where on the river can a threat place observation or direct fires? (Supports BCT
commander’s decision to establish combat outpost along the river). Indicators are—
z What is the composition and disposition of enemy cache or resupply sites?
z Are enemy forces observing the river?

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5-211. Division PIR #9. What effects will military operations have on local use of the river? (Supports
division commander’s decision to use the river for coalition forces.) Indicators include the following:
z Amount and type of local traffic on the river itself?
z How effective is the separatist propaganda campaign in this area? (See figure 5-26.)

Figure 5-26. IBCT Squadron Route Reconnaissance, Time-Distance Estimates

TROOP MISSION
5-212. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: C Troop conducts route reconnaissance of the
Coryell River to determine trafficability of the river, identify level of insurgent activity, and prepare for future
operations. Execution: The operation will be a three-phase operation. Phase I is preparation and deployment.
Phase II is route reconnaissance. Phase III is consolidation and reorganization. Commander’s reconnaissance
guidance includes the following:
z Focus is terrain. The reconnaissance objective is the Coryell River. Your focus is to determine
the potential use of the river moving through the BCT area of operation by both enemy and

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coalition forces. Determine potential infiltration points, ambush sites, obstacles, and staging
areas.
z Tempo of reconnaissance is deliberate. Gather information about the river and adjoining banks.
If possible, continue to develop the situation further through engaging with locals conducting
business on the river.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria, weapons control status, tight. Limiting civilian collateral
damage is critical to maintaining stability in this area. Minimize disruptive activities and
positively identify enemy forces prior to engaging to minimize civilian casualties. Disengage if
enemy direct fire contact will cause significant civilian collateral damage. Adjacent unit
coordination is critical to ensure a thorough reconnaissance and mitigate fratricide. First Platoon
will bypass civilian encounters and pass them to 2d Platoon for further exploitation.
z Displacement criteria. Displace when you are unable to navigate the route. Move to the bank
and continue reconnaissance until you can reenter the river or arrive at release point.

Route Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-213. Phase I, preparation and deployment. Critical to this phase is to establish clear direct fire
coordination measures to prevent fratricide, movement of boats to and security of boat launch sites, logistics
planning, and casualty evacuations planning.
5-214. Establish clear direct fire coordination measures to prevent fratricide. Commanders should create a
common operational picture and distribute that common operational picture to subordinates, supporting
troops, and squadron to reduce risk. Commanders of all troops must consider the range and effects of direct
fire weapons in close proximity to each other. Use of friendly-based quadrants, restrictive firing lines, target
reference points, and weapons control status will reduce risk. Additionally, indirect fire plans must account
for the scheme of maneuver for all troops along the river.
5-215. Movement of boats to and security of boat launch sites. Coordination with the squadron movement
assets may be critical. Secure the boat launch site prior to the employment of watercraft. Establish the launch
point as a troop assembly area. Use of a form of reconnaissance from the squadron assembly area to the
launch point may be necessary to identify obstacles or threats along the infiltration route. It is imperative that
troops remain focused on the reconnaissance objective, in this case the river, and bypass obstacles and threats
in route to the launch point.
5-216. Logistics planning. Planned and prepositioned speedballs and contingency kits will be critical to
enable the platoons to maximize the use of other mission-critical equipment. Consider coordinating for
resupply or security of resupply locations through adjacent motorized troops. Development of preplanned
logistics release points or contact points will provide some predictability during resupply.
5-217. Casualty evacuations planning. Due to the nature of operating on a river, the troop will constrict
along a narrow mobility corridor. Casualty evacuations planning along the route is deliberate, included in the
common operational picture, and supported by adjacent troops and squadron. Development and rehearsal of
a medical evacuation plan may be necessary.

Route Reconnaissance, Phase II

5-218. Phase II, route reconnaissance. Critical to this phase is determining trafficability of the river,
counterreconnaissance, synchronized maneuver along the river, and engagement of civilians along the river.
5-219. Determine trafficability of the river. Since the terrain is the focus, specifically the potential usage of
the river, the commander should consider how to employ platoons and task-organize enablers to support
answering PIRs. Engineer reconnaissance elements can facilitate the classification of the river. The
commander must also plan to conduct reconnaissance on the banks of the river to identify launch points,
fords, and caches.
5-220. Counterreconnaissance. The adjacent motorized troops will be critical in conducting
counterreconnaissance against threats attempting to collect information on the dismount troop. C Troop must
still take steps to conduct counterreconnaissance within its capabilities and the limitations placed on

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maneuver by the narrow areas of operation. Snipers can provide precision fires on positively identified threats
within the rules of engagement.
5-221. Synchronized maneuver along the river. The troop commander must ensure boats do not outpace the
motorized troops adjacent to the area of operation. Commanders can use dismounted digital mission
command systems or analog systems to provide a common operational picture. (See figure 5-27.) A major
consideration here is how and where to position the troop command post. Given a limited number of boats,
the troop commander must balance the mobility of the command post with its ability to enable mission
command. The troop command post could mount in its organic vehicles and follow an adjacent troop or
maintain security on the bank of the river and bound forward behind the platoons.
5-222. Engagement of civilians along the river. Civilian considerations in this area will force the
commander to consider employment of available intelligence enablers. Bypass criteria may allow a platoon
to remain focused on the objective while another platoon further up river develops the human intelligence.
Utilizing host-nation forces to engage with locals may facilitate a greater understanding of the overall
situation due to their understanding of the area’s customs and courtesies.

Route Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-223. Phase III, consolidation and reorganization. Critical to this phase is the deliberate exfiltration plan,
and intelligence handover with host-nation forces.
5-224. Deliberate exfiltration plan. Commanders may consider adding this to the troop’s rehearsal plan to
ensure a greater understanding across the formation. While the troop may use the river for exfiltration, the
commander may also coordinate with adjacent or parent units for alternate movement assets. Consider, plan,
and rehearse far and near recognition between units. Alternatively, the commander may choose to utilize the
river for exfiltration at a greater risk to the forces, trading speed for security.
5-225. Intelligence handover with host-nation forces. Share information on classification of the river,
atmospherics, and other information across combined forces to create situational understanding. Compile and
catalog biometric data for future use.

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-226. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples
for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-227. Facilities. Placement of the command post is an important consideration due to the depth of the area
of operation and the narrow area in which the troop will maneuver. Commanders may consider moving the
command post one checkpoint or terrain feature behind the troop. Positioning of the 1SG, XO, and
commander will also need to maximize use of all available resources.
5-228. Systems. Use of dismounted mission command systems will enable the troop to maintain a better
common operational picture and shared understanding with adjacent units. Commanders should also consider
the use of retransmission elements when operating on exterior lines of communication. Communication, both
digitally and via voice systems, increases understanding and enables rapid support and reaction time.
5-229. Graphics. A shared common operational picture between adjacent and parent organizations will
enable a more fluid execution of the reconnaissance while also reducing risk. Planning and combined arms
rehearsals at the troop and squadron level will ensure there are limited seams between the troops and that
each element maintains a mutually supporting contact.

Movement and Maneuver

5-230. Aerial/aviation. The commander should consider the use of the troop’s and any other available
supporting UAS to extend situational awareness quickly when the deliberate tempo of the reconnaissance
and terrain limits the pace of operations. The primary consideration for Raven employment in this scenario
is the launch and recovery points. The commander can assume risk and attempt to launch and control UAS

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from moving Zodiacs. Use periodic stops to debark Soldiers to conduct reconnaissance, launch, and recover
UAS. The mission tempo supports this decision, which allows the commander to focus the troop’s
reconnaissance effort when time and troops available are a constraint. Fire support coordination measures
and air space coordinating measures become critical to ensure all enablers are available when needed. In this
situation, the limited width of the troop’s area of operations may dictate attack or scout weapons team control
remain at the troop and tasked by the commander as the situation dictates. Although not selected in this
scenario, aerial insertion was an option to place sniper teams forward along the route. Coordination with
adjacent units became the critical factor as helicopter landing zones for aerial insertion of sniper teams would
have been outside the troop’s area of operations.
5-231. Dismounted. In this scenario, platoons will mount and dismount the zodiacs multiple times
throughout the mission to conduct reconnaissance and sustainment activities. It is critical to identify, brief,
and continually refine boat mount and dismount points. The platoon’s ability to easily reach the bank and
stow their zodiacs appropriately (according to the commander’s reconnaissance guidance) will directly
impact the effectiveness of ground reconnaissance and sustainment.
5-232. Mounted. The commander in this scenario considers the requirements for launching the Zodiacs.
Failure to identify launch points correctly would have significant consequences on the timing of the mission.
Launch points become a critical constraint to the commander for the execution of the mission. The
commander must consider the effects of conducting this route reconnaissance against the flow of the river.
The deliberate tempo of this mission negates the effects of this limiting condition, but the commander must
still consider how to overcome these effects if the situation dictates an increase in tempo. The order specifies
that the troop will remain one checkpoint behind the troops conducting zone reconnaissance to the flanks.
The commander must consider likely delays at certain points in this mission as the flank troops conduct
deliberate reconnaissance of the complex terrain in their zones. The commander must plan for these
operational pauses and plan to ensure continuous reconnaissance. The commander must consider the effects
that mounted Zodiacs present to the scheme of movement and maneuver. The commander must take into
account that the platoons mounted on Zodiacs in the river are at a marked disadvantage if there is contact
with an enemy force on the shore. A key consideration in this scenario is actions to mitigate some
disadvantages of being on the river without cover and concealment and without a stable base from which to
deliver accurate fire. The scenario also presents significant difficulties with battlefield geometry. The troop
will have a troop forward on each flank. Constant coordination with adjacent units allows the troop time to
deploy out of contact with the enemy. To minimize friendly exposure to fires from the troop, the weapons
control status was designated weapons tight with engagement criteria of direct fire only in self-defense. In
addition, the commander tasked the troop’s sniper teams to deliver precision fires to support the troop and
give wide latitude to select their positions. Detailed indirect fire and direct fire planning becomes critical to
avoid fratricide.
5-233. Systems. The commander must consider that the nature of the route makes employment of mortars
difficult in the troop area of operations. In coordination with the mounted troops, the mortars may need to
establish mortar-firing points in the other troops’ area of operations or be utilized as another maneuver asset
by the commander. The commander must consider the emplacement of dismounted mission command
systems to ensure connection to upper tactical internet.

Intelligence
5-234. External. The troop commander uses the available intelligence resources task-organized to the troop
or whose products are available for -troop- use. Human intelligence may identify historic crossing points,
potential ambush sites, or cache sites. Use of signals intelligence will help identify whether the enemy is
operating in the area, what systems they are operating on, and their capabilities. Commanders can request
additional geospatial intelligence to determine the river flow, the location of the rapids, potential launch
points, and other significant, critical information regarding the terrain in which the troop will be operating.
Other units operating in the vicinity of the troop provide information on the probable strength, capabilities,
and locations of potential insurgents. Cross communication between the troops and a shared common
operational picture reduces the potential seams. While operating in a foreign nation, commanders can
consider utilizing locals or host-nation forces who are familiar with the area and the local customs. Use of
available intelligence assets allows the commander to target insurgent forces and better understand the
enemy’s capabilities.

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5-235. Internal. The commander should consider bringing biometric equipment with the troop to begin
developing personnel infrastructure in the area of operations. All Scouts in the troop should have an
understanding of the sociopolitical situation in the area and the potential for local or international flash point
events. Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems allows observation of dead space or danger areas prior to moving
into the area and reduces risk while creating a better understanding of the area and any potential obstacles.

Fires
5-236. Ground to ground. Troop organic mortars will be difficult to employ in this terrain and while
conducting Zodiac operations. Commanders should consider maintaining centralized control of the mortars
and should plan mortar-firing points to suppress possible ambush sites. Coordination with adjacent troops or
artillery is critical. Commanders need to ensure that coordination is in-depth and not ad hoc. Collateral
damage estimates will severely constrain targeting due to command considerations such as the use of
precision guided munitions. Use of radar zones (such as critical friendly zones and call for fire zones) allow
the troop freedom of maneuver and do not allow suspected enemy indirect fires capabilities to fix or disrupt
the troop.
5-237. Air to ground. Commanders utilize aircraft to counter the indirect fire threat while internal indirect
fires capabilities are on the move. The troop fire support officer develops and synchronizes fire support
coordination measures and airspace coordination measures to ensure that aircraft receive proper taskings and
employment. Commanders may utilize aircraft to help identify PIR or observe named areas of interest.
5-238. Ground to air. Insurgent forces may use UAS or other aerial assets in reconnaissance and offensive
operations. Commanders consider requesting stinger antiaircraft or other systems to maintain freedom to
maneuver along the river. The terrain will severely restrict the troop’s movement and may allow the enemy
to further exploit with air assets.

Sustainment
5-239. Restricted terrain necessitates aerial resupply using speedballs and pallets to reduce Soldier load and
overall risk. Methods of resupply at logistics release points need rehearsals to ensure efficiency and to provide
Soldiers with timely support. Commanders consider sequential resupply to maintain continuous
reconnaissance of the river. The resupply method could include using rotary-wing assets or adjacent units to
deliver the speedballs. Limit Soldier loads to a rucksack, combat load, and limited rations. Allocate
sustainment or contingency equipment during resupply, if needed.
5-240. Terrain dictates the location of casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points and
influences the use of medical or casualty evacuation. For this scenario, commanders should consider
positioning casualty collection points and supply points in conjunction along the riverbanks. Rehearsals for
these operations are critical and must happen to ensure the safety of the casualty, decrease the time from
point of injury to the next level of care, and reduce the risk to medical responders. Consider using adjacent
unit’s mounted platforms to maintain local security of the casualty collection point. Move priority and routine
casualties to the casualty collection points on banks of the river. Urgent casualties will evacuate by air without
compromising the information collection to ensure continuous reconnaissance.

Protection
5-241. Engineers. Engineer reconnaissance teams can classify a river. Commanders should consider
utilizing them to conduct the in-depth classification to allow the Scouts to focus on the overall trafficability
of the river and engage with the local population to collect priority intelligence requirements. The engineers
also can provide mobility capability by reducing obstacles that may be along the banks of the river.
5-242. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear environment. Insurgents may attempt to introduce a
CBRN threat into the area as a point target against a target of opportunity. Commanders should consider
balancing Soldier load and bringing CBRN equipment to reduce the threat. Employing detection equipment
enables the fastest response, and commanders should consider making it mission-essential equipment.
Establishing decontamination points along the river and maintaining communication with adjacent troops
and squadrons is critical to prevent further contamination.

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SECTION III – RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY IN STABILITY

5-243. Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance and security during stability tasks. The tactical tasks the
squadron and its subordinate units conduct during stability operations include area security (refer to chapter
4 of this publication for more information), patrols, observation posts, providing security to officials, static
security posts, searches, roadblocks, and checkpoints. In addition, convoys and high-ranking officials may
require protection during movement through or within the areas of operation. Conducting combined
operations with host-nation security forces is a key consideration during stability operations. Tasks or
activities that may occur in support of combined operations include—
z Establishing combined operations and intelligence centers with host-nation security forces.
z Conducting training management and combined training with host-nation security forces.
z Sharing intelligence, according to established regulations or procedures, with host-nation
security forces.
z Executing the targeting process in conjunction with host-nation security forces.

SECURITY TASKS IN SUPPORT OF STABILITY

5-244. Area, local, and route security tasks occur within stability environments. Units conducting security
in stability settings use the same fundamentals as in other situations. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

SCREEN
5-245. Cavalry troops screen during stability operations to provide early warning to the main body for
follow-on operations. The squadron can conduct a screen during stability operations by establishing multiple
observation points and patrols throughout the BCTs area of operation to monitor activities of interest.
Screening during stability operations is unique because of the nonlinear nature of the stability environment,
difficulty identifying adversaries, and clearly identified transitions. (See figure 5-27, page 5-60.)

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Figure 5-27. SBCT Squadron Screen, Stability

Squadron Mission
5-246. Situation: Intelligence reports enemy forces are taking advantage of a porous province security. They
are smuggling components in blue bongo trucks to the town of AQQAR. The BCT and division is attempting
to develop the situation and uncover the network responsible for producing explosively formed projectile.
Mission: SBCT squadron screens along PL Browns and provincial border from 030400DEC20XX to
060400DEC20XX in order to identify and conduct reconnaissance handover of blue bongo trucks
transporting weapons across the provincial border. Execution: Troops will occupy observation posts
overwatching prospective NAIs NLT 030400DEC20XX. Order of march from the forward operating base
(FOB) is A, B, and C. Troops screen along PL Browns and observe all possible avenues of approach for
smuggling routes. (See figure 5-28, page 5-61.) Troops screen in-depth throughout their zones and be
prepared to perform a reconnaissance handover with UAS or follow-on forces. The squadron commander’s
security guidance includes—
z Focus. The squadron focus for this operation is smuggling networks operating in our sector.
Identifying and reporting blue bongo trucks are necessary in order to maintain a common
operational picture.
z Tempo of security. The duration of this operation is long. Troops maintain the screen line for
72 hours without resupply.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Report all suspicious activities and do not detain personnel
without authorization. Conduct reconnaissance handover with UAS or adjacent units to

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determine final destination of target vehicle. No enemy truck will pass through this screen
undetected or unreported.
z Displacement criteria. On order, no earlier than72 hours. If required, troops may move to
alternate OPs to maintain visual contact.

Figure 5-28. Information Requirements

Troop Mission
5-247. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop screens along PL Browns from
030400DEC20XX to 060400DEC20XX to identify and conduct reconnaissance handover of enemy forces
transporting weapons across the international border into Aqqar. Commander’s intent, expanded purpose:
Allow the brigade freedom of maneuver and protection in and around Aqqar by identifying the smuggling of
explosively formed projectiles. (See figure 5-29, page 5-62.)
5-248. Key tasks are—
z Maintain continuous observation of infiltration and exfiltration routes into Aqqar.
z Rapidly report all suspicious activity and movement along unimproved routes from the
international border.
5-249. End state: The troop conducts resupply and is ready to assume follow-on missions. Enemy forces
identified from PL Browns to the reconnaissance handover line with 1-36 Infantry. Key terrain observed with
redundant intelligence and reconnaissance assets. Civilian economy not affected by U.S. operations in and
around Aqqar. Commanders’ reconnaissance guidance includes—
z Focus. Terrain based. Identification of primary and alternate routes, location of logistics
resupply points, ambulance exchange points, casualty collection points, and identification of
critical civilian infrastructure.
z Tempo of reconnaissance. Rapid and forceful from the squadron combat outpost to the release
point to move quickly through 1-36th Infantry’s area of operation. Do not damage or destroy
civilian infrastructure or vehicles. Rapid and stealthy zone reconnaissance to the screen in order
to determine the trafficability of routes and future sites.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive identification of rocket-propelled
grenade teams and man-portable air defense system, active improvised explosive device

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emplacement team or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact.
When the troop expends 50 percent of ammunition or three vehicles destroyed in the troop.
z Displacement criteria, none. Bypass criteria: Identification of all obstacles. Any hostile forces
squad-size or larger.
5-250. Commander’s security guidance includes—
z Focus. Identification of any enemy resupply activity or enemy reconnaissance activity.
z Tempo of security. Long duration, prepare for 72 hours of continuous operations.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive identification of rocket-propelled
grenade teams and MANPADs. Active improvised explosive device emplacement team or
when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact. When the troop expends
50 percent of ammunition or three vehicles destroyed in the troop.
z Displacement criteria. Receiving effective indirect fire, or direct fire by a squad-sized element
or larger.

Figure 5-29. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability

Screen, Phase I
5-251. The operation occurs in three phases. Phase I begins upon receipt of the squadron operation order
and ends with the troop set along the screen. The troop maintains communication with the squadron and the
area of operations commander, which is critical to this phase. The troop conducts a tactical movement to
observation posts and identifies primary and alternate observation posts, mortar firing points, the casualty
collection point, and the troop command post. The troop must report all PIR and observation of enemy

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reconnaissance units while maneuvering in sector. Fire support officers recommend to the commander the
establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop area of operation. (See figure 5-30,
page 5-64.)
5-252. While maintaining communication with the squadron and the area of operations commander, the
troop reports all information rapidly and accurately, and executes reconnaissance handover of enemy activity
to the area of operations commander. Platoons provide radio checks to the command and reports all graphic
control measures throughout the movement to allow continuous situational awareness.
5-253. The platoon conducts a tactical movement to the observation post and identifies primary and
alternate observation posts, mortar firing points, the casualty collection point, and the troop command post.
The commander provides template observation posts while the platoons have the freedom to choose a suitable
position based on the terrain. While not templated by troop, platoons select alternate observation post
locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons ensure their observation posts are in locations that can
identify the PIR rapidly and accurately. Early warning gives the command the ability to coordinate
reconnaissance handover with the area of operations commander. The troop headquarters element sets the
troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point. The troop reports the command post
location to the squadron, as well as shares the casualty collection point location to the platoons. The troop
command post shall locate in a position that allows the commander to command subordinate elements,
maintain situational awareness of the area of operation, and report to the squadron.
5-254. Platoon reports all PIR and observation of enemy reconnaissance units while maneuvering in sector.
The fire support officer recommends to the commander establishment of fire support coordination measures
within the troop area of operation. Platoons immediately report the locations of their primary and alternate
observation posts to the troop. Platoons report once they have begun to observe their assigned NAIs, allowing
the commander to begin building an operational picture for the squadron. An operational picture allows the
fire support officer to establish the appropriate fire support coordination measures and no-fire areas to support
each observation post.

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Figure 5-30. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase I

Screen, Phase II
5-255. Phase II begins with the troop set along PL Browns and ends at 72 hours or with a change of mission
order. Critical events to this phase are establishing observation posts from which the platoon reports all
priority intelligence requirements and observation of enemy reconnaissance units within the assigned named
areas of interest. The fire support officer recommends to the commander the establishment of fire support
coordination measures within the troop area of operation. (See figure 5-31, page 5-65.)
5-256. Establishing observations posts. The platoons must continually improve their positions throughout
the duration of the mission. The platoons emplace sensors and obstacles that provide protection for the
observation posts so they can maintain contact with enemy forces. Platoons identify dead space and establish
restricted operation zones for organic UAS through the troop fire support officer. These tasks allow the troop
to report all information rapidly and accurately and execute reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to
the area of operations commander. Troops establish subsequent and alternate positions to observe each NAI.
Alternate and subsequent positions provide freedom of maneuver while maintaining contact, and observation
within their sector to the observation posts if enemy forces engage or observe them.

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Figure 5-31. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase II

Screen, Phase III

5-257. Phase III is at the end of 72 hours or with a change of mission order. Phase III ends with the troop
resupplied and prepared to assume any follow-on mission. The critical task is resupply of all supply classes,
as needed. (See figure 5-32, page 5-66.)
5-258. Resupply of all supply classes as needed. The executive officer coordinates requirements for
resupply with the squadron S-4 based on the follow-on mission. If left in place, the troop can resupply using
a combination of the tailgate and service station methods discussed later in this publication. If required to
displace, the troop can resupply using the service station method at a logistic release point at the squadron
command post.

