AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary

Unit 1 - Digital Information ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Welcome to CSP

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Lesson 2: Representing Information

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Lesson 3: Circle Square Patterns

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Lesson 4: Binary Numbers

 Binary - A way of representing information using only two options
 Bit - A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically
represented as a 0 or 1
 Byte - 8 bits
 Decimal - A way of representing information using ten options

Lesson 5: Overflow and Rounding

 Overflow Error - Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large
 Round-off Error - Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value
is rounded.

Lesson 6: Representing Text

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Lesson 7: Black and White Images

 Analog Data - Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some
examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a
race.
 Digital Data - Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values
 Sampling - A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the
analog data at regular intervals called samples.

Lesson 8: Color Images

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 9: Lossless Compression
 Lossless Compression - A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent
something without losing any information. This process is reversible.

Lesson 10: Lossy Compression

 Lossy Compression - A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent
something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

Lesson 11: Intellectual Property

 Creative Commons - A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free
distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the
right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
 Intellectual Property - A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of
writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent,
copyright, trademark, etc.

Lesson 12: Project Digital Information Dilemmas

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Lesson 13: Assessment Day

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Unit 2 - The Internet ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Welcome to the Internet

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Lesson 2: Building a Network

 Bandwidth - the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually
measured in bits per second
 Computing Device - a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers,
routers, and smart sensors
 Computing Network - a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or
receiving data.
 Computing System - a group of computing devices and programs working together for a
common purpose
 Path - the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a
sender and ending with a receiver
AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 3: The Need for Addressing
 IP Address - The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet
 Internet Protocol (IP) - a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique
numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
 Protocol - An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

Lesson 4: Routers and Redundancy

 Fault Tolerant - Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures.
This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at
unexpected times, often in groups.
 Redundancy - The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even
if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two
connected devices in a network
 Router - A type of computer that forwards data across a network

Lesson 5: Packets
 Packet - A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that
may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all

Lesson 6: HTTP and DNS

 Domain Name System (DNS) - the system responsible for translating domain names like
example.com into IP addresses
 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over
the Internet
 World Wide Web - a system of linked pages, programs, and files

Lesson 7: Project - Internet Dilemmas

 Digital Divide - differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on
socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics

Lesson 8: Assessment Day

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Unit 3 - Intro to App Design ('23-'24)
Lesson 1: Introduction to Apps
 Input - data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of
forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
 Output - any data that are sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms,
such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
 User Interface - the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software.
User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and
graphics.

Lesson 2: Introduction to Design Mode

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Lesson 3: Project - Designing an App Part 1

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Lesson 4: The Need for Programming Languages

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Lesson 5: Intro to Programming

 Event Driven Programming - some program statements run when triggered by an event,
like a mouse click or a key press
 Program - a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at
a time.
 Program Statement - a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code
statement.
 Sequential Programming - program statements run in order, from top to bottom

Lesson 6: Debugging
 Comment - form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people
and which do not affect how a program runs
 Debugging - Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program
 Documentation - a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was
developed
AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 7: Project - Designing an App Part 2
 Development Process - the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases
include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing.
 Pair Programming - a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch
between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress

Lesson 8: Assessment Day

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Unit 4 - Variables, Conditionals, and Functions ('23-

'24)
Lesson 1: Variables Explore
 Assignment Operator - allows a program to change the value represented by a variable
 Expression - a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value
 String - an ordered sequence of characters
 Variable - a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program

Lesson 2: Variables Investigate

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Lesson 3: Variables Practice

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Lesson 4: Variables Make

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Lesson 5: Conditionals Explore

 Boolean Value - a data type that is either true or false
 Comparison Operator - <, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression
 Logical Operator - NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value

Lesson 6: Conditionals Investigate

 Conditional Statement - affects the sequential flow of control by executing different
statements based on the value of a Boolean expression
 Logical Operator - NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value
AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 7: Conditionals Practice

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Lesson 8: Conditionals Make

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Lesson 9: Functions Explore / Investigate

 Function - a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.
 Function Call - a command that executes the code within a function

Lesson 10: Functions Practice

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Lesson 11: Functions Make

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Lesson 12: Project - Decision Maker App

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Lesson 13: Assessment Day

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Unit 5 - Data ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Learning from Data
 Information - the collection of facts and patterns extracted from data
 Metadata - data about data

Lesson 2: Exploring One Column

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Lesson 3: Filtering and Cleaning Data

 Cleaning Data - a process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning (e.g.,
replacing all equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with the same word).
 Data Filtering - choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by
eliminating / keeping only certain rows in a table
AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 4: Exploring Two Columns
 Correlation - a relationship between two pieces of data, typically referring to the amount that
one varies in relation to the other.

