FORMOREE-

LEARNI
NGMATERI
ALSCALLUSOFFLI
NE
(
Not
es,
schemesofwor
k,exams,
CPAnot
es,
etc)

(
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l.
com)

Cal
lMrOr
iosa0743241064

Busi
nessSTUDI
ES

FORM ONE

CHAPTERONE

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOBUSI
NESSSTUDI
ES

Def
ini
ti
onoft
ermsusedi
nbusi
nessst
udi
es

Business–ref
erstoanyact
ivi
tyt
hati
scarri
edoutbyani
ndi
vi
dualoranorgani
zat
ion
concernedwi
thprov
isi
onofgoodsandser
viceswi
tht
heai
m ofmakingpr
ofi
ts

Busi
nessstudi
es-i
tisthestudyoft
heacti
vit
iesthatar
ecarri
edouti
nandar
ound
pr
oducti
on,
dist
ri
but
ionandconsumpt
ionofgoodsandservi
ces

Businessenvi
ronment–t
hesear
ethebusi
nesssur
roundi
ngswhi
chmaybei
nter
nal
orexternal

Goods–Thesear eit
emswhi
char
etangi
blei
.e.canbet
ouchedandf
elte.
g.f
urni
tur
e,
bui
ldi
ngs,
bread.Et
c

Services–Theseareacti
onsoract
ivi
ti
est
hatmaybesol
d.Theyar
eint
angi
blee.
g.
teaching,
banki
ng,
hai
rdr
essinget
c

Product
ion–Itisthecreati
onofgoodsandser
vicesori
ncr
easi
ngt
hei
rusef
ulness.
I
tsdonebyproducerse.
g.farmer
s.

Di
str
ibut
ion–I t’
sthemovementofgoodsandser
vicesf
rom t
hepr
oducert
otheuser
.
I
nvol
vestransport
,communi
cati
onetc

Consumpt
ion–Ref
erst
ousi
ngofgoods/
ser
vicemost
lydonebyconsumer
s

Di
sci
pli
nesi
nbusi
nessst
udi
es

 Economics– i t
’sthestudyofhow humanbei ngsstri
vetosat
isf
yendless
wantsusingtheavail
ablescar
cer ces.Humanwant
esour saret
hedesir
esthat
peopl
estriv
et osati
sfyusi
nggoodsandservices.Resour
ces–Thi
ngsthatare
requi
redi
nor dert
osatisf
yhumanwant s

 Commer ce–Studyoftradeandaidstotr
ade.Tradei
stheexchangeofgoods
andservi
cesf
orothergoodsorservi
cesorformoney.
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmail
.com.MrOriosa0743241064 1
  Accounti
ng–I t’
sasystemat
icwayofr
ecor
dingbusi
nessact
ivi
ti
eswhi
char
e
usedfordeci
sionmaki
ng.

 Off
ice pract
ice – these ar
e acti
vi
ti
es carr
ied out i
n t
he of
fi
ce e.
g.
communicati
on,f
il
li
ng,r
epr
oducti
onofdocument
setc.

 Ent
repreneur
shi
p– I t
’sthe st
udyofact i
vit
ies i
nvol
ved i
nt he pr
ocess of
i
denti
fyi
ngabusinessoppor
tuni
tyandacqui
ri
ngnecessaryr
esources.

I
mpor
tanceofbusi
nessst
udi
esi
nthesoci
ety

 Assi
stsmemberstorel
atet
heknowl
edge,
ski
l
lsandat
ti
tudeacqui
redt
odayt
o
daybusi
nessact
ivi
ti
es.

 Equi
pmember
swi
thknowl
edgeandski
l
lst
ost
artandr
unabusi
ness

 Assi
stsindi
vi
dualsi
nappr
eci
ati
ngt
her
oleofbusi
nessst
udi
esi
npr
ovi
sionof
goodsandservi
ces

 Makesthemember
stoappr
eci
atet
heneedofgoodbusi
nessmanagement
pr
acti
ce.

 Assi
sti
ndi
vi
dual
stoacqui
resel
fdi
sci
pli
neandposi
ti
veat
ti
tudet
owar
dswor
k.

 Equi
psi
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thabi
l
iti
est
opr
omot
ecooper
ati
on

 Enabl
esi
ndi
vi
dual
stounder
standt
her
oleofgov
ernmenti
nbusi
ness.

 Equi
psindi
vi
dualswit
h abi
li
ti
esto under
stand r
oleofcommuni
cat
ion and
modernt
echnol
ogyt
obusinessmanagement.

 Hel
pindi
vi
dual
dev
elopposi
ti
veat
ti
tudet
owar
dst
heenv
ironment

 Equi
psindiv
idual
swi
thknowl
edgeandski
l
lsr
equi
redt
oev
aluat
ebusi
ness
perf
ormance

CHAPTERTWO

BUSI
NESSANDI
TSENVI
RONMENT

Themai
npur
poseofabusi
nessi
stomakepr
ofi
ts.Toachi
evet
his,
abusi
nessneeds
to

 Sat
isf
ycust
omerneeds

 Reduceoper
ati
ngcost
s

 St
ri
vet
osur
viv
ebycompet
ingf
avor
abl
y

Ty
pesofbusi
nessact
ivi
ti
es

 Extr
acti
on– meansobt
aini
nggoodsf
rom t
hei
rnat
uralset
ti
nge.
gmi
ning,
far
ming,l
umber
inget
c

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 2
  Processing ofraw materi
als– i
tischangi
ng t
hef
orm ofgoodswi
thout
combiningitwit
hothergoods

 Manufact
uri
ng–combi ni
ngdi
ff
erentrawmater
ial
stocomeupwi
thonef
inal
pr
oducte.
g.tabl
eismadeofwood,gl
ue,nai
l
sandvarni
sh

 Const
ruct
ion–Rai
l
s,r
oadandbui
l
dings

 Dist
ri
but
ionofgoods– Spreadi
ngofgoodsf
rom t
hemanuf
act
urer
stot
he
user
s.Donebydi
str
ibut
ors

 Trade– Buy
ingandsel
l
ingofgoodswi
tht
heai
m ofmaki
ngpr
ofi
ts.Doneby
tr
aders

 Pr
ovisi
on ofser
vices– Sel
l
ing ser
vicest
o consumer
se.
g.hai
rst
yli
st,car
washer
s

Busi
nessenvi
ronment
sandt
hei
ref
fect
s
I
nter
nal
andext
ernal

I
nter
nalenvi
ronment

 Mayei
therbest
rengt
hsorweaknessesoft
hebusi
nesse.
g.ski
l
ledmanpower
.

 I
tisal
socal
l
edmi
croenv
ironment

Theyi
ncl
ude:
-

 Busi
nessst
ruct
ure

Thisistheformalarr
angementoftheacti
vi
ti
escarri
edoutatv ari
ouslevel
soft
he
organi
zati
on.Awelll
aidbusi
nessst
ruct
urewoul
dleadtosuccessbecause:
-

 Eachempl
oyeeknowswhati
sexpect
ed

 Noconf
li
ctorconf
usi
ons

 Team wor
kisenhanced

 Pr
opercont
rol
–pr
omot
esef
fi
ciency

 Resour
ces

Aresour
ceissomet hi
ngt
hatcanbeusedt
oachi
eveanobj
ect
ive.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
e
someoftheresour
cestoabusi
ness

 Humanr
esour
ce
Empl oyeesi
nabusinessprov
idehumanr
esour
ce.Abusi
nesswi
thqual
i
fiedhuman
resourceismor
eli
kelytodowell
.

 Fi
nanci
alr
esour
ces
Abusinesswi
thadequat
efi
nancesi
smor
eli
kel
ytodobet
tert
hanonel
acki
ngsuch
aspect
s.
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 3
  Phy
sicalr
esour
ces
Thesearetangibl
ef aci
l
iti
eswhi
chbel
ongt
oabusi
nesse.
g.bui
l
dings,machi
ner
y,
fur
nit
ureandstock.

 Technol
ogy
Thesearetheski
l
lsandmet hodsusedi
npr
oduct
ion.Abusi
nesswi
tht
her
elev
ant
technol
ogyi
smoreli
kel
ytosucceed.

 Busi
nesscul
tur
e

Businesscul
tur
esari
sefrom t
hecombinat
ionofempl
oyeesexpect
ati
ons,bel
i
efsand
valueswithi
nthebusiness.A cul
tur
eofi nv
olv
ingemploy
eesi ndeci
sionmaking
alwaysdoesbett
er.

 Owner

Hepr
ovi
desf
inancesandmakesdeci
sionsconcer
ningoper
ati
onsoft
hebusi
ness.

Ext
ernalBusi
nessEnvi
ronment

 Al
socal
l
edmacr
oenv
ironment–l
argei
nscal
e

Theyi
ncl
ude:
-

 Economi
cenv
ironment

Thesearef
act
orsthataff
ectthebuy
ers’
abi
l
ityt
obuygoodsandser
vicesof
fer
edbya
busi
nesse.
gcharges,t
axes,r
ateset
c

 Demogr
aphi
cenv
ironment

 I
ncludesfact
orsi
npopul
ati
onchange–si
ze,
dist
ri
but
ion,
age,
densi
ty,
bir
thand
deathrat
es

 Agr
owi
ngpopul
ati
onpr
ovi
desmar
ketf
orgoodsandser
vices

 Ageandsexdi st
ri
but
ionshapet
heli
neofbusinesswhi
l
ebet
tereducat
ionand
j
obsf orconsumerswoul
di mpr
ovethei
rtast
eanddemandforquali
tygoods
ser
vices

 Legal–pol
it
icalenv
ironment

Thegov er
nmentcl
oselymoni
tor
sandpasseslawsandpoli
ciest
oregulateact
ivi
ti
es.
Trader
smayopttoinvesti
nsomeareasbecauseofl
owert
axesornortaxes

Manufacturesoff oodst
uffsarerequi
red t
oincl
ude expi
rydatestothei
rgoods.
Pol
i
ticalstabi
li
tyal
socreatesaconduci
veworki
ngbusi
nessenv
ironment

 Technol
ogi
calenv
ironment

Technologyr ef
erstolevelofknow-how,eff
ici
entuseoft
ool
sandequi
pment
sand
otherresources.Advancementintechnol
ogywouldleadt
obett
erqual
i
tyofgoods
beingproduced.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 4
  Cul
tur
alenv
ironment

Cul
tureist
henormsthatregul
atet
hebehavi
orofpeopleinsoci
ety.I
ncl
udescust
oms,
bel
ief
sandv al
ues.Di
ctat
eshowpeopleli
veandproductstheyconsumee.g.Musl
ims
andpork.

 Compet
it
iveenv
ironment

Fir
mstry
ingtoout
doeachot heri
nthei
rendeav
orst
omaxi
mizepr
ofi
ts.Compet
it
ion
canet
herbegener
icorent
erpri
se.

Genericcompetit
ionrefer
stocompeti
ti
onwheretheproduct
sar
eusedfort
hesame
purposethought heproduct
saredif
ferent
.E.
g.cinemasanddi
scosar
ecompeti
ng
for
m ofentert
ainment.

Ent
erpri
secompet
it
ionisfoundwer
eproduct
saresimil
art
othoseoftheot
herf
ir
m.
E.
gal ocal
shoemanufact
uri
ngcompanycompet
ingwit
himpor
tedshoes.

 Phy
sicalenv
ironment

I
ncludesfact
orssuchascl
i
mat
eandi
nfr
ast
ruct
uree.
g.r
oads,
wat
ersuppl
y,el
ect
ri
cit
y,
banksetc

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 5
CHAPTERTHREE

SATI
SFACTI
ONOFHUMANWANTS

Humanwant
s

 Thesear
edesi
rest
hatpeopl
ehav
eorst
ri
vet
osat
isf
ye.
g.t
hir
sti
sadesi
ref
or
dri
nk

 Goodsandser
vicepr
ovi
debyt
hebusi
nessar
eint
endedt
osat
isf
yahuman
want.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofhumanwant
s

 Basi
c/pr
imar
ywant
s/needs
 Ar
ethenecessi
ti
est
hatar
eabsol
utel
yvi
tal
fort
hehumansur
viv
al

 Theyi
ncl
udef
ood,
shel
terandcl
othi
ng

 Theymustbesat
isf
iedf
ir
stbef
oreonet
hinksofsat
isf
yingt
her
est

 Lackofbasi
cneedsmayl
eadt
odeat
h

 Secondar
ywant
s
 Are needs one can do wi
thoutbutar
e desi
red t
o make l
i
fe mor
e
comfort
abl
e

 Theycanbecat
egor
izedi
ntocomf
ort
sandl
uxur
ies

 Comfor
tsimpr
oveonesli
vingst
andardsbeyondthestat
usofmer
esur
viv
al
e.
g.f
urni
tur
e,medi
cat
ion,
educati
on,utensi
l
s,t
ranspor
tetc.

 Luxur iesaregoodsthatprovi
deexcessi
vecomf
orte.
g.car
s,wat
ches.
Luxuriesar
eforpr
est
igepur
poses
emmanuel
oriosa@gmail.
com.MrOri
osa0743241064 6
Char
act
eri
sti
csofhumanwant
s
 Unl
imit
ed-Humanwant
sar
esomanyt
hatt
heycannev
erbesat
isf
ied.They
ar
einsat
iabl
e.

 Var
ied.Theychangewithfact
orsl
i
keage,gender
,income,geogr
aphi
cal
l
ocati
onandsoci
alst
atus.

 Competi
ti
ve.Theycompeteagai
nsteachot
herf
orsat
isf
act
ionusi
ngt
he
l
imi
tedgoodsandserv
ices

 Complimentar
y.Sat
isf
act
ionofsomewantsaut
omatical
lyl
eadst
ocreat
ion
ofotherwantse.
g.wheny oupur
chaseacel
lphone,youwil
laut
omati
call
y
needair
ti
me.

 Repet
it
ive.Af
tersomewantshav ebeensat
isf
iedonce,t
heyr
ecurt
her
eby
cr
eati
ngtheneedtosat
isf
ythem agai
n.

 Habit
ual.Somewantsresul
tinthefor
mationofcert
ainhabi
tse.g.useof
cer
tai
nbr andsoft
oothpast
e,perf
umes,bodylot
ionandbeveragesbased
onhabit
s.

 Univer
sal.Humanwant sareexperi
encedbyev
eryhumanbei
ngwi
thout
except
ionwhethert
heyaresat
isf
iedornot

 Var
yini
ntensi
ty.Di
ff
erentwant
shav
edi
ff
erentpr
ior
it
y

Chal
lengesf
acedi
nthesat
isf
act
ionofhumanwant
s
 Humanwant
sar
etoomanyandv
ari
edt
osat
isf
yful
l
y

 The resour
ces needed f
ort
he sat
isf
act
ion ofhuman want
s ar
e nev
er
enough

 Resour
cesar
escar
ce

 Peopl
emustcont
inual
l
ylookf
orf
reshr
esour
cest
osat
isf
yrecur
ri
ngwant
s

 Humanwant
schangewi
tht
ime,
ageandgender

Goodsandser
vices
 Goodsar
etangi
blev
isi
bleobj
ect
sthatcanbeusedt
osat
isf
yhumanwant
s

 Ser
vices ar
ei nt
angi
ble ef
fort
s oractst
hatcan sat
isf
yhuman want
s.
Ser
vicescannotbeseeni.
e.notvi
sibl
e

Goodscanbecat
egor
izedasf
oll
ows

 Fr
eegoodsandeconomi
cgoods
 Fr
eegoodsar
egi
ft
sofnat
uree.
g.sunshi
ne,
rai
n,oceans

 Theyhav
eut
il
it
ybutnomonet
aryv
alue

 Economi cgoodsar
escar
ceinsuppl
yandhavemoneyv
aluee.
g.TV,
books,
miner
alset
c
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmail.
com.MrOri
osa0743241064 7
  Pr
oducerandconsumergoods
 Producergoodsareusedi
nproduci
ngother
.Theyar
eal
soknownascapi
tal
goodse.g.machines,
equi
pmentsandt
ools.

 Consumergoods arereadil
yusable bythe f
inalconsumer
.E.
g.f
ood,
cl
othi
ng,f
urni
tur
e,cosmet
ics,medi
cineet
c

 Per
ishabl
eanddur
abl
egoods
 Per
ishabl
egoodsgobadeasil
yunlessst
oredusi
ngv
eryspeci
alf
aci
l
iti
es
e.
g.meat,mi
lk,
veget
abl
es,
tomatoes.

 Durabl
egoodsconti
nuegivi
ngservicesforalongtimeandcanbespoi
l
ed
byagentssuchaswearandteare.
gr adi
o,f
urni
tur
e,bui
l
dings,

 Publ
i
candpr
ivat
egoods
 Publi
c goods bel
ong to no one in par
ti
cul
arbutar e owned by the
governmentorbyallofuscol l
ecti
vel
ye.g.roads,ai
rpor
ts,r
iver
s,publi
c
hospi
t al
s,publ
i
cpar
ks,
rail
ways,chur
chesetc.

 Pr
ivategoodsar
eownedbypriv
ateindiv
idual
sinthei
rpri
vatecapaci
ti
es
ei
thersi
ngl
yorasagr
oupe.
g.per
sonalcars,
pri
vat
eschool
setc.