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Figure 5-32. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase III

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-259. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the scenario above. These are examples
for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-260. Facilities. Normally, the troop command post positions in the sector where the commander believes
the enemy main effort will come. The command post is usually centrally located in the troop sector and
positions so it can maintain communications with the subordinate platoons and higher headquarters. The
command post positions deep enough in the troop sector so that it does not have to displace immediately
upon enemy contact. Commanders should take into consideration terrain and distance, and the effects on line
of sight communications, to plan for and request retransmission sites as necessary. Lastly, the troop should
utilize cyber systems to assist in targeting and identifying enemy personnel (social media outlets).
5-261. Systems. The troop should maximize the use of all modified table of organization and equipment to
maintain communications with higher and subordinate units within the area of operations. The troop
incorporates and disseminates adjacent unit graphic control measures and signal operating instructions to
facilitate cross-communication and reconnaissance handover of targets.
5-262. Graphics. The troop should develop graphic control measures to the platoon and section level to
control subordinate forces efficiently, provide direct fire control measures, and create a common naming

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convention for reporting enemy forces. The troop establishes restricted operation zones for Ravens to observe
dead space within the area of operations and named areas of interest. The troop develops airspace
coordination measures in coordination with the squadron fire support officer for Scout and air weapons teams,
and UAS.
5-263. Task organization. Do not keep any reconnaissance assets in reserve. Maximize the capabilities of
all attached units and assets to the troop.

Movement and Maneuver

5-264. Aerial/aviation. The troop should plan for and requests scout and air weapons teams to screen along
dead space and flanks, and to execute route reconnaissance forward of the troop’s main body. The troop
incorporates all assets into the plan to ensure cueing, mixing, and redundancy over named areas of interest.
5-265. Dismounted. The troop should consider movement rates, Soldier load effects, observation post
manning and weapon requirements, and minimum security manning. The troop commander determines the
risk and need for dismounted personnel to maneuver with or without the mutual support of mounted direct
fire weapon systems. The commander considers route and zone reconnaissance as implied or specified tasks
while maneuvering to the screen, depending on time available. The commander bases infiltration time and
movement techniques on the current enemy situation template and the supported commander’s
reconnaissance and security guidance.
5-266. Mounted. When conducting mission planning, the troop must consider mounted movement rates,
trafficability of terrain and routes within the area of operations, location of dismounted teams concerning
weapon safe danger zones, and maximum effective range of weapon systems, based on the enemy
situational template.

Intelligence
5-267. Troop commanders should refine squadron priority intelligence requirements to develop indicators
to assign to specific named areas of interest and targeted areas of interest. Indicators should be specific and
understandable by the Soldier who is observing the named area of interest. Commanders should always
consider and request available assets at higher echelons based on mission intent. The troop should ensure a
battle rhythm to push and pull intelligence updates with the squadron intelligence section, to provide
continuous reconnaissance to the higher echelons.

Fires
5-268. The commander positions organic mortars to support the troop main effort. Troops use external
assets to cover observation posts or friendly positions not within range of organic systems. The commander
uses the fires plan to synchronize with higher and adjacent units.

Sustainment
5-269. The troop should always plan for the proper days of supply necessary to complete the mission
successfully without logistics hindering the outcome. The troop should consider enemy threat and time-
distance analysis conducted between resupply points. Troops must consider tailoring logistics resupply points
and resupply methods to the mission. The troop considers aerial resupply as mission and terrain dictates.
Soldiers must deploy on mission with a minimum of a combat load of ammunition for all weapons systems,
unless dictated otherwise during mission planning. When considering the Soldier loads, the troop must
consider contingency, sustainment, approach march, combat, and fighting loads. The troop should ensure the
security of their casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points using the terrain and the enemy
situation.

Protection
5-270. The commander plans alternate and subsequent observation posts. Troops must employ early
warning systems. Troops establish minimum manning requirements and mission-oriented protective posture

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level according to current chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives threat levels. The
commander requests air defense artillery based on enemy air threat.

AREA SECURITY
5-271. The squadron secures the area by establishing a presence and conducting reconnaissance tasks
throughout the area. Subordinate units establish perimeters around base camps, critical infrastructure, and
high-value assets, while other units conduct operations to establish presence, provide security, and assist
stability or relief tasks. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)
5-272. A Cavalry troop conducts area security during stability operations to protect friendly forces,
installations, and routes within a specified area. Area security occurs frequently during stability operations
because of the required resources and sustainment efforts over a long duration. Area security creates a
situation that requires the troop to protect those elements and their necessary lines of communication.

Squadron Mission
5-273. Situation: The local religious minority is marching to their main shrine in the city to celebrate Emilito
Rey, their spiritual holiday. Intelligence reports potential breakdowns in sectarian relations between this
group and the majority ethnic group within BRUDU. Suicide bombers are a tactic employed in the past as
well as flash mob violence. Social media activity has spiked with this event. Mission: The SBCT squadron
conducts area security NLT 051000DEC20XX to protect the religious group from enemy attacks throughout
their planned march route. Execution: Troops establish mounted and dismounted observation posts at key
intersections. Other dismounted patrols observe conditions among the population and respond to any
aggression. Coordination between elements is critical to conduct reconnaissance handover. A Troop is
responsible for checkpoints 1 to 4, B Troop is responsible for checkpoints 5 to 7, and C Troop is responsible
for checkpoints 8 to 10. (See figure 5-33, page 5-69.) The squadron has a Stryker Infantry company under
operational control as a quick reaction force. Squadron commander’s security guidance includes—
z Focus. Focus your security on crowds along the march route. Orient defensive positions on the
group as it moves along the march route.
z Tempo of security. The tempo for this operation is short duration. Plan this operation for six
hours. Establish checkpoints at key intersections and areas that have good observation. Conduct
roving patrols to cover dead space between observation posts.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. The operation is discrete. Positively identify any enemy
elements that attempt to disrupt or attack the crowd and engage according to rules of
engagement. No warning shots authorized.
z Displacement criteria. Displace once the group reaches their shrine and the crowds disperse.

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Figure 5-33. SBCT Squadron Area Security, Stability

Troop Mission
5-274. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts area security to interdict enemy
forces in sector NLT 051000DEC20XX to allow freedom of maneuver to the Emilito Rey march.
Commander’s intent, expanded purpose: Deter and interdict enemy threats to provide protection and freedom
of maneuver to the local religious minority so they can celebrate Emilito Rey. (See figure 5-34, page 5-70.)
5-275. Critical events include—
z Conducting covert infiltration of dismounted observation posts.
z Maintaining security and retain freedom of maneuver.
z Fully integrating host-nation security forces into the security plan.
z Reconnaissance handover of identified threats and the religious group’s movement between
troops.
5-276. End state, enemy: Enemy forces unable to influence or disrupt the Emilito Rey march; deny enemy
freedom of maneuver throughout the B Troop sector. Friendly: B Troop resupplied and prepared to assume
any follow-on mission. Terrain: Route Gold from checkpoint 5 to checkpoint 8 secured. Civil: Minimal
damage to civilian infrastructure. Commander’s reconnaissance guidance includes—
z Focus. The focus is threat-based with an emphasis on the identification of personnel posing a
threat to the Emilito Rey march through the town via suicide vests or flash mob violence.

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z Tempo of reconnaissance, rapid and stealthy. Move to dismount points rapidly and then occupy
observation posts covertly. Limited indicators at NAIs allow collection to be rapid, and the
infiltration method is stealthy to avoid detection when establishing observation posts.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. The operation criteria is discrete. Positively identify any
enemy elements that attempt to disrupt or attack the crowd and engage according to the rules
of engagement. No authorized warning shots.
z Displacement criteria. Observation post discovered and compromised. Observation post
displaces to subsequent or alternate observation post to maintain contact with threat forces.
Bypass criteria. Mark and report, but bypass all obstacles in the sector except obstacles within
two blocks of Route Gold. Suppress, report, and bypass all direct fire contact while en route to
observation posts.

Figure 5-34. SBCT Troop Area Security

Area Security, Phase I

5-277. The operation occurs in three phases. Phase I begins upon receipt of the squadron OPORD and ends
with the troop set in position with checkpoints along Route Gold. Critical to this phase is coordinating
rehearsal time and place, maintaining communication with the squadron commander, conducting route
reconnaissance in an urban area to identify primary and alternate routes of ingress and egress to checkpoints,
and identifying observation post positions. (See figure 5-35, page 5-71.)
5-278. Coordinate rehearsal time and place. When augmented with host-nation forces, it is best to conduct
a combined rehearsal to ensure everyone understands the plan and nothing is lost in translation. Language
barriers can offer difficulties when conducting these operations. Implement interpreter assets at the lowest
levels possible to ensure continuity and that both organizations understand the plan. Consider asking the

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host-nation forces to provide an organic command net radio to the interpreter to maintain a common
operational picture during the operation. Rehearse to ensure all forces participating in the joint operation
understand the rules of engagement and escalation of force policy.
5-279. Maintain communication with the squadron commander. Maintaining communication allows the
troop to report all information rapidly and accurately. Platoons provide radio checks to the troop command
post and report crossing all graphic control measures throughout the movement, allowing the troop and
squadron’s collective leadership to update their common operational picture.
5-280. Conduct route reconnaissance in an urban area to identify primary and alternate routes of ingress
and egress to checkpoints, and to identify observation post positions. Platoons template observation posts
and have the freedom to choose a suitable position based on the terrain. While not templated by the troop,
platoons select alternate observation post locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons ensure their
observation posts are in locations that can identify priority intelligence requirements rapidly and accurately.
Providing early warning will give the command the ability to coordinate the appropriate response—continue
to monitor, deter, kill, or capture. The troop commander considers all mission variables when planning for
the conduct of a tactical movement in an urban area.

Figure 5-35. SBCT Troop Area Security, Phase I

Area Security, Phase II

5-281. Phase II begins with the establishment of observation posts at all assigned named areas of interest,
and ends after the area reconnaissance of assigned NAIs is complete. The platoons conduct this operation in
three phases. Critical for this phase is establishing observation posts to identify sources of instability, and
radical messages and themes; and identifying persons of interest. (See figure 5-36, page 5-72.)
5-282. Establishing observation posts to identify sources of instability and radical messages and themes,
and to identify persons of interest. The platoons continually improve their positions throughout the duration
of the mission, emplacing sensors and obstacles that provide protection for the observation posts allowing
the platoons to maintain contact with the NAI. The platoons also identify dead space and restricted operation
zones for organic UAS. The troop fire support officer establishes the requested restricted operation zones to

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support the UAS, which allows the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately, and execute
reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations commander. The troop establishes
alternate positions to observe each NAI in the event large crowds compromise primary positions or restrict
visibility of NAIs from that position. Ensure that there is an interpreter (if applicable) present to translate
messages to the Soldiers occupying the observation post. Soldiers take measures to record all verbal messages
(utilizing organic audio and video recording devices). Commanders ensure that subordinate units understand
the information operation to ensure that Soldiers can distribute talking points to any locals they encounter.
Commanders also ensure subordinate units are in possession of a high-value target or person of interest list.
This ensures that the observation posts collect the correct data while on mission.
5-283. Commander’s security guidance includes—
z Focus. Your focus is to identify personnel looking to negatively impact the Emilito Rey march
using suicide vests or flash mob violence.
z Tempo of security is a long duration. The troop’s mission is approximately 36 hours.
z The engagement/disengagement criteria is discrete. Positively identify any enemy elements that
attempt to disrupt or attack the crowd and engage according to the rules of engagement. No
warning shots authorized.
z Displacement criteria. Displace once the group reaches their shrine and the crowds have
dispersed.

Figure 5-36. SBCT Troop Area Security, Phase II

Area Security, Phase III

5-284. Phase III begins after area reconnaissance is complete and ends after the troop has withdrawn to
FOB Assassin. Critical events during this phase include collapsing observation posts, departing the area of
operation through alternate routes, and reporting all information collected.
5-285. Collapse mounted and dismounted observation posts. While departing their positions, observation
posts should attempt to minimize any signature that will alert the local population or potential enemy. Ensure

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collection of any organic data collection equipment (such as retrieving audio and video devices covertly
placed near the NAI to record the speaker’s message).
5-286. Depart the area of operation utilizing alternate routes to broaden route reconnaissance within the
area of operation. Utilizing different routes ensures the unpredictability of the troop’s patterns and that the
troop is maximizing all routes to perform continuous reconnaissance throughout the area of operation.
5-287. Troops report all information they collect during the mission to higher headquarters upon returning
to FOB Assassin. Troops should mark all electronic data recorders by observation post position and named
area of interest to assist higher headquarters in gaining situational awareness.

Warfighting Function Considerations

5-288. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples
for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

Mission Command
5-289. Facilities. The command post locates at the FOB location due to the short duration of the mission
and close proximity between the FOB and the troop’s area of operations. The FOB location is centrally
located in the troop sector and positioned where it can maintain communications with the subordinate
platoons and higher headquarters. The commander should be with the main effort by phase. The 1SG may
collocate with the medical assets and the executive officer may locate back at the FOB.
5-290. Systems. Similar warfighting considerations as a stability screen apply. The troop should utilize
cyber systems to assist in targeting and identifying enemy personnel. When operating with host-nation
security forces, the commander should request a host-nation form of communication, such as a handheld
radio if host-nation systems are not compatible with U.S. forces.
5-291. Graphics. See stability screen. Similar warfighting considerations apply. Transfer the ground
reference grid to the lowest level, and share with host-nation forces and adjacent units to ensure the
distribution of the common operational picture to all units participating in the operation.

Movement and Maneuver

5-292. Aerial/aviation. The troop should plan for and request an attack/reconnaissance team to provide area
security of the observation posts and route reconnaissance of the high-speed avenues of approach in and
around friendly forces. Troops ensure all aerial assets at the troop’s disposal incorporate into the troop’s
information collection plan to ensure cueing, integration, and redundancy.
5-293. Dismounted. The troop should consider observation post manning and weapon requirements, and
minimum security manning. The troop commander determines the risk and need for dismounted personnel
to maneuver with or without the mutual support of mounted direct fire weapon systems. Troops consider
route and zone reconnaissance as implied or specified tasks while maneuvering to the observation post
location. Troops consider time and movement techniques based on the current situation and the squadron
commander’s guidance.
5-294. Mounted. Similar warfighting considerations as stability screen apply. The troop considers the
civilian population and urban obstacles. The troop incorporates current rules of engagement regarding
civilian pedestrian and vehicle traffic.

Intelligence
5-295. Troop commanders should refine squadron priority intelligence requirements to develop indicators
that identify threats against the protected force. Indicators should be specific and understood by the Soldier.
Higher echelons always consider and request available assets based on mission intent. The troop ensures they
receive an intelligence update of the enemy situation from the squadron intelligence section prior to the start
point.

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Fires
5-296. See stability screen. Similar warfighting considerations apply. Coordinate the fires plan with higher
and adjacent units according to current rules of engagement based upon conditions on the ground. Clear all
fires at all levels and approval by the area of operations commander. In this scenario, the troop should plan
for precision fires to minimize collateral damage. The troop fire support officer needs to refine target location
during the planning process.

Sustainment
5-297. The troop should always plan for the proper days of supply necessary to complete the mission
successfully without logistics hindering the outcome. Considerations include enemy threat capabilities and
supply expenditures against required time between resupply and the distance the troop logistics package
needs to travel before getting to the area of operations. The troop plans for resupply methods for an extended
mission. Soldiers must deploy on mission with a full basic load of ammunition for all weapons systems used
(unless dictated otherwise) during mission planning. When planning Soldier loads, the troop must consider
contingency, sustainment, approach march, combat, and fighting loads. The troop plans the security of their
casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points using the terrain and the enemy situation.

Protection
5-298. The troop plans alternate and subsequent observation posts and establishes minimum manning
requirements. The troop employs early warning systems to provide greater reaction time and maneuver space
against those threats previously identified. The troop employs counterradio-controlled improvised explosive
device electronic warfare (CREW) systems to defeat radio-controlled improvised explosive devices. The
commander requests route clearance teams for use prior to phase II of the operation. Explosive ordnance
disposal assets are on standby for the duration of the operation. In concert with the rules of engagement, the
commander develops guidance regarding the detention of civilian personnel who discover covert observation
posts. For example, if one or more civilians discover Soldiers using a personal dwelling or business as an
observation post, it may be necessary to detain those individuals until the end of the mission. Detaining these
individuals prevents those isolated Soldiers from information reports to hostile elements who will attempt to
kill or capture them.

RECONNAISSANCE TASKS IN SUPPORT OF STABILITY

5-299. Commander’s task. Cavalry units to conduct reconnaissance as part of stability tasks to complement
BCT stability tasks. Squadrons conducting reconnaissance in stability settings use the same fundamentals as
reconnaissance in other situations. Cavalry units can connect to other units within a BCT. (Refer to FM 3-98
for more information.)

AREA RECONNAISSANCE
5-300. A Cavalry squadron’s area reconnaissance during stability operations centers on operational
variables that affect instability. Identifying these sources of volatility helps clarify the BCT commander’s
decisions on how to mitigate those sources of instability.
5-301. The following is a technique that allows the squadron to capture and track the results of religious
center monitoring. Again, these are specific to each scenario and are not the only possible answer.

Squadron Mission
5-302. Situation. The enemy is utilizing religious centers to influence the population against coalition forces
within the BCT area of operations, and to discredit the host government's legitimacy. (See figure 5-37, page
5-75.) Pattern analysis indicates that the enemy sets IEDs on Thursday night before Friday’s call to prayer.
Historically, targeting against coalition elements has been at the conclusion of prayer. Mission. Squadron
conducts area reconnaissance of religious centers no later than 051500DEC20XX within Brudu, in order to
identify sources of instability, radical messages and themes, and to identify persons of interest. Execution.
Troops establish mounted and dismounted observation posts near identified named areas of interest to

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monitor the different religious centers throughout the area of operations. A Troop’s area of responsibility
includes NAIs 1 to 4. B Troop’s area of responsibility includes NAIs 5 and 6. C Troop is responsible for
NAIs 7 to 10. Squadron commander’s reconnaissance guidance includes—
z Focus. Identification of personnel instigating instability, propaganda against friendly forces,
and radical messages and themes. In addition, any IED emplacement activities that occur
towards the end of the prayer.
z Tempo: Short duration, lest than 12 hours on the objective. Units ensure they plan accordingly
to monitor all of their NAIs.
z Engagement criteria: Weapons tight, positive identification of rocket-propelled grenade teams
and man-portable air defense systems, active improvised explosive device emplacement team
or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact.
z Disengagement criteria: Units disengage upon threat neutralization or the conclusion of
speeches. Units continue to use discretion as they disengage.
z Displacement criteria: Observation posts discovered or compromised. Observation post
displaces to subsequent or alternate observation posts to maintain contact with threat forces.

Figure 5-37. SBCT Squadron Area Reconnaissance, Stability

Troop Mission
5-303. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts area reconnaissance of religious
centers NLT 051500DEC20XX within Brudu to identify sources of radical messages and themes, and to
identify persons of interest. Commander’s intent, expanded purpose: Identify any production sources or
transmission methods for print, audio, and visual material agitating the civilian population located within the
troop AO. (See figure 5-38, page 5-77.)

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5-304. The key tasks of this situation are—

z Conduct covert infiltration of observation posts.
z Retain security and freedom of maneuver.

5-305. End state, enemy: Monitor and document all enemy propaganda within the area of operations.
Friendly: All relevant and actionable intelligence gathered and passed on to the squadron commander and
higher echelon intelligence channels. Terrain: Town Brudu secured. Civil: Collateral damage minimized.
5-306. Commander’s reconnaissance guidance includes—
z Focus. Threat based. Identification of personnel instigating instability, propaganda against
friendly forces, and radical messages and themes.
z Tempo. Rapid and stealthy. Move to dismount points rapidly and then covertly occupy
observation posts.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive identification of rocket-propelled
grenade teams and man-portable air defense systems, activate improvised explosive device
emplacement team, or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact.
Neutralize threat.
z Displacement criteria. Observation post discovered and compromised. Observation post
displaces to subsequent or alternate observation post in order to maintain contact with threat
forces. Bypass criteria: Mark and report, but bypass all obstacles in sector.
5-307. Commander’s security guidance includes—
z Focus. Identification of personnel instigating instability, propaganda against friendly forces,
and radical messages and themes.
z Tempo of security. Short duration, less than 12 hours OPs.
z Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive identification of rocket-propelled
grenade teams and MANPADs, active improvised explosive device emplacement team, or
when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact. Threat neutralized.
z Displacement criteria. Observation post discovered and compromised. Observation post
displaces to subsequent or alternate observation post in order to maintain contact with threat
forces.

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 Reconnaissance and Security in Decisive Action Tasks

Figure 5-38. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance

Area Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-308. The troop area reconnaissance operation occurs in three phases. Phase I begins upon receipt of
squadron OPORD and ends with the troop set in position with observation posts on all named areas of interest
in sector. Critical events in this phase include maintaining squadron communication, conducting route
reconnaissance, and reporting all PIR and enemy activity. (See figure 5-39, page 5-78.)
5-309. Maintain communication with the squadron and the area of operations commander, which allows
the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately, and to execute reconnaissance handover of enemy
activity to the area of operations commander. Platoons provide radio checks to the command and report all
graphic control measures throughout the movement to allow continuous situational awareness.
5-310. Conduct route reconnaissance in an urban area to identify primary and alternate routes of ingress
and egress to NAIs and to identify observation post positions. Platoons plan templated observation posts, and
have the freedom to choose a suitable position based on the terrain. Platoons select alternate observation post
locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons establish their observation posts in locations that can
observe their assigned NAI and report on those PIR and indicators that they are able to observe rapidly and
accurately. Platoons give the troop and squadron commander early warning so they can coordinate
reconnaissance handover, as necessary. The platoon identifies high-speed avenues of approach. The troop
commander considers all applicable mission variables of METT-TC when conducting a tactical movement
in an urban area.

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5-311. Platoons report all PIR and other observed information. Platoons report the locations of their primary
and alternate observation posts to the troop command post immediately, as well as reporting once they begin
to observe their assigned NAIs.

