Q1: Using dimensional analysis, present the Darcy’s Law equation in the

following oil field units:

Volumetric Permeability, Viscosity, Cross- Length, Pressure

flow rate, k  sectional L drop, p
1 q area, A
ft3/s md cp ft2 ft psi

k A
q= p
L
dimensional analysis:

Volumetric Permeability, Viscosity, Cross- Length, Pressure

flow rate, k  sectional L drop, p
2 q area, A
3
ft /day md cp ft2 ft psi

k A
q= p
L
dimensional analysis:
 Volumetric Permeability, Viscosity, Cross- Length, Pressure
flow rate, k  sectional L drop, p
3 q area, A
bbl/day md cp ft2 ft psi

k A
q= p
L
dimensional analysis:
bbl 3
 0.006328 ft  1bbl
d d 5.6146 ft3

bbl bbl
 0.001127
d d

k A
q = 0.001127 p
L

Useful conversion factors:

- For viscosity:
To Obtain
Multiply cp or mPa·s lbf·s/ft2 psi·s lbm/ft·s
cp or mPa·s 1 2.088543E-05 1.450377E-07 6.719689E-04
lbf·s/ft2 4.788026E+04 1 6.944444E-03 3.217400E+01
psi·s 6.894757E+06 1.440000E+02 1 4.633056E+03
lbm/ft·s 1.488164E+03 3.108100E-02 2.158403E-04 1

- For permeability:
1 m2 = 1013.25 md
Q2: The oil-water contact of an undersaturated oil reservoir has been located from
well logging interpretation at a depth of 4,975.2 ft. During the reservoir
characterization, four types of rock were identified with different average porosity
and permeability. Table 2.1 presents the porosity and permeability corresponding
for each rock type. The four types of rock are distributed in five reservoir rock layers
according to the depth intervals.

Table 1 Data for Q2

Porosity and Permeability Data Capillary Pressure Data
k Ø Pc, psi
Zone (md) Sw Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
1 575 0.275 1 0.20 0.38 0.45 0.80
2 111 0.21 0.95 0.20 0.38 0.45 0.82
3 55 0.2 0.9 0.20 0.38 0.45 0.85
4 10 0.14 0.85 0.20 0.38 0.45 0.90
0.8 0.20 0.39 0.48 0.95
Zone-Depth Data 0.75 0.20 0.40 0.50 1.00
Top Bottom 0.7 0.20 0.42 0.55 1.04
Zone (ft) (ft) 0.65 0.24 0.45 0.58 1.10
1 4,877 4,899 0.6 0.26 0.50 0.62 1.20
3 4,899 4,922 0.55 0.29 0.55 0.70 1.30
2 4,922 4,935 0.5 0.33 0.60 0.80 1.45
3 4,935 4,948 0.45 0.37 0.70 0.97 1.80
4 4,948 4,977 0.4 0.46 0.85 1.15 2.20
0.35 0.58 1.10 1.45 2.90
0.33 0.63 1.20 1.60 3.20
0.3 0.75 1.40 2.00 3.80
0.25 1.00 2.00 2.70 5.40
0.24 1.10 2.30 3.20 6.40
0.22 1.30 2.60 3.60 7.00
0.21 1.40 2.80 3.90 7.60
0.2 1.50 3.00 4.20 8.20
0.19 1.70 3.50 4.70 9.00
0.18 2.00 4.00 5.60 11.00
0.17 2.50 5.00 7.00 13.50
0.16 3.00 7.00 9.00 15.00

From a reservoir fluid analysis the water-oil interfacial tension is 55 dynes/cm, and
the wetting angle is 30º.
2.1.- Determine the free-water level (depth at which Pc = 0 psi) if the oil density at
reservoir conditions is 𝜌𝑜𝑅 = 40 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡^3 and 𝜌w = 64 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡^3.

2.2- Determine the initial water saturation distribution from the capillary pressure
curves presented in Table 1. Plot depth (vertical axis) versus water saturation
(horizontal axis).

