11.

Reproduction
Section 1: Introduction

This chapter on Reproduction has been carefully designed in accordance with the PMDC guidelines to en-
sure students are well-prepared for the MDCAT exam. Reproduction is a vital life process that ensures the
continuation of species. It can be asexual, involving a single parent, or sexual, involving two parents and
the fusion of gametes. In this chapter, we will study the male and female reproductive systems, along with
the sexually transmitted diseases.
To further strengthen your understanding of Reproduction, you can watch detailed video lectures by scan-
ning the given QR code.

Section 2: Notes

Scan QR for Video

Subtopics Lectures
• Male Reproductive System
• Female Reproductive System
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Reproduction is the formation of offspring through the fission or fusion of one or both parents for the
continuity of generations, with or without variation.

Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction – Produces identical offspring.
2. Sexual Reproduction – Produces non-identical offspring.

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

• Significance
▸ Prevents genetic monotony.
▸ Promotes diversity.
▸ Enhances adaptation to environmental extremes.
▸ Serves as the foundation for evolutionary changes.

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• Necessities of sexual reproduction

▸ Gametogenesis – Formation of gametes.
▸ Mating/Copulation – Physical union of individuals to transfer gametes.
▸ Fertilization/Syngamy – Fusion of male and female gametes.

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Production of spermatids. Production of ootids.
Occurs in the testes. Occurs in the ovaries (except during Anaphase
II and Telophase II).
Begins after puberty. Begins during the 3rd fetal month.
Continuous process. Occurs with two stopovers:
• 1st at Prophase I (Diplotene) until puberty.
• 2nd at Metaphase II, triggered by fertiliza-
tion.
Takes ~10 weeks. Takes ~1 month for one cycle.
Followed by maturation: Followed by maturation: Ootid → Ovum.
Spermatids ՜ Sperm
(Spermiogenesis).
Growth phase is short in Growth phase is long in oogonia.
spermatogonia.

Male Reproductive System

▸ Paired Testes – Site of spermatogenesis (sperm production).
▸ Epididymis – Site of spermiogenesis (sperm maturation).
▸ Vas Deferens – Carries mature sperm to the urethra.

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▸ Accessory Glands – Include seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands; they pro-
duce seminal fluid.
▸ Penis – Facilitates copulation through the urethra.

Structure Description
Bulbourethral / Cowper’s Gland • Clear viscous fluid
• Lubricates urethra
Vas Deferens / Sperm Ducts • Carry sperm to urethra
• Most sperms are stored here
Prostate Gland • At the base of the urinary bladder
• Secretes mucus and alkaline fluid during ejaculation
• Neutralises acidity of vagina
Urethra • From bladder through prostate and penis to outside
• Carries urine and sperm
Epididymis • Coiled tube (6 m)
• Sperms are concentrated here (stored)
• Sperms acquire motility
Penis • Contains erectile tissue
Seminal Vesicles • Opens into sperm duct
• Contributes fructose (energy)
• Secretes mucus and alkaline fluid
Erectile Tissue • Contains blood vessels that fill with blood during arousal, allowing
for erection
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Scrotum • External pouch

• Holds testes
• Maintains temp 2°C to 4°C lower than body
• Has Leydig cells
• Produces testosterone
Testis (Gonads) • Has seminiferous tubules
• Coiled
• Spermatogenesis takes place here
• Has Sertoli cells (nourishes developing sperm)

Anatomy of Testes
Structure Description
Sustentacular Cells (Sertoli Cells) Nourish and support developing sperm during spermatogenesis
Seminiferous Tubule Coiled tubules within the testis where spermatogenesis occurs;
sperm cells are produced here
Tubule Lumen The central space of the seminiferous tubule where mature sperm
are released
Rete Testis (located in Mediasti- A network of tubules that carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules
num Testis) to the efferent ductules
Efferent Ductule Carries sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis
Head of Epididymis Receives sperm from the efferent ductules and initiates maturation
Body of Epididymis The middle section of the epididymis where sperm matures further
Tail of Epididymis Stores mature sperm until ejaculation
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) Transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory
ducts during ejaculation

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Function of Seminal vesicles