Figure 5-39. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance, Phase I

Area Reconnaissance, Phase II

5-312. Phase II begins with the establishment of observation posts at all assigned NAIs and ends after the
area reconnaissance of assigned NAIs is complete. Critical events in this phase include establishing
observation posts, conducting counterreconnaissance, conducting area reconnaissance with Raven, and
mixing collection assets. (See figure 5-40, page 5-80.)
5-313. Establish observation posts to identify sources of instability, radical messages and themes, and
identify persons of interest. The platoons continuously improve their positions throughout the duration of the
mission. They also emplace sensors and obstacles that provide protection for the observation posts, allowing
them to maintain contact with the NAI. The troop fires support officer identifies dead space and restricted
operation zones for organic UAS. Establishing observation posts allows the troop to report all information
rapidly and accurately, and to execute reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations
owner. The troop establishes alternate positions to observe each NAI in the event the enemy compromises
primary positions or large crowds restrict the visibility of named areas of interest from that position. Ensure
that each observation post has an interpreter (if applicable) to translate messages to the Soldiers occupying
the observation post. Utilizing organic audio and video recording devices, Soldiers take measures to record
all verbal messages. Commanders ensure that subordinate units understand the information operation themes
so that Soldiers can distribute talking points to any locals they encounter. Commanders also make sure
subordinate units are in possession of a high-value target or person of interest list, ensuring the observation
posts collect the correct data while on mission.

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5-314. Troops conduct counterreconnaissance operations to identify enemy reconnaissance elements that
may inhibit the mission in areas of operation. Units activate Prophet Systems while troops are maneuvering
into sectors. Troops enable enemy early warning systems to identify and mitigate at early stages in the
mission, such as suspicious personnel watching patrols while talking on cell phones. Units ensure they
monitor and report any unusual activity in a sector that did not exist prior to troops moving into the sector.
(Examples are tires added to fires to turn smoke black, releasing pigeons, and kites beginning to fly.)
5-315. Utilize the Raven UAS to conduct area reconnaissance of dismounted observation posts to provide
early warning and reaction time to possible enemy movement. Commanders ensure troops preplan and submit
ROZs for approval prior to any flight operations. Commanders consider what effects a ROZ may have on
indirect fires and rotary- and fixed-wing operations in the area of operations. Troops consider operational
restrictions of organic UAS. Commanders ensure they maximize the effects of the system during a critical
juncture during the operation, such as if the UAS can only stay on station for 20 minutes prior to it being
required to return for refuel or recharge, the commander synchronizes it’s employment with the ground
operation.
5-316. Mix collection assets to identify persons of interest and sources of instability in or around the named
areas of interest. Troops employ all organic assets to ensure continuous reconnaissance. Mixing collection
assets allows the troop to minimize dead space and meet the fundamentals of reconnaissance (for example,
implementation of an LRAS3 from a vehicle which has a different vantage point as an observation post with
binoculars). Upon positive identification of a person of interest, the troop recommends to higher headquarters
to determine an appropriate course of action. Recommendations include, but are not limited to,
reconnaissance handover to a UAS or an adjacent friendly unit, or a change of mission that may require the
unit to detain the person of interest.

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Figure 5-40. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance, Phase II

Area Reconnaissance, Phase III

5-317. Phase III begins after area reconnaissance is complete and ends after the troop withdraws to FOB
Assassin. Critical events to this phase include collapsing observation posts and departing the area of
operations.
5-318. Collapse mounted and dismounted observation posts. Troops depart their positions minimizing any
signature that will alert the local population or potential enemy. Ensure collection of any data collection
equipment acquired to support troop operations, such as retrieving audio and video devices covertly placed
near the NAI to record a speaker’s message.
5-319. Depart the area of operation utilizing alternate routes to broaden route reconnaissance within the
area of operation. To ensure troops do not establish predictable patterns, they use alternate routes. Troops
maximize the use of all routes to perform continuous reconnaissance throughout the area of observation.

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5-320. Troop will report all information they collect during the mission to higher headquarters upon return
to FOB Assassin. Troops mark all electronic data recorders with the observation post position or named area
of interest to assist in all source intelligence production at higher headquarters.

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 Chapter 6
Augmentation
Combat power augmentations are capabilities provided by other units and teams to the
troop in support of the current mission. The commander employs available
augmentation to enhance the effectiveness of troop operations. The commander and
subordinate leaders must understand the capabilities and limitations of augmentation,
and ensure a clear task and purpose when integrating this support into troop-level
operations. Augmentation helps the troop commander to accomplish the mission while
achieving the squadron commander’s intent. Augmentation should complement, not
detract from, the troop mission. The integration of these assets begins during troop
planning and continues through rehearsals and execution. The following paragraphs
discuss combat augmentation that a troop commander may encounter during
operations.

SECTION I – BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM ASSETS

6-1. The squadron provides the troop additional combat power, either organic to the squadron or from the
BCT. The squadron’s higher headquarters, the BCT, has organic capability in the form of a field artillery
battalion and the brigade engineer battalion, which includes the military intelligence and signal companies,
and the CBRN reconnaissance platoon.

ENGINEER SUPPORT
6-2. Combat engineers accomplish mobility, countermobility, and survivability tasks to increase the
effectiveness of troop operations. Combat engineers integrate with the commander’s maneuver and indirect
fires assets, enhancing the commander’s opportunities to accomplish combined arms missions.
6-3. General (construction) engineers do not organize, equip, or train to perform close combat operations.
When close combat is less likely to occur, they may employ their technical capabilities to support the troop
for specialized missions, such as reconnaissance tasks related to infrastructure or environmental conditions.
6-4. An engineer reconnaissance team is the baseline engineering reconnaissance element. The identified
element may be a team, squad, platoon, or larger unit. Highly trained personnel are required for obstacle and
other tactical engineer reconnaissance operations. (Refer to ATP 3-34.22 and ATP 3-34.81 for more information.)
6-5. Engineer reconnaissance teams assist the troop in conducting zone, area, and route reconnaissance to
answer the applicable commander’s critical information requirements, with an additional focus on technical
information. Engineer reconnaissance support may be critical in urban operations, tunnel and subsurface
operations and other operations in complex terrain. Reconnaissance support is also critical in mobility,
countermobility, and survivability operations. Engineer capabilities support environment and infrastructure
classification in reconnaissance operations. Environmental and infrastructure assessments support the
performance of a detailed survey, when the situation permits. The engineer reconnaissance team is normally
task-organized for a specific mission from the combat mobility platoons or the mobility support platoon
found within one of the brigade engineer battalion’s engineer companies. The engineer reconnaissance
team—
z Provides detailed technical information on complex obstacles and enemy engineer equipment to
increase the supporting unit’s reconnaissance capabilities.
z Conducts an analysis of assets needed to bypass, breach, mark, or reduce any
encountered obstacle.

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Chapter 6

z Provides detailed technical information on routes (including classification) and specific

information on bridges, tunnels, fords, and ferries along the route.
z Provides the initial level of technical information required for an airfield assessment.
z Conducts tactical reconnaissance with a specified focus on the initial technical information
required for environmental or infrastructure assessments.

FIRE SUPPORT
6-6. Fire support is fires that directly support land, maritime, amphibious, and special operations forces to
engage enemy forces, combat formations, and facilities in pursuit of tactical and operational
objectives (JP 3-09). The paragraphs below discuss the different fire assets and their capabilities available to
Cavalry troop commanders.

Fire Support Team

6-7. A fire support team is a field artillery team organic to each maneuver battalion and selected units to
plan and coordinate all available company supporting fires, including mortars, field artillery, naval surface
fire support, and close air support integration (ADRP 3-09). The fire support team also assists in target
acquisition, calls for fire, and fire control through digital links established with the squadron fires cell. The
squadron fire support officer, S-2, and S-3 coordinate closely to focus and synchronize lethal and nonlethal
effects that support the troop scheme of maneuver by taking advantage of near-real time targeting information
provided by intelligence, acquisition, and targeting systems. Target acquisition systems also provide targeting
information that the reconnaissance and fire support elements use during reconnaissance and security
missions.

Troop Mortars
6-8. The troop mortar section (while organic, is listed here with fire support to facilitate fires planning)
provides organic indirect fire support that is extremely responsive to the troop’s tactical needs. The section
can place a heavy volume of timely, accurate, sustained indirect fires that can disrupt enemy fires and
movement, allowing the troop to maneuver to positions of advantage. Mortars are effective in covering
obstacles or dead space, engaging dismounted threats, marking targets for air attack, or providing screening
smoke (obscuration). They are ideal weapons for providing immediate suppression and for attacking targets
on reverse slopes, in narrow ravines, in built-up areas, and in other areas that are difficult to strike with low-
angle fires. Mortars are largely ineffective at destroying armor vehicles. Plan and employ mortars for the
appropriate target or mission.
6-9. The troop often operates within a large area that the mortar section cannot completely cover during
missions. In such a situation, the commander decides whether to position the mortars to cover the most critical
area or to move them to a position where they can cover a portion of multiple areas and adjust as necessary.
If commanders know the availability of other fires assets, they can attempt to incorporate them into their
plan.
6-10. The progress of the troop determines the movement of the mortars during Cavalry operations. While
the section is on the move, it prepares to provide immediate fires using direct lay, direct alignment, or hip
shoot techniques. The section plans the movement so it is in position to support the troop at critical times,
such as when crossing danger areas or clearing complex terrain.
6-11. Cavalry troops in the ABCT and SBCT have a section of two mounted 120-mm mortars and a fire
direction center. In the IBCT, motorized troops have a section of two HMMWV-towed 120-mm mortars and
a fire direction center, while the dismounted troop has a section of two 60-mm mortars and a fire direction
center. Table 6-1 (page 6-3) summarizes the troop’s mortar capabilities.

Note. BFSB troops do not have organic mortars.

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Table 6-1. Fire Support Capabilities (Mortars)

MAX MIN MAX RATE SUSTAINED
AVAILABLE RANGE RANGE BURST
WEAPON (RDS PER RATE (RDS PER
MUNITIONS RADIUS
METERS METERS MINUTE) MINUTE)
HE,WP, 30 for 4
60 mm 3500 (HE) 70 (HE) 30 m 20
Illumination minutes
HE,WP,
120 mm obscuration, 7200 (HE) 180 (HE) 15 for 1 minute 60 m 5
Illumination
Legend: HE - high explosives; Max – maximum; Min – minimum; mm – millimeter; rds – rounds; WP - white
phosphorous

Effect Types of Mortar Support

6-12. The troop request one of five effect types of mortar support during a call for fire, depending on the
desired results intended for the target. The five effect types of mortar support are destruction, neutralization,
suppression, obscuration, and illumination.

Destruction
6-13. High explosive rounds can destroy soft targets, but typically require a very large amount of ammunition
to achieve the intended effect. The destruction effect results in 30 percent casualties or material damage to
the targeted asset. High explosives are very effective against dismounted threats and in urban environments.

Neutralization
6-14. Once a target suffers 10 percent casualties or damage, it is neutralized, which temporarily renders it
ineffective or unusable. This effect is beneficial when maneuvering a unit into a position of relative
advantage.

Suppression
6-15. High explosive rounds cannot destroy armored vehicles unless they achieve a direct hit; however, their
use can greatly disrupt enemy movement. High explosive rounds can force mounted enemy units to button
up or move to less advantageous positions.

Obscuration
6-16. Troops use smoke rounds for obscuration, marking targets, and screening. In obscuration, place smoke
on or just in front of enemy positions to obscure their vision. Obscuration can support infiltration and
exfiltration. Screening is placing smoke between the enemy and the troop’s positions to conceal movement.
Mortar-delivered obscuration can mark enemy positions, which can help to enhance friendly maneuver and
orient direct fires or close air support. Obscuration may be more effective in urban environments where
structures minimize the impact of winds that normally disperse obscuration effects. In any situation, Scouts
are careful not to allow friendly obscuration to work against them by marking their own positions.

Illumination
6-17. Illumination rounds light an area or enemy position during periods of limited visibility, which can
increase the effectiveness of image intensification devices and sensors. It also assists the troop in gathering
information, adjusting mortars or artillery, or engaging enemy targets with direct fire. Ground burst
illumination marks enemy positions and provides a thermal target reference point for control of direct and
indirect fires. As with obscuration, however, Scouts are careful not to illuminate friendly positions. Scouts
pay close attention to wind direction and speed to ensure proper placement of the rounds whenever they
employ illumination.

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Employment Techniques
6-18. The troop mortar section employs as a separate element during operations. It generally moves
independently of the platoons and provides its own security. The commander usually designates positions for
the section sergeant and provides guidance for indirect fires forward of the platoons. The commander can
delegate this responsibility to the fire support officer, which allows the officer and the section sergeant to
work together to develop a firm fire support plan.
6-19. If the section divides into individual tubes, the section leadership splits to ensure adequate coverage.
Known as split section operations, this technique is the least preferred method of operation because the
individual tube is isolated and dependent on the element it attaches to for all defense, maneuver, and
sustainment requirements. Split section operations requires a higher degree of crew training and does not
provide for mutual support against air or ground threats. While this may provide a wider coverage area, it
has its own inherent disadvantages. Split section operations degrade mass effects particularly with high
explosives and illumination. If the mortar section losses communications in either vehicle, split section
operations is not possible. Additionally, planning requirements doubles for the following—
z Command and control.
z Clearance of fires.
z Survivability moves.
z Resupply

Mortars in Urban Operations

6-20. Mortars are well suited for operations in urban areas because they have a high rate of fire, short
minimum range, and a steep angle of fall of mortar ammunition, which minimizes dead space behind
buildings. Mortar fire dead space on the gun-target line beyond a building is only about one-half the height
of the building. (Refer to ATTP 3-21.90.)

FIELD ARTILLERY
6-21. A fires battalion or battery may employ both low- and high-angle fires to support the troop. Munitions
include high explosive, dual-purpose improved conventional munitions, extended range, dual purpose,
improved conventional munitions, copperhead, scatterable mines, obscuration, and illumination. The
GPS-aided Excalibur high explosive round is useful for striking well-located targets; its guidance system and
top attack trajectory make it less likely to produce collateral damage.
6-22. In addition to cannon artillery, multiple launch rocket system units provide unguided or GPS-guided
rocket or missile fires. Multiple launch rocket system units do not have obscuration or illumination munitions,
although they may fire antitank scatterable mines that comply with international treaties for the use of landmines.

Aviation Fires and Close Air Support

6-23. Attack helicopter fires are a powerful asset in the area of operation because they can destroy enemy
elements of varying sizes, including large armor formations. The troop may require Army rotary-wing
aviation to support subordinate platoons and teams engaged in close combat.
6-24. Close air support is air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close
proximity to friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement
of those forces (JP 3-0). (Refer to JP 3-09.3 for more information.) Planning of close air support targets is
the responsibility of the commander and the fire support officer in coordination with the squadron tactical air
control party. The squadron tactical air control party consists of air liaison officers and joint terminal attack
controllers (JTACs). The air liaison officer advises the commander of the capabilities and limitations of fixed-
wing close air support, while the JTAC is the primary means for requesting and controlling close air support.
Joint fires observers act as extended eyes for the JTAC in support of type II or III terminal attack control
engagements or organic fire support personnel request and control if no JTAC support is available. For
procedures associated with CAS execution with non-JTAC personnel. (See JP 3-09.3.)

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Target Acquisistion
6-25. Target acquisition systems gather information in several ways. Assets include—
z AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 radars.
z Unmanned Aircraft Systems.
z Fire support teams.
z AH-64 helicopters.
z Scouts.
z Fixed-wing aircraft performing reconnaissance and surveillance missions using advanced
targeting pods.
6-26. Targeting is a command responsibility. Locating, identifying, classifying, tracking, and attacking
targets and then assessing battle damage are difficult tasks. Competition for assets is intense. Detailed
guidance, thorough planning, and disciplined execution prevent unnecessary redundancy and maximize
available combat effects.

FIRES PLANNING
6-27. One of the commander’s greatest challenges is to synchronize and concentrate all available assets at
the critical time and place. To ensure the fires assigned are effective and understood by subordinates, the
commander conducts fire planning.

Planning Considerations
6-28. The planning process begins with receipt of the mission. The commander, XO, and fire support officer
interact throughout planning and execution to ensure continuous necessary support. As the commander
develops the plan for employment of forces, they and the fire support officer plan for the best use of fires by
determining—
z Fires and nonlethal assets that support the troop and subordinate elements.
z Targets to attack.
z Indirect fires and nonlethal assets to employ (ammunition and delivery).
z Desired target effects.
z Engagement priorities.

6-29. The commander clearly states the intent for fires and ensures that the fires plan supports each phase of
the operation. Areas that the commander coordinates with the fire support officer are—
z Scheme of maneuver: includes the area of operation, timing and triggers of advance, rate of
movement, passage of lines, and Army aviation in the area of operation.
z Identify priority of fires: identifies which platoon has priority of fires.
z Identify critical targets: seriously impede mission accomplishment.
z Identify priority targets: along with the time, they will be in effect.
z Close air support: the commander and fire support officer, in coordination with the squadron
tactical air control party, determine what close air support assets are available, when they are
available, and how to use (including target selection and desired effects).
z Fire support coordination measure: established by higher headquarters, these control measures are
existing or proposed, permissive, or restrictive.
z Ammunition restrictions: place limitations on the use of obscuration, improved conventional
munitions, or other ammunition (including established controlled supply rates).
6-30. The fire support plan outlines how to use lethal and nonlethal fires. The troop fire support officer
develops the plan and constantly refines it as the operation continues. It ranks targets in priority order,
matches them with the available indirect fires systems, eliminates duplication with squadron targets, and
allows fires execution quickly and without specific direction from the commander. A fire support plan includes—
z Priority of fires.
z Critical and priority targets.

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z Rules of engagement.
z Allocation of priority targets and final protective fire, if available.
z Execution matrix.
z Fire support coordination measure.
z Clearance of fires.
z Required airspace coordinating measures.
z The general concept of how indirect fires support the operation.
z A target list that includes locations for fires use.
6-31. The fire support officer disseminates the fire support plan containing all the elements listed above
within the troop by OPORD or by other means such as a digital message. Upon receipt and modification,
based on platoon indirect fire plans, the platoon leaders receive the updated fire plans.

Note. Scout platoons often generate platoon-level graphic control measures because of the
decentralized nature of reconnaissance and security missions. The troop fire support team and
troop headquarters element must routinely incorporate platoon graphic control measures.

Coordination Considerations
6-32. The troop fire support officer has the following responsibilities in coordinating fires:
z Ensure the squadron fire support officer, troop mortar section, and any other supporting elements
have the correct fire support plan.
z Conduct fires rehearsals prior to every operation, when feasible.
z Keep the squadron fire support officer informed of the tactical situation.
z Select the appropriate fires method to engage targets.
z Inform the troop commander regarding the status of all fires assets.
z Modify the fire support plan as necessary and disseminate changes.
z Coordinate requests for additional fires, if necessary.
z Monitor execution of the fire support plan throughout the operation.

6-33. The troop fire support officer ensures that the fire support plan remains supportable. The fire support
officer has to stay abreast of the tactical situation and coordinate, refine, and anticipate all fire support
requirements. The fire support officer immediately informs the commander if the plan becomes unworkable
or if circumstances dictate changes to the plan.

INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT
6-34. The BCT intelligence cell assists the commander and staff in understanding the situation and with
decisionmaking. The intelligence cell provides timely, relevant, accurate, predictive, and tailored intelligence
analysis, reporting, and products.
6-35. The military intelligence company supports the BCT and its subordinate commands through collection,
analysis, and dissemination of information and intelligence. Its mission is to conduct analysis, full-motion
video, signals intelligence, and human intelligence collection. The military intelligence company also
provides analysis and intelligence personnel for the company intelligence support teams. Refer to ATP 2-19.4
for more information.

CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR

SUPPORT
6-36. The only CBRN element organic to the squadron is the squadron CBRN officer and NCO. The
exception is the CBRN Scout platoon in the surveillance troop of the SBCT Cavalry squadron. These
squadron CBRN assets use decision support tools embedded in the joint warning and reporting network to
plan CBRN defense, provide tracking support during squadron operations, and gain and maintain awareness
of the CBRN situation in the squadron area of operations and area of interest. Designated staff members

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 Augmentation

integrate contamination avoidance, protection, and decontamination principles to assist the squadron
commander in CBRN defense (the troop CBRN noncommissioned officer assists the troop commander).
(Refer to ATP 3-11.32/MCWP 3-37.2/NTTP 3-11.37 for more information.)

SECTION II – EXTERNAL BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM ASSETS

6-37. When required, the troop requests augmentation from outside the BCT through the BCT operations
officer. Both habitual and other augmentation forces are below.

ARMY AVIATION SUPPORT

6-38. Army Aviation conducts air-ground operations as the aerial maneuver force of the combined arms
team, or as an independent maneuver force in support of ground forces. Army aviation supports the Cavalry
troop conducting reconnaissance and security operations through various tasks, including movement to
contact, attack, reconnaissance, security, and air assault tasks. Depending on the required task, Cavalry
squadrons request support using attack/reconnaissance air mission requests or lift air mission requests. Both
examples and more information on Army aviation is in FM 3-04.
MOVEMENT TO CONTACT
6-39. The speed, range, lethality, long-range communications, and reconnaissance capabilities of Army
aviation make attack reconnaissance units ideally suited to conduct movement to contact and especially with
the employment of manned-unmanned teaming. Cavalry troops may increase their freedom of maneuver by
having aviation assets develop the situation and create favorable conditions to conduct subsequent tactical or
enabling tasks.
ATTACK
6-40. Army aviation may conduct hasty and deliberate attacks in support of friendly forces in close enemy
contact or against enemy forces out of contact with friendly forces. Attack reconnaissance unit aircrews use
a standardized check-in brief to contact the supported ground unit. The check-in brief in table 6-2 provides
the ground unit with key and essential information on the attack weapons team supporting their request.
Table 6-2. Air to Ground Check-In Brief
AIRCRAFT TRANSMISSION TO GROUND UNIT
1. Check in call:
“ABLE 6 , THIS IS GUN 52 .”
(Ground Unit) (Aircraft call-sign)
2. Aircraft team composition and location:
“TWO AH-64Es APPROXIMATELY 5 KILOMETERS NORTH OF YOUR POSITION.”
(Composition) (Location)
3. Munitions available:
“WEAPONS LOAD: 30 MILLIMETERS, POINT DETONATING ROCKETS, K2A AND N-
MODEL HELLFIRES.”
4. Night vision capability and type (if appropriate):
“NIGHT VISION AND FORWARD LOOKING INFRARED CAPABLE.”
5. Station time (if appropriate):
“WE HAVE APPROXIMATELY 120 MINUTES OF PLAY TIME.”
6-41. When the Cavalry troop is in close contact with enemy forces, the ground maneuver commander
controls the synchronization and integration of aviation maneuver, and the distribution and deconfliction of
aviation fires. Air ground reconnaissance requires detailed planning; however, it is not always feasible. In
this case, Cavalry troops use the attack aviation call for fire, a standardized 5-line format for employing attack
aircraft as depicted in table 6-3, page 6-8.