First, calculate the heights for different capillary pressure values, using,
P 144 gc → (FWL = WOC + h)
h = c
(w − o ) g

At Sw=100%, the height comes to 4.8 ft (Zone 4) and the Free Water Level:
FWL=4.8 ft + 4975.20 ft=4980 ft
Second, plot the changes in saturation as per the FWL as well as the WOC.

Initial Fluid Distribution-Problem #2

5,200.00
195
5,190.00
85
5,180.00
75
5,170.00
65
5,160.00
55
5,150.00
45
5,140.00
35
5,130.00
25
5,120.00
15
5,110.00
05
Depth (ft)

5,100.00
095
5,090.00
85
5,080.00
75 Series1
5,070.00
65
5,060.00
55
5,050.00
45
5,040.00
35
5,030.00
25
5,020.00
15
5,010.00
05
5,000 .00
4 995
4,990.00
85
4,980.00
75
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Saturation (Sw)

Figure S2.1.- Plot of depth versus water saturation, representing the initial water
saturation distribution in this reservoir.
Q3: Calculate the initial water saturation distribution in a heterogeneous reservoir,
where the J-function relationship with water saturation is known as,

Make a plot of Depth vs. water saturation (Sw).

Table 3.1 presents the rock and fluid properties, and Table 3.2 presents the
porosity and permeability at different depth intervals.

Table 2 - Data of rock/fluid system

Water density, w 65 lbm/ft3
Oil density, o 42.53 lbm/ft3
Interfacial tension,  74 dynes/cm
Contact angle,  40º
Free water level 4500ft

Table 3 - Porosity and

permeability data
Depth (ft)  k (md)
4375 - 4400 0.1 35
4400 - 4415 0.15 145
4415 - 4425 0.12 68
4425 - 4450 0.18 388
4450 - 4465 0.08 10
4465 - 4480 0.14 112
4480 - 4500 0.08 10

First calculate Pc for different depths using,

Then calculate the J-function at the different depths using,

J = 0.217 pc k
 cos 
Then calculate Sw using the given relationship for this reservoir,

Results shown in Table S3.1. The plot of depth versus water saturation is shown
in Figure S3.1.

Table S3.1. Calculated capillary pressure, J function and water saturation.