 I
nter
medi
ategoodsandf
ini
shedgoods
 I
nter
mediategoodsareusedasinputs/
rawmater
ial
stobepr
ocessedi
ntoa
moreusefulf
orm.E.
gsisal
,sugarcane,
wood,
cott
onetc.

 Fini
shed goodsarefinalpr
oduct
st hatcomeoutofpr ocessi
ng int
he
requi
redform(out
put
)e.gfl
ourf
rom maizeorwheat
,dr
essfr
om cott
on.

 Mat
eri
algoodsandnonmat
eri
algoods
 Materialgoodsar
ecommodi
ti
est
hatar
etangi
blee.
gfood,books,chai
rs,
vehi
cles,shoes

 Non-
mat
eri
algoodsar
eint
angi
blee.
g.t
eachi
ng,
nur
singet
c

Di
ff
erencesbet
weengoodsandser
vices
Goods Ser
vice
 Ar etangibleiecanbeseen,t ouched  Ar ei ntangiblei.
e.cannotbe seen
orfelt touched
 Notal waysexhaust
edduringuse  Al waysuseduporexhaust edaf t
er
everyact
 Identical goods can be cr eated  Ar edi f
ficulttomakei denti
calsince
thr
oughmasspr oducti
on theyvaryov ertomeandpr ovi
der
 Thepr icepaidisforthepossession  Pr icepai distheeffectoftheactor
orowner shi
pofthegood theeffort
 Sur plus goods can be stored for  Cannotbe pr ovi
ded in excess and
l
atteruse oncepr ovidedcantbestoredlat
er
 Ar e easi ly separabl
e f r
om t he  Ar einsepar abl
ecantbe
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 8
 pr
oducer
s

Economi
cresour
ces
 Theseareinputsneededi
ntheproduct
ionpr
ocessi
nor
dert
opr
oducewhati
s
requi
redt
osatisf
yhumanwants.

 Theyar
ethemeansbywhi
chpr
oduct
ionandpr
ovi
sionofgoodsandser
vicesi
s
madepossi
ble.

Ty
pesofeconomi
cresour
ces
Natur
alresour
ces–Ar
egi
ft
sofnat
uree.
g.l
and,nat
uralf
orest
s,r
iver
s,oceansand
miner
als

Art
if
ici
alresour
ces–Ar emanmader
esour
cese.
g.machi
ner
y,t
ool
s,t
armacr
oads,
dams,rai
l
way sl
ineset
c

Humanr esources–Ref er
stomentalandorphysi
calef
for
tsr
enderedbypeopl et
o
organizati
onsortootherhumanbei
ngsinpr
oduci
nggoodsandprov
idingser
vicese.
g.
nurses,teacher
s,pai
nter
s,dri
ver
s.

Economi
cresour
cescanbedi
vi
dedi
nto

 Renewabl
eresour
ces

 Non-
renewabl
eresour
ces

Renewabl
er esour
cesarethosewhosesuppl
ycanber est
oredandi
fnot
,cr
eat
ing
goodsandservi
cesisr
educedandi
tmaystopal
toget
her

Non-
renewabler
esour
cesar
ethosewhosesuppl ycannotbest
oredaf
teruse.Usi
ng
t
heseresour
cesl
eadstot
hei
rexhaust
ionsoonerorl
atter

Exampl
eofr
enewabl
eandnonr
enewabl
eresour
ces

Renewableresources Non-renewabler
esour
ces
Wood Coal
Naturalr
ubber Buil
dingstones
Wool Gravel
Sil
k Ir
on
Leather Aluminium
Solarenergy Gold
Hydro-el
ectr
icpower Lead
Windpower Naturalgas
Sodaash
Vehicl
e

Char
act
eri
sti
csofeconomi
cresour
ces
 Theyar
escar
ce

 Theyhav
emonet
aryv
alue
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 9
  Theyar
eunev
enl
ydi
str
ibut
ed

 Theycanbeusedt
ocr
eat
egoodsandser
vice

 Theycanbecombi
nedt
oget
heri
ndi
ff
erentpr
opor
ti
onst
ocr
eat
egoodsand
ser
vices

 Theycanbet
ransf
ormedf
rom onepar
tyt
oanot
her

Scar
cit
y,choi
ceandoppor
tuni
tycost
 Scar
cit
yisusedt
odescr
ibet
hel
i
mit
ednat
ureofeconomi
cresour
ces

 Choiceidtheactofdeci di
ngwhatwant st
osati
sfyfi
rstwitht
hescar
ceori n
adequater
esourcesav ai
l
abl
e.Choi
cei smadewit
hal i
stofscal
eofprefer
ence
whichisal
istofunsat
isfi
edwant
sarrangedi
nor
derofpr
iori
ty

 Opport
unit
ycostistheval
ueofthebestfor
egonealt
ernat
ive.Ther ealcostof
sat
isf
yinganywanti
stheal
ter
nat
ivet
hathast
obefor
egoneinor dert
odoso

CHAPTERFOUR

PRODUCTI
ON

I
t’
sthecr
eat
ionofgoodsorpr
ovi
sionofser
vicest
osat
isf
yhumanwant
s

Iti
nvol
vesact
ivi
ti
esoft
ransf
ormi
ngofmat
eri
alsi
ntof
ini
shedgoods,
transpor
tat
ion
andstor
age

Ut
il
it
y

Ut
il
it
y_-
ist
heabi
l
ityofagoodorser
vicest
osat
isf
yhumanwant
s.

Ty
pesofut
il
it
y
Form uti
li
ty–t
hisischangingthef
orm ofacommodi
tybyconv
ert
ingr
awmat
eri
alst
o
fi
nishedgoods.e.
g.sugarcanemaybeconvert
edi
ntosugar

TimeUt i
li
ty-
thisi
scr
eat
edwhenagoodi sst
oredunt
ili
tisappropri
atet
imetousei
t.
Example,
storingf
oodst
uffi
ntheschool
stor
eduri
ngtheholidaytousewhenthe
school
opens.

PlaceUt
il
it
y-thi
sisbri
dgi
ngthegeogr
aphi
calgapbetweentheproducerof
commodityandit
sconsumersthr
oughtr
ansport
ati
on.Example,
transpor
ti
ngbooks
fr
om abookshoptotheschool
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 10
Possessi
veUtil
ity
-thi
sreferstothetr
ansferofownershi
pofgoodandservi
cesfrom
onepersontoanotheritmay bedonethr
ought r
ade.Exampl
e,ownershi
pofbreadmay
betr
ansferr
edfrom acant eenownertoaconsumerwhent hecust
omerbuysit.

Ty
pesofpr
oduct
ion
Di
rectandI
ndi
rectPr
oduct
ion
Di
rectpr
oduct
ion(
subsi
stencepr
oduct
ion)
I
sty
peofpr
oduct
ionf
rom onesownper
sonal
consumpt
ion

Char
act
eri
sti
csofDi
rectPr
oduct
ion

 Goodsandser vi
cesareoflowqual
ityandquanti
ty
 Leadstolowstandardsofli
vi
ng.
 Encouragesindi
vidual
i
sm
 Canv eryti
ri
ng
 Doesnotencourageinvent
ionandinnovati
on
 Noonehast heabili
tyt
oprovideal
lthathe/sher
equi
res
b)I
ndi
rectpr
oducti
on

Pr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vicesf
orsal
e

Char
act
eri
sti
csofI
ndi
rectPr
oduct
ion

 Leadhighquali
tyandquant
itygoods.
 Producti
onwithaviewofexchange.
 Itresul
tsi
nsurpl
usproduct
ionofgoodsandser
vices
LevelofProduct
ionandRelat
edOccupation
Pr
imar
yLevel

 Thi
slevel
isalsocal
l
edext
ract
ivel
evel
,i
nvol
vesext
ract
ionofgoodsf
rom t
hei
r
nat
ural
setti
ng.

 Theproduct
scanbeusedi nt
hestat
etheyareorcanbeprocessedt
omake
them moreusef
ul.exampl
ewater
,mini
ng,f
ishi
ng.Lumber
inge.t.
c

Secondar
yLevel

 I
nv ol
vestr
ansformati
onofrawmateri
alsint
ofini
shedpr
oduct
sormoreusef
ul
product
sincl
uding;manuf
actur
inge.
g.foodprocessi
ng,
Const
ruct
ione.
g.
houseandroads

Ter
ti
aryLevel

 I
nvol
vespr
ovi
sionofser
vices.Di
vi
dedi
ntocommer
cial
anddi
rect

Commer
cialser
vices
Act
ivi
ti
esei
thert
radeorconsi
stt
radet
otakepl
acee.
gwhol
esel
l
ing,
ret
ail
i
ng,
banki
ng.

Di
rectPer
sonalSer
vice

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 11
Ser
vicerender
edbyi
ndi
vi
dual
dir
ectt
otheconsumere.
gnur
singt
eachi
ngandl
egal
ser
vice.

Fact
orsofPr
oduct
sandThei
rRewar
ds
Ar
eresour
ces/
agent
srequi
redi
npr
oduct
ione.
g

 Land

 Labour

 Capi
tal

 Ent
repr
eneur
shi
p

Land

 Nat
ural
resour
cee.
g.mi
ner
als,
soi
l
set
c

 Theyar
eal
lthenat
ural
resour
cesbel
oworabov
etheear
thsur
face.

 Ther
ewar
dsar
erent
,rat
eorr
oyal
ty

Char
act
eri
sti
csofLandasaFact
orofPr
oduct
ion

 Itisabasi cf actorofpr oducti

on, t
hatis,producti
oncan’ ttakeplacewi t
houti
t.
 Itssuppl yisfixedt hatis,wecannotaddmor eearthserviceont owhatnat ur
e
haspr ovi
ded.
 Itlacksgeogr aphicalmobi l
it
yi.eitcannotbemov edf r
om onegeogr aphi
calto
anot her.
 Qual i
tyisnothomogeneous. Productivi
tyofonepi eceofl andwillhave
differentlevelsoff er
ti
lit
y,mineraldeposits,soi
ltextur
esandv aryi
ngclimate
condi ti
ons
 Product ivi
tyofl andcanbei ncreasedbyi ncreasi
ngqual ityandquant it
yof
capi t
al
 It’
ssubj ecttot helawofdi mini
shingreturn.
 It’
sanat uralresource
Labour

 Humanef fort
sareappl iedinpr oducti
oneit
herphysi
calormental
 Notallhumanef f
or tislabour.Forittobecomelabouri
tmustbeai medat
producti
onandbepai df or
.
 Rewardsar ewagesandsal ary.
 Labourmaybeski lled,semi skil
ledorunskil
l
ed.Whichi
sdeter
mi nedbythel
vel
ofeducation,
trai
ningandexper ience

Capit
al
 Refer stoallt
hear ti
fi
cialresourcesusedint heproducti
onofgoodsand
services
 Ther earetwot ypesofcapi talnamelyfi
xedandoper ati
ng/cir
culati
ngcapi
tal
 Fixedcapi t
alaret hi
ngst hatstayinabusinessalmostper manent l
ye.g.
machi nery,bui
ldings,vehicl
e,furni
tur
eetc
 Wor king/ci
rcul
atingcapit al
getsusedupev eryt
imei tsappl
iedinthe
emmanuel oriosa@gmai l.
com.MrOr iosa0743241064 12
 producti
onprocesse.
g.r
awmateri
alandmoney
.
 Capi tal
isrewardedi
nfor
m ofi
nter
est
Ent
repreneur

 Thi
si sani
ndivi
dualwhoi
denti
fi
esabusi
nessoppor
tuni
ty,
devot
esthefactor
s
ofproduct
ionandstar
tsabusi
nessv
entur
ewhichmayinvolv
ethecreat
ionof
goodsandservice

 Theent
repr
eneurpay
sfort
heser
vicesofal
ltheot
herf
act
orsofpr
oduct
ion

 Hemakesi mpor
tantdeci
sionsi
nbusinesse.
gs/hedeci
deswhatt
oproduceor
sell
,howmuchtoproduceorsellandwhatmethodst
oapplyi
nthepr
oducti
on
process.

 Ther
ewar
dforent
repr
eneuri
spr
ofi
t

Di
vi
sionofl
abourandspeci
ali
zat
ion
Di
vi
sionofl
abour

 Thi
soccur
swhent
hepr
oduct
ionpr
ocessi
sspl
i
tint
omanyst
agesor
oper
ati
ons

 Eachstageinvolv
esaspecialt
askperfor
medbyoneorgr oupofworkers.For
exampl
e, i
nclothemakingfact
ory
,theproduct
ionprocessisorgani
zedinsuch
awaythateachwor kerperf
ormsanlyasmallpartofthewholeoperat
ion.
Somecutt heclothmater
ial
,ot
hersjoi
norsewt hem t
ogether,
other
sfixing
butt
onsetc

Speci
ali
zat
ion

 Thi
soccur
swhenonewor
kerper
for
mscer
tai
nspeci
fi
ctasksofaj
ob

 Itensur
esthatwor
ker
sconcentrat
eondoingthosej
obswhi
cht
heyar
ebest
suit
edinter
msofskil
l
s,qual
if
icati
onandexperi
ence

Advant
agesofdi
vi
sionofl
abourandspeci
ali
zat
ion

 Worker
sski
ll
sareenhancedbecauseofper
for
mingr
epet
it
ivet
asks,
resul
ti
ngi
n
cr
eati
onofexper
ts.

 Wor
ker
ssuf
ferl
essf
ati
gueast
heyconcent
rat
eondoi
ngonet
aski
nonepl
ace

 Newt al
ent
sandinventi
onsar
edev el
opedasworker
sper f
ormrepet
it
ivet
asks
henceonecandetectandcor
rectweaknessesi
nthetechni
quesused

 Wor
kisdoneatafasterrat
eduetorepet
it
ivenatur
eoft
asksandr
educed
mov
ementofworkersfrom onest
ati
ontoanother

 Goodsandser
vicesproducedar
eusual
l
yofhi
ghqual
i
tysi
nceski
l
lsofwor
ker
s
ar
ematchedwithtasks
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 13
  Useofmachinesi
smadepossi
bleleadi
ngtostandar
dizat
ionofpr
oduct
sand
l
owerproduct
ioncost
,whi
chi
nturnleadst
ohigherprofi
ts

 Ov
eral
lout
puti
ncr
easesbecausewor
kisdoneatf
ast
err
ate

 Pl
anningandmanagementofwor
ker
sbecomeseasywhi
chi
ncr
eases
ef
fi
ciencyi
norgani
zat
ion

Di
sadvant
agesofdi
vi
sionofl
abourandspeci
ali
zat
ion

 Workersmaysuf
ferf
rom bor
edom duet
omonot
onyofdoi
ngt
hesamet
hing
r
epeatedl
y

 I
ndi
vidual
worker
scannoti
dent
if
ythemsel
vesi
nthefinal
product
ssi
nce
wor
kersperf
orm onl
ysmal
lpar
tofthewhol
eprocess

 I
ncaseoflossofjobs,suchworker
sfinditdi
ffi
cul
ttogetnewj
obsbecause
t
heyarespecial
i
zedi napart
icul
arfi
eldonly.

 Leadstointer
dependencebet
weencountri
es,
businessesori
ndi
vi
dual
swhich
mayleadtoshor t
ageofgoodsandser
vicesespecial
l
yinti
mesofconf
li
ctor
natur
alcalamit
ies

 Useofmachi
nesmayr
educeempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esbyr
epl
aci
ngmanual
l
abour
.

 Wor
ker
sev
ent
ual
l
yloseski
l
lsowi
ngt
otheov
er-
dependenceonmachi
nes

 Duetospeci
ali
zat
ion,
probl
em atonest
agecandi
sruptt
hewhol
epr
oduct
ion
pr
ocess.

Mobi
li
tyoff
act
orsofpr
oduct
ion

 Thisi
sthemov ementort
hetr
ansferofaf
actorofpr
oducti
onfrom one
geogr
aphical
areatoanot
herofor
m oneoccupati
ontoanother

 Hori
zontal
mobi
l
ityi
sthemov
ementf
rom oneof
fi
cet
oanot
heri
nthesame
capaci
ty

 Vert
ical
mobil
i
tyi
sthemov
ementf
rom onegr
adet
oanot
heri
nthesame
occupat
ion

 Landl
acksgeogr
aphi
cal
mobi
l
itybuthi
ghl
yoccupat
ional
l
ymobi
l
e

 Capi
tal–f
ixedcapi
tal
lacksgeogr
aphi
cal
mobi l
i
t yandoccupat
ionalmobi
li
ty.
Equi
pment
s, t
ool
sandmoneymaybegeogr aphicall
yandoccupati
onal
lymobil
e

 Labour–it’
sthemosthighlymobilefactorofpr
oducti
onwhet
her
geographi
cal
ly
,occupat
ionall
y,hor
izontall
yorevenver
ti
cal
l
y.