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Table 6-3. Attack Aviation Call for Fire

ATTACK AVIATION CALL FOR FIRE (5-LINE)
1. Observer/Warning Order:
“GUN 52, THIS IS ABLE 6, FIRE MISSION, OVER.”
(Aircraft call-sign) (Observer call-sign)
2. Friendly Location/Mark:
“MY POSITION BUILDING 2, MARKED BY INFRARED STROBE.”
(Target reference point, grid, other information) (Strobe, beacon, infrared strobe, information)
3. Target Location:
“TARGET LOCATION BUILDING 10 (AB 1234 5678) .”
(Bearing [magnetic] and range [meters], target reference point, grid, other information)
4. Target Description/Mark:
“3rd FLOOR WINDOW, MARKED BY TRACER AND INFRARED POINTER.”
(Target description) (Infrared pointer, tracer, other information)
5. Remarks:
“AT MY COMMAND, OVER.”
(Threats, danger close clearance, restriction, at my command, other information)

6-42. Alternatively, Army aviation may conduct attacks against enemy forces out of friendly contact to
preemptively divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy enemy capabilities before they can be brought to bear on
friendly forces. While these operations may require more detailed planning and range from relatively low-
risk to extremely high-risk, they may be effective at shaping the enemy force prior to Cavalry troop
operations. The air mission commander controls the maneuver and fires for these operations.

RECONNAISSANCE
6-43. Army aviation conducts reconnaissance in a manner similar to the cavalry troop; however, the
capabilities are inherently different for aviation units. Army aviation attack reconnaissance units are
specifically equipped, trained, and organized to conduct all forms of reconnaissance except special
reconnaissance. Assault and general support aviation units can also perform limited reconnaissance missions
based on mission variables. Regardless of whether reconnaissance is a specified task or not, it is always an
implied task for every aviation element to gather and report information on enemy and friendly disposition,
terrain, and civil activities observed during the course of all operations.
6-44. Effectively employing aviation assets using a combination of manned and unmanned assets, Army
aviation provides depth to the reconnaissance operation and allows the commander to collect information
with multiple perspectives at the appropriate time. Ground and air reconnaissance assets may cue each other
to gain greater detail on a named area of interest. Aviation assets may also compliment the sensors of ground
reconnaissance forces by mixing systems to increase the probability of collection.

SECURITY
6-45. Similar to reconnaissance, Army aviation attack reconnaissance units are specifically equipped,
trained, and organized to conduct security operations; however, the only security task that aviation can
perform autonomously is the screen. Army aviation conducts screens at all echelons, from elements as small
as an attack weapons/Scout weapons team using manned-unmanned teaming, up to elements as large as an
attack reconnaissance battalion or squadron, either independently as a pure aviation maneuver force or as a
member of the combined arms team. When task-organized to a ground maneuver force with an area, screen,
guard, or covering force security mission, Army aviation conducts tactical, enabling, and sustaining tasks,
including screen, attack, reconnaissance, air assault, air movement, aeromedical evacuation, and mission
command support.
6-46. Unbound by complex terrain, Army aviation adds depth to the overall security operation for the
protected force. For example, UAS in the deep area conduct reconnaissance of a NAI to provide early and

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 Augmentation

accurate warning of impending enemy forces to manned assets screening along the forward line of troops.
The manned assets then gain and maintain enemy contact to provide early and accurate warning to the
Cavalry troop, or call for fires on the enemy positions.

AIR ASSAULT
6-47. Army aviation conducts air assaults in support of offensive, defensive, and stability operations
throughout the depth and breadth of the AO. Aviation assault and heavy lift units transport Cavalry troops
and their equipment from secure or permissive PZs to unsecure or secure LZs in the objective area. For
example, Cavalry troops may be air assaulted into the deep area to conduct dismounted reconnaissance, or
engineer assets can be air assaulted rapidly to conduct a bridge classification.

AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE SUPPORT

6-48. Air and missile defense encompasses passive and active measures. The air and missile defense design
nullifies and reduces the effectiveness of enemy attack or surveillance by enemy aircraft, UAS, and missiles.
Air defense measures make the troop a less detectable target, which reduces the possibility of attack. In the
event of attack, air defense counters the enemy by destroying aircraft or disrupting the attack.
6-49. The troop has no specified organic air defense assets; however, it can receive air and missile defense
augmentation from a supporting higher headquarters. Joint doctrine employs Air Force assets to attain air
superiority and reduce the risk of hostile aircraft engaging friendly ground units. (Refer to ATP 3-01.94 for
more information.)

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

6-50. Commanders employ close air support to augment supporting fires that attack the enemy day or night
in a variety of weather conditions. Improvements in tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment have
enhanced the ability of aircraft to provide support. The speed, range, and maneuverability of aircraft allow
them to attack targets that other supporting arms may not be able to engage because of limiting factors such
as target type, range, terrain, or the ground scheme of maneuver. Ground commanders are the ultimate
authority for the use of all supporting fires in their respective area of operations. The ground commander at
the lowest level is responsible for employment of close air support assets unless the higher commander in the
ground force chain of command specifically retains the responsibility. There are two types of close air support
requests that a Cavalry may initiate: preplanned and immediate.

Preplanned Close Air Support Requests

6-51. The ground commander coordinates preplanned CAS requests according to the air tasking order
production timeline, which results in the preplanned CAS request appearing as a mission on the air tasking
order. Normally, this is 48 to 72 hours in advance of the operation. These requests may or may not include
detailed target information because of the mission’s lead-time. However, these requests include potential
targets, desired effects, proposed times, and a general priority.

Immediate Close Air Support Requests

6-52. Immediate close air support requests are CAS requests not submitted to the air operations center in
time to have the mission appear on the air tasking order. The window for submitting preplanned requests will
be theater specific.

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS

6-53. Close air support mission success is directly related to thorough mission planning based on—
z Weather.
z Target acquisition.
z Target identification.
z Identification of friendly forces.

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Chapter 6

z General ordnance characteristics.

z Final attack heading.
z Suppression of enemy air defense.
z Close air support and artillery integration.

AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA

6-54. An airspace coordination area provides airspace for the relatively safe travel of aircraft. The
coordination area also facilitates the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple fire support
assets. Classification for airspace coordination areas are formal or informal, based on the amount of time
available and the level of control desired. (Refer to JP 3-09.3 for additional information.)

Night Close Air Support Operations

6-55. Close air support assets provide night support using GPS- and laser-guided munitions. The two most
important requirements of a night close air support operation are the same identification of the target, and
positive marking and identification of friendly unit locations.
6-56. Flares released from forward air controllers-airborne, other close air support aircraft, or flare ships can
effectively illuminate target areas. However, artillery- and mortar-fired illumination is preferable as these
assets provide a longer sustained rate of fire.
6-57. Commanders rely on their own assets for marking and illumination requirements. Marking of friendly
unit locations improves safety and provides target area references. Tracers and infrared beacons can serve
both purposes.

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL SUPPORT

6-58. The Cavalry troop may require explosive ordnance disposal support to destroy enemy ammunition and
equipment, and to ensure that unexploded ordnance is inoperable. Explosive ordnance disposal capabilities
are not organic to the troop. Higher headquarters requests this augmentation. Process requests for explosive
ordnance disposal support through squadron operational channels to the BCT, which in turn forwards the
request to the supporting explosive ordnance disposal headquarters. If there is a constant presence of
improvised explosive devices and unexploded ordinance hazards, an explosive ordnance disposal team
attaches to the troop.

CIVIL AFFAIRS SUPPORT

6-59. A civil affairs company normally allocates to support a brigade-size element, with a civil affairs team
being the lowest echelon civil affairs tactical support element provided to a supported commander. The civil
affairs team would normally conduct operations in a squadron’s area of operation. The civil affairs team
executes civil affairs operations and can conduct civil engagement with, and civil reconnaissance and
assessments of, the civil component of the AO. As part of the commander’s civil-military operations, civil
affairs conduct operations nested within the overall mission and intent. The civil affairs team has the ability
to leverage operational and strategic-level civil affairs assets and capabilities through reachback to shape
operations. Civil affairs reachback may include:
z Civil affairs company civil-military operations center.
z Civil affairs battalion headquarters.
z Civil affairs brigade headquarters.
z Civil-military advisory group.
z USAR 38G military government specialist capabilities.

RELIGIOUS SUPPORT
6-60. Unit ministry teams and chaplain sections advise commands on the impact of culture and religion in
the operating environment. Specifically, Cavalry squadrons and BCTs have unit ministry teams attached to

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support planning and operations to Cavalry troops with cultural awareness information, specifically
information on indigenous religions within the area of operations. Religious support personnel may also
coordinate for subject matter expert advice from chaplains with advanced training on world religions.
Chaplains and religious affairs specialists also provide ethical and moral advisement on operational matters
ranging from direct confidential ethical advice to unit leaders on ethical problems, to broader advisement
provided in the ordinary course of staff operational planning and working group participation. The support
of unit ministry teams may be particularly helpful in stability operations by identifying protection for key
religious personnel and facilities, protecting vulnerable population elements such as dislocated civilians, and
in planning and preparing liaison mission support to engage local indigenous leaders.

MILITARY INFORMATION SUPPORT OPERATIONS

6-61. The current military information support operations rules of allocation allow for the attachment of a
tactical detachment to brigade-size units. However, in contingency operations, major combat operations, and
other extraordinary situations, an entire tactical company with organic audio, visual, and audio-visual
development personnel and equipment may attach depending on operational necessity and authorization. The
commander directs and leads military information support operations as an integral part of all operations.
The commander employs military information support operations forces to shape the area of operation and
to set the conditions for success at the tactical level. In addition, the commander uses military information
support operations to inform and influence target groups and individuals in decisive action.
6-62. When properly employed, military information support operations forces can save the lives of friendly
people, whether military or civilian, while degrading the enemy’s morale, efficiency, and willingness to fight.
Military information support operations discourage aggressive actions by creating dissidence and disaffection
within enemy and adversary ranks, ultimately inducing desertion, malingering, in-fighting, and surrender.
For more information on allocation and capabilities. (Refer to FM 3-53 and ATP 3-53.2.)

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 Chapter 7
Sustainment
Cavalry squadrons frequently operate in locations distant from their organic sustaining
base. They often carry a configured load or are task-organized with assets necessary to
ensure their sustainment until they can be relieved.

Sustainment of a Cavalry troop is critical to the squadron’s mission success. The

sections in this chapter discuss the basics of sustainment, sustainment planning,
organization, logistical package operations, troop resupply operations, maintenance,
and field services in addition to the Army Health System and personnel service support
available to the troop commander.

SECTION I – BASICS OF SUSTAINMENT

7-1. The troop’s ability to continue its mission for extended periods depends on the squadron’s ability to
obtain, transport, and distribute resources such as fuel, ammunition, replacement personnel, and rations.
Likewise, the troop develops rapid and dependable ways to treat and evacuate wounded Soldiers and repair
combat equipment to sustain troop morale, combat power, and the readiness to fight. The troop’s sustainment
capabilities allow for quicker deployability and the reduction of the support footprint in the squadron
operations and brigade combat team support area. Despite advances in sustainment, mission command, and
situation awareness that facilitates support of the troop’s sustainment assets, supporting wide-ranging and
decentralized operations remains a challenge. The responsibility to sustain the troop properly rests with the
commander. The troop XO and 1SG share responsibility for sustainment activities to support all troop
operations.

SUSTAINMENT FUNCTIONS
7-2. Sustainment involves the interrelated functions of conducting logistics, providing personnel services,
and providing health service support. Logistics determines the depth and duration of troop operations and is
essential to retaining and exploiting the initiative. (Refer to ADRP 3-0.) Logistics includes—
z Maintenance.
z Transportation.
z Supply.
z Field services.
z Distribution.
z Operational contract support.
z General engineering support.

7-3. Personnel services include—

z Human resources support.
z Financial management.
z Legal support.
z Religious support.
z Band support.

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7-4. Army Medical Department functions include—

z Organic and area medical support.
z Hospitalization (including treatment of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear patients).
z Dental treatment.
z Behavioral health and neuropsychiatric treatment.
z Clinical laboratory services.
z Medical evacuation (including en route care and medical regulating).
z Medical logistics (including blood and blood products)

SUPPLY CLASSES
7-5. Supply classes fall into categories for management and planning. (See table 7-1.)
Table 7-1. Supply Classes
SUPPLY CLASS DEFINITION
I Subsistence, water, and gratuitous health and comfort items.
II Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits, hand
tools, unclassified maps, administrative and housekeeping supplies
and equipment, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
equipment.
III Petroleum (bulk and packaged), oils, and lubricants.
IV Construction fortification and barrier materiel.
V Ammunition.
VI Personal demand items normally sold through exchanges.
VII Major end items.
VIII Medical materiel, including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment.
IX Repair parts and components.
X Materiel to support nonmilitary programs.

TROOP SUSTAINMENT PERSONNEL

7-6. Troop sustainment requires planning and oversight from several key leadership positions. The
minimum duties and responsibilities by position are below.

Commander
7-7. The troop commander plans, prepares, and executes its portion of the squadron sustainment plan and
ensures the troop sustainment operations meet the tactical plan. Concurrent with other planning, the company
develops its sustainment plan during the mission analysis, and refines it in the war-gaming portion of the
troop-leading process. Routinely conduct troop rehearsals to ensure the support and services do not affect
reconnaissance and security tasks.

Executive Officer
7-8. The XO is the troop’s primary sustainment planner and coordinator, reporting directly to the
commander. During preparations for the mission, the XO works closely with the 1SG to determine specific
support requirements of the tactical plan. The XO performs the following sustainment functions:
z Assists the troop commander in developing sustainment priorities and guidance according to the
squadron’s concept of support, and enforces those priorities.
z Determines the location of the troop’s resupply point based on analysis during operational
planning.

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 Sustainment

z Compiles reports from subordinate elements and completes the troop Logistics Status Reports
(LOGSTAT) to submit to the squadron S-4 daily, but may require reports that are more frequent
during periods of increased intensity.
z Leads the company sustainment rehearsal in cooperation with the company 1SG.
z Determines resupply method according to METT-TC
z Determines requirements for all classes of supply during operation
z Prepares paragraph 4 and sustainment appendix of the troop OPORD

FIRST SERGEANT
7-9. The 1SG is the troop’s primary sustainment operator. The 1SG executes the troop’s logistical plan,
relying heavily on troop and squadron SOPs, and directly supervises and controls the troop trains. The 1SG
also performs these sustainment functions:
z Leads sustainment rehearsals with the executive officer and integrates sustainment into the troop’s
maneuver rehearsals
z Directs and supervises casualty evacuation, ensuring medical assets remain flexible and
responsive to tactical missions.
z Directs and supervises the collection, initial identification, and evacuation of human remains to
the casualty collection point for further transfer to the mortuary affairs collection point.
z Establishes and organizes the troop’s resupply point.
z Meets the logistics package at the logistics release point; guides it to the troop’s resupply point;
supervises resupply operations there; and if necessary, guides the logistics package to its
subsequent destination.
z Tracks changes in expenditure rates, Class I and Class V and gives to troop XO for further
reporting to squadron S-4 via LOGSTAT.
z Supervises evacuation of detainees and damaged equipment.
z Coordinates and synchronizes human resources support with the squadron S-1, including
personnel accountability reports, casualty reports, replacement operations, personnel readiness
management, mail operations, essential personnel services, and other administrative or personnel
requirements.
z Provides the troop an orientation for new personnel and in consultation with the commander,
assigns replacements to the troop’s subordinate elements.
z Maintains the troop battle roster.

SUPPLY SERGEANT
7-10. The supply sergeant is the troop’s representative in the squadron’s field trains. The supply sergeant
assembles the logistics packages (LOGPACs) and moves forward with the LOGPACs to the troop. The
supply sergeants also performs the following sustainment functions:
z Responsible for organizing the troop LOGPACs in the field trains.
z Assists the troop XO in determining requirements based on the troop's consumption of food; water;
ammunition; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL); and batteries: based on the operation.
z Coordinates with the battalion S-4 for resupply of the troop.
z Receives and evacuates human remains to the mortuary affairs collection point in the brigade
support area.
z Maintains and provides supplies for troop field sanitation activities.
z Transports, guards, or transfers detainees, as required.
z Coordinates with the squadron S-1 section to turn in or pick up mail and personnel action
documents.
z Picks up replacement personnel and delivers them to the first sergeant, as necessary.
z Manages the commander’s property book and prepares financial liability investigations of
property loss.

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PLATOON SERGEANT
7-11. The platoon sergeant performs the following sustainment functions:
z Ensures Soldiers perform maintenance on all assigned equipment.
z Compiles and submits LOGSTAT for the platoon as directed, according to the troop SOP.
z Obtains supplies and mail from the supply sergeant and ensures proper distribution
within the platoon.

SECTION II – SUSTAINMENT PLANNING

7-12. Sustaining Cavalry assets before, during, and after their commitment is a vital part of maintaining
reconnaissance capabilities. The methods employed to sustain those assets are situationally dependent
because a commander’s methods of deploying Cavalry assets depends on the mission variables of METT-TC.
The commander addresses METT-TC as part of the planning process for each Cavalry operation. (Refer to
ATP 3-20.96.)

SUSTAINING RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS

7-13. The overriding consideration in sustaining reconnaissance is maintaining the operation’s momentum.
The availability of adequate supplies and transportation to sustain the operation becomes more critical as the
operation progresses. The XO and 1SG work closely with the S-4 in the planning process to ensure that
sustainment capabilities meet the demands of reconnaissance.
7-14. Planning reconnaissance operations includes—
z Considering the use of blivets for fuel and water and caching for other classes of supply.
z Ensuring units deploy with basic loads and meet replenishment requirements.
z Planning for increased consumption of petroleum, oils, and lubricants.
z Planning for recovery of damaged vehicles to the maintenance collection point.
z Using push packages of preplanned and preconfigured essential sustainment items.
z Planning for increased vehicular maintenance.
z Requesting additional sustainment assets from the squadron to support attachments or extended
operations.
z Planning for aerial resupply.
z Planning and coordinating detainee operations.
z Longer transportation and turnaround times.
z Trains and convoy security.
z Planning for increased use of medical assets, including—
„ Casualty evacuation from discrete operations remotely located, extended distances across the
line of departure.
„ Use of casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points.
„ Augmentation of medical treatment elements.

SUSTAINING SECURITY OPERATIONS

7-15. As with reconnaissance, emphasis on any consideration varies with the mission assigned and shifts
during mission execution. Planning for security operations includes—
z Planning for increased use of class IV and class V.
z Requesting additional sustainment assets from squadron for attachments.
z Continuing routine resupply according to SOP.
z Resupplying during limited visibility to reduce the chance of enemy contact.
z Preparing to conduct immediate resupply.
z Planning for alternate means of evacuation for casualties.

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 Sustainment

z Emphasizing recovery and evacuation of equipment over forward repair.

z Planning for trains and convoy security.

SUSTAINMENT PLANNING REQUIREMENTS

7-16. The XO is the primary sustainment planner at troop level with input from the 1SG. The 1SG is the
primary executor of sustainment operations at the troop. Additionally both work together for cohesion, and
to reduce friction. Supply is essential for enhancing Soldier’s quality of life and providing prolong endurance
of support of decisive action. Supply provides the material and life support that gives the troop the combat
power and prolonged endurance to accomplish the mission. (FM 4 -95.) Significant to sustainment planning
is that reconnaissance and security forces often require a basic load in excess of the typical three days of
supply configuration due to mission requirements. Listed after the class of supply in parenthesis is the troop
position with primary planning responsibility. Troop leaders should consider the following information when
planning requirements for the classes of supply and maintenance.

Class I (XO and 1SG)

7-17. The troop supply sergeant typically delivers the loads via logistics packages (LOGPACs) from the
brigade support area to the squadron combat trains where the supply sergeant links up with the troop 1SG or
representative. The executive officer will plan when the LOGPAC arrives based on METT-TC and discuss
during the troop rehearsal. Generally, the unit basic load for each Soldier is nine meals ready to eat. The XO
should work with the squadron S-4 to obtain the ration and issue cycle and the LOGPAC schedule for
resupply. For water, the XO calculates water requirements based on gallons per Soldier per day. Refer to
ATP 4-44 for the water planning factor tables. The XO adjusts the standard planning factor based on unique
conditions associated with a given operation. The supply sergeant should plan for retrograde of waste from
the troop during resupply operations.

Class II (XO)
7-18. The troop XO in conjunction with the supply sergeant determines class II requirements. The 1SG
ensures troops deploy with limited stocks of class II items. The troop supply sergeant can request additional
class II supplies through the squadron S-4. For example, the XO and supply sergeant should consider
chemical lights for night operations (marking breech lanes at night) and engineer tape (marking helicopter
LZs, or platoon areas during quartering party operations).

Class III (XO)

7-19. The XO plans class III requirements for the troop and should generate consumption fuel estimates
based on historical data. How the troop receives fuel is dependent on the troop SOP, the operating
environment, and the higher headquarters plan for class III distribution. It is imperative that platoon sergeants
anticipate requirements and submit refuel requests to the XO in a timely manner. The XO monitors reports
by subordinates during operations, and submit daily LOGSTATs to the squadron S-4 to ensure accurate
resupply operations.

Class IV (XO or Supply Sergeant)

7-20. There is usually little to no requirement for the troop to have class IV on hand. If assigned the following
tasks, the supply sergeant with oversight from the XO should determine requirements and coordinate with
the squadron S-4 to obtain the class IV package:
z Blocking passes.
z Conducting traffic control post operations.
z Detention holding areas.
z Security operations.

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Class V (XO with Input from the 1SG)

7-21. The troop deploys with a combat load of munitions. Operational requirements initiate class V
sustainment and requirement drives the forecasting process. The troop XO needs to know the current
ammunition requirement, ammunition basic load, and troop on hand balance when submitting the LOGSTAT
report. The XO coordinates with the squadron S-4 to ensure the distribution concept for class V includes the
capability to distribute rapidly preconfigured ammunitions packages and loads. The XO tracks the frequency
of LOGPACS of munition supply and knows the primary and alternate resupply plan.

Class VI (1SG)
7-22. Troops normally deploy with required minimum health and comfort items. If an operation is longer
than 30 days, health and comfort packs are available through the supply system that provide everyday
necessities. Leaders should include class VI into the packing list and include in precombat checks and
precombat inspections.

Class VII (XO)

7-23. Command levels manage and control class VII major end items. The troop XO is the subject matter
expert on what major components are fully mission capable, tracks the operational readiness rate, and reports
to the squadron S-4.

Class VIII (Medics or Suppy Sergeant with Oversight from the XO and 1SG)
7-24. Class VIII includes all medical supplies on hand at the troop. Prior to any operation, the supply sergeant
(with assistance from medical personnel) should check all medical supplies in the combat lifesaver bag for
expiration. The troop supply sergeant with oversight from the XO or 1SG requests replacement and resupply
through the squadron medical platoon.