Depth (ft) Pc (psi) J function Sw
4375 19.50520833 1.396878597 0.15
4376 19.34916667 1.385703568 0.15
4377 19.193125 1.374528539 0.15
4378 19.03708333 1.36335351 0.15
4379 18.88104167 1.352178482 0.15
4380 18.725 1.341003453 0.15
4381 18.56895833 1.329828424 0.15
4382 18.41291667 1.318653395 0.15
4383 18.256875 1.307478367 0.15
4384 18.10083333 1.296303338 0.150514218
4385 17.94479167 1.285128309 0.152078418
4386 17.78875 1.27395328 0.153657439
4387 17.63270833 1.262778252 0.155251562
4388 17.47666667 1.251603223 0.15686108
4389 17.320625 1.240428194 0.158486293
4390 17.16458333 1.229253165 0.16012751
4391 17.00854167 1.218078136 0.161785049
4392 16.8525 1.206903108 0.163459239
4393 16.69645833 1.195728079 0.165150417
4394 16.54041667 1.18455305 0.166858932
4395 16.384375 1.173378021 0.168585142
4396 16.22833333 1.162202993 0.170329418
4397 16.07229167 1.151027964 0.172092143
4398 15.91625 1.139852935 0.17387371
4399 15.76020833 1.128677906 0.175674528
4400 15.60416667 1.85717573 0.15
4401 15.448125 1.838603972 0.15
4402 15.29208333 1.820032215 0.15
Depth (ft) Pc (psi) J function Sw
4403 15.13604167 1.801460458 0.15
4404 14.98 1.7828887 0.15
4405 14.82395833 1.764316943 0.15
4406 14.66791667 1.745745186 0.15
4407 14.511875 1.727173429 0.15
4408 14.35583333 1.708601671 0.15
4409 14.19979167 1.690029914 0.15
4410 14.04375 1.671458157 0.15
4411 13.88770833 1.652886399 0.15
4412 13.73166667 1.634314642 0.15
4413 13.575625 1.615742885 0.15
4414 13.41958333 1.597171127 0.15
4415 13.26354167 1.208641179 0.163197742
4416 13.1075 1.194421871 0.165349217
4417 12.95145833 1.180202563 0.167528829
4418 12.79541667 1.165983255 0.169737323
4419 12.639375 1.151763947 0.171975475
4420 12.48333333 1.137544639 0.174244093
4421 12.32729167 1.123325331 0.176544017
4422 12.17125 1.109106023 0.178876124
4423 12.01520833 1.094886715 0.181241326
4424 11.85916667 1.080667407 0.183640578
4425 11.703125 2.079962483 0.15
4426 11.54708333 2.05222965 0.15
4427 11.39104167 2.024496817 0.15
4428 11.235 1.996763984 0.15
4429 11.07895833 1.969031151 0.15
4430 10.92291667 1.941298318 0.15
4431 10.766875 1.913565484 0.15
4432 10.61083333 1.885832651 0.15
4433 10.45479167 1.858099818 0.15
4434 10.29875 1.830366985 0.15
4435 10.14270833 1.802634152 0.15
4436 9.986666667 1.774901319 0.15
4437 9.830625 1.747168486 0.15
4438 9.674583333 1.719435653 0.15
4439 9.518541667 1.69170282 0.15
4440 9.3625 1.663969986 0.15
4441 9.206458333 1.636237153 0.15
4442 9.050416667 1.60850432 0.15
Depth (ft) Pc (psi) J function Sw
4443 8.894375 1.580771487 0.15
4444 8.738333333 1.553038654 0.15
4445 8.582291667 1.525305821 0.15
4446 8.42625 1.497572988 0.15
4447 8.270208333 1.469840155 0.15
4448 8.114166667 1.442107322 0.15
4449 7.958125 1.414374488 0.15
4450 7.802083333 0.333917853 0.422517807
4451 7.646041667 0.327239495 0.427345388
4452 7.49 0.320561138 0.432316985
4453 7.333958333 0.313882781 0.437441454
4454 7.177916667 0.307204424 0.442728495
4455 7.021875 0.300526067 0.448188764
4456 6.865833333 0.29384771 0.453833997
4457 6.709791667 0.287169353 0.459677166
4458 6.55375 0.280490996 0.465732657
4459 6.397708333 0.273812639 0.472016484
4460 6.241666667 0.267134282 0.478546544
4461 6.085625 0.260455925 0.485342924
4462 5.929583333 0.253777568 0.492428274
4463 5.773541667 0.247099211 0.499828262
4464 5.6175 0.240420854 0.507572137
4465 5.461458333 0.591326941 0.298827844
4466 5.305416667 0.574431885 0.304659796
4467 5.149375 0.55753683 0.310703242
4468 4.993333333 0.540641774 0.316974099
4469 4.837291667 0.523746719 0.323490153
4470 4.68125 0.506851663 0.330271363
4471 4.525208333 0.489956608 0.337340227
4472 4.369166667 0.473061552 0.344722235
4473 4.213125 0.456166497 0.352446421
4474 4.057083333 0.439271442 0.360546056
4475 3.901041667 0.422376386 0.369059512
4476 3.745 0.405481331 0.378031362
4477 3.588958333 0.388586275 0.387513791
4478 3.432916667 0.37169122 0.397568439
4479 3.276875 0.354796164 0.408268828
4480 3.120833333 0.133567141 0.746088199
4481 2.964791667 0.126888784 0.783061265
4482 2.80875 0.120210427 0.830646363
 Depth (ft) Pc (psi) J function Sw
4483 2.652708333 0.11353207 0.897502404
4484 2.496666667 0.106853713 1
4485 2.340625 0.100175356 1
4486 2.184583333 0.093496999 1
4487 2.028541667 0.086818642 1
4488 1.8725 0.080140285 1
4489 1.716458333 0.073461928 1
4490 1.560416667 0.066783571 1
4491 1.404375 0.060105213 1
4492 1.248333333 0.053426856 1
4493 1.092291667 0.046748499 1
4494 0.93625 0.040070142 1
4495 0.780208333 0.033391785 1
4496 0.624166667 0.026713428 1
4497 0.468125 0.020035071 1
4498 0.312083333 0.013356714 1
4499 0.156041667 0.006678357 1
4500 0 0 1