• Fructose and Citric Acid: Provide nutrient value.
• Prostaglandins:
▸ Make female cervical mucus more receptive to sperm movement.
▸ Cause reverse peristaltic contractions in the uterus and fallopian tubes.
• Fibrinogen:
▸ Forms a meshwork for clot formation.
Function of Prostate Gland
• Secretes a slightly acidic fluid with citrate as the main nutrient source.
• Key components include:
▸ Calcium
▸ Citrate ions
▸ Phosphate ions
▸ Clotting Enzyme: Acts on fibrinogen from the seminal vesicle.
▸ Profibrinolysin: Breaks down the seminal clot into fibrinolysin, releasing mobile sperm.
Semen
• Composed of sperm and fluid from:
▸ Cowper’s gland (10%)
▸ Seminal vesicles (60%)
▸ Prostate gland (30%)
▸ Mucus glands, especially bulbourethral glands.
• pH: 7.5
• Life Span: 24–48 hours at body temperature.
Functions of Testosterone
• Fetal Life: Facilitates the descent of the testes.
• Adult Primary Sexual Characteristics: Maintenance and function of reproductive organs.
• Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
▸ Distribution of body hair (e.g: facial, chest, and pubic hair).
▸ Deepening of the voice during puberty.
• Effects on other body systems:
▸ Skin
▸ Protein formation and muscle development
▸ Bone matrix and calcium retention
▸ Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
▸ Red Blood Cells (RBCs) production
▸ Electrolyte and water balance

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Female Reproductive System

• Paired Ovaries: Responsible for oogenesis.
• Fallopian Tube: Site of sperm capacitation and fertilisation.
• Uterus: Facilitates the growth and development of the embryo/fetus.
• Cervix: Stores and directs sperm.
• Vagina: Acts as the site for sperm reception.

Structure Description
Gonads (Ovaries) • Ovaries are like special factories for making eggs.
• Located in the abdomen, attached to the uterus.
• Each ovary contains many follicles, which protect and nourish egg
cells.
• Born with thousands of follicles, but only a few hundred release eggs
during reproductive years.
• One follicle matures and releases an egg each menstrual cycle.
• Follicle cells produce estrogen, important for female development.
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes) • The oviducts are like highways carrying eggs from ovaries to the uter-
us.
• Lined with cilia that help move the egg.
• Fertilisation typically happens here.
• Each oviduct is about 10 cm long.
Uterus (Womb) • A strong, muscular organ shaped like an upside-down pear.
• Located between the bladder and rectum.
• Has three parts: fundus, body, and cervix.
• The body is where the baby grows during pregnancy.
• The cervix connects to the vagina.
• Uterine wall has three layers: endometrium (innermost), myometrium
(middle), and perimetrium (outermost).
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Vagina • A muscular tube.

• Receives sperm during intercourse and acts as the birth canal during
delivery.

Female Reproductive Cycle

The female reproductive cycles are:
• Oestrous Cycles
• Menstrual Cycles
Oestrous Cycle:
• During the breeding season, when eggs mature, hormonal secretion in females initiates certain behav-
ioral changes indicating their readiness for mating. The animal is said to be in heat, a period of sexual
receptivity. This occurs in a cyclic manner called the oestrous cycle.
• This cycle is found in all animals except humans. This process may occur only once a year in some
mammals, twice a year in others, and more often in some species.
Menstrual Cycle
• The monthly egg maturation (ovarian cycle) and uterine preparation for possible pregnancy (uterine
cycle) are collectively called the menstrual cycle.
• Menstruation begins around the age of thirteen and stops at menopause around the age of fifty.
Average of 28 Days:
• 21 to 45 days in young women
• 21 to 35 days in adults

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Menstrual cycle contains 2 cycles and 4 phases:

• Ovarian Cycle
• Uterine Cycle
1. Menstruation Phase – (Day 1–5)
2. Follicular / Proliferative Phase – (Day 6–12)
3. Ovulation Phase – (Day 13–15)
4. Luteal / Secretory Phase – (Day 16–28)
Phase I Menstruation: Day 1–5
The progesterone secretion is stopped by the corpus luteum, and as a result, the soft, spongy, vascular in-
ternal lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, breaks off and flows out along with blood through the
vagina in the form of menstrual flow.
Phase II Follicle Stage: Day 6–12
• This stage stimulates the development of many follicles in the ovary.
• Primary oocytes are enclosed by flat granulosa cells and are called primordial follicles.
• Primordial follicles develop into primary follicles with many layers of cuboidal granulosa cells.
• The zona pellucida forms around the oocyte, separating it from the surrounding granulosa cells. The
zona pellucida, which remains with the oocyte after ovulation, contains enzymes that catalyze with
sperm to allow penetration.
• Cells from the stroma form layers known as theca.
• A fluid is secreted by the granulosa cells, and the follicle with a fluid-filled space (antrum) is called a
secondary follicle.
• It matures to form a Graafian follicle that contains a secondary oocyte.
• This process is initiated by FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) secreted into the blood by the pitu-
itary gland.
• FSH stimulates the ovary to produce a hormone of its own called estrogen, which causes the repair
and growth of the uterine lining. When estrogen levels peak, it inhibits FSH production and triggers
the secretion of LH.
Phase III Ovulation: Day 13–15
• This stage is initiated by the increase in LH (Luteinizing Hormone) levels.
• LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed folli-
cle to release its secondary oocyte.
• The secondary oocyte promptly matures into an ootid and then becomes a mature ovum.
• After being released from the ovary, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria.
• The ovulated oocyte consists of a nucleus in metaphase I and is surrounded by the zona pellucida and
corona radiata.
Phase IV Corpus Luteum Phase: Day 16–28
• LH causes the ruptured follicle to change into a yellowish body, the corpus luteum, which starts pro-
ducing the hormones progesterone and estrogen.
• Progesterone maintains the uterine lining, stimulates glandular activity, makes it richly supplied with
blood for the implantation of an embryo, and inhibits FSH and LH production.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Disease Cause Symptoms Transmission Treatment / Prevention
Gonorrhea Bacterium • Burning sensation during Sexual contact. • Proper antibiotics for
Neisseria urination (males). Mother to baby. treatment.
gonorrhoeae. • Thick white pus from the
urethra (males).
• Damaged and blocked
oviducts (females).
• Newborns may suffer
from eye diseases, possi-
ble blindness.
Syphilis Spirochete • Damage to reproductive, Sexual contact. • Prolonged antibiotic
bacterium nervous, and skeletal Vertical trans- treatment.
Treponema systems. mission com-
pallidum. • Stages: mon.
Primary: Chancre
Secondary: Rash, mu-
cous patches, Snail tract
ulcer
Tertiary: Gumma, arteri-
tis, nervous damage.
AIDS Virus: Human • Initial flu-like symptoms. Sexual contact. • Avoid sexual contact
(Acquired Immuno-de- • Immune system shuts Unscreened with infected persons.
Immune ficiency Virus down. blood transfu- • Screen blood before
Deficiency (HIV). sion. Mother to transfusion.
• Opportunistic infections:
Syndrome) baby. Reuse of
Oral thrush, pneumonia, • Control reuse of
used syringes.
Kaposi’s sarcoma (skin syringes.
cancer).
• Septicemia, memory loss,
eventual death.