Class IX and Maintenance Support (XO)

7-25. The commander establishes maintenance priorities based on what systems are critical to the success of
the operations. The link between the troop and the maintenance support is a trained operator/crew who can
properly use and maintain equipment. The continued demand for equipment requires that the operator and
crew perform preventive maintenance checks and services. The XO compiles the troop DA Forms 5988-E,
(Equipment Maintenance and Inspection Worksheet) from the platoon leader, platoon sergeants, and
maintenance team chief and informs the commander. Generally, the XO sends the worksheets to the
appropriate maintenance section for verification and repair via the LOGPAC.

SUPPORTING ATTACHMENTS AND DETACHMENTS

7-26. Commanders plan for and coordinate for the sustainment of attachments and detachments prior to
execution for each mission. The following paragraphs discuss techniques that the troop commander uses in
the sustainment planning.

ATTACHMENTS
7-27. The augmentation consists of maintenance, recovery, and supply support for classes III, V, and IX,
normally. The troop attaches the necessary sustainment augmentation when a supporting element attaches to
the troop. An SOP to establish this augmentation should be coordinated in advance. Additional sustainment
assets can attach to squadron sustainment elements or attach directly to the troop.
7-28. Leaders receive basic information to anticipate support requirements when receiving attachments.
Planning considerations include—
z Number and type of vehicles, personnel, and weapon systems.
z Current status and strength.
z When attachment is effective and for how long.

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 Sustainment

z Sustainment assets that accompany the attachment.

z When and where linkup will occur and who is responsible.

DETACHMENTS
7-29. The squadron detaches Cavalry troops for certain missions, if the situation requires. Use the same
considerations that apply to receiving attachments. The troop deploys with the appropriate level of support,
including maintenance, based on how long the troop detaches. The commander pays particular consideration
to class III and V resupply, and medical, which also applies when the troop operates at a considerable distance
from squadron sustainment assets. The squadron S-4 sends the following information to the receiving unit’s
S-4 when the troop detaches to another unit:
z Number and type of vehicles, personnel, and weapon systems.
z When and where linkup will occur, and who is responsible for linkup.
z Current status and strength.
z When attachment is effective and for how long.

SUSTAINMENT COMMUNICATIONS
7-30. The combat trains’ command post is the net control station for the squadron administrative and logistics
net. All sustainment leaders and sites operate on the administrative and logistics net to respond to
requests and coordinate sustainment execution. The troop XO and 1SG use this net to submit sustainment
reports and requests for support. The administrative and logistics net is used to control movement of
sustainment assets during logistics package displacement and movement until the LOGPACs release to 1SGs
at logistics release points.

SUSTAINMENT REPORTING
7-31. Accurate logistics status reporting of the troop’s sustainment status is essential to keep the troop
combat ready. Standard operating procedures establish report formats, reporting times, and radio voice
brevity codes to keep sustainment nets manageable. The troop commander sends detailed information to the
supporting sustainment element and the higher tactical command post. The troop commander sends detailed
radio voice reports to the supporting sustainment element, and at the same time, gives a summarized status
in each general category to the higher tactical command post using a brevity code. Limit routine reports to a
summary of items changing during the reporting period. The troop commander submits immediate reports as
necessary. (Refer to appendix A for more information.)
7-32. The commander knows the sustainment status of the troop at all times. The command post tracks the
status of subordinate elements by a code, which allows the commander to use the percentage of combat
power, fuel, ammunition, and personnel available to assess the troop’s combat capability quickly. For
example, the troop may assign the following code words:
z GREEN for 90 to 100 percent.
z AMBER for 80 to 89 percent.
z RED for 60 to 79 percent.
z BLACK for less than 60 percent.

SECTION III – LOGISTICS PACKAGE OPERATIONS

7-33. A LOGPAC is a grouping of multiple classes of supplies and supply vehicles under the control of a
single convoy commander. Tactical grouping of sustainment elements accommodates METT-TC, but
adheres to some fundamental tenets that are suitable for inclusion in SOPs.

TROOP TRAINS
7-34. The trains provide sustainment during operations. Trains can collocate with the command post or
operate separately under the control of the 1SG. Usually, troop trains locate at least 2000 meters away from

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Chapter 7

the troop’s combat operations. The troop trains are out of the enemy’s direct fire range if at least one terrain
feature separates it and the enemy. The troop trains can consolidate with the squadron trains if locations and
distances allow for colocation alleviating stress on the troop’s limited sustainment assets.
7-35. The supply sergeant and armorer usually locate in the squadron field trains. Generally, the troop trains
in the ABCT and the IBCT include a maintenance support team from the forward support company, with
capabilities for maintenance, recovery, and limited combat spares. Troop trains in the Cavalry squadron of
the BFSB may include a field maintenance team, if the mission requires direct maintenance support.

SUPPLY ROUTES
7-36. Main supply route is the route or routes designated within an operational area upon which the bulk of
traffic flows in support of military operations (JP 4-01.5). The commander plans alternate supply routes in
the event that the enemy interdicts the main supply route or it becomes too congested. Alternate supply routes
must meet the same criteria as the main supply route. In the event of CBRN contamination, designate either
supply route as the dirty main supply route to handle contaminated traffic. Security of supply routes in a
noncontiguous area of operation may dictate that the troop provide security for sustainment convoys and
other sustainment elements, such as caches.

LOGISTICS PACKAGE PLANNING

7-37. The headquarters and headquarters troop 1SG is responsible for ensuring that the LOGPAC reaches
the logistics release point. The logistics release point is the point along the supply route where the Cavalry
troop 1SG takes control of the troop LOGPAC. Likely areas for logistics release points are near main supply
routes, at crossroads, or close to water (lakes, ponds, and reservoirs). In some situations, the mission variables
of METT-TC may require placement of the logistics release point in a less conspicuous location. In all cases,
logistics release point sites must be secure. The use of logistics release points controls the movement of assets
and specifies which functions will occur at the checkpoint. Movement of sustainment assets is primarily
based on the three methods listed below:
z On order.
z Triggered by events (such as a troop going RED on class V).
z Triggered by distance between sustainment assets and the supported elements.

LOGISTICS PACKAGE RESUPPLY

7-38. The troop XO or 1SG submits the LOGSTAT to the squadron S-4. The S-4 coordinates and ensures
that LOGPACs contain requested or required supplies. Additionally, the S-4 determines which logistics
release points best support the operation and notifies all units. Logistics packages normally operate every 24
to 72 hours for routine resupply. The S-4 remains prepared to organize unscheduled LOGPACs to provide
immediate resupply.

ORGANIZATION
7-39. The troop supply sergeant is responsible for organizing the troop LOGPAC in the field trains. The
troop LOGPAC normally consists of the following:
z Troop supply truck, which brings replacements, incoming mail, and the troop water trailer.
z Class I rations.
z Bulk fuel and packaged petroleum, oil, and lubricant products (class III).
z Class V, including demolitions and mines.
„ Squadron SOPs usually establish a standard LOGPAC load of munitions.
„ S-4s use reports from the XO or 1SG to adjust the standard load.
z Additional trucks as necessary, to carry other classes of supply that the troop requests.
z Class IX parts or other requested maintenance items.

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 Sustainment

MOVEMENT AND CONTROL

7-40. Once the squadron LOGPAC is operational, the headquarters and headquarters troop 1SG moves it
forward to the logistics release point. At the logistics release point, Cavalry troop 1SGs, or their
representatives, assume control of the troop LOGPACs. The S-4, or a combat trains command post
representative, should be present at the logistics release point to monitor the operation, coordinate with troop
1SGs, receive hard-copy logistics reports, and deliver sustainment situation updates. The squadron identifies
LOGPAC turnaround times in the SOP. Upon completion of resupply operations, the troops return the
LOGPAC vehicles to the logistics release point. The headquarters and headquarters troop 1SG forms the
vehicles into a convoy for movement back to the field trains.

LOGISTICS PACKAGE SURVIVABILITY

7-41. Convoys must take all the necessary measures to avoid an ambush during combat situations. These are
generally passive measures, supplemented by active measures, taken to defeat or escape from an ambush.
7-42. No single defensive measure, or combination of measures, can prevent or effectively counter all
ambushes or IED detonations. The effectiveness of counterambush measures directly relates to the state of
Soldiers’ training and the ability of their leaders.

AVOIDING AN AMBUSH
7-43. Troops must take the following actions to avoid an ambush (using the intelligence preparation of the
battlefield process and products):
z Select the best convoy route
z Maintain vigilant observation of the route ahead of the convoy to detect anything suspicious.
z Conduct map (digital) reconnaissance.
z Conduct ground reconnaissance.
z Conduct aerial reconnaissance.
z Obtain current intelligence information.
z Use operations security to deny the enemy foreknowledge of the convoy.
z Present a formidable target.
z Never routinely schedule convoys by time or route.

REDUCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN AMBUSH

7-44. Take the following actions to reduce the effectiveness of an ambush:
z Harden vehicles.
z Cover loads.
z Space prime targets throughout the convoy.
z Wear protective equipment.
z Use assistant drivers.
z Carry troops and supplies.
z Use prearranged signals to warn the convoy of an ambush or IED.
z Coordinate for escort vehicles (using a combination of overwatch and 360-degree local security
based on the mission variables of METT-TC).
z Coordinate for reaction force support.
z Maintain the interval between vehicles.
z Thoroughly brief and rehearse all convoy personnel on immediate action drills.
z Move through the kill zone, if possible.
z Stop short of the kill zone or IED.
z Do not block the road.
z Rapidly respond to orders.

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z Aggressively return fire.

z Counterattack with escort vehicles.
z Call for fire support.
z Call for the reaction force.

SECTION IV – TROOP RESUPPLY OPERATIONS

7-45. The commander uses standardized procedures to rearm, refuel, and refit the troop as quickly and
efficiently as possible to sustain its continuity of effort. The troop has a limited amount of time to conduct
sustainment if operating at extended distances from the squadron field trains location in the BCT support
area. Class I (subsistence and water), class III (bulk fuel), and class V (ammunition) take priority. Resupply
techniques vary based on the mission variables of METT-TC. Resupply techniques rely on coordination of
the troop headquarters-elements and the resupplying element. Nonstandard elements may resupply the troops
based on proximity and availability, but may not be from their supported squadron.
7-46. The squadron staff conducts detailed planning and coordination for combat resupply of the troops
operating in their BCTs forward security area. The troop carries a three-day supply forward. The squadron
plans to extract the troop prior to the troop depleting the three-day supply and conducts resupply of the troop
in its assembly area. When this is not feasible, the troop XO and 1SG, along with the squadron staff, plan
and coordinate for ground infiltration or aerial insertion of resupply items to designated drop-off points or
cache points.
7-47. A troop conducts routine resupply activities in its assembly area or at a location behind its positions.
These resupply activities take place when the troop is not in contact with enemy forces. They also take place
when the troop commander decides the risk of not conducting resupply outweighs the risk of interrupting the
troop’s ongoing operations.

RESUPPLY SITE SELECTION

7-48. The 1SG carefully chooses the logistics release point site to provide responsive support for the troop,
to support the movement of wheeled resupply vehicles, and to limit exposure to enemy fires. The 1SG knows
about the current tactical situation and can determine what the troop will be doing when resupply takes place.
The 1SG selects the exact LOGPAC site based on map and ground reconnaissance. The 1SG ensures the
LOGPAC site meets the following criteria:
z Cover and concealment.
z Reduction of thermal signature.
z Enough room to disperse the vehicles.
z Terrain level enough to allow refueling.
z Proximity to the platoon positions (which is three to eight kilometers behind the forward line of
own troops and the center of the area of operation).
z Road or trail network to support the wheeled resupply vehicles and heaviest troop vehicles.
z Road or trail network that allows one-way traffic flow to the LOGPAC.

RESUPPLY METHODS
7-49. The tailgate method or service station method are two basic methods used during resupply operations.
A troop or platoon may perform either method depending on dispersion of the elements. The troop may
conduct resupply using a combination of tailgate and service station methods. The troop can vary the specifics
of the two basic methods or it can use them in combination. During a screen mission, for example, it could
use the tailgate method for its most forward observation posts and the service station method for its
observation posts in-depth. Other resupply methods used in specific situations are aerial resupply, troop
prestock resupply (pre-positioning and cache), and emergency resupply.

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TAILGATE METHOD
7-50. The troop uses the tailgate method in static positions such as assembly areas. Class III and class V
supply vehicles, and other bulk-issue vehicles move from vehicle to vehicle to conduct resupply. The rest of
the sustainment vehicles are centrally located in the troop area. The reconnaissance vehicles require little or
no movement. Personnel move to a centralized location to receive additional supplies. The tailgate method
provides 360-degree security throughout the resupply operation. On the other hand, it is very time-consuming
and requires an adequate road network for the wheeled supply vehicles to reach each troop vehicle. The
following procedures take place during tailgate resupply.
7-51. During tailgate resupply, reconnaissance vehicles remain in place while petroleum, oils, lubricants,
and ammunition trucks travel in a clockwise direction around the assembly area to each vehicle position and
conduct resupply. Crewmembers rotate through the feeding area and pick up supplies, water, and mail.
Soldiers maintain security throughout the rotation process. First sergeant and platoon sergeants arrange for
the evacuation of the remains of Soldiers killed in action and their personal effects. They transfer the remains
and personal effects to a mortuary affairs collection point. Ambulances pick up, treat, and evacuate seriously
wounded in action Soldiers. Casualties with less serious wounds report to the ambulance for emergency
medical treatment and disposition. Soldiers either return to duty or evacuate for further treatment. Soldiers
consolidate and secure detainees. Soldiers transport enemy prisoners of war to the squadron trains on a
returning supply vehicle as soon as possible. Troop armorers, radio repairmen, and supporting maintenance
personnel perform repairs of known problems and spot-check other vehicles. Soldiers repair vehicles needing
maintenance on site or evacuate them to a maintenance collection point. First sergeants and platoon sergeants
closely monitor the resupply operation. Empty LOGPAC vehicles move to a holding area where they are
loaded with killed in action, enemy prisoners, and inoperative equipment. The supply sergeant moves the
LOGPAC back to a logistics release point. The supply sergeant links up and transfers the LOGPAC to the
support platoon leader, then returns to the field trains. Troops may be required to provide an element to
conduct convoy security to ensure the safe return of the LOGPAC to the brigade support area and the
retrograde storage area.
7-52. The tailgate method is the least preferred resupply method because of limited assets in the squadron
and the amount of time required to execute. The tailgate method occurs only if it allows for faster resupply
than the service station method or for better operations security.

SERVICE STATION METHOD

7-53. The commander employs the service station method during tactical operations that preclude the troop
from establishing an assembly area for the resupply. The service station method is most effective when the
troop is in an area of operation no more than three to five kilometers wide. Individual platoons or sections
resupply at the LOGPAC while the rest of the troop stays in position. The 1SG sets up the LOGPAC. Soldiers
from the trains who are not involved in the resupply and platoon vehicles that resupplied or are awaiting
resupply provide LOGPAC security. (See figure 7-1, page 7-12.)
7-54. The service station method begins with the vehicles of the first platoon or section entering the
LOGPAC at a designated location and following a one-way traffic flow. Vehicles carrying killed in action
remain pouches move to the mortuary affairs holding area, out of view of the troop, and transfer the remains
and personal effects at the casualty collection point. Vehicles take Soldiers needing medical attention to the
combat medics who treat them or prepare them for evacuation. Platoon sergeants supervise the operation and
conduct face-to-face coordination with 1SGs for any special requirements while platoon leaders make contact
with the troop commander face-to-face or by radio for orders and situation reports (SITREPs). Crews
requiring maintenance support move to a designated maintenance holding area for on-site repair. When
vehicles rotate through stations with maintenance personnel, armorers and radio repairmen repair known
problems and spot-check other vehicles. Crews then rotate to the supply truck to pick up mail, supplies, and
class I items. Finally, platoon leaders and platoon sergeants conduct precombat inspections and the platoon
or section moves to its designated position once resupply is completed. Platoons remaining rotate individually
through the LOGPAC for resupply. The troop LOGPAC returns to the logistics release point after the
resupply operation. The troop LOGPAC links up with the combat or field trains representative who led the
LOGPAC forward. The troop LOGPAC returns to the brigade support area and the retrograde storage area.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 7-11

Chapter 7

Figure 7-1. Troop Service Station Resupply

AERIAL RESUPPLY
7-55. Aerial resupply is a vital link in the distribution system, providing the capability to supply the troop
even with disrupted ground lines of communication or the terrain is too hostile. Helicopters are a vital lifeline
when Cavalry troops operate forward of friendly lines for extended periods. Aerial resupply provides the
troop freedom of movement by drastically reducing their dependence on surface logistical support its
flexibility and effectiveness make it a responsive asset to use; however, they require significant planning and

7-12 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Sustainment

entail consideration of a different set of risks. Aerial assets are useful in resupplying dismounted Cavalry
troops in observation posts in restricted terrain. In addition, the signature of resupply helicopters can
compromise troop positions. Careful choice of resupply routes and landing zones minimize this risk.

TROOP PRESTOCK (PRE-POSITIONING AND CACHE)

7-56. The two methods of prestock resupply differ in the level of security provided for the supplies. With
pre-positioning, supplies are unattended, although leaders take steps to prevent enemy elements from locating
the supplies. Security personnel guard the site when the unit resupplies by cache.
7-57. Both pre-positioning and cache occur in a variety of reconnaissance and security operations. Advance
elements can prestock positions along the intended route of advance or near the objective during
reconnaissance. Cavalry elements can set up prestock points throughout the area of operation in security
operations. These points can be in alternate or supplementary observation posts in addition to other locations
throughout the depth of the area of operation. Scouts also use prestock to provide resupply for patrols.
7-58. Leaders carefully plan and execute prestock operations at every level. Leaders place prestock points in
easy to find locations for someone who has never visited the site. All leaders, down to vehicle commander
and squad leader, know the exact locations of prestock points. As noted, the troop sustainment team takes
steps to ensure security and survivability of pre-positioned supplies by digging in prestock positions,
selecting covered and concealed positions, and considering the effects of weather, terrain, and wildlife. The
sustainment team also develops plans to remove or destroy prestock supplies to prevent the enemy from
capturing them.

EMERGENCY RESUPPLY
7-59. Emergency resupply, commonly referred to as immediate resupply, normally involves fuel and
ammunition while in contact with the enemy. The resupply begins at the section and platoon level by
redistributing ammunition between vehicles to cross-level loads. The platoon sergeant reports the need for
emergency resupply to the 1SG who relays the request to the squadron S-4. The unit’s combat trains maintain
a small load of class III and V for these situations. The S-4 coordinates a linkup between the combat trains
and the troop 1SG. The 1SG meets the resupply trucks and moves back to the troop area of operation. The
1SG and troop XO choose a resupply point that is just behind the troop position and masked by terrain from
enemy direct fire and observation. The fuel truck moves to the resupply point, and vehicles or sections rotate
through the resupply point to refuel. Emergency resupply should occur only when the troop expends fuel and
ammunition at a rate greater than expected; it is not a routine solution for failures in sustainment planning
and execution.

SECTION V – MAINTENANCE
7-60. The Army has two levels of maintenance: field maintenance and sustainment maintenance. Field
maintenance is on-system maintenance, and mainly involves preventive maintenance and replacement of
defective parts. Field maintenance includes maintenance actions performed by operators and always returns
repaired equipment to the troop. Sustainment maintenance consists of off-system component repair or end
item repair and return to the supply system.

FIELD MAINTENANCE
7-61. Within the squadron, field-level maintainers are concentrated in the fire support cell. Generally, the
ABCT, SBCT, and IBCT include a field maintenance team from the FSC with capabilities for field
maintenance, recovery, and limited combat spares. The Cavalry squadron of the BFSB may include a field
maintenance team if the mission requires direct maintenance support. The FSC provides replenishment of
class IX to perform field level maintenance on all equipment to include small arms and communication
equipment. The FSC sends the field maintenance teams forward to support the troop as close to the battle as
possible. When standard maintenance repairs are not practical, the troop (in coordination with the field
maintenance team) may apply battle damage repairs following the battle damage assessment and repair
process.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 7-13

Chapter 7

RECOVERY
7-62. The first level of recovery for the troop is self-recovery. The operator and crew use the basic issue
items and additional authorized lists or on-vehicle equipment items to perform self-recovery. If self-recovery
fails, use like recovery. The troop will use another piece of equipment “of the same weight class or heavier”
to recover the damaged equipment using tow bars, chains, or tow cables. When self-recovery and like-
recovery fail, use the FSC dedicated recovery assets.
7-63. The troop should plan for recovery operations and include the recovery plan in the sustainment
rehearsal. Use the maintenance time guidelines established by the troop commander to make a repair-or-
recovery decision. The type of recovery method used is METT-TC dependent and it is important for the troop
to know the location of the maintenance collection point.

BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR

7-64. Battle damage and assessment is the procedure used to return disabled equipment rapidly to the
operational commander by field-expedient repair of components. Troop commanders should address battle
damage assessment in the sustainment section of their operation order. (For more information, refer to
ATP 4-31.)

MAINTENANCE COLLECTION POINT

7-65. If the field maintenance team cannot repair the equipment quickly on site, evacuate the component to
the squadron’s maintenance collection point where FSC maintainers will repair. Evacuate unrepairable
components to the squadron field trains generally located in the brigade support area.

SECTION VI – MEDICAL SUPPORT

TREATMENT BY NONMEDICAL PERSONNEL

7-66. Nonmedical personnel performing first-aid procedures assist the combat medic in their duties. An
individual administers first aid (self-aid and buddy aid) with enhanced first aid from the combat lifesaver.
Combat lifesavers and buddy aid are crucial to sustaining medical care for wounded or injured Soldiers.

Self-Aid and Buddy Aid

7-67. Each individual Soldier must be proficient in a variety of first-aid procedures. These procedures
include aid for chemical casualties with an emphasis on lifesaving tasks, which enables the Soldier or a buddy
to apply first aid to alleviate a life-threatening situation.

Combat Lifesaver
7-68. The combat lifesaver is a nonmedical Soldier selected by the unit commander for additional training
beyond basic first-aid procedures. Usually a minimum of one individual per squad, crew, team, or equivalent-
size unit is a combat lifesaver. The primary duty of this individual does not change. The combat lifesaver’s
additional duty is to provide enhanced first aid before the combat medic arrives. The combat lifesaver is
usually the first person on the scene to provide first aid to wounded and injured personnel.

TREATMENT BY MEDICAL PERSONNEL

7-69. The combat medic, the physician, the physician assistant, or the health care specialist in the squadron
aid station provides medical treatment after initial care. Emergency medical treatments, known as immediate
far forward care, are lifesaving steps that do not require the knowledge and skills of a physician. The combat
medic is the first individual in the medical chain who makes decisions based on medical military occupational
specialty-specific training. The physician and the physician assistant in a treatment squad provide advanced
trauma management to the casualty at the squadron aid station and conduct routine sick call when the tactical
situation permits.