Fact
orshi
nder
ingmobi
l
ityofl
abour

 Nat
ural
tal
entandabi
l
itydi
ff
erf
rom onei
ndi
vi
dual
toanot
her
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 14
  Trai
ningi
nvol
veddf
oronet
oacqui
reski
l
lsi
nnewoccupat
ionscanbel
engt
hy
andexpensi
ve

 Someorganizat
ionshavest
ri
ctr
egulat
ionsbar
ringnewent
rant
sfr
om j
oini
ng
thesepr
ofessi
onse.g.l
aw,medi
cineandarchi
tect
ure

 Somejobst
houghnotwel
lrewar
dinghav
ebet
tert
ermsofser
viceandpensi
on
schemes

 Adver
seclimati
ccondit
ionscausediscomf
ortanddi
seasedi
scour
agepeopl
e
fr
om changinggeogr
aphical
locat
ions

 I
gnor
ancebywor
ker
sonav
ail
abl
ejoboppor
tuni
ti
es

 Geographi
caltr
ansf
eri
nvol
vest
ranspor
tcost
s,changi
ngr
esi
denceandschool
ofoneschil
dren

 Secur
it
yandpol
i
tical
stabi
l
ityofgi
venr
egi
on

 Soci
alt
iest
hatbi
ndonet
ohi
s/hercommuni
ty

 Languager
ulesoni
mmi
grat
ions

CHAPTERFI
VE
ENTREPRENEURSHI
P

Theprocessofi
denti
fyingabusi
nessoppor
tuni
tyandget
ti
ngnecessar
yresour
cest
o
st
artandrunabusiness.

ENTREPRENEUR-Aper
soni
nvol
vedi
nent
repr
eneur
shi
p

I
mpor
tancet
otheeconomy

 creationofempl oyment
 format ionofcapi t
al
 reducingr uralurbanmi grati
on
 rai
singst andardsofl ivi
ng
 savingi mpor t
 impr ov i
ngi nfr
ast r
uct ures
 reducingf orei
gndomi nance
 maki nguseofl ocal r
esour ces
 promot i
onoft echnol ogy
 promot i
onofent repreneur i
alcult
ure
Charact
eristicsofanent repreneur
emmanuel oriosa@gmai l
.com.MrOr i
osa0743241064 15
 1.Desiretoar chive
2.Abili
tytosol veproblems
3.Readinesst ot akerisk
4.I
niti
ative
5.Ti
meconsci ousness
6.Creativ
ityandi nnovat i
on
7.I
ndependence
8.Selfconfidence
9.Persist
enceandpat ience
10.Seeki nformat i
on
11.Conceptbef orehighqual i
typr
oduct
s
12.Commi tmentt owor k
13.Desireforf eedback

BusinessIdea
Iswhatiscooki
ngi
nthemi
ndofanent
repr
eneurconcr
eti
ngonpr
ospect
ivebusi
ness
concept
;

1.Product
2.Mar ket
3.Locat i
on
4.Management
5.Obj ectiv
es
Sourcesofi deas
 newspaper s
 showsandexhi biti
ons
 magazi nesal t
itude
 hobbies
 vocational t
raining\exper
ience
 survey s
 wast eproduct s
 li
steningtowhatpeopl ebuy
 sportingamar ketgap
Busi
nessoppor tunit
y

Afavor
abl
echancet
hatent
repr
eneurconcept
sfori
nvest
ment
s.Exi
stwer
ether
eisa
gap.

 I
nav ai
labili
tyofpr
oduct
s
 Quali
typroduct
 I
nsuffi
cientquanti
ti
es
 unaffordablepri
ces
 poorservices

Per
sonalConsi
der
ati
ons

 Objecti
ves
 Skil
ls
 Commi t
ment
 Int
erests
emmanuel
oriosa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 16
Busi
nessConsi
der
ati
ons

 Avai
labi
l
ityofmarket
 Technol
ogy–appropri
ati
on
-
-Cost

-Suf
fer
ingi
ncaseofoutdat
ed

C.Rawmat
eri
als–qual
i
tyandquant
it
ypr
ices

D.Gov
ernmentpol
i
cy–r
equi
rementbef
orest
art
ingt
hebusi
ness

E.Ot
her
s–amountofcapi
tal

-Lev
elofcompet
it
ion

-Di
ff
icul
ti
esi
nmar
ket
ing

-Expansi
onpossi
bil
i
ties

-Secur
it
y

-Lev
elofdev
elopment

Busi
nessPl
an
Adocumentthathi
ghl
ightstheobj
ect
ivesoft
hebusi
nessandst
epst
obef
oll
owedi
n
or
dertoachi
evetheobject
ives

 Nameofbusi ness
 producttobesol d
 personal t
omanage
 capitalneeded
 mar kettobeserved
 typeofempl oyees
 projecti
on
 summar yofplan
Needf
orabusi nessplan

 Avoidmi stakes
 i
dentify
ingst rengthandweakness
 requi
rementbyf inanci
als
 determinationofamountoffinance
 All
ocationofr esources
 mot i
vati
ngf actors
 adoptabili
ty
Tool
sForCont rol
Fact
orsi
nfl
uenci
ngent
repr
eneurpr
act
ices

 Gov ernmentpol
ici
es
 inf
rast r
uctur
e
 levelsofeducat
ionandskil
l
s
 availabil
i
tyofmarket
emmanuelori
osa@gmai l
.com.MrOri
osa0743241064 17
  avail
abil
it
yofresour
ces
 cult
ure
 compet i
ti
on
 poli
ti
calstabi
li
ty
 natural
factor
s
CausesofBusinessSuccess

 Abi
l
ityt
omanagepeopl
e

 Hir
ing–Processofacquir
ingnewemploy
eestotakeupnewposi
ti
ons
ortober
eplacedemployeeswholef
tthebusi
ness

 Assigni
ngdut i
es–al l
ocatingemployeesduti
esaccor
dingl
y
 Properlocati
on–av ail
abil
ityofcust
omers
 Av ai
l
abil
ityofrawmat er
ials.
 Adequatef i
nance
 lackofcompet it
ion
 commi t
mentoft hebusi
ness
 propermanagementofr esources/fi
nances
 properdebtmanagement
Et
hicalI
ssuesinBusiness
Ethi
cs–setofval
uesandpr
inci
pleswhi
chi
nfl
uencehowi
ndi
vi
dual
groupsofpeopl
e
andsoci
etybehav
e

Busi
nessEt
hics–deal
swi
thhowsuchv
aluesaf
fectbusi
nessoper
ati
on

Whyshoul
dwehavebusi
nesset
hics?

 Createfai
rnessincompet i
ti
on
 ensurefai
rplay
 ensuresnodi scri
minat
ioninbusiness
 ensuresprotecti
onoftheenv i
ronment
 ensuresempl oyeesri
ghtsareupheld
 av oi
dpoll
ution
 avoidconsumeexpl oit
ati
on

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 18
CHAPTERSI
X

THEOFFI
CE

An of
fi
ce is a place,a room ora bui l
ding setasi
de i
n an organi
zati
on wher
e
communicat
ion,secret
ari
al,account
ing,
admi ni
str
ati
onandcl
eri
calworktakepl
ace

Funct
ionsofanof
fi
ce

 Recei
vi
ngandr
ecor
dingi
nfor
mat
ion
Theof fi
cer ecei
vesinf
ormati
onbysuchmeansal et
ter
s,tel
ephonecal
ls,order
s,
i
nvoices,facet ofaceconv
ersat
ionandr
epor
ts.I
nformati
onmayber ecordedand
st
ored

 Di
str
ibut
ionofi
nfor
mat
ion
Thi
sispassi
ngi
nfor
mat
iont
otheof
fi
cer
sconcer
nedf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
onoract
ion.

 Mai
li
ng
Iti
sanoffi
cewhereout
-goingcor
respondenceandpar
cel
sfr
om v
ari
ousdepar
tment
s
arepr
ocessedanddi
spatched

 Repr
oduct
ionofdocument
.donet
hrough:
-
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 19
 Car
boncopy
ing
I
t’
samet hodusedt
oobt
aincopi
esusi
ngcar
bon.Conv
eni
entwhenget
ti
ngal
i
mit
ed
numberofcopi
es

Advant
agesofcar
boncopy
ing

 Conv
eni
entespeci
all
ywher
efewcopi
esar
erequi
red

 Cheap

 Nospeci
alt
rai
ningr
equi
red

Di
sadvant
ages

 Notconv
eni
entf
ormanycopi
es

 Copi
escoul
dbemi
sal
i
gned

 Poorqual
i
ty

 Diff
icul
tt o pr
oduce di
ff
erentcol
our
s copi
es ofphot
ogr
aphs cannotbe
reproduced

Dupl
icat
ing

 Pr
ocessofr
epr
oduci
ngascopyorassuccessi
onofcopi
esf
rom amast
ercopy

 Usedwhenmanycopi
esar
etobepr
oduced

 Canbet
hroughi
nkdupl
i
cat
ingorspi
ri
tdupl
i
cat
ing

I
nkdupl
icat
ing

 Repr
oduci
ngusi
ngi
nkdupl
i
cat
ion

Advant
ages

 Cheapwhenmanycopi
esneeded

 Er
ror
scanbecor
rect
ed

 Per
manentcopi
esofgoodqual
i
ty

 Fast

 St
enci
lcanbest
oredt
ober
eused

Di
sadvant
ages

 Expensi
vewhenf
ewcopi
esr
equi
red

 Ti
meconsumi
ng

 Onl
ycoar
seabsor
bentpaperi
susedhencenotsui
tabl
eforqual
i
tycopi
es
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 20
  Separ
atedr
unsr
equi
redi
ftwoormor
ecol
our
sar
eneeded

Spi
ri
tdupl
icat
ing

 Met
hodofdupl
i
cat
ingwher
easpi
ri
tdupl
i
cat
ori
sused

Advant
ages

 Economi
cal
whenf
ecopi
esneeded

 Copi
escanbepr
oducedunsev
eral
col
ors

Di
sadvant
ages

 Notsui
tabl
eformanycopi
es

 Copi
esf
adeoutwi
tht
ime

 Expensi
ve

 Phot
ocopy
ing

 Repr
oduct
ionofanexactcopyofanor
igi
nal
documentbyuseofphot
ocopi
er

Advant
ages

 Cheapi
ffewcopi
esneeded

 Qui
ckert
handupl
i
cat
ingorpr
int
ing

 Nospeci
alt
rai
ningneed

 Copi
espr
oducedofhi
ghqual
i
ty

 Col
oredcopi
esal
soav
ail
abl
e

 Noneedf
orcompar
isonwi
thor
igi
nal

 Nopol
l
uti
on

Di
sadvant
ages

 Expensi
vef
orl
argenumberofcopi
es

 Copi
esf
adeov
ert
ime

 Onl
ysel
ect
edcol
ourcanbecopi
ed

 Conv
eni
enthenceeasi
l
ymi
sused

 Cannotbeusedwi
thoutel
ect
ri
cit
y

 Pr
int
ing
Methodofproducingdocument susi
ngeitherprint
ingmachi
neormechani
calmeans.
Themethodsofpr i
nti
ngcanbecl assi
fi
edont het y
peofpri
nti
ngmachi
nesandt he
ty
peofdocument stobepr oducedasfol
lows:-
emmanuelor
iosa@gmai l.
com.MrOr i
osa0743241064 21
Comput
ers

 Copi
escanbeproducedusi
ngapr i
nteratt
achedt
oacomput
eri
nfor
mat
ioni
s
j
ustf
edandthecomputeri
dinst
ruct
edt opri
nt

Advant
ages

 Hi
ghqual
i
tycopi
es

 Di
ff
erentcol
orscanbepr
oduced

 Conv
eni
entf
ormanycopi
es

 Nopol
l
uti
on

Di
sadvant
ages

 Expensi
ve

 Tr
ainedper
sonnel
requi
red

 El
ect
ri
cit
yisr
equi
redt
ooper
ate

St
enci
l(scr
een)pr
int
ing

 Met
hodofpr
int
ingwher
eascr
eeni
sused

 Thescr
eeni
scutmechani
cal
l
yorbyuseofmachi
ne

 Themethodisusedtopri
ntlar
geandi
rr
egul
arsur
facest
hatcannotbef
edi
na
machi
newidelyi
ntext
il
eindust
ries

Advant
ages

 Cheap

 Li
tt
let
rai
ningr
equi
red

 Adapt
abl
e

 Canbeusedt
opr
oducev
ari
etyofcol
our
s

Di
sadvant
ages

 Poorqual
i
ty

 Masspr
oduct
ioni
sdi
ff
icul
t

Of
fsetl
it
hogr
aphy
Wheredocumentsarer eproducedusi
ngapr int
ingmachi
ne.Thedocumentt obe
repr
oduced i
sf i
lmed using a camer
a.Lithogr
aphy i
s mai
nly used f
orpr i
nti
ng
documentssuchasbooks, f
il
esfor
ms,cer
ti
fi
catesandal
sotopri
ntonplasti
c,metal
s
andclot
h

Advant
ages

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 22
  Document
spr
oducedar
eofhi
ghqual
i
ty

 Appr
opr
iat
eformasspr
oduct
ion

 Di
ff
erentcol
orcanbepr
oduced

Di
sadvant
ages

 I
nit
ial
andmai
ntenancecost
sofmachi
nesar
ehi
gh

 Tr
ainedmanpoweri
srequi
red

 Pol
l
utest
heenv
ironment

 Pri
nti
ngismai
nlydoneonpaperwhi
chi
sobt
ainedf
rom t
rees.Thi
smayl
eadt
o
def
orest
ati
on

Fi
li
ng

 Fi
li
ngistheprocessofcl
assi
fyi
ngandar
rangi
ngofdocument
sandr
ecor
dsf
or
easyr
etr
ival
byof f
icest
aff

 I
nfor
mati
onr
eceivedi
nanorgani
zati
onisstor
edmainl
yinf
il
es.Thi
sensur
es
t
hati
nfor
mat
ion/
document
saresafe,
neatandti
dy.

 Fi
li
ngenablesoff
icest
afft
olocat
edocument
swhi
cht
heymayneedeasi
l
y,
conveni
ent
lyandqui
ckl
y.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofgoodf
il
ingsy
stem

 Si
mpl
i
cit
y–Shoul
dbesi
mpl
etounder
standandoper
ate

 Compact
ness-shoul
doccupyl
i
ttl
espace

 Sui
tabi
l
ity–Appr
opr
iat
etot
heneedsoft
hebusi
ness

 Classif
icat
ion–fil
esshoul
dbenamedandnumber
edt
omakei
teasyt
okeep
andr et
riev
ethem

 Elast
ici
ty– sy
stem shoul
dbef
lexi
ble,t
hati
scat
erf
orf
utur
echangesand
expansi
on

 Saf
ety–Document
sshoul
dbesaf
e

 Economi
cal
–Fi
l
ingsy
stem shoul
dnotbeexpensi
vet
ost
artandt
omai
ntai
n

Rol
eoff
il
ing

 Document
sar
epr
otect
edf
rom l
ossanddamage

 I
tai
dsi
nof
fi
cet
idi
nessandef
fi
ciency

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 23
  I
t’
sani
mpor
tantai
dtomemor
y

 Ensur
esi
nfor
mat
ioni
sst
oredsy
stemat
ical
l
yandt
huscanber
etr
iev
edeasi
l
y

Saf
eguar
dingandcont
rol
li
ngor
gani
zat
ionspr
oper
ty
Theof
fi
ceformulatessy stemsandpoli
ciesregardi
ngasset
s,keepi
ngr
ecor
dsoft
hei
r
movementorusage,issuingdi
rect
ivesontheiruseetc.

Communi
cat
ion
Communi
cat
ion i
st he passi
ng of i
nfor
mat i
on fr
om one person to anot
her
.
Communi
cat
ionf
rom wi
thi
nandoutoftheorgani
zat
iongoest
hroughtheof
fi
ce.

Of
fi
cel
ayout

 Ref
erst
ot heout
look,ar
rangementandposi
ti
oni
ngoff
urni
tur
eandequi
pment
i
nanoff
ice.

Ty
pesofof
fi
cel
ayout\

Openl
ayout
Thi
sisalar
ger oom wher
eallst
affwork,butar
egr
oupedaccor
dingt
othet
ypeof
workt
heydoforexampl
easfoundinmanybanks.

Advant
agesofopenof
fi
cel
ayout

 Easysuper
visi
onofwor
ker
s

 Const
ruct
ioncosti
slowbecausepar
ti
ti
onsar
efew

 Easyl
ocat
ionofwor
ker
s

 St
affmov
ementi
smi
nimi
zedt
hussav
ingt
imeonpassi
ngcommuni
cat
ion

 Workers make good use ofoff

ice machiner
yand equi
pmentsi
nce cl
ose
super
visi
ondiscour
agesthem f
rom misusi
ngthem

 Mai
ntenancecosti
slow

 Fl
oorspacei
ssav
ed

 I
tscheapt
odecor
ate

Di
sadvant
ages

 Di
srupt
ionf
rom col
l
eagues

 Seni
orworker
snotplaced i
nar
easofpr
ivacyand i
tbecomesdi
ff
icul
tto
communi
catewit
hjuni
ors

 Unt
idyandun-
busi
nessl
i
keappear
ance

 Overcr
owdi
ng,ai
rcondi
ti
oni
ng,l
i
ght
ingandheat
ingi
nther
oom maynotne
conduci
vet
oall
.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 24
  Ther
eisnoi
sef
rom machi
nes

Encl
osedof
fi
ce
Thisoffi
ceisnor
mall
yoccupiedbyoneper
sonort
wousual
l
yhav
ingt
hei
rnamesand
designat
ionpi
nnedonthedoor

Advant
ages

 Ther
eispr
ivacyf
orconf
ident
ial
discussi
on

 Ther
eisl
essnoi
se

 Conduci
vewor
kingenv
ironment

 Conf
erst
atusont
opl
evel
stat
us

 Easi
ert
omai
ntai
nthanopenof
fi
ce.