Lesson 5: Big, Open, and Crowdsourced Data

 Citizen Science - scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals,
many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own
computing devices.
 Crowdsourcing - the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of
people via the Internet

Lesson 6: Machine Learning

 Data Bias - data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being
studied
 Information - the collection of facts and patterns extracted from data

Lesson 7: Algorithmic Bias

 Data Bias - data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being
studied

Lesson 8: Project - Tell a Data Story

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Lesson 9: Assessment Day

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Lesson 10: CS Principles Post-Course Survey

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Unit 6 - Lists, Loops, and Traversals ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Lists Explore
 Data Abstraction - manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name
without referencing the specific details of the representation
 Element - an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index
 Index - a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers
 List - an ordered collection of elements

Lesson 2: Lists Investigate

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 3: Lists Practice

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Lesson 4: Lists Make

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Lesson 5: Loops Explore

 Infinite Loop - occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true
 Iteration - a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or
until a given condition is met

Lesson 6: Loops Investigate

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Lesson 7: Loops Practice

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Lesson 8: Loops Make

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Lesson 9: Traversals Explore

 Traversal - the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time

Lesson 10: Traversals Investigate

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Lesson 11: Traversals Practice

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Lesson 12: Traversals Make

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Lesson 13: Project - Hackathon

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 14: Assessment Day

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Lesson 15: CS Principles Post-Course Survey

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Unit 7 - Parameters, Return, and Libraries ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Parameters and Return Explore
 Argument - the value passed to the parameter
 Parameter - a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be
passed through the function
 Return - used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a
function) was called and to return the value of expression

Lesson 2: Parameters and Return Investigate

 Procedural Abstraction - a process and allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it
does, not how it does it. Procedural abstraction allows a solution to a large problem to be based
on the solution of smaller subproblems. This is accomplished by creating procedures to solve
each of the subproblems.

Lesson 3: Parameters and Return Practice

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Lesson 4: Parameters and Return Make

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Lesson 5: Libraries Explore

 API - Application Program Interface - specifications for how functions in a library behave
and can be used
 Library - a group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs

Lesson 6: Libraries Investigate

 Modularity - the subdivision of a computer program into separate subprograms

Lesson 7: Libraries Practice

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 8: Project Make a Library Part 1

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Lesson 9: Project Make a Library Part 2

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Lesson 10: Project Make a Library Part 3

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Lesson 11: Assessment Day

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Lesson 12: CS Principles Post-Course Survey

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Unit 8 - Cybersecurity and Global Impacts ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Project - Innovation Simulation Part 1
 Computing Innovation - includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be
physical (e.g. self-driving car), non-physical computing software (e.g. picture editing software),
or non-physical computing concepts (e.g., e-commerce).
Lesson 2: Data Policies and Privacy
 Personally Identifiable Information (PII) - information about an individual that identifies,
links, relates, or describes them

Lesson 3: The Value of Privacy

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Lesson 4: Project - Innovation Simulation Part 2

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 5: Security Risks Part 1
 Keylogging - the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in
order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information
 Malware - software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its
operation
 Phishing - a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That
personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank
accounts and emails
 Rouge Access Point - a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure
networks

Lesson 6: Security Risks Part 2

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Lesson 7: Project - Innovation Simulation Part 3

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Lesson 8: Protecting Data Part 1

 Decryption - a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the
original plain text
 Encryption - a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized"
parties can read it
 Public Key Encryption - pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.
The sender does not need the receiver’s private key to encrypt a message, but the receiver’s
private key is required to decrypt the message
 Symmetric Key Encryption - involves one key for both encryption and decryption

Lesson 9: Protecting Data Part 2

 Computer Virus Scanning Software - protects a computing system against infection
 Multi-factor Authentication - a system that requires at least two steps to unlock protected
information; each step adds a new layer of security that must be broken to gain unauthorized
access

Lesson 10: Project - Innovation Simulation Part 4

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Lesson 11: Assessment Day

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AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 12: CS Principles Post-Course Survey

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Unit 9 - Create PT Prep ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Create PT Deep Dive

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Lesson 2: Create PT Make a Plan

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Lesson 3: Create PT - Complete the Task (9 hrs)

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Lesson 4: Create PT Written Response Mock Exam

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Lesson 5: CS Principles Post-Course Survey

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Unit 10 - Algorithms ('23-'24)

Lesson 1: Algorithms Solve Problems
 Algorithm - a finite set of instructions that accomplish a task
 Iteration - a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or
until a given condition is met
 Problem - a general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm
 Selection - deciding which steps to do next
 Sequencing - putting steps in an order

Lesson 2: Algorithm Efficiency

 Binary Search - a search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and
removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements
have been eliminated
 Efficiency - a measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm
 Linear Search - a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the
desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked
AP Computer Science Principles '23-'24 Vocabulary
Lesson 3: Unreasonable Time
 Reasonable Time - Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear,
square, cube, etc.) are said to run in a reasonable amount of time
 Unreasonable Time - Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of
algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time

Lesson 4: The Limits of Algorithms

 Decision Problem - a problem with a yes/no answer (e.g., is there a path from A to B?)
 Heuristic - provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is
impractical or impossible
 Optimization Problem - a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many
(e.g., what is the shortest path from A to B?)
 Undecidable Problem - a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always
capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer

Lesson 5: Parallel and Distributed Algorithms

 Distributed Computing - a model in which programs are run by multiple devices
 Parallel Computing - a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of
which are run simultaneously
 Sequential Computing - a model in which programs run in order, one command at a time
 Speedup - the time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a
task in parallel

Lesson 6: Assessment Day

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Lesson 7: CS Principles Post-Course Survey

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