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 Sustainment

SQUADRON MEDICAL PLATOON

7-70. The squadron medical platoon is the focal point of Army Health System support for the squadron and
troop. The platoon receives, treats, evacuates patients, and coordinates further medical evacuation as
necessary. It establishes and operates the squadron aid station, which is the primary medical treatment facility
for the squadron and troop. The squadron medical platoon has a headquarters section, treatment squad,
combat medic section, and ambulance squads (two squads for the IBCT and four squads for the ABCT).

Health Service Support

7-71. The medical platoon’s health service support mission requirements include the following:
z Provide Role 1 medical care, which includes the following:
„ Emergency medical treatment for patients with wounds, injuries, or illnesses.
„ Advanced trauma management.
„ Casualty collection.
„ Medical evacuation from point of injury or supported troop location to the squadron aid
station or supporting treatment team.
„ Sick call services.
„ Class VIII resupply.
z Establish the squadron aid station where it can best support squadron operations under the
direction of the main command post or the combat trains command post.
z Establish a chemical casualty aid station during CBRN operations.
z Provide training to certify combat lifesavers and to recertify them every 12 months to sustain their
skills.
z Attach combat medics from the combat medic section to each of the platoons and troop
headquarters to form the troop medical team.
z Place ambulances forward with supported troops to provide emergency medical treatment, reduce
evacuation time, and augment troop medical capabilities, as required.
z Maintain field medical records according to AR 40-66.

Medical Platoon Force Health Protection Responsibilities

7-72. One of the medical platoon’s mission requirements is to establish a combat and operational stress
control program for the troop, including requesting assistance from the supporting mental health section. The
supporting mental health section conducts combat and operational stress control classes on stress reduction
techniques and prevention of combat and operational stress reactions. Other mission requirements include
the following:
z Implement force health protection operations to counter health threats.
z Implement force health protection operations to prevent disease and noncombat injury.
z Plan and conduct predeployment and postdeployment health assessments.
z Establish and execute a medical surveillance program.
z Coordinate the occupational environmental health surveillance program.
z Ensure that troop personnel practice effective oral hygiene.
z Assist with the training of field sanitation teams.
z Develop force health protection measures for the troop SOP.
z Send chemical and biological specimens to the area medical laboratory for confirmatory analysis.
z Conduct sanitation inspections of troop living area, food service areas, and waste disposal.
z Conduct sanitation inspections of potable water distribution points and equipment.

SQUADRON AID STATION

7-73. The squadron medical platoon establishes and operates the squadron aid station. Trained personnel at
the medical treatment facility stabilize patients for further evacuation, provide emergency lifesaving and

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 7-15

Chapter 7

limb-saving treatment, and treat minor wounds or illnesses so that patients can return to duty. The squadron
aid station normally consolidates with the combat trains command post.

Treatment Teams
7-74. The squadron medical platoon can split its treatment squad into two treatment teams to support
squadron and troop operations based on the mission. These treatment teams (teams Alpha and Bravo) operate
the squadron aid station and provide medical care and treatment including sick call, emergency medical
treatment, and advanced trauma management. Team Alpha has an operational medicine officer (primary care
physician and squadron surgeon), a health care NCO, and two health care specialists. Team Bravo has a
physician assistant, a health care NCO, and two health care specialists. The physician, physician assistant,
and health care NCOs and specialists provide emergency medical treatment and assist with advanced trauma
management procedures according to their occupational specialties.
7-75. The treatment teams can operate for limited times in split-based operations in direct support of
squadron units. The teams can also operate in split-based operations when the squadron aid station must
move to a new location. One team remains at the initial location and continues to treat patients while the
other team moves to the new location and establishes patient care capabilities. Once the jump team has
established a treatment capability at the new location, the other team ensures evacuation or return to duty for
all patients, as required, and moves to the new location. When echeloned, the aid stations are limited primarily
to triage, stabilizing, and preparing patients for evacuation.

Ambulance Squads
7-76. Medical platoon ambulances provide medical evacuation and en route care from the Soldier’s point of
injury or the troop casualty collection point to the squadron aid station. The ambulance team supporting the
troop works in coordination with the combat medics supporting the platoons. Medical evacuation teams
attach to the troop on a habitual basis. They assist the troop combat medics with medical treatment and
evacuation to the squadron aid station and plan and execute aerial evacuation for litter-urgent patients when
possible.

Note. Plans for using nonmedical vehicles should be included in the squadron or troop SOPs and
OPORDs for mass casualty situations.

Combat Medic Section

7-77. The allocation of combat medics usually is one combat medic per each platoon in the troop. The
platoon combat medic normally locates with, or near, the platoon leader or platoon sergeant. The senior troop
combat medic normally collocates with the 1SG. As the tactical situation allows, the senior troop medic
manages the troop casualty collection point, provides treatment, and prepares patients for medical evacuation
or casualty evacuation, as their condition requires.

EVACUATION
7-78. There are two methods of evacuating injured Soldiers: medical evacuation and casualty evacuation.
Medical evacuation is using ground or air ambulances to evacuate a patient from the point of injury to a
supporting medical treatment facility or from one medical treatment facility to another while providing en
route care. Casualty evacuation is using nonmedical vehicles or other means for patient transport without the
provision for en route care.
7-79. Medical evacuation is critical in health service support planning. The troop is responsible for the
evacuation of casualties from the point of injury to the casualty collection point. The medical platoon is
responsible for evacuation of casualties from the casualty collection point to the squadron aid station. The
squadron or brigade S-1 or S-4 ensures there is a coordinated evacuation plan from all troop casualty
collection points to the squadron aid station, to the brigade support medical company, or to higher medical
treatment facilities. Patients evacuate no further than their condition requires, then return to duty as soon as
possible.

7-16 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Sustainment

FORCE HEALTH PROTECTION

7-80. All leaders are responsible for maintaining the health and fighting fitness of Soldiers; therefore, the
commander must emphasize preventive measures. All leaders must be active participants in the areas of
hygiene, sanitation, safety, sleep deprivation, physical fitness, counseling, and the treatment of combat stress
and fatigue.

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
7-81. Preventive medicine encompasses the rules of hygiene and field sanitation to prevent the spread of
debilitating diseases. Establish these rules of hygiene and field sanitation in the troop SOP, and observe and
enforce these rules of hygiene and field sanitation daily. Safety is another continuous requirement of
preventive medicine. To prevent accidents that could injure Soldiers, leaders continuously enforce proper
equipment operating procedures and general safety.
7-82. Preventive medicine personnel who are organic to the BCT brigade support medical company provide
preventive medicine operational support. The BCT preventive medicine section is equipped to conduct
preventive medicine surveillance and control.

PHYSICAL FITNESS
7-83. Physical fitness is essential in helping Soldiers to maintain stamina and energy levels. Leaders need to
be creative in establishing physical training opportunities and implementing them around mission
requirements, especially while deployed.

COMBAT AND OPERATIONAL STRESS CONTROL

7-84. Combat and operational stress control focuses on protecting the force through treatment and prevention
of combat and operational stress. The brigade support battalion has a combat and operational stress control
team consisting of a behavioral science officer and a mental health specialist. Chaplains can assist with
combat stress control by identifying Soldiers who are under extreme stress.

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 Appendix A
Analog Reports
Commanders can use the following report formats to ensure clear communications
between units and echelons to facilitate common reporting formats.

CONTACT REPORT
A-1. Soldiers issue a contact report immediately upon contact with a threat or unknown force in the area of
operations. A contact report is an alert, which can be very brief. A contact report takes priority over all other
communications traffic and is primarily by radio. If Soldiers are already in a hide position and have detected
the enemy before being detected first (and time permits) this initial report may be digital. State CONTACT,
followed by a description of the threat or unknown force and the cardinal direction from the sender.

BLUE 1―SPOT REPORT

A-2. Soldiers use a spot report (SPOTREP) when scouts observe any known or suspected threat activity. A
spot report is necessary when any characteristic in the area of operation can affect mission accomplishment
or when required by the OPORD. Soldiers always send threat information in the clear. A SPOTREP takes
priority over all other routine radio traffic. The initial SPOTREP should follow no more than one minute
after the contact report. State SPOTREP or UPDATED SPOTREP followed by pertinent information on
these lines:
z Line ALPHA: Observer or source (omit if it is the calling station, otherwise use call signs or
description).
z Line BRAVO: Activity or characteristic observed. Use the SALUTE format:
„ Size: The number of sighted personnel, vehicles, or other equipment.
„ Activity: What the threat is doing.
„ Location: Grid coordinates. Report the center of mass for identical, closely grouped items,
otherwise, report multiple grid coordinates of traces.
„ Unit: Patches, signs, or markings.
„ Time: Time the observed activity occurred.
„ Equipment: Description or identification of all equipment associated with the activity.
„ Line CHARLIE: Actions the reporting Soldier has taken and personal recommendations.
Actions usually involve conducting additional reconnaissance to determine the complete
threat situation or recommending and executing a specific course of action.
„ Line DELTA: Self-authentication (if required).

BLUE 1 SPOT REPORT, EXAMPLE

YELLOW 4, THIS IS YELLOW 2. BLUE ONE, OVER. ONE BRDM,
STATIONARY, ORIENTED SOUTH AT GRID MS289546; 1725
HOURS. CONTINUING TO OBSERVE, OVER.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 A-1

Appendix A

BLUE 2―SITUATION REPORT

A-3. Subordinate units submit a SITREP on the tactical situation and status to their higher headquarters.
Submit the SITREP daily, after significant events, or when the platoon leader or commander requests it. State
SITREP followed by pertinent information on these lines:
z Line 1: The as-of date-time group (DTG).
z Line 2: Brief summary of threat activity, casualties inflicted, and prisoners captured.
z Line 3: Friendly locations (encoded using control measures or Terrain Index Reference System
[TIRS] points).
z Line 4: Combat vehicles, operational tanks.
z Line 5: Defensive obstacles (encoded using codes, control measures, or TIRS points). The type
and location can be listed as—
„ Obstacles. Abbreviations can include MF (minefield), TD (tank ditch), AB (abatis), RC (road
crater), and CW (concertina wire).
„ Executed demolition targets.
„ Reserved demolition targets.
z Line 6: Personnel strength classified using the following status levels:
„ GREEN: Full strength; 90% or more fit for duty.
„ AMBER: Reduced strength; 80% to 89% fit for duty.
„ RED: Reduced strength; 60% to 79% fit for duty; the unit is mission capable.
„ BLACK: Reduced strength; 59% or less fit for duty.
z Line 7: Classes III and V supplies available for combat vehicles. Status levels for ammunition and
petroleum, oil, and lubricants are the same ones used for personnel strength (GREEN, AMBER,
RED, or BLACK) with percentages referring to the amount of basic load level available. (Refer
to Line 6 of this report.)
z Line 8: Summary of tactical intentions.

Note. If an item is status level BLACK on lines 6 or 7, the appropriate yellow (logistics) report
follows the transmission.

BLUE 2 SITUATION REPORT, EXAMPLE

YANKEE 21, THIS IS YANKEE 02, BLUE TWO, OVER. LINE 1: 062230.
LINE 2: NEGATIVE CONTACT. LINE 3: VISIT 7. LINE 4B: 2. LINE 5:
ABATIS, FROM X19 EAST ZERO POINT THREE NORTH ONE POINT
SEVEN. LINE 6: GREEN. LINE 7A: GREEN. LINE 7B: AMBER. LINE 8:
CONTINUING MISSION.

BLUE 4―REPORT FOR BRIDGE, OVERPASS, CULVERT, UNDERPASS, OR TUNNEL

A-4. To send a bridge report (known as a BRIDGEREP), state BRIDGEREP, followed by pertinent
information on these lines:
z Line ALPHA: Type and location (for a long tunnel, include the entrance and exit locations). Use
a TIRS point or grid coordinates.
z Line BRAVO: Overall length.
z Line CHARLIE: Width of roadway.
z Line DELTA: Height restrictions.
z Line ECHO: Length and number of spans.
z Line FOXTROT: Computed classification.
z Line GOLF: Bypass locations and conditions. Use a Blue 5 report if necessary.

A-2 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Analog Reports

BLUE 5―REPORT FOR FORD, FERRY, OR OTHER CROSSING SITE

A-5. To send the crossing site report (known as a CROSSREP), state CROSSREP followed by pertinent
information on these lines:
z Line ALPHA: Type and location, using a TIRS point or grid coordinates.
z Line BRAVO: Length of crossing in meters.
z Line CHARLIE: Usable width.
z Line DELTA: Current speed in meters per second.
z Line ECHO: Maximum depth in meters.
z Line FOXTROT: Bottom material and condition.
z Line GOLF: Capacity classification of any existing ferry equipment.
z Line HOTEL: Slope of entry bank.
z Line INDIA: Slope of exit bank.
z Line KILO: Other comments as necessary.

BLUE 7―ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE REPORT

A-6. To report the results of a route reconnaissance, scouts should send an initial route reconnaissance report
(known as ROUTEREP) at the start point. At a minimum, updates follow the initial report when obstructions,
phase lines, and route changes become necessary. These update reports should include only the line(s) that
have changed from the initial ROUTEREP. To send the report, state ROUTEREP, followed by pertinent
information on these lines:
z Line ALPHA: From location, reported using a control measure or TIRS point.
z Line BRAVO: To location, reported using a control measure or TIRS point.
z Line CHARLIE: Type of route, reported using the following designations:
„ Highway: number 1.
„ Road: number 2.
„ Trail: number 3.
„ Cross-country: number 4.
z Line DELTA: Classification of route. Check for height, width, and weight restrictions to
determine the appropriate class and report which vehicles the route can handle using the following
designations:
„ All squadron and battalion vehicles (70-class minimum), reported using the Number 1.
„ Tracked vehicles only, number 2.
„ CFVs only (35-class restriction), number 3.
z Line ECHO: Seasonal limitations of route based on weather support capability, reported
as follows:
„ All weather (usable year-round), reported using the letter X.
„ Limited all weather (use limited during bad weather), letter Y.
„ Fair weather (may be impassable during bad weather), letter Z.
z Line FOXTROT: Rate of movement the route supports, reported as follows:
„ Fast: Reported using the number 1.
„ Slow: Reported using the number 2.
z Line GOLF: Location and type of any critical points (send the applicable report). Report the
following obstructions in all cases:
„ Curves with a radius of 45 meters or less.
„ Uphill slopes with grades of five percent or greater.
„ Width restrictions of six meters or less for one-way traffic, ten meters or less for
two-way traffic.
„ Overhead clearance of 4.3 meters or less.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 A-3

Appendix A

BLUE 9―OBSTACLE REPORT

A-7. Report all pertinent information using the following format:
z Line ALPHA: Type of obstacle or obstruction.
z Line BRAVO: Location, using grid coordinates. For large, complex obstacles, send the
coordinates of the ends and all turn points.
z Line CHARLIE: Dimensions and orientation.
z Line DELTA: Composition.
z Line ECHO: Threat weapons influencing obstacle.
z Line FOXTROT: Observer’s actions.

BLUE 10―BYPASS REPORT

A-8. Report all pertinent information using the following format:
z Line ALPHA: Observer or source.
z Line BRAVO: Length, width, surface type, grade.
z Line CHARLIE: Coordinates of from and to locations.
z Line DELTA: Seasonal and weather limitations. Use letter designation (X, Y, or Z) as described
in the Blue 7 ROUTEREP (line Echo).
z Line ECHO: Bypass markings.
z Line FOXTROT: Observer’s actions.

BLUE 11―STAND-TO REPORT

A-9. Send the stand-to report (known as the STANREP) to the platoon leader or tactical command post, as
applicable, when stand-to is completed. To send this report, state STANREP, followed by pertinent
information on these lines:
z Line ALPHA: Time stand-to was complete.
z Line BRAVO: Weapons on hand and functional. Use the term UP for functional weapons on
hand. Use EXCEPTION for weapons that are not on hand or not functional.
z Line CHARLIE: Sensitive and accountable items on hand. Use UP or EXCEPTION, as
applicable.
z Line DELTA: Vehicles and radios on hand and functional. Use UP or EXCEPTION, as
applicable.
z Line ECHO: Report the on-hand or functional status of any other equipment using UP or
EXCEPTION.

Note. For lines B, C, D, and E, refer to the Yellow 1 equipment status report (ESTAT) for
equipment line numbers.

BLUE 11 STAND-TO REPORT, EXAMPLE

BLACK 3, THIS IS RED 1; BLUE 11, OVER. LINE ALPHA: COMPLETE
TIME 0600. LINE BRAVO: UP. LINE CHARLIE: ITEM 38, MISSING 1
EACH. LINE DELTA: RED 3 WILL NOT START.

INTELLIGENCE REPORTS
A-10. Units routinely send intelligence reports to account for friendly equipment, captured enemy materiel,
and personnel. These reports are significant because they relay information that has possible intelligence
value in a concise format.

A-4 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Analog Reports

GREEN 2 ― SENSITIVE ITEMS REPORT

A-11. Units send the sensitive items report, known as SENSEREP, daily at prescribed times (before and after
significant movement, after significant events, and after any consolidation or reorganization). Items covered
include machine guns; personal weapons; night vision devices; binoculars; nuclear, biological, and chemical
(NBC) equipment; communications-electronics operating instruction materials; maps and graphics; and
special equipment assigned to platoons for particular operations. To send this report, state SENSEREP
followed by pertinent information on these lines:
z Line ALPHA: Reporting unit (use call sign).
z Line CHARLIE: Results of sensitive items check. Use the term UP for on-hand or functional
items. For missing items, report the line description and serial number and provide an explanation.
Use additional lines from the Yellow 1 report.
z Line ECHO: Initials of person sending report.

GREEN 2 SENSITIVE ITEMS REPORT, EXAMPLE

THIS IS RED 1. GREEN TWO, OVER. LINE ALPHA: RED. LINE
CHARLIE: ALL UP. LINE ECHO: REMOTE WEAPONS SYSTEM.

GREEN 3―SPLASH REPORT

A-12. Units use the splash report for downed or missing aircraft. To send this report, provide all pertinent
information on these lines:
z Line 1: Call sign.
z Line 2: Aircraft data (type and status).
z Line 3: Pilot status.

GREEN 4―PATROL REPORT

A-13. Units may submit the patrol report by radio or wire, when required. The following debriefing format
can be used to ensure all pertinent information is provided in the patrol report:
z Designation of patrol. Include these elements:
„ To:
„ From:
„ Maps:
z Size and composition of patrol.
z Task.
z Time of departure.
z Time of return.
z Routes (out and back).
z Terrain, includes a description of terrain by type (such as dry, swampy, and so forth), depth of
ravines and draws, condition of bridges (type, size, and strength), and effect of terrain on tracked
and wheeled vehicles.
z Threat includes details of threat strength, disposition, defenses, equipment, weapons, attitude,
morale, exact location, and movements. The report should include the time of observation of the
threat activity and coordinates for the location where the activity occurred.
z Any map corrections.
z Miscellaneous information includes pertinent details of NBC warfare, if applicable.
z Results of encounters with the threat, includes threat prisoners and casualties, captured documents
and equipment, identification of threat elements, and threat disposition after the contact.
z Condition of the patrol, includes disposition arrangements for any dead or wounded.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 A-5

Appendix A

z Conclusions and recommendations, includes the extent of mission accomplishment and any patrol
equipment and tactics recommendations.
z Additional remarks by the debriefer.

Note. The report should conclude with the name, rank or grade, and organization or unit of the
patrol leader.

GREEN 6―ENEMY PRISONER OF WAR AND CAPTURED MATERIAL REPORT

A-14. The enemy prisoner of war captured materiel report informs the troop or battalion tactical command
post of EPWs and captured materiel of immediate tactical value only. Usually, units tag EPWs and captured
materiel immediately to show the place, time, and circumstances of capture to ensure information of
intelligence value is not lost. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines (examples are in
parentheses):
z Line 1: State GREEN 6.
z Line 2: Item captured (state enemy prisoner of war).
z Line 3: DTG of capture (260845SEP83).
z Line 4: Place of capture using grid coordinates (NS 621434).
z Line 5: Capturing unit (appropriate call sign).
z Line 6: Circumstances of capture described as briefly as possible.

A-15. Format for reporting captured materiel. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines
(examples in parentheses):
z Line 1: State GREEN 6.
z Line 2: Item captured (state MATERIEL).
z Line 3: Type of document or equipment (communications-electronics operating instruction).
z Line 4: DTG of capture (160900JUN83).
z Line 5: Place of capture, using grid coordinates (NE824615).
z Line 6: Capturing unit (appropriate call sign).
z Line 7: Circumstances of capture described as briefly as possible.

Note. After sending the report to the company team or troop commander, provide disposition
instructions or recommendations, if necessary.

LOGISTICS REPORTS
A-16. Units use a logistics report to report the status of sustainment items and request resupply. Units should
immediately follow a status report with a request report.

YELLOW 1―EQUIPMENT STATUS REPORT

A-17. Each platoon sergeant sends the equipment status report (ESTAT) by courier or voice radio to the troop
or task force tactical command post every day. The information is as of 1200 hours that same day. Units
record the equipment status using one of these terms: operational, inoperative, or combat loss. Provide all
pertinent information using the following categories and lines:
z Weapons.
„ Line 1: Bayonet multipurpose system, XM9.
„ Line 2: Pistol, 9 mm, automatic, M9 with equipment.
„ Line 3: Rifle, 5.56 mm, M4 with equipment.
„ Line 4: Launcher, grenade, M203A2, with equipment.
„ Line 5: Machine gun, M2, caliber .50, heavy barrel.
„ Line 6: Machine gun, 7.62 mm, M240B.

A-6 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Analog Reports

„ Line 7: Machine gun, light 5.56 mm, M249.

„ Line 8: Machine gun, grenade, 40 mm, MK19 MOD III.
„ Line 12: Command launch unit, Javelin.

Note. Use lines 13, 14, 15, and 16 as needed for additional weapons assigned to the platoon.

z Vehicles and vehicle equipment.

„ Line 17: HMMWV, M1151, 50 Cal.
„ Line 18: HMMWV, M1151, MK19.
„ Line 18: HMMWV, TOW M1151.
„ Line 19: CFV, M3.
„ Line 20: Stryker.

Note. Use lines 21, 22, 23, and 24 as needed for additional vehicles and vehicle equipment
assigned to the platoon.

z NBC equipment.
„ Line 25: Radiac set AN/VDR-2.
„ Line 26: Radiac set ANUDR-13.
„ Line 27: Mask chemical biological M40.
„ Line 28: Mask, chemical-biological, combat vehicle M42.