Landscapeof
fi
cel
ayout

 Si
mil
aropenof
fi
cel
ayoutbutofhi
gherst
andar
dsi
nter
msofl
ook,
fur
nit
ureand
ot
herequi
pment
s

 Seni
orof
fi
cer
soccupyhi
gherpl
atf
ormsf
oreasysuper
visi
onofj
uni
orof
fi
cer
s

Advant
ages

 Pr
omot
est
eam wor
k

 Pr
omot
esshar
ingofof
fi
ceequi
pment
s

 Easysuper
visi
onofwor
ker
s

 Lowmai
ntenancescost

 Easyl
ocat
ionofwor
ker
s

 Di
scour
agesabsent
eesofempl
oyees

 Decor
ati
onspr
ovi
deat
tract
iveandconduci
vewor
kingenv
ironment

Of
fi
ceequi
pment
Thesear
efaci
l
iti
esusedi
nanof
fi
cet
omakewor
keasi
erandef
fi
cient

Rol
eofof
fi
ceequi
pment

 Speedupandsi
mpl
ywor
kthati
sti
meandl
aborsav
ing

 Enhanceneat
nessandaccur
acy

 Ensur
esecur
it
yofdocument
s

 Pr
ovi
descomf
ort
abl
ewor
kingenv
ironment

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
heof
fi
ceequi
pment
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 25
  Gui
ll
oti
ne–Usedf
ort
ri
mmi
ngdocument
stot
her
equi
redshapes

 Paperpunch–Tomakehol
esi
npaper
sforf
il
ing

 St
apl
ingmachi
ne–Forpi
nni
ngpaper
stoget
her

 St
apl
eremov
er–Tor
emov
epi
nsf
rom paper

 Fol
dingmachi
ne–Fol
dingl
ett
ersandseal
i
ngenv
elopes

 Fr
anki
ngmachi
ne–Forpr
int
ingpost
agei
mpr
essi
ononenv
elopes

 Addr
essi
ngmachi
ne–Forpr
int
ingaddr
essesonmai
l

 Sor
ti
ngmachi
ne–Forsor
ti
ngl
ett
er

 Let
teropener–Foropeni
ngl
ett
ers

 Composit
e – To f
old document
s,pl
ace t
hem i
n env
elopes and sealt
he
env
elope

 Ty
pewr
it
er–Fort
ypi
ngl
ett
ers,
repor
ts

 Di
ctat
ing machine – For maki
ng shor
t hand di
ctat
ions and r
ecor
ding
i
nfor
mationontapes

 Papershr
edders–Cutti
ngunwant
eddocument
sint
oti
nypi
ecest
oav
oidt
hem
get
ti
ngint
owr onghands

 Dupl
icat
ingmachi
ne–Repr
oduci
ngdocument
sfr
om amast
ercopy

 Tel
ephones–Usedt
osendandr
ecei
vev
erbal
messagesbet
weent
wopeopl
e

 Tel
epr
int
er–Forpr
int
ingmessageswhi
char
etel
exed

 Facsi
mil
e – Used t
ot ransmi
tpr
int
ed messages such as l
ett
ers,maps,
di
agramsandphot
ographs

 Photocopi
ers/Pr
int
ing machi
nes/St
enci
ldupl
icat
or– Used t
orepr
oduce
documents

 Cashr
egi
ster–Pr
epar
ingcashr
ecei
pts

 Cal
cul
ati
ngmachi
nes–Cal
cul
ati
ng

 Comput
ers–f
orper
for
mingcompl
excal
cul
ati
on/documentpr
ocessi
ng

 Moneycount
ingmachi
nes–f
orcount
ingcoi
nsandnot
es

Advant
agesofof
fi
cemachi
nes

 Theyar
elaborsav
ing

 Theyar
emuchf
ast
erandt
hussav
eti
me

 Accur
ate
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 26
  Pr
oducepr
esent
abl
eout
put

 Machi
nesassi
sti
nreduci
ngf
raud

 Pr
ovi
desuni
for
mit
yofout
put

Di
sadvant
agesofof
fi
cemachi
nes

 I
nit
ial
costandmai
ntenancecosti
shi
gh

 Br
eakdownmayl
eadt
ost
oppageoft
hepr
oduct
ionpr
ocess

 Machi
necont
ri
but
etounempl
oyment

 Machi
nes maybecome out
dat
ed f
orci
ng t
he or
gani
zat
ion t
o acqui
re new
machi
nes

 Somer equi
retrai
nedmanpowerwhomaybedi
ff
icul
ttor
ecr
uit
,andatt
imes
tr
aini
ngunskil
l
edst af
fcanbeexpensi
ve

 Speci
alst
ati
onar
yandot
hermat
eri
almaybenecessar
y

 Car
elessnessofwor
ker
smayr
esul
tint
oenor
mouswast
ageofr
esour
ces

Of
fi
cest
aff
I
sateam ofempl
oyeeswhoworktoachiev
etheorganizat
ionsgoal
s.maybedi
vi
ded
i
ntot
hregr
oupsnamely
:manager
ial
,j
uni
orandsubordi
nate

Manager
ialst
aff

Theyrei
nvol
vedinf
ormul
ati
ng,
impl
ement
ingpol
i
ciesandsuper
visi
ngt
heact
ivi
ti
esof
theor
gani
zat
ion

Juni
orst
aff

Ar
eei
therski
l
ledorsemi
ski
l
led.

Subor
dinat
e

Unskil
l
ed employees who per
for
m non-
speci
ali
zed dut
ies such as cl
eani
ng and
del
iver
ingmessages

Of
fi
cest
affandt
hei
rdut
ies
Manager

 Thi
sisaseni
orempl
oyeei
nanor
gani
zat
ion

Thedut
iesofamangerar
e:-

 Cont
rol
sal
ltheact
ivi
ti
esoft
heor
gani
zat
ion

 Responsi
blef
orcoor
dinat
ingofal
ltheact
ivi
ti
esoft
heor
gani
zat
ion

 Responsi
blef
orst
aff
ing

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 27
  Pr
ovi
sionofr
esour
cesr
equi
redbyt
heor
gani
zat
ion

 Pl
anni
ngt
hewor
kandt
het
imeschedul
einanor
gani
zat
ion

Companysecr
etar
y
Thi
sisseni
orempl
oyeeoft
heor
gani
zat
ion.

Dut
ies

 Responsi
blef
orl
egal
mat
ter
sofacompany

 Takesdownmi
nut
esatannual
gener
almeet
ings

Account
ant
Aseni
orof
fi
cerwhodeal
swi
thal
lfi
nanci
almat
ter
soft
heor
gani
zat
ion

Dut
ies
Keepi
ngbooksofaccount

Col
l
ect
ing,
banki
ngandmaki
ngpay
ment
sonbehal
foft
hef
ir
m

Maki
ngoutf
inanci
alr
etur
nst
othemanagi
ngdi
rect
or

Pr
epar
ingf
inanci
alr
epor
ts

Per
sonalsecr
etar
y
Aseni
orempl
oyeeusual
l
yat
tachedt
ooneseni
orof
fi
cer

Dut
ies

 Fi
l
ingi
nfor
mat
ionf
ort
heboss

 At
tendi
ngmeet
ingsandr
ecor
dingmi
nut
es

 Super
visi
ngj
uni
orsecr
etar
ial
staf
f

 Recei
vi
ngandmaki
ngt
elephonecal
l
sfort
heboss

 Taki
ngdi
ctat
ionsf
rom t
heboss

 Maki
ngt
rav
elar
rangement
sfort
heboss

 Keepi
ngt
hepet
tycash

Ty
pist
Juni
orempl
oyeeusual
l
yint
het
ypi
ngpool

Dut
ies

 Ty
pingi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom or
igi
nal
document
s

 Fi
l
ingdocument
s

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 28
  Dupl
i
cat
ing

 Cl
erk

 Dut
ies

 Handl
i
ngmai
l
s

 Dupl
i
cat
ingandoper
ati
ngv
ari
ousof
fi
cemachi
nes

 Fi
l
ingandi
ndexi
ng

 Hel
psi
nst
orekeepi
ngorr
ecor
dkeepi
ng

 Or
der
ing,
recei
vi
ng,
stor
ingandi
ssui
ngofst
ati
onar
y

Tel
ephoneoper
ator
Aj
uni
orempl
oyeewhor
unsaswi
tchboar
d

Of
fi
cemessenger
Asubordi
nat
eempl
oyeewhoper
for
msunski
l
ledof
fi
cedut
iessuchascol
l
ect
ingand
del
i
veri
ngmails

Recept
ioni
st:
Dut
ies

 Super
visi
onofmessenger
sandpor
ter
s

 Recei
vi
nganddi
rect
ingv
isi
tor
stot
hei
rrespect
ivedest
inat
ions

 Taki
ngandpassi
ngofmessages

 Maki
ng,
renewi
ngandcancel
i
ngappoi
ntment
s

 Keepi
ngar
eli
abl
evi
sit
orsr
ecor
dbook

Qual
it
iesofof
fi
cest
aff
Per
sonalat
tri
but
es

 Ref
erst
othegener
alappear
anceofaper
sonandi
ncl
udes

 Physi
calappear
ancesuchasrespect
abl
est
yleofdr
essi
ng,moder
atehai
rcut
s
andstyl
esanduseofmake-ups

 Hygi
ene–t heymustmai
ntai
nhi
ghl
evelofhy
giene,f
orexampl
e,gener
aland
bodycl
eanl
i
ness

 Post
ure–t
heywayofwor
kingandsi
tt
ing

 Neat
ness–Per
sonal
tidi
nessandor
gani
zat
ionofwor
k.

Of
fi
ceet
iquet
te
I
tmaybedef
inedast
hepr
escr
ibedoraccept
edcodeofbehav
iori
nanof
fi
ce

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 29
I
ncl
udes

 Respect

 Punct
ual
i
ty

 Cour
tesy

 Loy
alt
y

 Honest
y

 Di
plomacy
-Abi
l
ityt
oconv
inceot
her
stact
ful
l
y

 Judgment

 I
nit
iat
ive

Per
sonalknowl
edgeandski
ll
s

 Knowledge–Refer
st otherel
evantacademicandpr
ofessi
onalqual
i
ficat
ion
thatenabl
eawor
kertoperf
ormthei
rdutyeff
ecti
vel
y

 Ski
ll
s–Refer
stot
hecapabi
l
ityoft
hewor
kert
oper
for
m hi
sdut
iesaccur
atel
y
andeasi
l
y

Tr
endsi
nof
fi
cemanagement
Ref
erst
othecur
rentchangesi
nof
fi
cemanagementsuchascomput
eri
zat
ion.

Comput
ers
Acomputeri
sanelect
ronicdevi
cet
hati
susedt
opr
ocessdat
aandi
nfor
mat
ionand
st
ori
ngi
nformat
ionf
orfutureuse

Usesofcomput
er

 Dat
ast
orageandi
nvent
orycont
rol

 I
tcanbeusedt opr
ocessaccount
ingt
ransact
ionsandwr
it
e-upsandupdat
e
l
edgerandpay
rol
l

 Keepr
ecor
dsofsal
est
opar
ti
cul
arcust
omerandent
eri
nanynewt
ransact
ions

 Comput
eri
zedf
il
ing

 Usedf
orwor
dpr
ocessi
ng

Advant
agesofusi
ngcomput
ers

 I
teconomi
zesonspaceandmat
eri
al

 I
tspeedsupoper
ati
on

 I
tsout
puti
spr
esent
abl
e

 Itcanstoreal
argev ol
umeofi
nfor
mation
emmanuelor
iosa@gmail
.com.MrOri
osa0743241064 30
  I
tsaccur
ate

Di
sadvant
ages

 Leadst
ounempl
oyment

 I
nhi
bit
sinnov
ati
on

 Monot
ony

 Requi
reonet
ohav
eabackupsy
stem f
orst
oragewhi
chi
sanext
raexpense

Usesofcomput
ersi
ncommuni
cat
ion

 I
nter
net
Ref
erstoi
nter
-connect
ionofsever
alcomput
ersov
erawi
dear
eaf
aci
l
itat
ingt
hef
low
ofi
nfor
mati
onfrom oneplacet
oanother
.

 I
ntr
anet
I
nter-
connect
ion ofcomputer
s wit
hin a smal
lgeogr
aphi
call
ocat
ion f
orexampl
e
di
ffer
entdepart
mentsinanoff
ice

 Websi
te
Avi
rt
uallocati
oninthei
nter
netwheret
heinf
ormat
ioncanbepost
edf
orot
herpar
ti
es
t
oaccess.Itcanbeusedtogeti
nfor
mati
on

 Tel
econf
erenci
ng
Thi
si sholdi
ngaconf erencet
hrought
hecomput
erwhi
l
ethepar
ti
cipant
sar
ein
di
ff
erentgeogr
aphi
cal
ar eas

Advant
agesoft
hei
nter
net
,int
ranetandwebsi
tes

 Theyar
efast

 Lowcosti
ncur
redcompar
edt
otr
avel
l
ing

 Conv
eni
entasy
ougeti
nfor
mat
ionatt
het
ouchofabut
ton

 I
nfor
mat
ioncanbest
oredf
orf
utur
eref
erence

Di
sadvant
ages

 Hi
ghi
nit
ial
costofequi
pment

 Mai
ntenancecosti
shi
gh

 User
srequi
ret
rai
ningwhi
chmaybeexpensi
ve

 Suf
fer
sfr
om occasi
onal
breakdownf
orexampl
evi
rusat
tack

 Faci
l
iti
esar
epr
onet
omi
suse

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 31
THEOFFI
CE

 Def
inet
het
erm anof
fi
ce

Anof
fi
ceisabui
ldi
ng,r
oom orapl
acesetasi
deforadmi
nist
rat
ive,
communi
cat
ionorcl
eri
cal
workofanorgani
zat
ion.

 Out
li
net
hef
unct
ionsofanof
fi
ce

 Recei
vingofi
nfor
mati
oninvari
ousf
ormssuchascal
l
s,per
sonal
visi
ts
ordocumentssuchasl
ett
ers

 Recor
dingandsor
ti
ngofi
nfor
mat
ionr
ecei
ved.

 St
ori
ngofi
nfor
mat
ionf
orf
utur
eref
erence

 Dist
ri
buti
onofinf
ormat
ionwi
thi
nandoutsi
detheor gani
zat
iont
othe
vari
oussect
ions,
depar
tment
sorper
sonnelfornecessar
yacti
on

 Reproduct
ionormakingofcopiesofdocumentbyuseofvar
ious
methods,suchasphotocopy
ing,dupl
icat
ingandcar
boncopyi
ng
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmail.
com.MrOr i
osa0743241064 32
  Pr
otect
ingorsaf
eguar
dingt
heor
gani
zat
ion’
spr
oper
ty

 St
atet
hev
ari
ousr
epr
ogr
aphi
ctechni
quest
hatcanbecar
ri
edouti
nanof
fi
ce

 Car
boncopy
ing

 St
enci
ldupl
i
cat
ion

 Phot
ocopy
ing

 Spi
ri
tdupl
i
cat
ing

 I
nkdupl
i
cat
ing

 Yourschoolwoul
dwishtousephot
ocopyi
ngasamet hodofmaki
ngcopi
es
ofexams.Stat
etheadvant
agesanddi
sadvant
agesofusi
ngthi
smethod

Adv
ant
agesofphot
ocopy
ing.