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Section 3: Test 1
1. In mammalian males, which structure is shared by the a. Progesterone
reproductive and excretory systems? b. Oxytocin
a. Vas deferens c. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
b. Ureter d. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c. Urinary bladder
d. Urethra 10. In human females, the fertilised egg gets implanted in
the uterus:
2. Which cells within the seminiferous tubules support a. After 24 hours of fertilisation
and nourish developing sperm cells? b. After 10 days of fertilisation
a. Leydig cells c. After 14 days of fertilisation
b. Sertoli cells d. After 30 days of fertilisation
c. Spermatogonia
d. Spermatocytes 11. Which of the following is NOT the function of estro-
gen?
3. The scrotum in males is responsible for which of the a. Strengthen bones
following in the male reproductive system? E$QWLDJLQJH΍HFW
a. Synthesis of sperm c. Inducing feelings of fear
b. Lubrication d. Protection of heart from cholesterol
c. Temperature regulation
d. Nourishment of sperm 12. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sper-
matogonia?
4. Where are spermatozoa stored in the male reproduc- a.They develop into primary spermatocytes through
tive system? mitosis
a. Ejaculatory duct E7KH\DUHXQGL΍HUHQWLDWHG
b. Epididymis c. They are germ cells
c. Seminiferous tubule d. They are haploid
d. Vas defrens
13. In the male reproductive system, which gland neutra-
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lises the pH of the urethra?
placenta during pregnancy? a. Bulbourethral gland
a. Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and b. Ejaculatory gland
fetus c. Seminal vesicle gland
b. Production of hormones like hCG d. Prostate gland
c. Filtration of fetal waste into maternal blood
d. Direct transmission of maternal blood cells to the 14. Which enzyme is secreted by sperm to enter the
fetus ovum?
a. Alkaline phosphatase
6. The onset of menstruation in females is called: b. Hyaluronidase
a. Menarche c. Fructose phosphokinase
b. Ovulation d. Aminotransferase
c. Menopause
d. Lactation 15. In the human female menstrual cycle, the follicular
phase ranges from:
7. Which of the following would not be expected during a. 1-5 days
pregnancy? b. 15-28 days
a. Formation of the corpus graviditatis c. 6-14 days
b. Formation of placenta d. 11-15 days
c. Blastocyst implantation
d. Corpus albicans formation 16. Labor pains are induced by:
a. Disintegration of the placenta
8. When a female ovulates, in which phase of division is b. Contraction of the cervix
oocyte? c. Estrogen production
a. Prophase I d. Secretion of oxytocin
b. Anaphase I
c. Metaphase II 17. What event occurs in the menstrual cycle when the
d. Telophase II level of progesterone declines?
a. Menstruation
9. Which hormone primarily regulates the menstrual b. Ovulation
cycle in females? c. Fertilization
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d. Implantation 27. Parthenocarpy is the process of:

a. Fruit development without fertilisation
18. Which cells in the seminiferous tubules secrete tes- b. Seedless fruit formation due to low water content
tosterone to promote spermatogenesis? c. Fertilisation in the presence of high temperature
a. Sertoli cells d. Formation of new plants from seeds
b. Spermatogonia
c. Leydig cells 28. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
d. Spermatids a. Eggs in the ovary mature when they meet sperm
b. Girls are born with thousands of eggs in their ovaries
19. The structure that undergoes meiosis I is: c. Hormones control the release of eggs from the ovary
a. Primary spermatocyte d. Usually, one egg is released from the ovary each
b. Secondary spermatocyte
month
c. Spermatid
d. Spermatogonium
29. The term referred to the formation of egg cells that
20. The layer of uterus that is shed with each reproduc- begins in the developing ovaries of a female fetus is:
tive cycle is: a. Ovulation
a. Perimetrium b. Oogenesis
b. Myometrium c. Fertilisation
c. Endometrium d. Implantation
d. Periosteum
30. The total gestation period in a human female is:
21. Shortest phase in the menstrual cycle is: a. 28 days
a. Ovulatory phase b. 120 days
b. Luteal phase c. 250 days
c. Menstrual phase d. 280 days
d. Follicular phase

22. To overcome infertility, which technique is used?

a. In-vitro fertilisation
b. In-vivo fertilisation
c. Imbibition
d. Amniocentesis

23. In which of the following diseases is the mucous

PHPEUDQHRIWKHXURJHQLWDOWUDFWSULPDULO\D΍HFWHG"
a. Gonorrhea
Your Score: ____ / 30
b. Syphilis
c. Herpes
d. AIDS