Note. Use lines 29, 30, and 31 as needed for additional CBRN equipment assigned to the platoon.

z Radios.
„ Line 32: Radio set: AN/PRC-119F (C).
„ Line 33: Radio set: Hand Held AN/PRC-148.
„ Line 34: Radio set: Radio Set: AN/PSC-5.
„ Line 35: Radio set: AN/VRC-89F (C).
„ Line 36: Radio set: AN/VRC-91F (C).
„ Line 37: Radio set: AN/VRC-92F (C).
„ Line 38: Radio set: AN/VRC-104(V) 6, 150 WATT W/PRC-150 HF radio.

Note. Use lines 39, 40, and 41 as needed for additional radios assigned to the platoon.

z Miscellaneous equipment.
„ Line 42: Demolition set, explosive, initiating, electric, and semi-electric.
„ Line 43: Detecting set, mine, portable, metallic, AN/PSS-11.
„ Line 44: Night vision goggles, AN/PVS-7B.
„ Line 45: Battlefield Anti-Intrusion System, AN/PRS-9.
„ Line 46: Binoculars, modular construction, mil scale reticle, 7 x 50 mm with equipment.
„ Line 47: Telescope, straight, military.

Note. Use lines 48, 49, and 50 as needed for any additional equipment assigned to the platoon.

YELLOW 1A―BATTLE LOSS SPOT REPORT

A-18. The platoon leader or platoon sergeant transmits the Yellow 1A report as soon as possible after items
are lost or damaged in battle. Losses are reported using line numbers from the Yellow 1 report. Provide
pertinent information on the following lines:

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 A-7

Appendix A

z Line 1: Time of loss.

z Line 2: Number of equipment pieces to be evacuated to troop and battalion or higher for
maintenance. Refer to the appropriate line numbers from the Yellow 1 report.
z Line 3: Number of equipment pieces destroyed, abandoned, and left in pieces. Refer to the
appropriate line numbers from the Yellow 1 report.
z Line 4: Location (encoded) of abandoned equipment.

Note. Yellow 1A reports are not cumulative. Units send a Yellow 1A report showing total unit
status no later than 1300 hours once daily. The Yellow 1A report gives equipment status as of
1200 hours that day.

YELLOW 2―AMMUNITION STATUS REPORT

A-19. Transmit an ammunition status report once daily at 1300 hours or immediately upon completion of
threat contact, the following status codes are used:
z GREEN: 90 percent or more on hand, all ammunition types.
z AMBER: 80 percent to 89 percent on hand, all ammunition types.
z RED: 60 percent to 79 percent on hand, all ammunition types.
z BLACK: 59 percent or less on hand, all ammunition types.

Note. BLACK status in a Yellow 2 report requires immediate follow-up with a Yellow 2A report.
GREEN, AMBER, or RED status does not require submission of a Yellow 2A report.

YELLOW 2A―AMMUNITION REQUEST

A-20. The required quantity of each type of ammunition is requested using the following line numbers:
z Line 1: Report as-of DTG.
z Line 2: 5.56-mm mix.
z Line 3: 5.56-mm ball.
z Line 4: 5.56-mm tracer.
z Line 5: 7.62-mm (coax).
z Line 6: Grenade, 40-mm, high explosive.
z Line 7: Grenade, 40-mm, white phosphorous.
z Line 8: Grenade, 40-mm, antipersonnel.
z Line 9: Caliber .50 (M2).
z Line 10: Caliber .50 (M85).
z Line 11: 40-mm, high explosive/dual purpose.
z Line 12: 25-mm high explosive.
z Line 13: 25-mm AP.
z Line 14: TOW.
z Line 15: AT4.
z Line 16: Javelin.
z Line 17: Grenade, fragmentation.
z Line 18: Grenade, smoke.
z Line 19: Grenade, thermite.
z Line 20: Blasting cap, nonelectric.
z Line 21: Fuze, igniter.
z Line 22: Fuze, blast, time.
z Line 23: Mine, Claymore.

A-8 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Analog Reports

z Line 24: Mine, antitank.

z Line 25: Mine, AP.

Note. All Yellow 2A requests are for the quantity of ammunition the platoon requires unless
otherwise specified. When sending a Yellow 2A report, use only the lines required for specific
requests. Use additional lines (beginning with Line 26) to request any other types of ammunition
that the platoon needs. Attached units should coordinate with the S-4 for additional line numbers
for their ammunition requirements.

YELLOW 3―PETROLEUM, OILS, AND LUBRICANTS STATUS REPORT

A-21. Units send the petroleum, oils, and lubricants (known as POL) report twice daily, or as required. The
following status codes are used:
z GREEN: 90 percent or more of the required quantity on hand.
z AMBER: 80 to 89 percent on hand.
z RED: 60 to 79 percent on hand.
z BLACK: 59 percent or less on hand.

YELLOW 3A―POL REQUEST

A-22. Use the following line numbers to request the required quantity of each type of POL product:
z Line 1: Report as of DTG.
z Line 2: Diesel gallon (gal).
z Line 3: Oil, OE-30 (gal).
z Line 4: Oil, OE-90 (gal).
z Line 5: Antifreeze (gal).
z Line 6: Brake fluid (gal).
z Line 7: Hydraulic fluid, OHA quart (qt).
z Line 8: Hydraulic fluid, OHT (qt).
z Line 9: Grease, GAA pound (lb).

Note. Use lines 10, 11, and 12 as needed for any other equipment assigned to the platoon. Use
additional lines (beginning with Line 21) to request any other POL products the platoon or
attached elements require.

PERSONNEL REPORTS
A-23. Units use personnel reports to notify the command group of casualties and to request replacement
personnel. A request for replacements must immediately follow a casualty report.

RED 2―PERSONNEL BATTLE LOSS REPORT

A-24. Units transmit a Red 2 report to the troop and task force tactical command post as casualties occur.
The unit also completes DA Form 1156, (Casualty Feeder Card) with witness statements, and submits all to
the 1SG. Red 2 is an interim report to update information sent in the last Red 1 report. Provide all pertinent
information using the following lines:
z Line 1: Battle roster number.
z Line 2: DTG of the incident.
z Line 3: Location of the incident (encoded).
z Line 4: Type of casualties, encoded by letter as follows:
„ ALPHA: Killed in action, hostile action.
„ BRAVO: Killed in action, nonhostile action.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 A-9

Appendix A

„ CHARLIE: Body recovered.

„ DELTA: Body not recovered.
„ ECHO: Body identified.
„ FOXTROT: Body not identified.
„ GOLF: Missing in action.
„ HOTEL: Captured.
„ INDIA: Wounded in action, slight, hostile action.
„ JULIET: Wounded in action, serious, hostile action.
„ KILO: Wounded in action, slight, nonhostile action.
„ LIMA: Wounded in action, serious, nonhostile action.
„ MIKE: Accident.
z Line 5: Location of casualties or evacuation.

RED 3―MEDICAL EVACUATION REQUEST

A-25. Units send a Red 3 report to the medical team on the troop or company command net to request medical
evacuation support.
A-26. The following is the ground evacuation format. Provide pertinent information on the following lines:
z Line 1: State EVAC.
z Line 2: Location for pickup (encoded).
z Line 3: Number of casualties.
z Line 4: Category of patient condition, encoded by letter designation as follows:
„ ALPHA: Urgent.
„ BRAVO: Priority.
„ CHARLIE: Routine.

Note. Use the letter designation with the number of patients in each category; for example, TWO
ALPHA indicates that two patients require evacuation on an urgent basis.

A-27. The air evacuation format is as follows:

z Line 1: Location. Specify the grid coordinates for the six-digit grid location preceded by the
100,000-meter grid identification.
z Line 2: Radio frequency and call sign. The frequency and call sign is the radio frequency and call
sign at the site of the unit requesting evacuation.
z Line 3: Patient category of precedence. Classify the casualties’ priority for evacuation using the
following terms:
„ Urgent. Evacuation required within two hours saving life or limb.
„ Priority. Patient’s medical condition is deteriorating, becoming urgent within four hours.
„ Routine. Evacuation required, but several hours until patient’s condition expected to
deteriorate.
„ Tactical immediate. Evacuation required so casualties do not endanger the tactical mission.
z Line 4: Special equipment and emergency medical supplies.
z Line 5: Number and type of casualties.
z Line 6: Security of pickup site. Describe conditions for security at the pickup zone.
z Line 7: Signaling and site marking. Specify the signaling and marking methods to use.
z Line 8: Patient nationality and status.
z Line 9: CBRN contamination area. Specify locations of any contaminated areas affecting the
evacuation operation.

A-10 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Analog Reports

CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, NUCLEAR, AND

HIGH-YIELD EXPLOSIVE REPORTS
A-28. Units use chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high yield explosives reports to describe
contaminated areas, means of delivery, persistence, and initial agent identification. Units ensure that
appropriate protective postures occur before gathering information for CBRN reports.

CBRN-1―OBSERVER’S INITIAL REPORT

A-29. To send the CBRN-1 report, state CBRN ONE and give the type of CBRN incident (nuclear, biological,
or chemical). Other information that may be sent includes precedence of the report, date and time of the
report (universal time [also called ZULU]), and security classification with the FROM and TO times the
classification is applicable. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines:
z Line ALPHA: Strike serial number (if known).
z Line BRAVO: Position of observer (universal transverse Mercator [known as UTM] coordinates
or name of place).
z Line CHARLIE: Grid or magnetic bearing (specify which is used) or azimuth of attack from
observer (in degrees or mils, specify which is used).
z Line DELTA: DTG attack started, ZULU.
z Line ECHO: Illumination time in seconds (for nuclear burst), time the attack ended (toxic agent
attack only).
z Line FOXTROT: Location of attack (UTM coordinates) and vicinity of attack (actual or
estimated, specify which is given).
z Line GOLF: Means of delivery (if known).
z Line HOTEL: Type of burst (air, surface, unknown), type of toxic agent, or type of attack.
z Line INDIA: Number of shells, other data (for toxic attack only).
z Line JULIET: Flash-to-bang time (in seconds).
z Line KILO: Crater present or absent, diameter in meters (if known).
z Line LIMA: Cloud width (degrees or mils, specify which) five minutes after burst.
z Line MIKE: Cloud height (top or bottom, specify which) ten minutes after burst (degrees or mils,
specify which).
z Line SIERRA: DTG of reading (local or ZULU time).

Note. DO NOT DELAY REPORTS in an attempt to provide complete format information. Omit
information that is not applicable or available. Items always reported are the type of report; lines
D and H; and one of the following lines: B, C, F, or G. Carefully specify the units of measure used
(such as degrees, mils, or grid azimuth).

CBRN-3―IMMEDIATE WARNING OF EXPECTED CONTAMINATION

A-30. The CBRN-3 report is by radio. State NBC THREE, followed by pertinent information on these lines:
z Line ALPHA: Strike serial number (if known).
z Line DELTA: DTG when attack started.
z Line FOXTROT: Location of attack (actual or estimated, specify which).
z Line PAPA: Area of expected contamination.
z Line YANKEE: Bearing or azimuth of left, then right radial lines (specify degrees or mils, use
four digits for each line).
z Line ZULU: Effective downwind speed (in kilometers [km] per mile, use three digits), downwind
effective distance of zone (in km, use three digits), and cloud radius (in km, use two digits).

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 A-11

Appendix A

CBRN-4―REPORT OF RADIATION DOSE-RATE MEASUREMENT

A-31. Units submit CBRN-4 report, used for nuclear activity only, immediately after any radiation is detected
and thereafter as required by the OPORD. To send this report, state CBRN FOUR, followed by pertinent
information on these lines:
z Line QUEBEC: Location of reading, use friendly graphics or encryption. Omit this line when
transmitting on a wire net.
z Line ROMEO: Dose rate in centigray per hour (cGy/hr) (average total dose rounded to the nearest
10 cGy). Specify whether the dose rate is INITIAL, INCREASING, PEAK, or DECREASING.
Specify SHIELDED if the dose rate was measured inside a vehicle.
z Line SIERRA: DTG of reading. Specify the time zone.

Note. Repeat lines Q, R, and S as often as necessary. Ideally, measure radiation dose rates in the
open one meter above the ground. If the rate is measured in a shielded location, it is converted
(as accurately as possible) to a rate in the open.

CBRN-5―REPORT OF AREAS OF CONTAMINATION

A-32. To send the CBRN-5 report, state CBRN FIVE. Units may send other information including
precedence of the report, date and time of the report (ZULU), and security classification with from and to for
the length of time the classification is applicable. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines:
z Line ALPHA: Strike serial number, if known.
z Line OSCAR: Reference DTG for estimated contours of contaminated areas.
z Line SIERRA: DTG when detection of contamination occurred.
z Line TANGO: H+1 DTG or DTG of latest reconnaissance of contamination in the area.
z Line UNIFORM: Coordinates of contour lines marking dose rate of 1000 cGy/hr.
z Line VICTOR: Coordinates of contour lines marking dose rate of 300 cGy/hr.
z Line WHISKEY: Coordinates of contour lines marking dose rate of 100 cGy/hr.
z Line X-RAY: Coordinates of contour lines marking dose rate of 20 cGy/hr.

A-12 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Appendix B
Troop Operating Distances
Troop commanders and leaders develop troop areas of operation based on manning,
available weapons systems, and the desired amount of depth. The primary
considerations are the mission variables of METT-TC. Additional considerations to
emphasize when developing planning distances include enemy, friendly optics and
laser capabilities, weapons ranges, and terrain.

Troop commanders and leaders may apply the following basic equations prior to
mission execution to calculate an approximate operating area for each of their platoons.
If all the platoons have similar METT-TC variables, then commanders can triple the
distance based on one platoon’s area of operation when conducting a map
reconnaissance. Using the formula described below, leaders can make tentative plans
for positions and fires coverage.

Below are several examples troop commanders and leaders can use as a reference to
develop operating distances specific to their particular mission. Many factors of
METT-TC are not available in these generic examples. Leaders must apply all planning
specifics to their mission.

ABCT SCOUT PLATOON

B-1. An ABCT scout platoon maximizes its capabilities in firepower and optics. The scout platoon has
protection allowing for greater risk against ABCT- arrayed threats. An ABCT troop commander can use the
following method to calculate their planning distances and depth starting at the platoon level for unrestricted
terrain for a six-vehicle scout platoon:
z Disperse vehicles based on enemy fires capability yet still within friendly fires coverage; 500
meters between vehicles is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force protection
against enemy indirect fire.
z Optics for the ABCT Cavalry troop usually allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10 km and
identification at 3 km.
z Weapons systems vary across formation types and significantly influence distance-planning
considerations. As an example, the M242 25-mm cannon would allow over 1000 meters between
vehicles while maintaining mutual support and sufficient weapons range beyond the supported
vehicle.
z Analyze terrain as unrestricted, restricted, or severely restricted. (Refer to ATP 2-01.3.)
Unrestricted terrain is free of any restriction to movement. Unrestricted terrain for armored or
mechanized forces is typically flat to moderately sloping terrain with scattered or widely spaced
obstacles such as trees or rocks. As an example, in desert terrain, troops are able to screen more
area by maximizing the use of optics and weapons capabilities.
B-2. Given the planning factors above, to find the planning screen front, take half of the maximum effective
range of the weapons system and multiply that by three quarters the number of vehicles to account for
mutually supporting position. Incorporate a factor of one for the terrain classification. Finally, add in the
maximum effective range of the weapons system to cover the flank security factor to establish a front of nine
kilometers. To find the planning screen depth, divide the front in half to establish a depth of 4500 meters. By
changing the planning factors to meet their variables, commanders can rapidly estimate their fires protection
and planning distance. (See figure B-1.) To see this expressed in a formula-style equation, refer to table B-1,
page B-10.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-1

Appendix B

Figure B-1. ABCT Scout Platoon Operational Distance (Unrestrictive Terrain)

ABCT CAVALRY TROOP

B-3. For an ABCT troop over a contiguous front in unrestricted terrain, the mission variables of terrain and
troops available need the most stringent consideration as both have substantial effects on the width and depth
that a formation can occupy. At the troop level, mortars are an additional weapon system to incorporate as a
planning factor. The troop commander deliberately plans where to locate the mortars to ensure that they
provide maximum coverage to the element. The troop commander ensures clear priorities of fire when
organic indirect fires cannot provide sufficient coverage of the troop’s frontage. The above planning factor
establishes a front of 25 to 28 kilometers. Using available dismounted personnel in observation posts, the
troop commander rounds the planning depth to four to five km for platoons. (Refer to figure B-2, page B-3
and table B-2, page B-11.)

B-2 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

Figure B-2. ABCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Unrestrictive Terrain)

IBCT MOUNTED SCOUT PLATOON AND CAVALRY TROOP IBCT MOUNTED SCOUT
PLATOON
B-4. The firepower, mobility, and mix of weapons systems allows leaders the flexibility to array forces in
an IBCT scout platoon to meet the mission variables of METT-TC. An IBCT troop commander can use the
following method to calculate their planning distances and depth starting at the platoon level for severely
restricted terrain for a six-vehicle scout platoon:
z Disperse vehicles based on enemy fires capability yet still within friendly fires coverage;
500 meters between vehicles is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force
protection against enemy indirect fire.
z Optics available allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10 km and identification at 3 km.
z Weapons systems, the combination of the MG .50 caliber, MK19 grenade launcher, and TOW II
allow for up to 1000 meters between vehicles to maintain mutual support and sufficient weapons
range beyond the supported vehicle.
z Severely restricted terrain severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations.
Commanders may attempt to enhance mobility by committing engineer assets to improving
mobility or deviating from doctrinal tactics, such as moving in columns instead of line formations,
or at speeds much lower than those preferred.
B-5. Given the planning factors above, to find the planning screen front, take half of the maximum effective
range of the weapons system and multiple that by three quarters the number of vehicles, which will account
for the mutually supporting position. Incorporate a factor of 0.25 for the terrain classification. Finally, add in
the maximum effective range of the weapons system to cover the flank security factor, which will establish

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-3

Appendix B

a front of 3 km. To find the planning screen depth, divide the front in half, which establishes a depth of 1500
meters. (See figure B-3 and table B-3, page B-11.)

Figure B-3. IBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances (Severely Restrictive)

IBCT MOUNTED CAVALRY TROOP

B-6. The IBCT Cavalry troop combines mobility and firepower against the threat forces facing the IBCT.
The mobility and firepower density in a Cavalry troop is unique to the rest of the IBCT forces, allowing it to
conduct reconnaissance and security tasks forward of the maneuver battalions. (See figure B-4, page B-5.)

B-4 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

Figure B-4. IBCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Severely Restrictive)

IBCT DISMOUNTED SCOUT PLATOON

B-7. The IBCT dismounted scout platoon allows discreet, stealthy execution of reconnaissance and security
tasks. An IBCT troop commander can use the following method to calculate their planning distances and
depth, starting at the platoon level for severely restricted terrain. For this example, an area reconnaissance is
demonstrated using NAIs. (See figure B-5, page B-6.)
z Disperse based on enemy fires capability yet still within friendly fires coverage; 250 meters
between observation posts is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force
protection against enemy indirect fire.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-5

Appendix B

z Optics available allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10 km and identification at 2 km.

z Weapons systems vary across formation types and significantly influence distance-planning
considerations. For example, the MG 240 allows 400 meters between positions to maintain mutual
support and sufficient weapons range beyond the supported vehicle.
z Severely restricted terrain severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless the
commander makes some effort to enhance mobility.

Figure B-5. IBCT Dismounted Scout Platoon

B-6 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

IBCT DISMOUNTED CAVALRY TROOP

B-8. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop conducts reconnaissance and security using stealth. It relies on
mobility from external assets such as vehicle or aircraft support, and is well suited for air assault operations.
The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has capabilities similar to the rifle battalions in the IBCT. (See
figure B-6.)

Figure B-6. IBCT Dismounted Cavalry Troop

SBCT SCOUT PLATOON AND CAVALRY TROOP

SBCT SCOUT PLATOON
B-9. The SBCT scout platoons platform commonality allows commanders simplicity in planning. SBCT
troop commanders and staffs can use the following method to calculate their planning distances and depth
starting at the platoon level for restricted terrain for a six-vehicle scout platoon:

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-7

Appendix B

z Disperse vehicles based on enemy fires capability, yet still within friendly fires coverage;
500 meters between vehicles is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force
protection against enemy indirect fire.
z Optics available allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10 km and identification at 3 km.
z For weapons systems, the MG .50 caliber and MK19 grenade launcher would allow up to
1000 meters between vehicles to maintain mutual support and sufficient weapons range beyond
the supported vehicle.
z Restricted terrain hinders movement to some degree. Units may have difficulty maintaining
preferred speeds, moving in combat formations, or transitioning from one formation to another.
Restricted terrain slows movement by requiring zigzagging or frequent detours. Restricted terrain
for armored or mechanized forces typically consists of moderate-to-steep slopes or moderate-to-
densely spaced obstacles such as trees, rocks, or buildings. (See figure B-7.)

Figure B- 7. SBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances (Restrictive)

SBCT CAVALRY TROOP

B-10. The SBCT Cavalry troop combines mobility and firepower against the threat forces facing the SBCT
and has similar capabilities of its parent BCT. The SBCT Cavalry troop relies on mobility coupled with
protection to conduct reconnaissance and security tasks. (See figure B-8, page B-9.)

B-8 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

Figure B-8. SBCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Restrictive)

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-9

Appendix B

Table B-1. Scout Platoon Width/Depth Formula

The same width and depth formula is expressed below two different ways:

Width Formula
Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain +
flank security
Depth = width/2

Expressed another way:

([(.5R)(.75Nv)] x t) + F = W
.375 RNvT + F = W

Depth Formula
D = W/2 (depth will not be greater than 1/3 maximum effective range of internal indirect fire assets

Legend
R – Maximum effective range of weapon system
Nv – Number of vehicles in formation
T – Terrain
T – 1 for unrestricted
T – .5 for restricted
T – .25 for severely restricted
F – Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapon system
W – Width
D – Depth

Number of Vehicles
Nv x .75
6 x .75 = 4.5
5 x .75 = 3.75
4 x .75 = 3
3 x .75 = 2.25
2 x .75 = 1.5

B-10 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

Table B-2. ABCT Cavalry Platoon Operational Distances in Unrestrictive Terrain

Unrestrictive – 1
Restrictive – 0.5
Severely Restrictive – 0.25
1. M242 Bushmaster maximum effective range = 3000
2. Number of vehicles = 6
3. Type of terrain = unrestrictive
4. Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapons system

Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security
Screen width = 0.5 of 3000 times 0.75 of 6 times 1 + 3000
Screen width = 1500 times 4.5 times 1 + 3000
Screen width = 9750

Screen depth = width/2

Screen depth = 4875

Table B-3. IBCT Cavalry Platoon Operational Distances in Severely Restricted Terrain

Unrestrictive – 1
Restrictive – 0.5
Severely Restrictive – 0.25
1. M2 .50 caliber maximum effective range = 1830
2. Number of vehicles = 6
3. Type of terrain = severely restrictive
4. Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapons system
Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security
Screen width = 0.5 of 1830 times 0.75 of 6 times 0.25 + 1830
Screen width = 915 times 4.5 times 0.25 + 1830
Screen width = 2860

Screen depth = width/2

Screen depth = 1430

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-11

Appendix B

B-11. Table B-4 depicts a formula available to Cavalry troop’s leaders to plan operational distances. The
formulas aide in commanders and leaders squadrons for staff and commander planning of operational area
distances.