 I
tisaf
astmet
hodofr
epr
ogr
aphy

 I
tisasi
mpl
emet
hodandr
equi
rel
i
ttl
etr
aini
ngoft
heuser
s

 Onewi
l
lobt
aint
heexactcopi
esoft
heor
igi
nal
document

 Themet
hodi
snotexpensi
vei
fthecopi
est
obemadear
efew

 I
tisenv
ironment
alf
ri
endl
y

Di
sadv
ant
agesofphot
ocopy
ing

 Thecopi
est
hatar
emadef
adei
nthecauseoft
ime

 Phot
ocopy
ingcanbecost
lyi
fthecopi
esbei
ngmadear
emany

 Theempl
oyeesmaymi
suset
hemet
hodduet
oit
sconv
eni
ence

 Phot
ocopy
ingmachi
ner
equi
resel
ect
ri
cit
ywhi
chmaybeexpensi
ve

 Fewcol
our
sinadocumentmaybeobt
ainedbyuseoft
hismet
hod

 St
atet
het
ypesofof
fi
cel
ayout

 Encl
osedof
fi
cel
ayout

 Openof
fi
cel
ayout

 Landscapeof
fi
cel
ayout

 Suggestr
easonswhyanor
gani
zat
ionshoul
dusel
andscapeof
fi
cel
ayout

 I
tcr
eat
esar
elaxedat
mospher
efort
hewor
ker
s
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 33
  I
tismor
eat
tract
iveandbeaut
if
ul

 Thei
mageoft
heor
gani
zat
ion/
fir
misenhanced

 I
tpr
omot
esgoodwor
kingr
elat
ionsandco-
oper
ati
onamongt
hewor
ker
s

 Equi
pmentandof
fi
cef
aci
l
iti
esmaybeshar
edamongt
heempl
oyees

 Thef
lower
sorpl
ant
susedbr
eakt
hemonot
onyofopenspaces

 St
ateway
sinwhi
chl
andscapeof
fi
cel
ayoutcanbecr
eat
ed

 Bypl
aci
ngpl
ant
s/f
lower
sinanof
fi
ce

 Byhav
ingpai
nti
ngsofani
mal
sorpl
ant
sont
hewal
l

 Bypl
aci
ngf
ishaquar
iumsi
nanof
fi
ce

 Throughshapi
ngofof
fi
cef
urni
tur
einf
orm ofani
mal
s,bi
rdsand
concret
eshapes

 Cr
eati
ngminiat
urephy
sical
feat
uressuchaswat
erf
all
sandmount
ains
i
ntheoff
ice

 St
atewhyy ouwil
ladv
iceanof
ficemanagert
ouseanopenof
fi
cel
ayout
i
nsteadofanencl
osedoffi
cel
ayout

 Inanopenoffi
cel
ayouti
tiseasi
ert
osuper
visewor
ker
sthani
nan
encl
osedoff
ice

 Anopenoff
icediscour
agesabsent
eei
sm whi
chmaybecommoni
nan
encl
osedof
fice

 I
tischeapert
omai
ntai
nanopenof
fi
cet
hananencl
osedof
fi
ce

 Equipment
,faci
l
iti
esandmachi
nescanbeshar
edi
nanopenof
fi
ce
whichmaynotbepossibl
einanencl
osedof
fi
ce

 Fl
oorspacei
ssav
edi
nanopenof
fi
cet
hani
nanencl
osedof
fi
ce

 Ther
eisenhancedat
tract
ionandf
ramewor
kinopenof
fi
ce

 I
tischeapert
oli
ghtanopenof
fi
cet
hananencl
osedof
fi
ce

 I
tiseasyt
olocat
eempl
oyeesi
nanopenof
fi
ce

 St
atet
headv
ant
agesofencl
osedof
fi
cel
ayout

 I
tisi
deal
forwor
kthati
sconf
ident
ial
innat
ure

 Iti
smoresecur
ethananopenoffi
celayout
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l.
com.MrOriosa0743241064 34
  Theof
fi
cei
sideal
wher
ehi
ghl
evel
ofconcent
rat
ioni
srequi
red

 I
tispr
esti
giousf
ort
heoccupantofsuchanof
fi
ceast
heyar
e
r
ecogni
zed

 Thewor
keri
snotdi
srupt
edbynoi
seormov
ementofot
herempl
oyees

 Hi
ghl
ightt
hedi
sadv
ant
agesofanopenof
fi
cel
ayout

 Ther
eisal
otofnoi
seanddi
srupt
ionf
rom ot
herempl
oyees

 Cont
agi
ousdi
seasesmayspr
eadeasi
l
yamongt
heempl
oyees

 Thetoprankedwor
ker
smayf
eel
bel
i
ttl
edbei
ngpl
acedamongot
her
worker
s

 I
tisnotv
eryconduci
vef
orwor
kthati
sconf
ident
ial
orsecr
eti
vei
nnat
ure

 Pr
oper
tywi
thi
ntheof
fi
cei
snotv
erysaf
e

 Duet
ousebymanypeopl
etheof
fi
cemaynotbev
eryt
idy

 Out
li
net
hefact
orsthathavetobet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onwhendeci
dingon
aty
peofof
fi
celayouttouse

 Thecostofconst
ruct
ionandmai
ntenance

 Thenumberofst
afft
obeaccommodat
edi
ntheof
fi
ce

 Thecl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
onoft
hear
ea

 Gov
ernmentdi
rect
ivei
fany

 Thenat
ureofwor
ktobecar
ri
edouti
nthatpar
ti
cul
arof
fi
ce

 Thenatur
eandr
ankofst
afft
obeaccommodat
edi
nthatpar
ti
cul
ar
off
ice

 Thef
loorspaceav
ail
abl
efort
heof
fi
ce

 Theneedt
omai
ntai
nagoodwor
kfl
owamongt
hewor
ker
s

 St
atet
hedi
sadv
ant
agesofanencl
osedof
fi
cel
ayout

 I
tcanencour
ageabsent
eei
sm

 I
tisnoteasyt
osuper
viset
heempl
oyees

 I
tisexpensi
vet
oconst
ructandmai
ntai
n

 Faci
l
iti
esandof
fi
ceequi
pmentcannotbeshar
edamongt
hewor
ker
s
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 35
  Wor
ker
scanmi
suseof
fi
ceequi
pmentsuchast
het
elephone

 Theof
fi
cel
ayoutt
akesupmor
espace

 Al
otoft
imei
swast
edwhenmov
ingf
rom oneof
fi
cet
oanot
her

 I
tmaypr
omot
eindi
vi
dual
i
sm assomeempl
oyeesar
eisol
atedf
rom
ot
her
s

 Enumerat
ethefact
orsyouwi
l
ladvi
ceMr
.Mwaj
umat
oconsi
derwhenbuy
ing
off
icemachi
nesforhi
scompany

 Theef
fectoft
hemachi
neont
hewor
ker
s

Thecostoft
hemachi
neorequi
pment

 Thesui
tabi
l
ityoft
hemachi
nef
ort
het
askt
hati
sint
endedf
or

 Theav
ail
abi
l
ityofaf
tersal
esser
vicespr
ovi
debyt
hesel
l
er

 Pr
esenceofof
fi
cest
affwi
tht
heski
l
lsr
equi
redt
ooper
atet
hemachi
ne

 Onehast
oconsi
derspaceorr
oom t
okeept
hemachi
neorequi
pment

 Thel
i
kel
i
hoodoft
hemachi
nebei
ngout
dat
edabsol
uteoroutofdat
e

 Onehast
oconsi
derwhet
hert
hatmachi
necanadoptt
ofut
urechanges

 St
atet
hebestt
ypeofmachi
neonewoul
duset
oper
for
mthef
oll
owi
ngt
asks:

Functions Typeofmachi
ne
(
a) Tocreat epostage Fr
anki
ngmachine
i
mpr essionson
envelopes
(
b) Tofolddocument sput Composi
temachi
ne
them inenvelopeand
sealthem
(
c) Todest roysensit
ivebut Papershr
edder
unwant eddocument s
(
d) Tostor elar
gev ol
umesof Comput
er
data
(
e) Torun300copi esofan Pr
int
ingmachi
ne
exam forstudentsina
school
(
f) Tomakeexam copi esof Phot
ocopi
er
acertainori
ginal
document
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 36
 (
g) Tot r
im paper
stot
he Gui
l
lot
inemachi
ne
requi
redsizes

 Hi
ghl
ightt
hedi
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngof
fi
cemachi
ne

 Theycanbev
erycost
ly/
expensi
vet
obuyandoper
ate

 Theyoccupyspacewhi
chcanbeusedf
orot
hert
asks

 Machi
nesmayr
epl
acel
abourcausi
ngunempl
oyment

 Somemayr
equi
reel
ect
ri
cit
ywhi
chmaybeexpensi
ve

 Anybr
eakdownoft
hemachi
nemaydel
aywor
k

 Themachi
nemaybecomeobsol
ete(
outofdat
e)

 Theyar
esubj
ectt
owearandt
ear
(depr
eci
ati
on)

 Somemayr
equi
respeci
ali
zedort
rai
nedper
sonnel
tooper
ate

 St
atet
het
hreecat
egor
iesofof
fi
cest
aff

 Manager
ial
staf
f

 Juni
orst
aff

 Subor
dinat
est
aff

 Out
li
net
headv
ant
agesofusi
ngof
fi
cemachi
nes

 Machi
nesar
elaboursav
ingandcanbecostef
fect
ivei
nthel
ongr
un

 Theout
putofmachi
nesi
sofgoodqual
i
ty

 Theycanbeusedt
omi
nimi
zef
raudort
hef
t

 Machi
nescanbev
eryf
astsav
ingont
ime

 Theycanpr
oduceuni
for
m wor
k

 Machi
nescanbev
eryaccur
ateascompar
edt
ohumanl
abour

 Somemachi
nescanbeadapt
edt
omul
ti
plet
asksuchasacomput
er

 Hi
ghl
ightt
her
olepl
ayedbyagoodf
il
ingsy
stem i
nanor
gani
zat
ion

 Fi
l
ingpr
ovi
dessecur
it
y/saf
etyofdocument
s

 I
tfaci
l
itat
eseasyr
etr
iev
aloraccessofdocument
s

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 37
  Goodf
il
ingenhancesor
der
li
nessandt
idi
nessofanof
fi
ce

 I
tguarant
eesconf
ident
ial
i
tyofi
nfor
mat
ionsi
ncei
tcannotgett
othe
wronghands

 Goodf
il
ingpr
omot
esgoodcommuni
cat
ion

 Fi
l
ingguar
ant
eest
hatdocument
sar
epr
otect
edf
rom damage

 Goodf i
l
ingguar
ant
eesgoodf
utur
eref
erencei
ncaset
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
s
requi
red

 Outl
inet
hev
ari
ouscat
egor
iesofof
fi
ceequi
pmentgi
vi
ngexampl
esi
neach
case

Category Exampl e
(
a) Typingoff
icemachi
ne (i
)Typewr it
er
(i
i
)Dict atingmachine
(
b) Mai
l
ingof
fi
cemachi
ne (i
)Franki ngmachine
(i
i
)Composi temachi
ne
(i
i
i)Foldingmachi ne
(
c) Communicat
ionof
fi
ce (i
)Telephone
machi
ne (i
i
)Telex
(i
i
i)Cell phone
(
d) Dupl
icat
ing/
repr
ogr
aphi
c (i
)Phot ocopi er
machine (i
i
)Dupl icator
(i
i
i)Printingmachine

 Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weencent
ral
izedanddecent
ral
izedf
il
ingsy
stem

Incentrali
zedsy st
em onedepart
mentisgi
ventheresponsi
bil
i
tyofkeepi
ngand
managi ngallthefi
lesinthewhol
eorgani
zat
ion.Thi
sdepartmenti
srefer
redt
o
asar egistr
y.Decentr
ali
sedfi
li
ng

 St
atet
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofagoodof
fi
cewor
kerwi
thof
fi
ceet
iquet
te

 Cour
tesyi
.edeal
i
ngwi
thpeopl
epol
i
tel
y

 Punct
ual
i
ty-
keepi
ngt
imeatal
lti
mes

 Honest
y-t
ell
i
ngt
het
rut
h

 Co-
oper
ati
onwi
thot
herempl
oyees

 Tact
ical
orbei
ngdi
plomat
icwhendeal
i
ngwi
thot
her
s

 Goodj
udgementandcomi
ngupwi
tht
hebestdeci
sion

 Neat
nessandor
der
li
nessi
nter
msofwor
kar
rangement

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 38
  Dedi
cat
ionorl
oyal
tyt
owar
dst
heor
gani
zat
ion

 Hi
ghl
ightper
sonalat
tri
but
est
hatBakar
ishoul
dhav
easanof
fi
cewor
ker

 Heshoul
dbepr
esent
abl
e

 Heshoul
dmai
ntai
nhi
ghst
andar
dofmor
ali
ty

 Heshoul
dhav
eagoodsi
tt
ingpost
ure

 Heshoul
dmai
ntai
nhi
ghst
andar
dsofhy
giene

 Heshoul
dbeneatandaccur
atei
ntheor
gani
zat
ionofhi
swor
k

 Heshoul
dmaintai
ngoodheal
thandphy
sical
fit
nesst
hroughhav
ing
pr
operdi
etandexerci
sing

 Def
inet
her
olespl
ayedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngof
fi
cewor
ker
s

(
a)Depar
tment
almanager

 Mai
ntai
ningt
hebooksofaccount
s

 He/
shemaypr
epar
ethebudgetf
orhi
s/herdepar
tment

 Submit
ti
ngrepor
tst
otheseni
ormanageraboutper
for
manceoft
he
depar
tment

 Moni
tor
ingandsuper
visi
ngwor
ker
sint
hedepar
tment

 Assi
gni
ngr
olesanddut
iest
oempl
oyeesi
nthedepar
tment

(
b)Per
sonalsecr
etar
y

 Recei
vi
ngandf
il
ingi
nfor
mat
ion

 Booki
ngappoi
ntment
sfort
heboss

 Taki
ngandwr
it
ingmi
nut
esdur
ingmeet
ings

 He/shecanmai nt
ainsmall
amountofmoneyf
ormaki
ngsmal
lor
pet
typurchasesintheof
fi
ce

 He/
sher
ecei
vesandmakescal
l
sforhi
sseni
ors

 Hi
ghl
ightt
rendsi
nof
fi
cemanagement

 Useofmoder
ncomput
ersenhancesef
fi
ciency

 Int
roduct
ionofcust
omercar
edesksorof
fi
cest
oaddr
esscust
omer
s
concerns

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 39
  Movementtowar
dopenandlandscapeof
fi
cepl
ant
oenhancemor
e
i
nter
act
ionamongtheworker
s

 Outsourci
ngforsometaskt
hatcanbedonebyotherfi
rmsinst
eadof
employingworker
stodothesamee.g.hav
ingext
ernal
cleaner
sor
securi
ty

 Useoft
hecel
lphonef
orcommuni
cat
ion

 E-Commerceisar
ecentt
rendinbusi
ness.Outl
inet
headv
ant
agesofusi
ng
thi
smethodincar
ryi
ngoutbusi
nessacti
vit
ies.

Advant
ages

 Onecanhav
eawi
dev
ari
etyofgoodsandser
vicesf
rom al
lov
ert
he
worl
d

 I
treducest
hecostoft
rav
ell
i
ngt
othemar
ketori
nsear
chofpr
oduct

 I
tisf
astasdeal
scanbemadewi
thi
nashor
tper
iodoft
ime

 Asel
l
ercanadv
ert
isegoodst
omanyconsumer
sov
erawi
dear
ea

 Paperworkandthemanydocumentusedonot
hert
radear
eremov
edor
reducedassel
l
ingandbuy
ingison-
li
ne

 Al
otofi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hemar
ketcanbeaccessedont
hei
nter
net

CHAPTERSEVEN

HOMETRADE

Tr
adei
sthebuy
ingandsel
l
ingofgoodsandser
vicewi
tht
heai
m ofmaki
ngpr
ofi
t

I
mpor
tanceoft
rade

 Av
ail
sav
ari
etyofgoodsandser
vice

 Hel
pspr
oducer
stodi
sposet
hei
rsur
pluspr
oduce

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 40
  Cr
eat
esempl
oyment

 I
tencour
agesspeci
ali
zat
ionanddi
vi
sionofl
abor

 Pr
omot
essoci
alr
elat
ionsandunder
standi
ngi
nthepar
ti
esi
nvol
ved

 Ensur
esst
eadysuppl
yofgoodsandser
vices

 Hel
psonet
oacqui
rewhatonemaynotbeabl
etopr
oduce

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionoft
rade

Tr
adei
sdi
vi
dedi
ntohomet
radeandf
orei
gnt
rade.
Hometradeistheonewhichiscar
ri
edwithi
nacount
ry’
sboundar
ieswhi
l
efor
eign
t
radei
scarr
iedoutbet
weentwoormorecount
ri
es.

Forei
gnt r
ademaybebi
l
ater
al(
bet
weent
wocount
ri
es)ormul
til
ater
al(
amongmany
count
ries)

Homet
rademayf
urt
herbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntowhol
esal
eandr
etai
ltr
ade

Whol
esal
etr
ade
Thisi
st hebuy
ingofgoodsandservi
cesfr
om producersandmanuf act
urer
sinl
arge
quant
it
iesandsel
li
ngthem t
oret
ail
ersi
nrel
ati
vel
ysmal l
erquant
it
ies

Theper
sonwhodoest
hisi
sawhol
esal
er

Funct
ionsofr
etai
ler
s
Theycanbedi
scussedbasedont
heser
vicet
heyr
endert
othewhol
esal
er,
producer
andconsumer
s

Ser
vicesr
ender
edt
oconsumer
s

 Credi
tfaci
l
iti
es–si
nceret
ail
ersar
einper
sonal
cont
actwi
tht
hei
rcust
omer
s,
theymaygivecr
edi
ttot
hecustomerst
heytr
ust
 Af
tersal
eservi
ces-Theseser
vicesi
ncl
udet
ranspor
t,i
nst
all
ati
on,
repai
rand
maint
enance
 Of
feradv
icet
oconsumer
sonchoi
ceanduseofpr
oduct
s
 Makegoodsav
ail
abl
etoconsumer
satt
her
ightt
imeandpl
ace
 Br
eaki
ngbul
k.I
.e.r
educi
ngoft
hesi
zequant
it
ytoaconv
eni
entr
equi
rement

Ser
vicesr
ender
edt
owhol
esal
ers

 Assi
sti
ndi
str
ibut
inggoodst
oconsumer
s
 Rel
i
evet
hewhol
esal
ert
hebur
denoft
ranspor
tat
ion
 Ret
ail
ersr
eli
evewhol
esal
ert
hebur
denofst
orage

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 41
  Ret
ail
ersareagoodsour ceofval
uabl
einf
ormat
iononmar
ketwhi
chassi
st
whol
esaler
sinanti
cipat
ingconsumersdemand
Ser
vicesr
ender
edt
othemanuf
act
urer

 Pr
ovi
dingv
aluabl
einf
ormat
iononconsumerdemand
 Mar
ket
ingt
hemanuf
act
urer
spr
oduct
s
 Adv
ert
isegoodsonbehal
foft
hemanuf
act
urer

RETAI
LTRADE

Ret
ail
erscanei
therbesmal
lscal
eorl
argescal
eret
ail
ers

Smal
lscal
eret
ail
ers

 Theyf
orm maj
ori
tyoft
her
etai
ltr
ader
s
 Theyar
efoundi
nmostpar
tsoft
hecount
ry
 I
nmostcasest
heyar
eoper
atedasone-
manbusi
ness

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 42
  Theyar
eeasyt
ost
artbecauset
heyr
equi
rel
i
ttl
ecapi
tal
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsmal
lscal
eret
ail
ers
Cl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
womai
ngr
oupsi
.e.