Figure S3.1.- Plot of initial water saturation distribution with depth.

4360

4380

4400
Depth (ft)

4420

4440

4460

4480

4500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Saturation
Q4: Determine the fluid distribution in a reservoir using pressure gradient
calculations.

Figure 1 shows the diagram of a reservoir where the exploration well penetrates
the reservoir near the top of the structure, observing only gas. There is no
information about the presence of oil from this well. From a wireline formation test
(Table 4.1) the reservoir pressure and temperature are measured, and a gas
sample is obtained.

Exploration
well

Gas

Figure 1. Diagram of reservoir with exploration well.

Table 4 - Wireline formation test info

Depth 5100 ft
Reservoir pressure 2377 psia
Reservoir temperature 170 ºF
Gas specific gravity, g 0.65
Gas z-factor, z 0.87

1.- Calculate the pressure at the top of the reservoir. From a geologic model the
top of the reservoir is at 5000 ft.

2.- Assuming this is a gas reservoir at normal hydrostatic pressure, (dp/dz)w =

0.45 psi/ft, calculate the deepest possible gas-water contact.
pw = pg

Deepest Possible Gas-Water Contact (DPGWC)

To solve this non-linear equation, a non-linear solver is needed. In this case we

can use the Goal Seek or Solver from Excel.

DPGWC = 5267.32 ft

3.- Plot the pressure distribution within the gas layer, with depth in the vertical
axis and pressure in the horizontal axis.

Note: Consider the gas density as a function of pressure.

The gas layer pressure is calculated at different depth using the following
equation,

Table S4.1 shows the values of gas pressure, also the hydrostatic water
pressure. Figure S4.1 shows the plot of depth versus gas pressure and the
hydrostatic water pressure.

Table S4.1.- Gas and hydrostatic water

pressure as function of depth
Depth (ft) Pg (psia) Pw (psia)
5000 2371.7 2264.7
5010 2372.2 2269.2
5020 2372.8 2273.7
5030 2373.3 2278.2
5040 2373.8 2282.7
5050 2374.4 2287.2
5060 2374.9 2291.7
5070 2375.4 2296.2
5080 2375.9 2300.7
5090 2376.5 2305.2
5100 2377 2309.7
 Table S4.1.- Gas and hydrostatic water
pressure as function of depth
Depth (ft) Pg (psia) Pw (psia)
5110 2377.5 2314.2
5120 2378.1 2318.7
5130 2378.6 2323.2
5140 2379.1 2327.7
5150 2379.6 2332.2
5160 2380.2 2336.7
5170 2380.7 2341.2
5180 2381.2 2345.7
5190 2381.8 2350.2
5200 2382.3 2354.7
5210 2382.8 2359.2
5220 2383.357823 2363.7
5230 2383.888408 2368.2
5240 2384.419112 2372.7
5250 2384.949934 2377.2
5260 2385.480874 2381.7
5267 2385.852602 2384.85
5267.324443 2385.869833 2384.995999

5000

5050

5100
Depth (ft)

hydrostatic
5150

5200

5250

5300
2250 2300 2350 2400
Pressure (psiag)
Figure S4.1.- Plot of depth versus gas pressure and normal hydrostatic pressure.