Table B-4. SBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances in Restricted Terrain

Unrestrictive – 1
Restrictive – 0.5
Severely Restrictive – 0.25
1. M2 .50 caliber maximum effective range = 1830
2. Number of vehicles = 6
3. Type of terrain = restrictive
4. Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapons system
Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security
Screen width = 0.5 of 1830 times 0.75 of 6 times 0.5 + 1830
Screen width = 915 times 4.5 times 0.5 + 1830
Screen width = 3860

Screen depth = width/2

Screen depth = 1945

B-12 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

B-12. Table B-5 is a chart of available optics to Cavalry troops by BCT formation type. The chart aides in
commanders and leaders squadrons for staff and commander planning of operational area distances.
Table B-5. Cavalry Troop Optics Systems
TARGET
DAYSIGHTS TARGET RECOGNITION
IDENTIFICATION
Binocular: Modular Construction Mil Scale Reticle
2000 Meters * Not Tested
7X50MM W/E
Telescope:
900 Meters with M240B No Data
Straight – ELCAN M145 Straight Telescope
Soldier Carried
2.7 KM Day/.45 KM
Laser Target Locator Module (LTLM) 4.2 KM Day/900 M Night
Night
Crew Systems
Range Finder-Target Designator: Laser AN/PED-1 4.3 KM Day/1.4 KM
No Data
Lightweight Laser Designator Rangefinder (LLDR) Night
2000 Meters Block 0
Command Launch Unit: (Javelin) 13305405-119 No Data
2500 Meters Block I
Soldier Weapon Sight
Sight: Night Vision (SNS)
600 Meters 1/2 Moon No Data
AN/PVS-30 Clip-on Sniper Night Sight
Sight: Thermal AN/PAS-13B (V)1 820 Meters No Data
Medium Weapon Thermal Sight (MWTS): AN/PAS- 1200 Meters (MWTS I)
No Data
13(V2) 1430 Meters (MWTS II)
Heavy Weapon Thermal Sight (HWTS): 2200 Meters (HWTS I)
No Data
AN/PAS-13(V3) 2753 Meters (HWTS II)
Target Acquisition System: TOW Improved ITAS M41
TOW2A Missile No Data 3750 Meters
TOW 2A RF Missile No Data 4200 Meters
TOW 2B Missile No Data 3750 Meters
TOW 2B Aero Missile No Data 4200 Meters
TOW Bunker Buster Missile No Data 3750 Meters
TOW Bunker Buster RF Missile No Data 4200 Meters
Legend: ITAS – Information Technology Approval System; KM – kilometer; MM – millimeter;
TOW – tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-13

Appendix B

B-13. Table B-6; table B-7, page B-15 and table B-8, page B-16 are charts of available weapons to Cavalry
troops by BCT formation type. The charts aide in commanders and leaders squadrons for staff and
commander planning of operational area distances.
Table B-6. ABCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List

Amount WPN MAX Range

WPN
Systems (Depends on Ammunition Type)

M3A3 25mm 23 1,600m-3,000m

M320A1
65 150m-350m
Grenade Launcher

MG .50 Cal 32 1,500m-1,830m

40mm MG Grenade
12 100m-2,200m
MK 19 MOD III

7.62mm M240B/240L 75 600m-1,800m

9mm 112 50m

M4 293 600m

12 Gauge Shotgun 36 50m

120mm Mortar 6 7,200m

TOW Missile 23 3,000m-3,750m

Javelin 12 2,000m

Legend: M – meter, MAX – maximum, MG – machine gun, mm – millimeter, WPN – weapon.

B-14 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Operating Distances

Table B-7. IBCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List

MAX Range
WPN Amount WPN Systems
(Depends on Ammunition Type)

M320A1
42 150m-350m
Grenade Launcher

MG .50 Cal 20 1,500m-1,830m

40mm MG Grenade MK 19
12 100m-2,200m
MOD III

7.62mm M240L/240B 26 600m-1,800m

9mm 51 50m

M4 344 600m

12 Gauge Shotgun 34 50m

Javelin 24 2,000m

Tow 12 3,750m

M249 18 600m-1000m

120mm 4 7,200m

60mm 2 3,649m

Rifle M110 2 800m

Rifle M107 2 1,800m

Legend: M – meter, MAX – maximum, MG – machine gun, mm – millimeter, TOW – tube launched,
optically tracked, wire guided, WPN – weapon.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 B-15

Appendix B

Table B-8. SBCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List

MAX Range
WPN Amount WPN Systems
(Depends on Ammunition Type)

M320A1
34 150m-350m
Grenade Launcher

MG .50 Cal 38 1,500m-1,830m

40mm MG Grenade MK
18 100m-2,200m
19 MOD III

7.62mm M240L/240B 48 600m-1,800m

9mm 21 50m

M4 374 600m

12 Gauge Shotgun 36 50m

120/81/60mm Mortar 6 3,500m-7,200m

Javelin 36 2,000m

Legend: M – meter, MAX – maximum, MG – machine gun, mm – millimeter, WPN – weapon.

B-16 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Appendix C
Troop Command Post
C-1. The Cavalry troop is the only combat arms company-sized element in the BCT to have an authorized
command post. The following section describes the personnel and associated responsibilities as they relate
to the command post, functions, and layout of different Cavalry troop command posts.

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

C-2. XO. The XO ensures collaboration with the 1SG to ensure the command post seamlessly conducts the
required activities. The XO focuses on the usefulness and effectiveness of information acquired from the
command post, and ensures dissemination and implementation of the commander’s guidance and intent. The
XO must manage the battle rhythm of the command post to include rest cycles that support 24-hour
operations. The following are minimum activities the XO conducts or supervises:
z Ensures subordinate sections accomplish their duties according to the commander’s intent, unit
SOP, and orders.
z Ensures analog battle tracking systems are in place (and digital, if applicable).
z Synchronizes logistic support.
z Provides a centralized point for information collection and dissemination, coordination, time
management, and tracking the status of subordinate elements.
z Identifies information that relates to the commander’s critical information requirements.
z Coordinates the integration of combat enabling units (attachments).
z Receives and submits the LOGSTAT.
z Enforces adherence to the operational timeline.

C-3. 1SG. The 1SG ensures that the command post is functioning as intended, and properly provides the
information needed by the XO and commander. The 1SG also provides feedback to the XO and commander
on how to improve command post operations to achieve the commander’s intent. The following are minimum
activities the 1SG conducts or supervises:
z Manages troop trains operations.
z Executes casualty evacuation.
z Executes logistic support.
z Establishes and periodically inspects tactical assembly area security.
z Enforces discipline and adherence to troop SOPs.
z Manages personnel replacement and mortuary affairs operations.
z Monitors health and welfare of troop personnel.
z Enforces adherence to the operational timeline.

C-4. Operations NCO. The operations NCO consolidates reports and battle tracks troop units. Additionally
the operations NCO—
z Deploys the command post.
z Establishes the command post.
z Implements security plan.
z Manages reports to and from subordinate, adjacent, and higher units.
z Monitors the tactical situation.
z Maintains and updates subordinate, adjacent, and higher unit locations and activities.
z Monitors the enemy situation.
z Manages the command post log/DA Form 1594, (Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log).
z Serves as a communications relay between units, if necessary.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 C-1

Appendix C

z Publishes orders and instructions to subordinate units.

z Updates both digital and analog graphics.
z Enforces adherence to the operational timeline.
C-5. Communications NCO—
z Supervises or assists with command post tasks. These include relaying information, monitoring
the situation, establishing the command post security plan and radio watch schedule, and
informing the commander and subordinate elements of significant events.
z Establishes troop headquarters communications networks.
z Implements radio telephone operator plan.
z Performs troubleshooting and limited repair of organic communications equipment.
z Conducts preventative maintenance checks and services on communications equipment.
z Identifies shortcomings on communications equipment.
C-6. CBRN NCO—
z Determines likelihood of CBRN agents and determine battlefield effects.
z Oversees emplacement of joint chemical agent detector devices.
z Identifies possible dirty routes.
z Enables all chemical defense techniques.
z Identifies possible decontamination sites.
z Assists with command post duties, if necessary.

C-7. Company intelligence support team (if available)—

z Develops and updates the enemy situation.
z Develops enemy situation template with most likely and most dangerous enemy course of action.
z Provides weather and light data.
z Plans UAS employment to answer PIR.
z Conducts battle damage assessment tracking.
C-8. Medics—
z Establishes and rehearses routes to squadron aid station.
z Identifies areas for casualty collection points.
z Produces medical evacuation plan (time and distance estimates).
z Conducts reconnaissance of, and mark helicopter LZs for medical evacuation, if necessary.

C-9. Combat repair team (if available)—

z Updates maintenance collection point location on operational graphics.
z Identifies possible vehicle evacuation locations.
z Reviews and verifies faults annotated on DA Form 5988-E (Equipment
Maintenance and Inspection worksheet).
z Updates maintenance tracker.

FUNCTIONS
C-10. The command post design and layout considerations supports functionality, and successful mission
command. Troop command posts can have any configuration that supports the mission. Commanders
additionally ensure the XO, with assistance from the 1SG, executes—
z Analysis and synthesis of collected information.
z Efficient facilitation of information flow.
z Connectivity to information systems and the network (if possible).
z Positioning information displays for ease of use.
z Integrating information on maps and display.
z Adequate workspace for the commander and headquarter personnel.

C-2 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Troop Command Post

z Ease of deployment, employment, and displacement.

z Effective and efficient power generation and distribution.

TROOP COMMAND POST LAYOUT

C-11. Figure C-1, figure C-2, page C-4, and figure C-3 on page C-5, are different types of BCT Cavalry troop
command posts. The following command posts are not prescriptive, but used for reference only. Units may
vary configuration based on equipment and personnel available.)

Figure C-1. ABCT Cavalry Troop Command Post

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 C-3

Appendix C

Figure C-2. IBCT Cavalry Troop Command Post

C-4 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Figure C-3. SBCT Cavalry Troop Command Post

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 C-5

This page intentionally left blank.
 Glossary
The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and joint definitions differ,
(Army) precedes the definition. Terms for which ATP 3-20.97 is the proponent are marked with an asterisk. The
proponent manual for other terms are listed in parentheses after the definition.

SECTION I – ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1SG first sergeant
ABCT Armored brigade combat team
ADP Army doctrine publication
ADRP Army doctrine reference publication
AO area of operation
ATP Army techniques and procedures
BCT brigade combat team
BFSB battlefield surveillance brigade
CAS close air support
CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
COIST company intelligence support team
DTG date-time group
EA engagement area
FBCB2 Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below
FM field manual
FOB forward operating base
FSC fire support cell
GPS Global Positioning System
HHT headquarters and headquarters troop
HMMWV high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle
IBCT Infantry brigade combat team
IED improvised explosive device
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
JP joint publication
JTAC joint terminal attack controller
KM or km kilometer
LD line of departure
LOGPAC logistics package
LRAS3 Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System
LTIOV latest time information is of value
LZ landing zone
MANPAD Man-Portable Air Defense System
METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-time
available and civil considerations
MTOE modified table of organization and equipment

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 Glossary-1

Glossary

NAI named area of interest

NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical
NCO noncommissioned officer
NLT no later than
OBJ objective
OP observation post
OPORD operation order
PIR priority intelligence requirement
PL phase line
POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants
PZ pickup zone
RTE route
ROZ restricted operation zone
S-2 battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer
S-3 battalion or brigade operations staff officer
S-4 battalion or brigade logistics staff officer
SBCT Stryker brigade combat team
SITREP situation report
SOP standard operating procedure
SPOTREP spot report
TAA tactical assembly area
TIRS Terrain Index Reference System
TOW tube launched, optically tracked, wire-guided
UAS Unmanned Aircraft System
XO executive officer

SECTION II – TERMS
adversary
A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may
be envisaged (JP 3-0).
area reconnaissance
A form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain of enemy
activity within a prescribed area (ADRP 3-90).
area security
A security task conducted to protect friendly forces, installations routes, and actions within a specific
area (ADRP 3-90).
Class I
Subsistence, water, and gratuitous health and comfort items (JP 4-09).
Class II
Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits, hand tools, unclassified
maps, administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment, and chemical, biological, radiological,
and nuclear (CBRN) equipment (JP 4-09).

Glossary-2 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Glossary

Class III
Petroleum (bulk and packaged), oils, and lubricants (JP 4-09).
Class IV
Construction fortification and barrier materiel (JP 4-09).
Class V
Ammunition (JP 4-09).
Class VI
Personal demand items normally sold through exchanges (JP 4-09).
Class VII
Major end items (JP 4-09).
Class VIII
Medical materiel, including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment (JP 4-09).
Class IX
Repair parts and components (JP 4-09).
close air support
Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to
friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those
forces (JP 3-0).
counterreconnaissance
A tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a commander to counter enemy
reconnaissance and surveillance efforts. Counterreconnaissance is not a distinct mission, but a
component of all forms of security operations (FM 3-90-1).
covering force
A self-contained force capable of operating independently of the main body, unlike a screen or guard
force, to conduct the cover task (FM 3-90-2).
enemy
A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized (ADRP 3-0).
exfiltration
A tactical mission task where a commander removes Soldiers or units from areas under enemy control
by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means (FM 3-90-1).
fire support team
A field artillery team organic to each maneuver battalion and selected units to plan and coordinate all
available company supporting fires, including mortars, field artillery, naval surface fire support and
close air support integration (ADRP 3-09).
guard
A security task to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting
information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Units
conducting a guard mission cannot operate independently because they rely upon fires and functional
and multifunctional support assets of the main body (ADRP 3-90).
hybrid threat
The diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, and/or
criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects (ADRP 3-0).
infiltration
A form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an
area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage behind those enemy positions while
exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires (FM 3-90-1).

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 Glossary-3

Glossary

intelligence preparation of the battlefield/battlespace

A systematic process of analyzing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil
considerations in an area of interest to determine their effect on operations (ATP 2-01.3).
mission command
(Army) The exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable
disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the
conduct of unified land operations (ADP 6-0).
neutral
A party identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly or enemy forces (ADRP 3-0).
operational environment
A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).
reconnaissance handover
The action that occurs between two elements in order to coordinate the transfer of information and/or
responsibility for observation of potential threat contact, or the transfer of an assigned area from one
element to another (FM 3-98).
reconnaissance in force
A deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy’s strength, dispositions, and
reactions or to obtain other information (ADRP 3-90).
route reconnaissance
A directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the
enemy could influence movement along that route (ADRP 3-90).
situational understanding
The product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships
among the operational and mission variables to facilitate decisionmaking (ADP 5-0).
special reconnaissance
Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or
politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational
significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces (JP 3-05).
threat
Any combination of actors, entities, or forces that intend to harm United States forces, United States
national interests, or the homeland (ADRP 3-0).
Troop leading procedures
A dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to analyze a mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an
operation (ADP 5-0).
zone reconnaissance
A form of reconnaissance that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes,
obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries (ADRP 3-90).
ZULU
Time zone indicator for Universal Time (JP 5-0).

Glossary-4 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 References
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
ADRP 1-02. Terms and Military Symbols, 7 December 2015.
JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 8 November 2010.

RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Most Army publications are available online at http://www.apd.army.mil/.
Other publications are available on the Central Army Registry on the Army Training Network,
https://atiam.train.army.mil.

ARMY PUBLICATIONS
ADP 5-0. The Operations Process, 17 May 2012.
ADP 6-0. Mission Command, 17 May 2012.
ADRP 3-0. Unified Land Operations, 16 May 2012.
ADRP 3-07. Stability, 31 August 2012.
ADRP 3-09. Fires, 31 August 2012.
ADRP 3-90. Offense and Defense, 31 August 2012.
ADRP 5-0. The Operations Process, 17 May 2012.
ADRP 6-0. Mission Command, 17 May 2012.
AR 40-66. Medical Record Administration and Health Care Documentation, 17 June 2008.
ATP 2-01. Plan Requirements and Assess Collection, 19 August 2014.
ATP 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield/Battlespace, 10 November 2014.
ATP 2-19.4. Brigade Combat Team Intelligence Techniques, 10 February 2015.
ATP 3-01.94. Army Air and Missile Defense Command Operations, 20 April.
ATP 3-09.42. Fire Support for the Brigade Combat Team, 1 March 2016.
ATP 3-11.32/MCWP 3-37.2/NTTP 3-11.37. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Passive Defense, 13 May 2016.
ATP 3-20.96. Cavalry Squadron, 12 May 2016.
ATP 3-20.98. Reconnaissance Platoon, 5 April 2013.
ATP 3-34.22. Engineer Operations–Brigade Combat Team and Below, 5 December 2014.
ATP 3-34.81. Engineer Reconnaissance, 1 March 2016.
ATP 3-37.10. Base Camps, 26 April 2013.
ATP 3-53.2. Military Information in Conventional Operations, 7 August 2015.
ATP 3-60. Targeting, 7 May 2015.
ATP 4-31. Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair (BDAR), 27 August 2014.
ATP 4-44. Water Support Operations, 2 October 2015.
ATTP 3-06.11. Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain, 10 June 2011.
ATTP 3-21.90. Tactical Employment of Mortars, 4 April 2011.
FM 3-04. Army Aviation, 29 July 2015.
FM 3-53. Military Information Support Operations, 4 January 2013.
FM 3-55. Information Collection, 3 May 2013.
FM 3-90-1. Offense and Defense Volume 1, 22 March 2013.

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 References-1

References

FM 3-90-2. Reconnaissance, Security, and Tactical Enabling Tasks Volume 2, 22 March 2013.
FM 3-98. Reconnaissance and Security Operations, 1 July 2015.
FM 3-99. Airborne and Air Assault Operations, 6 March 2015.
FM 4-95. Logistics Operations, 1 April 2014.
FM 6-0. Commander and Staff Organization and Operations, 5 May 2014.
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare, 18 July 1956.
TC 7-100. Hybrid Threat, 26 November 2010.
TC 7-100.3. Irregular Opposing Forces, 17 January 2014.
TC 7-100.4. Hybrid Threat Force Structure Organizational Guide, 4 June 2015.

JOINT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUBLICATIONS

Most Joint publications are available online at www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jointpub.htm.

JP 3-0. Joint Operations, 11 August 2011.

JP 3-05. Special Operations, 16 July 2014.
JP 3-09. Joint Fire Support, 12 December 2014.
JP 3-09.3. Close Air Support, 25 November 2014.
JP 4-01.5. Joint Terminal Operations, 2 November 2015.
JP 4-09, Distribution Operations, 19 December 2013.
JP 5-0, Joint Operation Planning, 11 August 2011.

PRESCRIBED FORMS
This section contains no entries.

REFERENCED FORMS
Unless otherwise indicated, DA forms are available on the Army Publishing Directorate (APD) web site
(www.apd.army.mil).

DA Form 1156, Casualty Feeder Card.

DA Form 1594, Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log.
DA Form 2028, Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.
DA Form 5988-E, Equipment Maintenance and Inspection Worksheet (EGA).

References-2 ATP 3-20.97 6HSWHPEHU

 Index
Entries are listed by paragraph number, unless mentioned otherwise.

first sergeant. 7-9, 2-54 in support of stability tasks.

A
5-308
ABCT Cavalry troop. 1-18 first-aid procedures. 7-66 mounted. 3-9
aerial insertion. 3-83 G route. 5-203, 3-97, 3-94
area security. 5-281, 4-52, 4-50 special. 3-116
global positioning systems.
techniques. 3-3
armorer and supply specialist. 3-56
tempo. 3-22
2-68 zone. 5-86, 3-27
I
aviation. 6-43, 6-40 regular forces. 1-8
close air support. 6-55, 6-50 IBCT Cavalry troop. 1-21
infiltration. 3-65, 3-62 resupply
B execution. 3-76 aerial. 7-55
BFSB Cavalry troop. 1-31 order of movement. 3-77 emergency. 7-59
planning. 3-67 prestock. 7-56
C single lane. 3-84 service station method.
CBRN NCO. 2-66 7-53
irregular forces. 1-9
tailgate method. 7-50
combat formations. 3-104
coil. 3-114 L route security. 4-63
column. 3-105 local security. 4-73 procedures. 4-70
herringbone. 3-115 techniques. 4-66
staggered. 3-106
M
S
troop line. 3-107 maintenance team chief. 2-65
troop vee. 3-108 SBCT Cavalry troop. 1-28
medics. 2-64
troop wedge. 3-112 scheme of fires. 2-25
mission, enemy, terrain and
commander. 3-2, 2-49 weather, troops and support Scout platoon leader. 2-55
communications sergeant. 2-61 available, time available, and Scout platoons. 1-36
company intelligence support civil considerations security mission. 4-6
team. 2-62 (METT-TC). 1-4
security operation
concept of operations. 2-39, mortar section sergeant. 2-60 guard. 4-45
2-25 moving screen. 5-24, 5-5, 4-29 squadron guard. 5-129
convoy security. 4-58 O stability. 5-249
covering force. 4-49 orders. 2-37 stationary screen. 4-16
criminal organizations. 1-10 format. 2-39 supply sergeant. 7-10, 2-67
techniques. 2-46
D verbal. 2-42 T
depth. 4-14 written. 2-43 target acquisition systems.
E 6-25
P
troop leading procedures. 2-4
engineer platoon sergeant. 7-11, 2-57
reconnaissance team. 6-4 troop mortars. 6-18, 6-8
R types of Cavalry troops. 1-21
event template. 2-22
reconnaissance dismounted. 1-25
execution matrix. 2-21 aerial. 3-11 mounted. 1-22
executive officer. 7-8, 2-53 area. 5-317, 3-51
exfiltration. 3-87, 3-62 by fire. 3-14 U
extraction. 3-91 dismounted. 3-7 Unmanned Aircraft System.
methods. 3-90 fires. 3-48 5-318, 5-234, 5-158, 4-72,
planning. 3-88, 3-67 four methods of. 3-6 4-67, 4-29, 3-122, 3-65, 3-11
guidance. 3-18
F handover. 3-118 W
fire support team. 6-7, 2-58 in force. 5-51, 3-99 warfighting function. 5-39, 2-3

6HSWHPEHU ATP 3-20.97 Index-1

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