 Smal
lscal
eret
ail
erswi
thoutshops
 Smal
lscal
eret
ail
erswi
thshops
SMALLSCALERETAI
LERSWI
THOUTSHOPS
I
ti
ner
antt
rader
s
 Theycar
rygoodsaboutwi
tht
hem onbi
cycl
es,
mot
or-
cycl
esoront
hei
rheads.
 Theymov ef
rom t
ownt
otown,
vil
l
aget
ovi
l
lageandf
rom doort
odoorsel
l
ing
thei
rgoods
 Theycansel
lcl
othes,
plat
es,
cups,
veget
abl
eet
c
 Theyareper
suasi
veandasar
esul
tscust
omer
ssomet
imesbuygoodst
heydo
notneed
 Exampl
esofi
ti
ner
antt
rader
sar
ehawker
sandpeddl
ers
 Hawker
susebi
cycl
esormot
orcy
clesbutpeddl
erswal
kar
ound
Char
act
eri
sti
csofhawker
sandpeddl
ers

 Ar
efoundmost
lyi
ndensel
ypopul
atedr
egi
ons
 Movef
rom oneshoppi
ngcent
ert
oanot
her
,vi
l
laget
oanot
heranddoort
odoor
i
nsear
chofcustomers
 Theyar
eper
suasi
ve
 Thei
rpr
icesar
enotcont
rol
l
ed
Advant
agesofi
ti
ner
antt
rader
s

 Fl
exi
blei
nthatt
heymov
efr
om onepl
acet
oanot
her
 Requi
rel
i
ttl
ecapi
tal
tost
artandoper
atet
hei
rbusi
ness
 Conv
eni
enti
nthatt
heyt
akegoodst
othecust
omer
 Don’
tsuf
ferbaddebtbecauset
heysel
li
ncash
 Fewl
egal
for
mal
i
tiesr
equi
red
Di
sadvant
ages

 Af
fect
edbyweat
herchangesbecauset
heyoper
atei
nopenai
renv
ironment
 Di
ff
icul
ttot
ranspor
tbusi
nesswar
est
ovar
iouspl
aces
 Donotof
ferguar
ant
ee,
incaset
hei
temsar
efounddef
ect
ive
Roadsi
desel
ler
s
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 43
  Heysel l
goodsatpl
aceswher
eotherpeopl
epasssuchasinbusyr
oadsi
des,
str
eets,busst
ages,
roadj
unct
ionsandentr
ancetoschool
sandpubl
ic
buil
dings
 Theydeal
wit
hfastmov
inggoodsl
i
kesweet
s,r
oast
edmai
zeandf
rui
ts
 Pl
acet
hei
rgoodsont
ray
s,car
dboar
ds,
empt
ysacksormat
s
Openai
rmar
kett
rader
s
 Foundinconv
eni
entpl
aceswhi
char
enor
mal
l
ycent
ral
l
ylocat
ed,
wher
epeopl
e
meettobuyandsel
lgoods.
 Tr
ader
spayent
rancef
eet
obeal
l
owedt
obr
ingi
ngoods
 Mar
keti
sundert
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
ies
 Theyar
eopenonpar
ti
cul
arday
soft
heweek
Aut
omat
icvendi
ngmachi
nes
 Thesear
ecoi
noper
ateddependi
ngonwhaty
ouwantt
obuy
 Theyar
eusedf
orsel
l
ingcommodi
ti
esl
i
keci
gar
ett
e,dr
inksandst
amps.
 Jukeboxesandt
elephonecoi
nboxesar
eal
sov
endi
ngmachi
neswher
eyou
buyser
vices
SMALLSCALERETAI
LERSWI
THSHOPS
Si
ngl
eshops(
uni
tshops)

 Theyhav
efi
xedpr
emi
ses

 Theyar
eusual
lyrunbyoneper
sonwhoget
sassi
stancef
rom hi
sfami
l
yor
employ
edatt
endant

 Somespeci
ali
zei
nonel
i
neofcommodi
ti
essuchascl
othes,
grocer
ieset
c

Ti
edshops

 Theysel
lexcl
usi
vel
ythepr
oduct
sofonepar
ti
cul
armanuf
act
urer

 Theyareownedandcont
rol
ledbyt
hemanuf
act
urerwhodesi
gnst
heshopand
i
tsappearance,
e.gi
npai
nti
ng.

 Themanuf
act
urerof
fer
sgoodsoncr
edi
ttot
het
rader

 E.
g.Bat
aShops,
Pet
rol
stat
ionsl
i
keShel
l
,Kenol

Ki
osks

 Usual
lysmallshopsorsi
mpl
estruct
ureswhi
chsel
lfast
-mov
inggoodsl
i
ke
newspaper
s,sweetsandsof
tdr
inks

 Locat
edi
nst
rat
egi
cpl
acesl
i
kecor
ner
sofbusyst
reetr
oads,
resi
dent
ial
areas

Mar
ketst
all
s
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 44
  Thesear
eper
manentst
andsf
oundi
nmar
ket

 Theyar
eopendai
l
y

 Const
ruct
edandownedbyt
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
ies

 Eachst
all
deal
swi
thapar
ti
cul
argoodorser
vice

 Theyar
erent
edorl
easedbyi
ndi
vi
dual
sfr
om t
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
y

 Exampl
esKar
iokorandCi
tyMar
ket
sinNai
robi
.

Cant
eens

 Thesear
eret
ailshopsf
oundi
ninst
it
uti
onssuchasschool
s,col
l
eges,
hospi
tal
s
andarmybar
racks.

 Theysel
lgoodsmai
nlyt
othepeopl
ewor
kingi
nthei
nst
it
uti
on

 Theymayber
unbyt
hei
nst
it
uti
onsmanagementorbyi
ndi
vi
dual
sonr
ent
al
basi
s

 Canof
fert
ea,
sodas,
sugarandot
herf
oodst
uff
s

Mobi
leshops

 Theymov
efr
om v
il
laget
ovi
l
laget
ownt
otownsel
l
ingt
hei
rgoods.

 Theyhav
eaconvert
edv an,
lor
ryorbusar
rangedasashopf
rom whi
ch
cust
omerscanbuythei
rgoods

Advant
agesofsmal
lscal
eret
ail
ers

 I
tseasyt
orai
secapi
tal
tost
artt
hebusi
ness

 Retail
eri
sincl
osecont
actwi
thconsumer
sandmaygi
vecr
edi
ttocr
edi
twor
thy
customers

 Ther
isksi
nvol
vedi
nthebusi
nessi
ssmal
l

 Thebusi
nessi
ssi
mpl
etooper
ateandmanage

 Fewl
egal
for
mal
i
tiesr
equi
red

 Tr
adercaneasi
l
ychangef
rom onepr
oductt
oanot
her

Di
sadvant
ages

 Tr
aderhasl
i
mit
edaccesst
oloanf
aci
l
iti
es

 Theydonothi
respeci
ali
stort
echni
cal
staf
f

 Maysuf
ferbaddebt

 Theydonotenj
oyeconomi
esofscal
e

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 45
  Theyhav
eal
owt
urnov
erbecauseoft
hel
i
ttl
ecapi
tal
inv
est
ed

LARGESCALERETAI
LERS

 Theynor
mal
l
yoper
atei
nur
banar
eas

 Mayoccupyasi
ngl
ebi
gbuildi
ngorsev
eral
premi
sesscat
ter
edi
nvar
iousar
eas
oft
hesametownordi
ff
erenttowns

 Theyr
equi
rel
argeamountofcapi
tal
tost
art
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 46
  Theybuygoodsf
rom whol
esal
ersandmanuf
act
urer
sinl
argequant
it
ies

 Theyar
eal
l
owedt
radedi
scount
sandot
herf
avor
abl
ecr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
es

 Theser
vicesofspecial
i
stl
i
kesal
esmen,
stor
ekeeper
s,account
ant
sand
manager
sar er
equired

 Managementi
scent
ral
i
zed,
stockpur
chasesar
emadeatt
heheadof
fi
ce

 Br
anchesar
erequi
redt
osubmi
tmont
hlyr
etur
nst
otheheadquar
ter
s

Ty
pesofl
argescal
eret
ail
ers

 Super
mar
ket
s

 I
t’
salargesel
f-
sel
ect
ionstoret
hatdeal
smai
nlywi
thhousehol
dgoodssuchas
ut
ensi
ls,f
oodst
uff
sandclothes

 Goodsar
ewel
ldi
spl
ayedonshel
vesandeacar
ti
clecar
ri
esapr
icet
ag.

 Thebuy
erwalksaroundpi
cki
ngt
hegoodsonewant
stobuyandpl
aci
ngt
hem
i
natrol
leyorabasket.

 Thegoodsar
epai
dtooneoft
hecashi
erst
ati
onedneart
heexi
t

Feat
uresofsuper
mar
ket
s

 Requi
rel
argecapi
tal
tost
art

 St
ocksv
ari
etyofgoods

 Of
fersel
fser
vicef
aci
l
iti
es

 Goodshav
epr
icet
agsont
hem

 Pr
icesofgoodsar
efi
xed

 Nocr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
esof
fer
ed

 Sel
lcompar
ati
vel
ylowpr
ices

Advant
agesofsuper
mar
ket
s

 Theybuygoodsi
nlar
gequanti
ti
eswhi
chenabl
ethem toobt
aingoodt
rade
di
scount
.Theyar
etheref
oreabl
etoof
ferl
owerpr
ices

 Cust
omer
sgetal
lthegoodst
heywantunderoner
oof
.Thi
ssav
est
ime

 Super
mar
ket
sempl
oyf
ewat
tendant
sther
efor
ereduci
ngt
hei
rmont
hlywage
bi
ll

 I
mpulsebuyi
ngleadstomoresal
esbecausecust
omershav
eaccesst
othe
goodswhi
chtheypickfr
om t
hewell
displ
ayedshel
ves

 Theydon’
tsel
loncr
edi
tther
ebyav
oidi
ngbaddebt
s

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 47
Di
sadvant
ages

 Theydon’
tof
fercr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
est
othecust
omer

 Theydon’
tdel
i
vergoodst
ocust
omer
spr
emi
ses

 Theydon’
tgi
veper
sonal
ser
vicest
othecust
omer
s

 Theyi
ncurmanyl
ossesduet
opi
l
fer
ageofgoods

 I
mpul
sebuy
ingl
eadst
hecust
omert
obuygoodst
heymaynotwant

Chai
nst
ores(
mul
ti
plest
ores)

 Chai
nstoresar
elargescalebusi
nesseswit
hsepar
atebrancheswhichare
managedandorganizedcentr
all
y.Thebr
anchmanagersareaccountabl
etot
he
headoff
ice

 E.
g.t
heDeaconsandAf
ri
canRet
ail
Trader
s(ART)

 Theyhavest
andar
dpr
icesf
ort
hei
rpr
oduct
snomat
terwher
ethebr
anchesar
e
l
ocated

 Theyhav
esi
mil
arshopf
ront
sappear
anceanddi
spl
ays.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofchai
nst
ores

 Pur
chasesar
ecent
ral
i
zed

 St
andar
dpr
icesf
oral
lpr
oduct
sinal
lthei
rbr
anches

 Sal
esar
ecent
ral
i
zed

 Al
lbr
anchesdeal
insamet
ypeofpr
oduct

 Theyar
euni
for
minout
war
dappear
anceandi
nter
iorl
ayout

Advant
agesofchai
nst
ores

 Theybuygoodsi
nlar
gescal
eswhi
chenabl
est
hem t
oobt
aingoodt
rade
di
scount
s.

 Thecostofrunni
ngachainst
orei
scontr
oll
edandmanagedatt
heheadof
fi
ce.
Theheadquart
ersadv
ert
isesonbehal
foft
hebranches

 Slow-
mov
inggoodsinonebranchcabbet
ransf
err
edt
oanot
herbr
anchwher
e
demandf
orthem i
shigher

 Thei
dent
ical
soldbychainstoresandt
hesi
mil
arshopf
ront
sandwi
ndow
di
spl
ayspubl
ici
zethebusiness

 Chanst
oresser
veawi
dermar
ketbecauset
heyar
espr
eadal
lov
ert
hecount
ry

 Goodsar
esol
doncashbasi
s,hencer
educi
ngt
hecostofmanagi
ngbaddebt
s
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 48
Di
sadvant
agesofchai
nst
ores

 Lar
geamountofcapi
tal
arer
equi
redt
orunachai
nst
ore

 Peopl
etendt
oshyawayf
rom buy
ingi
dent
ical
product
ssuchascl
othes

 Chai
nstor
esdonotoff
ercr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
es,
exceptt
hoseoper
ati
ngexcl
usi
vel
yon
hi
repur
chasescheme

 Lackofper
sonal
touchwi
thcust
omer
s

Depar
tment
alst
ores

 Compr
isesmanysi
ngl
eshopsunderoner
oofandonemanagement
.

 Eachdepar
tmentdeal
sinadi
ff
erentl
i
neofgoodsandi
scont
rol
l
edbya
depar
tmental
manager

 Depar
tment
almanagerisr
esponsi
blef
orbuy
ingi
nhi
sdepar
tmental
though
thi
smaybecent
ral
ized

 Theyar
elocat
edi
ntowncent
ers

 I
nKeny
awehav
enodepar
tment
alst
ore

Advant
agesofdepar
tment
alst
ores

 Cust
omerscanbuyawi
dev
ari
etyofcommodi
ti
esf
rom di
ff
erentshopsunder
oneroof

 Depart
mentalstor
esbuygoodsinlar
gequant
it
iesatl
owerpr
icesandhence
thesegoodsaresoldatl
owerpr
ices

 Gener
all
yopenf
orl
onghour
s

 Of
feradequat
epar
kingf
aci
l
iti
est
ocust
omer
s

 Thest
orei
sabl
etoempl
oyqual
i
fiedst
afft
huspr
ovi
dinghi
ghqual
i
tyser
vices

Char
act
eri
sti
csofdepar
tment
alst
ores

 Theyof
ferawi
dev
ari
etyofgoodsatl
owerpr
ices

 Theyar
eat
tract
iveandconv
eni
entt
oshopi
n

 Theyar
eusual
l
ysi
tuat
edi
ntowncent
ers

 Theyprovideser
vicessuchasr
est
aur
ant
s,r
eadi
ngr
oomsandpostof
fi
cet
o
at
tractcustomer
s

 Eachdepar
tmenti
smanagedbydepar
tment
almanagerdeal
i
ngi
nadi
ff
erent
l
ineofgoods

Di
sadvant
agesofdepar
tment
alst
ores

 Lar
geamountofcapi
tal
isr
equi
redt
orunt
hest
ore
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 49
  Adepar
tment
alstor
emayr unonedepar
tmentatl
osst
oat
tractcust
omer
sto
ot
herpr
ofi
tmakingdepar
tments

 Car
termai
nlyf
ort
heur
bancommuni
ti
esi
nwhi
cht
heyar
elocat
ed

 Lackper
sonal
cont
actwi
tht
hei
rcust
omer
s

 Thei
rbi
gsi
zespossesmanagementprobl
emsrel
atedt
ocoor
dinat
ionand
cont
rol
oft
heacti
vi
tiesont
hedif
fer
entdepar
tments

 Hy
per
mar
ket
s

 I
t’
sal ar
geshoppi
ngcent
rei
nonebuil
dingcompri
singav
ari
etyofbusi
ness
underoner
oofandmanagedbydi
ff
erentpeopl
e.

 Theyar
elocatedawayf
rom t
heci
tycent
reandhav
egoodaccessr
oadsand
amplepar
king

 E.
g.i
nKeny
aist
heSar
itCent
rei
nNai
robi
’
sWest
lands

Char
act
eri
sti
csofhy
per
mar
ket
s

 Goodaccessr
oads

 Ampl
epar
kingspace

 Manybusi
nessi
nonebui
l
ding

 At
tract
iveandconv
eni
entt
oshopi
n

 Locat
edi
ntheout
ski
rt
soft
own

 Of
ferav
ari
etyofgoodsandser
vices

Advant
agesofhy
per
mar
ket
s

 Of
ferext
ensi
vepar
kingf
orcust
omer
s

 Customer
scandoallt
hei
rshoppi
ngi
nonebui
l
ding,
especi
all
ythosewhobuy
thei
rmonthl
ysuppl
i
esinbul
k

 Theysav
eonspace,
whi
chr
educesr
ent
sandr
ates

 Usual
l
yopenf
orl
onghour
s

 Theypr
ovi
decr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
esbyaccept
ingcr
edi
tcar
ds

Di
sadvant
agesofhy
per
mar
ket
s

 Sincet
heyarel
ocat
edawayf r
om theci
tycent
ers,
theyser
veonl
yal
i
mit
ed
numberofpeopl
eespeci
all
ythosewit
hcars

 Requi
real
argespacewhi
chi
snotav
ail
abl
eint
heCent
ral
Busi
nessDi
str
ict
(CBD)
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 50
  Thei
rpr
icesar
enotcont
rol
l
edandt
her
efor
esubj
ectt
obar
gai
ning

Mai
lor
derst
ores

 I
t’
sat
ypeofr
etai
ltr
adewher
ebusi
nessi
scar
ri
edoutt
hrought
hepostof
fi
ce.

 Thecust
omer
splacethei
rorderf
orgoodst
hrought
hepostof
fi
ceandt
he
goodsar
eal
sosuppli
edthrought
hesame

 Buy
ersgeti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom adv
ert
isement
sinpr
intmedi
a,j
our
nal
s,r
adi
os.

 Thegoodsar
edispatchedmost
lyont
hebasi
sofcashwi
thor
der(
C.W.
O)or
Cashondel
iv
ery(C.O.D)

Char
act
eri
sti
csofmai
lor
derst
ores

 Theysel
lgoodst
hrought
hepostof
fi
ce

 Theyadv
ert
iset
hrought
hepr
intmedi
a,r
oads,
jour
nal
s,ci
nemaset
c.

 Al
ltr
ansact
ionsar
epassedt
hrought
hepostof
fi
ce

 Cust
omer
sdonotv
isi
tthesel
l
ingpr
emi
ses

 Goodsaredi
spat
ched,
most
lyont
hebasi
sofcashwi
thor
derorcashon
del
iv
ery

Advant
agesofmai
lor
derst
ores

 I
treachescust
omer
swhoar
efarawayf
rom t
heshoppi
ngcent
ers

 Doesnotr
equi
ret
ranspor
tfaci
l
iti
es

 Tot
alcont
rol
ofdi
str
ibut
ioni
spossi
ble

 Doesnotr
equi
ret
heser
vicesofsal
esmen

Di
sadvant
agesofmai
lor
derst
ores

 Hi
ghcostofadv
ert
isi
ngi
ncr
easest
hepr
iceoft
hegoods

 I
nspect
ionofgoodsbyt
hecust
omeri
snotpossi
ble

 Thev
ari
etyoft
hegoodst
hatcanbesol
disl
i
mit
ed

 Per
sonal
cont
actbet
weent
hebuy
erandsel
l
eri
snotpossi
ble

 Sui
tabl
etot
hosewhocanr
eadandwr
it
e

 Pr
obl
emsar
isi
ngi
nthepostof
fi
cemayaf
fectt
hebusi
ness,
forexampl
est
ri
kes

WHOLESALETRADE

 I
tinv
olv
essel
l
inggoodsi
nlar
gequant
it
iest
otr
ader
sforr
esal
e.

 Whol
esal
ersar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
other
angeofpr
oduct
stheyhandl
e,t
he

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 51
 geogr
aphi
cal
areai
nwhi
cht
heyoper
ateandmet
hodofoper
ati
on

Accor
dingt
other
angeofgoodst
heyhandl
e

 Gener
almer
chandi
sewhol
esal
ers

 Gener
all
i
newhol
esal
ers

 Speci
ali
zedwhol
esal
ers

Accor
dingt
othegeogr
aphi
calar
eai
nwhi
cht
heyoper
ate

 Nat
ionwi
dewhol
esal
ers

 Regi
onal
whol
esal
ers

Thei
rmet
hodofoper
ati
on

 Cashandcar
rywhol
esal
ers

 Mobi
l
ewhol
esal
er

Gener
almer
chandi
sewhol
esal
ers

 Theydeali
nawider
angeofproduct
s.Theli
nesofpr
oduct
stheydeal
inar
e
di
sti
nct,
e.ghar
dwar
e,cl
othi
ng,f
oodstuf
fsandchemi
cal
s

Gener
all
inewhol
esal
ers

 Deal
wit
hawi
der
angeofpr
oduct
s,butwi
thi
nonel
i
ne,
eg.Har
dwar
e

Speci
ali
zedwhol
esal
er

 Deal
inpar
ti
cul
argoodsf
rom agi
venl
i
neofpr
oduct
s,e.
gthel
i
neoff
oodst
uff
s

Nat
ionwi
dewhol
esal
ers

 Di
str
ibut
egoodsal
lov
ert
hecount
ry.

 Theyestabl
i
shwar ehousesordepot
sindi
ff
erentar
easf
rom whi
cht
heysuppl
y
thegoodstothei
rcustomers

Regi
onalwhol
esal
ers

 Of
fert
hei
rpr
oduct
stocer
tai
npar
tsoft
hecount
ryonl
y.

 Theymaycov
eral
ocat
ionoradi
str
ict

Cashandcar
rywhol
esal
er

 Oper
ateonsel
fser
vicebasi
sli
keasuper
mar
ket

 Tr
ader
scomeandpi
ckgoodsandpaycashf
ort
hem
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 52
  Theydon’
tof
fert
ranspor
tfaci
l
iti
est
othei
rcust
omer
s

 Nocr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
esar
eof
fer
ed

Mobi
lewhol
esal
ers

 Usev
ehi
clest
ogoar
oundsel
l
inggoodst
otr
ader
s

Rackj
obber
s

 Speci
ali
zei
nsel
l
ingpar
ti
cul
arpr
oduct
stot
hei
rspeci
ali
zedwhol
esal
ers

Al
ter
nat
ivecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofwhol
esal
ers

 Thosewhobuygoods,st
orethem i
nwarehousesandsel
lthem t
otr
ader
s
wit
houthav
ingaddedanyt
hingtothem

 Thosewho,
afterbuyi
ngthegoodsandstor
ingt
hem,
prepar
ethem f
orsal
e.
Theymaybreakbulk,
pack,br
and,
grade

 Wholesaler
swhoor gani
zethedi
str
ibut
ionofgoods,butwhodonot
themselv
esphy si
cal
lyhandl
ethegoods.Thi
sisnormall
ythecasewi
thgoods
suchamot orcars

 Whoactaswholesal
ers’
agent
sorbr
oker
s.Thesear
emi
ddl
emenwhoar
epai
d
acommissi
onforthei
rwork

Def
ini
ti
onoft
ermsusedi
nwhol
esal
etr
ade
Br
eaki
ngbul
k
I
tisr
educi
ngthesi
zequant
it
ytoaconv eni
entr
equir
ement
,egbuy
ingi
ncar
tonsf
rom
pr
oducer
sandsell
i
ngthem i
npackagestoret
ail
ers

Packi
ng
Put
ti
nggoodsi
npacket
sandboxes

Br
andi
ng
Gi
vi
ngapr
oductanamebywhi
chi
twi
l
lbesol
d.

Sor
ti
ng
Sel
ect
inggoodsi
ndesi
redsi
zes,
wei
ght
s,col
orsandqual
i
ties

Gr
adi
ng
Put
ti
nggoodsi
ngr
oupsofsi
mil
arqual
i
tiest
omakei
teasi
ert
opr
icet
hem

Bl
endi
ng
Thisinvolv
esmi
xi
ngdi
ff
erentgr
adest
oachi
evedesi
redt
ast
es,
col
orandot
her
quali
ties

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 53
Ser
vicesofwhol
esal
erst
othepr
oducer

 Actasl
i
nkbet
weent
hepr
oducerandt
her
etai
l
ers

 Reli
eveproducer
sofsomeoft
heri
skst
heywoul
dexper
iencewhi
chi
ncl
udea
fal
li
npriceduetofal
li
ndemand

 Thepr
oduceri
ssav
edt
hepr
obl
em ofst
orage.

 Theycar
ryoutmar
ketr
esear
cht
hati
simpor
tantt
othepr
oducer
s

 Tr
anspor
t,br
eakbul
k,pack,
brand,
sor
t,gr
adeandbl
endgoods

 Engageinproductpromoti
ont
hroughadv
ert
isi
ng,
shows,
displ
ays,
fil
ms,
exhi
bit
ionsandtradefai
rs.

Ser
vicesofwhol
esal
erst
oret
ail
ers

 Wholesaler
sensur
ethatgoodsar
eav
ail
abl
eatconv
eni
entl
ocat
ionsf
ort
he
r
etai
l
er s.Thi
ssavetr
anspor
tcost

 Theybr
eakbul
kfort
hebenef
itoft
her
etai
l
ers

 Of
fert
ranspor
tfaci
l
iti
est
oret
ail
ers,
ther
efor
ereduci
ngt
heoper
ati
ngcost

 Of
feradv
isor
yser
vicest
oret
ail
ers,
wit
hregar
dtomar
kett
rends

 Of
fercr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
es

 Engagei
nsal
espr
omot
ion,
hencer
etai
l
ersar
esav
edt
hepr
obl
em ofhav
ingt
o
doso

 Theygrade,
sort,bl
end,packandbr
andgoodsandsav
eret
ail
erst
hecostof
perf
ormingthosefunct
ions

Ser
vicesofwhol
esal
erst
oconsumer
s

 Ensuresteadysuppl
yofgoodst
oret
ail
erswhi
chensur
est
hatconsumer
sar
e
notfacedwithshort
age

 Ensur
esst
abl
esuppl
yofgoodst
othemar
ketwhi
chensur
esst
eadypr
ices

 Makei
tpossi
blef
orconsumer
stoenj
oyav
ari
etyofgoods

 Br
eakt
hebul
kther
ebyensur
ingconsumer
sgett
hegoodsi
ndesi
redquant
it
ies

 Gi
veinf
ormat
iontoconsumersthr
oughr
etai
l
ersaboutgoods,
e.g.new
pr
oduct
sorchangeinproduct
s

DOCUMENTSUSEDI
NHOMETRADE
Thesear
edocument
sthatar
eusedt
oshowt
hatabusi
nesst
ransact
ionhast
aken
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 54
 aceLet
pl terofi
nqui
ry

 Isarequestbyapossi
blebuy
erf
ori
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hegoodssol
dbya
sel
ler
.

 I
nqui
ri
escanbeor
alorwr
it
ten

 Awr
it
teni
nqui
ryi
scal
l
edal
ett
erofi
nqui
ry.

 Sel
lermayr
epl
ytoal
ett
erofi
nqui
rybysendi
ngei
theracat
alogue,
quot
ati
onor
pri
celi
st

Cat
alogue

 Thi
sisabookl
etwhi
chbr
ief
lydescr
ibest
hegoodsasel
l
erst
ocks.

 Sentwhenabuy
ersendagener
all
ett
erofi
nqui
ry

I
tscont
ent
sar
e

 Af
tersal
eser
vicesof
fer
edbyt
hesel
l
er

 Packagi
ngandpost
ingexpensest
obei
ncur
red

 Del
i
ver
yser
vicest
obeused

 Ter
msofsal
e

Quot
ati
on

 Sentwhenani
nqui
ryi
sspeci
fi
cinnat
ure.

 Showsthet
ermsofsal
e,pr
icesoft
hecommodi
ti
esanddescr
ipt
ionoft
he
goodst
obesuppl
ied

Pr
icel
ist

 I
t’
sal
i
stofi
temssol
dbyt
radert
oget
herwi
tht
hei
rpr
ices

 I
nfor
mat
ioni
susual
l
ybr
iefandnoti
l
lust
rat
ed

 Cheapert
opr
intt
hancat
alogues

LocalPur
chaseOr
der
Sendbyt
hebuy
eraf
terr
ecei
vi
ngei
theracat
alogue,
quot
ati
onorpr
icel
i
st

Or
dercanbedonev
erbal
l
y,orwr
it
teni
nfor
m off
il
ingl
ett
ers

Cont
ent
sar
e

 Namesandaddr
essesoft
hebuy
erandsel
l
er

 Thenumberoft
heor
der

 Quant
it
iesor
der
edandt
otal
amountt
obepai
d

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 55
  Descr
ipt
ionoft
hegoodsor
der
ed

 Pr
iceperi
tem

 Speci
ali
nst
ruct
ionsonsuchmat
ter
saspackagi
nganddel
i
ver
y

Acknowl
edgementnot
e
I
sadocumentsentbythesel
l
ertothepr
ospecti
vebuyeri
nfor
mingt
hem t
hatt
hei
r
or
derhasbeenr
eceiv
edandthati
tisbei
ngactedupon.

Packi
ngnot
e

 I
t’
sadocumentt
hati
ssendwi
tht
hegoodst
hathav
ebeendi
spat
chedt
othe
buy
er

 I
tusedt
omakeaspotcheckont
hegoodst
oensur
ethatt
hegoodspackedar
e
t
hegoodsor
der
ed

Cont
ent
s

 Quant
it
iesoft
hegoodspacked

 Abr
iefdescr
ipt
ionoft
hegoods

 Themeansofdel
i
ver
y

Advi
cenot
e

 I
tsusedt
oinf
ormt
hebuy
ert
hatt
hegoodshav
ebeendi
spat
chedbyt
hesel
l
er

Cont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ng

 Themeansofdel
i
ver
y

 Adescr
ipt
ionoft
hegoods

Funct
ionsoft
headv
icenot
e

 I
nfor
mingthebuyerthatt
hegoodsar
eont hewaysot
hati
ncaseofanydel
ays
i
ndeli
ver
y,thebuyercanal
waysmakeinquir
ies

 Aler
ti
ngt
hebuyersot
hatthenecessar
yar
rangement
scanbemadef
or
payment
swhenthegoodsarr
ive

Del
iver
ynot
e

 I
tissental
ongt
hegoodst
odel
i
ver
ed

 I
tismadei
ntr
ipl
i
cat
e

 Onecopyofthenotei
sleftwi
thsel
l
erandt
her
emai
ningt
wocopi
esar
esent
wit
hthegoodstothebuyer

 Whengoodsr
eacht
hebuy
er,
onecheckst
hem agai
nstt
hedel
i
ver
ynot
e

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 56
  I
fthebuyerissat
isfi
edwiththegoods,theysi
gnbothcopi
esoft
hedel
i
ver
y
not
e,keeptheori
ginalandtheothercopyissendt
osell
er

Cont
ent
sofdel
iver
ynot
e

 Namesandaddr
essesofsel
l
erandt
hebuy
er

 Dat
eofdel
i
ver
y

 Del
i
ver
ynot
enumber

 Descr
ipt
ionofgoodsandquant
it
ies

 Spacef
orthebuy
eroft
hegoodst
osi
gnandcommentont
hecondi
ti
onoft
he
goodsr
eceiv
ed

Consi
gnmentnot
e
Ifthesel
lerdoesn’
thavetr
anspor
tser
vices,
theymayhi r
etheservi
cesofa
transpor
ti
ngcompanyt odeli
vert
hegoodsont hei
rbehalf
.Thetr
ansport
eri
ssuesa
consignmentnotetothesell
er

Cont
ent
s

 Det
ail
soft
hegoodst
obet
ranspor
ted

 Nameandaddr
essesoft
hesel
l
er(
consi
gnor
)andbuy
er(
consi
gnee)

 Ter
msofcar
ri
agesandcondi
ti
onsoft
ranspor
ti
ngt
hegoods

 Aft
ert hesell
ercompl
etest
heconsi
gnmentnot
e,iti
sret
urnedtothecar
ri
er
whot akesitwit
hthegoodstot
hebuyer
.Thebuyersi
gnsthenoteupon
del
iveryofthegoods

I
nvoi
ce

 Sentbyt
hesel
l
ert
othebuy
erdemandi
ngpay
mentf
orgoodsdel
i
ver
ed.

 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofi
nvoi
ces;
cashi
nvoi
cesandcr
edi
tinv
oice

 Acashi
nvoi
cei
spai
dacr
osst
hecount
er,
thusact
ingasacashsal
erecei
pt

 Cr
edi
tinv
oicei
sissuedwhent
hebuy
eri
sal
l
owedt
opayatal
aterdat
e

Funct
ionsofani
nvoi
ce

 Showsdet
ail
sofgoodssol
d

 I
t’
sar
equestt
othebuy
ert
omakeapay
ment

 Usedasasour
cedocumenti
nrecor
dingt
het
ransact
ionsi
nthebooksof
account
s

Thel
ett
ersE&OE(
err
orsandomi
ssi
onsexcept
ed)ar
epr
int
edatt
hebot
tom ofan
i
nvoi
ce

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 57
Theymeanthatt
hesel
l
err
eser
vest
her
ightt
ocor
rectanyer
ror
sandomi
ssi
onsmade
i
ntheinv
oice

Pr
o-f
ormai
nvoi
ces

Funct
ions

 I
tser
vesasapol
i
ter
equestf
orpay
mentbef
oret
hegoodsar
esentt
othebuy
er

 Sentwhent
hesel
l
erdoesnotwantt
ogi
vecr
edi
ttot
hebuy
er

 I
ssuedt
oanagentwhosel
l
sgoodsonbehal
foft
hesel
l
er

 Usedbyi
mpor
ter
stogetcust
omscl
ear
ancebef
oret
hegoodsar
esent

 Canser
vet
hesamepurposeast
hequot
ati
on.Apr
o-f
ormai
nvoi
cei
susedi
n
bot
hhomeandfor
eignt
rade

Damagedgoodsnot
es/
ret
urnedgoods

 I
ncasesomeofthegoodsar
edamaged,t
hebuy
ersendt
hem backt
othesel
l
er
t
oget
herwit
hthedamagedgoodsnot
e.

 I
tspr
epar
edi
ntr
ipl
i
cat
e

 Twocopi
esar
esentt
othesel
l
erandt
heot
heri
sret
ainedbyt
hebuy
er

 Whent
hesel
l
errecei
vest
hedamagedgoodsnot
etheywi
l
lissuesadocument
cal
l
edacr
edi
tnote

Cr
edi
tnot
e

It
’sadocumenti
ssuedtocor
rectanov
erchar
ge/
reducet
heamountduef
rom abuy
er
asshowninthei
nvoice

I
t’
sissuedundert
hef
oll
owi
ngci
rcumst
ances

 Whenthegoodsret
urnedbythebuy
erbecauset
heyar
eei
therdamagedort
hey
ar
enotinaccor
dancewitht
heorder

 Whenpacki
ngcasesandempt
ycont
ainer
sar
eret
urned

 Ther
eisanov
erchar
gei
nthei
nvoi
ceasar
esul
tofar
it
hmet
ical
err
or

I
t’
spr
int
edi
nred

Debi
tnot
e

 Normall
yusedtomakeunder
char
gecor
rect
ionst
oinv
oicest
hathadbeen
pr
eviousl
ysentt
othebuy
er

Er
ror
sthatmaymakeadebi
tnot
ebei
ssuedar
e

 Mi
stakesi
ncal
cul
ati
ons

 Omi
ssi
onsofi
temsi
nthei
nvoi
ce

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 58
  Pr
iceunder
char
geoni
tems

St
atementofaccount
I
ncasetransact
ionsar
ecarr
iedoutoncr
edit
,thesell
ersendadocumentcont
aini
ngal
l
t
hetransacti
onsbetweent
hebuyerandthesell
er.

I
tnor
mall
ycont
ainsi
nfor
mat
ionder
ivedf
oraspeci
fi
cper
iodoft
ime,
suchasamont
h,
f
ormthef
oll
owi
ng:-

 Al
li
nvoi
ces

 Al
lcr
edi
tnot
es

 Adebi
tnot
es

 Al
lrecei
pts

Cont
ains

 Namesandaddr
essesoft
hebuy
erandt
hesel
l
er

 Accountnumber

 Dat
ecol
umn

 Par
ti
cul
arsordet
ail
scol
umn

 Moneycol
umnwi
thdebi
t,cr
edi
tandr
unni
ngbal
ancecol
umn

 Ter
msofcr
edi
t

Recei
pt
Ar
ecei
pti
sapr
oofofpay
ment
.

Cont
ains

 Dat
eofpay
ment

 Nameoft
heper
sonmaki
ngpay
ment

 Amountpai
dinwor
dsandf
igur
esandmeansofpay
ment

 Nameoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onorper
sont
owhom pay
menti
smade

 Rev
enuest
ampi
ftheamounti
sabov
easetmi
nimum

 Recei
ptnumber

I
OU(
IOweYou)
I
t’
sawr
it
tenacknowl
edgmentofadebt

Wr
it
tenbyt
hedebt
oranddoesnotspeci
fyt
hedat
ewhenset
tl
ementwi
l
lbemade

MeansofPay
ment
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 59
  Ref
erst
ofor
m ormanneri
nwhi
chpay
menti
smadef
orgoodsandser
vices.

Cash
Pay
mentmadeusi
ngbankcoi
nsornot
es

Adv
ant
agesofcashpay
ment

 I
t’
stheonl
ymeanswi
thl
egal
tender(
recogni
zedbyt
hel
aw)

 Conv
eni
entf
orsmal
ldebt
s

 Conv
eni
entt
opeopl
ewi
thorwi
thoutbankaccount
s

Di
sadvant
ages

 Notconv
eni
entf
orl
argeamount

 Canbest
olen

 Maybedi
ff
icul
ttopr
oofunl
essr
ecei
pti
spr
oduced

Ci
rcumst
ancesofcashpay
ment

 Amounti
nvol
vedi
ssmal
l

 Pay
eesdoesn’
tacceptot
hermeans

 Cashonl
ymeansav
ail
abl
e

 Cashneededur
gent
ly

 Av
oidi
ngexpenses

Cheques
Wri
tt
enorderbyaccounthol
derwi
tht
hebankt
opayaspeci
fi
edamountofmoneyt
o
t
hebear
er

 Dr
awer–Theper
sonwhowr
it
est
hecheque

 Pay
ee-Per
sont
obepai
d

 Dr
awee–Thebank

Openandcr
ossedcheque
Opencheque–onet
hatcanbecashedov
ert
hecount
er

Cr
ossedcheque–canonl
ybedeposi
tedi
nanaccount

Achequesi
scr
ossedbydr
awi
ngt
wopar
all
ell
i
nes.Thecr
ossi
ngcanbegener
alor
speci
fi
c

Gener
al–cont
ainsonl
ythepar
all
ell
i
nes

Speci
al–asot
heri
nst
ruct
ions
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 60
Di
shonor
edcheque

Achequei
sdi
shonor
edwhent
hebankr
efusest
opay–bouncedcheque

Ci
rcumst
ances

 I
nsuf
fi
cientf
unds

 Si
gnat
uredi
ff
eri
ng

 Postdat
edcheque

 St
alecheque–pr
esent
edsi
xmont
hsaf
teri
ssue

 Dr
awercl
osedaccountwi
tht
hebank

 Deat
h,i
nsani
tyorbankr
upt
cyoft
hedr
awer

 Al
ter
ati
onsi
nthecheque

Advant
agesofcheque

 Mor
esecur
ethannot
es

 Conv
eni
entt
ocar
ry

 Reducest
rav
eli
ng

 Usedf
orf
utur
eref
erence

 Negot
iabl
e–canpayt
hir
dpar
ty

Di
sadvant
ages

 Requi
respay
eet
ogot
othebank

 Maybedi
shonor
ed

 Onl
yissuedbyaccounthol
der

 Peopl
eref
useper
sonal
cheques

Ci
rcumst
ancesf
oruseofcheques

 Amounti
nvol
vedi
slar
ge

 I
ftheor
gani
zat
ionpol
i
cydemandso

 I
fchequesi
stheonl
ymeansofpay
ment

 Av
oidr
isks

Bi
llofexchange
I
t’
sanuncondi
ti
onal
orderi
nwr
it
ingaddr
essedbyoneper
sont
oanot
herr
equi
ri
ngt
he
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 61
per
sont
owhom i
tisaddr
essedt
opayondemand

Ter
ms

 I
t’
sacommandnotar
equest

 I
tsuncondi
ti
onal

 Bi
l
lmustbewr
it
ten

 Amountbecl
ear
lyst
ated

 Pay
eeshoul
dbenamed

 Dat
eofpay
mentbest
ated

Advant
ages

 Ri
ght
smaybepassedt
oanot
herper
son

 Dat
eofpay
menti
sdet
ermi
ned

 Accept
ancebydebt
ormakesi
tlegal
l
ybi
ndi
ng

 Maybedi
scount
ed

Di
sadvant
ages

 Maybedi
shonour
edonmat
uri
ty

 Cashmaynotber
eady

 Expensi
ve

 Ci
rcumst
ancesf
oruseofbi
l
lofexchange

 Cr
edi
torwant
stobeassur
edofpay
ment

 Whent
hecr
edi
torwant
smoneyandt
hedebt
ori
sunabl
etor
aise

 Cr
edi
torwant
stouset
hedebtt
opayanot
herdebt

Pr
omi
ssor
ynot
e
Adocumentwher
ebyaper
sonpr
omi
sest
opayanot
heraspeci
fi
edsum ofmoneyata
st
ateddat
e

Moneyor
der
Sol
dbyt
hepostof
fi
ce,
senderappl
i
esandf
il
lsanappl
i
cat
ionf
orm

Thei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthemoneyor
deri
ncl
udes

 Amountt
ober
emi
tt
ed

 Nameoft
heper
sont
hemoneyi
stobepai
dto

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 62
  Nameofpostof
fi
cet
obecashed

 Nameandaddr
essoft
hesender

Sendergi
vest
hef
orm,
moneyt
osendandcommi
ssi
onov
ert
hecount
er

Thepay
eehast
o

 I
dent
if
yhi
msel
f

 I
dent
if
yper
sonwhosendt
hemoney

Thesenderi
slef
twi
thacount
erf
oil
asev
idencet
ocl
aiml
ater

Post
alor
der
Sol
dbyt
hepostof
fi
ceandi
sfi
xedi
ndenomi
nat
ionsof5,
10,
20,
50,
100

Addi
ti
onal
stampswor
thi
nshi
l
li
ngar
eal
soneeded

Ci
rcumst
ances

 Smal
lamounti
nvol
ved

 Onl
ymeansav
ail
abl
e

 Av
idr
isks

Post
agest
amps
Usedt
opaysmal
lamount
sofmoney

Pr
emi
um bonds
I
ssuedbypostof
fi
cei
ndenomi
nat
ionsof10and20andmat
uresatagi
venper
iod

Usedt
oset
tl
edebt
sbutunsaf
ecozt
heycanbecashedbyany
body

Banker
scheque(
bankdr
aft
)
Chequesdr
awnonabank.Onef
il
lsanappl
i
cat
ionf
orm andhandsi
tov
ert
hebank
toget
herwi
tht
hemoney

Achequei
spr
epar
edandi
sgi
vent
otheappl
i
cant

Ci
rcumst
ances

 Lar
geamounti
sinv
olv
ed

 Pay
eewant
sguar
ant
eeofpay
ment

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 63
TERMSOFPAYMENT
Ref
erst
oanar
rangementbetweenthebuy
erandt
hesel
leronhowt hebuy
ershoul
d
set
tl
edebt
sar
isi
ngoutoftr
ansacti
onsbet
weenhi
m andthesel
ler

Cash
Pay
ingi
mmedi
atel
y

Maybecashondel
i
ver
yorcashwi
thor
der

C.
O.D(
CashOnDel
i
ver
y)–Goodspai
dforwhendel
i
ver
ed

C.
W.O(
cashWi
thOr
der
)–Pay
mentmadeatt
het
imeofpl
aci
ngor
der

Benef
it
sofcod/
cwo

 Reducesr
iskofbaddebt

 Wor
kingcapi
tal
readi
l
yav
ail
abl
e

 Fewr
ecor
ds

 Not
imewast
ed

Ci
rcumst
ances

 Buy
ernewt
othesel
l
er

 Buy
ercr
edi
twor
thi
nessi
sindoubt

 Mai
lor
derbusi
ness

 Pol
i
cydemandso

Def
err
edpay
ment
s
Goodsandservi
cesnotpai
dinf
ull
ondel
i
ver
y.I
nst
eadpai
dinf
utur
eei
theri
nlump
sum orsev
eral
inst
all
ments

Opent
radecr
edi
t

 Goodssol
doncr
edi
tsucht
hatt
hebuy
erpay
sfort
hem i
nfut
urei
ninst
all
ment
s

 Thesel
l
ershoul
dhowev
erensur
ethatt
hebuy
erwoul
dpayby

 Ascer
tai
ningt
hecr
edi
twor
thi
ness

 Aski
ngbuy
ert
oguar
ant
eepay
ment

 Aski
ngbuy
ert
ohav
esomeonet
oguar
ant
eepay
ment

 Aski
ngf
orsecur
it
y

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 64
Fact
orst
oconsi
derwhengi
vi
ngcr
edi
t

 Cr
edi
twor
thi
nessoft
hebuy
er

 Repay
mentper
iod

 Amountofgoods

 Av
ail
abi
l
ityofst
ock

 Rel
i
abi
l
ity

 Fr
equencyofbuy
ing

 I
ntent
iont
oat
tractandmai
ntai
ncust
omer
s

Cashdiscount–di
scountal
l
owedt
oabuy
eronor
dert
oencour
agehi
m/hert
opay
qui
ckl
y

Exampl
esofopent
radecr
edi
t

 Si
mpl
ecr
edi
t–shor
tti
menotmor
ethanaweek

 Mont
hlycr
edi
t–mont
hlybasi
s

 Budgetaccount
s– r
egul
ardeposi
t

Regul
arpay
ment

Maxi
mum cr
edi
ttobeal
l
owed

Char
gef
oranyspeci
alof
fer

 Tr
adecr
edi
t–goodsboughtf
orr
esal
e

 Credi
tcardfaci
li
ti
es–enabl
esonetoobt
aingoodsf
rom suppli
ersasl
ongas
theyacceptcar
dsexampl
esBarcl
ayscar
d,Ameri
canExpress,
Accesscar
ds
andvisacards

Advant
agesofcr
edi
tcar
d

 Enabl
esonet
ogetgoodswi
thoutpay
ing

 Conv
eni
entt
ocar
ryar
ound

 Enal
bleshol
dert
ogetmoneyf
rom speci
fi
edbanks

 I
ncr
easescr
edi
trat
ingofi
ndi
vi
dual

 Saf
etocar
ryt
hancash

 Somecar
dsar
eint
ernat
ional
l
yaccept
ed

Di
sadvant
ages

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 65
  Toacqui
ret
hecar
donemusthav
eest
abl
i
shedcr
edi
trecor
d

 Hi
ghcar
dint
erestr
ate

 Pr
onet
oabuset
hroughf
raud

 I
nter
estchar
gedi
ncaseofdel
ayi
npay
ment

 Mi
nimum ageof18y
ear
stogetcar
d

 Ov
erspendi
ng

 Li
mit
edt
ospeci
fi
car
eas

 Facescompet
it
ionf
rom ot
hermeans

 Fewbusi
nessacceptcar
ds

 Longpr
ocedur
est
ogett
hecar
ds

 Peopl
eofhi
ghi
ncomeonl
ycanaf
for
d

Hi
repur
chase

 Amet
hodofhi
ri
ngpr
oper
tywi
thanopt
iont
obuy

 Abuyeray
sini
ti
aldeposi
tandt
her
estoft
heamounti
sspr
eadov
eranagr
eed
per
iodoft
ime

 Owner
shi
premai
nswi
tht
hesel
l
erunt
ilf
inal
inst
all
menti
spai
d

 Thebuy
ercannotsel
lthecommodi
tyunt
ill
asti
nst
all
ment

 Acert
if
icat
eofcomplet
ioni
sissuedoncef
inal
inst
all
menti
spai
daspr
oofof
t
ransf
erofownershi
p

Advant
agest
othebuy
er

 acqui
sit
ionanduseofgoodsi
mmedi
atel
yaf
terent
eri
ngi
ntocont
ract

 Pr
e-det
ermi
nedi
nst
all
ment
s

 Buy
ercanposesexpensi
vegoods

Di
sadvant
agest
obuy
er

 Goodsbel
ongt
othesel
l
erunt
ill
asti
nst
all
ment

 Buy
ermaybet
empt
edt
obuymor
ethathecanpay

 Expensi
vet
hancash

 Li
mit
edt
ypeofgoods

Advant
agest
osel
ler

 Abletoincr
easev
olumeofsal
es
emmanuel
ori
osa@gmail
.com.MrOri
osa0743241064 66
  Pr
ofi
tear
nedi
shi
gher

 Goodsbel
ongt
osel
l
erunt
ill
asti
nst
all
ment

Di
sadvant
agest
osel
ler

 Oper
ati
ngcosti
shi
gh

 Reposedgoodsonl
ysol
dassecondhand

 Ri
sksofl
ossi
shi
gh

 Lar
geamountofcapi
tal
requi
red

I
nst
all
mentbuy
ing/
credi
tpur
chase
Si
mil
artohir
epur
chaseexceptt
hatowner
shi
poft
hecommodi
typassest
othebuy
er
i
mmediatel
ydownpaymentismade

Hi
repur
chase Cr
edi
tpur
chase
 Buyerdoesnotbecomeowner  Buy
erbecomesowneri
mmedi
atel
y
i
mmedi atel
y
 Buyercannotr
esaleproduct  Buyercanresalegoods
 Pri
ceshigher  Pri
ceislower
 Goodscanonlyber eposed  Canber epossessedandbesued
(t
akentocour t
)
Ot
hert
erms

 di
scount
s-all
owancebyt
hesel
l
ersucht
hatt
hebuy
erpay
slesst
hant
he
markedpri
ce

 quant
it
ydi
scount–Al
l
owancet
oencour
agebul
kbuy
ing

 t
radedi
scount–discountal
l
owedbyat
radert
oanot
hersot
hatt
hebuy
ercan
makeprof
itaf
tersel
li
ng

 cashdiscount–al
l
owancebyat
radert
ohi
scr
edi
tcust
omer
stoencour
age
them t
opaydebtsprompt
ly

Ci
rcumst
ancesf
ordef
err
edpay
ment

 Cr
edi
twor
thi
nessofcust
omeri
sunquest
ionabl
e

 At
tractandr
etai
ncust
omer
s

 I
ncr
easesal
es

 Di
sposeof
fsl
owst
ock

St
andi
ngor
der
I
nstr
uct
ionbyanaccounthol
dert
ohi
s/herbankaut
hori
zi
ngi ttomakeregul
ar
pay
mentsofspeci
fi
edamountstoaspeci
fi
cpersonti
l
lorderiscancel
l
ed

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com.MrOr
iosa0743241064 67