24. At the onset of puberty in females, the pituitary gland Answer Key
releases:
a. Progesterone
d c a
b. Oxytocin b d a
c. Estrogen c a a
d. FSH
b b d
25. Fraternal twins, triplets, and quadruplets in humans d c b
occur when: a d c
a. A single fertilised egg splits into multiple embryos
d a a
b. Multiple eggs are fertilised by multiple sperm cells
c. One embryo divides repeatedly after fertilisation c c a
d. A fertilised egg splits unevenly, forming more than a a b
two cells b c d
26. A sexually transmitted disease caused by a virus and
resulting in genital ulcers is:
a. Syphilis
b. Gonorrhoeae
c. Herpes
d. AIDS
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Section 4: Solutions
1. Correct Answer: Urethra 11. Correct Answer: Inducing feelings of fear
Solution: The urethra serves as a common passage Solution: Estrogen strengthens bones, protects the
for both urine and semen. The other options (vas KHDUWDQGKDVDQWLDJLQJH΍HFWVEXWLVQRWDVVRFLDWHG
deferens, ureter, and urinary bladder) are not shared with fear.
between the two systems.
12. Correct Answer: They are haploid
2. Correct Answer: Sertoli cells Solution: Spermatogonia are diploid cells that under-
Solution: Sertoli cells provide structural and metabolic go mitosis and meiosis to produce haploid sperm.
support to developing sperm. Leydig cells secrete tes-
tosterone, and spermatogonia and spermatocytes are 13. Correct Answer: Bulbourethral gland
involved in spermatogenesis. Solution: The bulbourethral gland secretes an alka-
OLQHȵXLGWRQHXWUDOL]HDFLGLFWUDFHVRIXULQHDLGLQJ
3. Correct Answer: Temperature regulation sperm survival.
Solution: The scrotum maintains an optimal tempera-
ture for sperm production, which is lower than body 14. Correct Answer: Hyaluronidase
temperature. Solution: Hyaluronidase helps digest the protective
layer around the ovum, allowing sperm entry.
4. Correct Answer: Epididymis
Solution: The epididymis is where sperm mature and 15. Correct Answer: 6-14 days
are stored until ejaculation. Other structures (ejacula- Solution: This phase involves follicle growth and ends
tory duct, seminiferous tubule, and vas deferens) have with ovulation around day 14.
GL΍HUHQWUROHVLQVSHUPWUDQVSRUWDQGSURGXFWLRQ
16. Correct Answer: Secretion of oxytocin
5. Correct Answer: Direct transmission of maternal Solution: Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions
blood cells to the fetus during labor.
Solution: The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas ex-
change and secretes hormones but maintains a barrier 17. Correct Answer: Menstruation
to prevent maternal blood cells from mixing with fetal Solution: A drop in progesterone causes the shed-
blood. ding of the uterine lining.

6. Correct Answer: Menarche 18. Correct Answer: Leydig cells

Solution:0HQDUFKHLVWKHȴUVWPHQVWUXDOF\FOHPDUN- Solution: Leydig cells are located in the testes and
ing the start of female reproductive capability. Ovula- produce testosterone to regulate sperm develop-
tion, menopause, and lactation refer to other stages/ ment.
functions.
19. Correct Answer: Primary spermatocyte
7. Correct Answer: Corpus albicans formation Solution: Primary spermatocytes divide into second-
Solution: During pregnancy, the corpus luteum is ary spermatocytes during meiosis I.
maintained by hCG to produce hormones. The corpus
albicans forms only if pregnancy does not occur. 20. Correct Answer: Endometrium
Solution:7KHHQGRPHWULDOOLQLQJLVVORXJKHGR΍
8. Correct Answer: Metaphase II during menstruation.
Solution: The secondary oocyte completes meiosis I
and halts at metaphase II until fertilisation occurs. 21. Correct Answer: Ovulatory phase
Solution: Ovulation typically lasts only 24–48 hours,
9. Correct Answer: Progesterone making it the shortest phase of the menstrual cycle.
Solution: Progesterone maintains the uterine lining for
potential implantation. Other hormones (FSH, LH) also 22. Correct Answer: In-vitro fertilisation
play roles but are not the primary regulators. Solution: IVF involves fertilisation outside the body,
aiding couples with infertility issues.
10. Correct Answer: After 10 days of fertilisation
Solution: The blastocyst typically implants in the 23. Correct Answer: Gonorrhea
uterine lining approximately 10-12 days post-fertilisa- Solution: This bacterial STI infects mucous mem-
tion. EUDQHVFDXVLQJLQȵDPPDWLRQDQGGLVFKDUJH
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24. Correct Answer: FSH

Solution: FSH stimulates follicle development and
estrogen secretion in females at the onset of puberty.

25. Correct Answer: Multiple eggs are fertilised by multi

ple sperm cells
Solution: This process creates genetically distinct
siblings, resulting in fraternal multiples.

26. Correct Answer: Herpes

Solution: Herpes simplex virus causes painful genital
ulcers, distinguishing it from other STIs.

27. Correct Answer: Fruit development without fertilisa

tion
Solution: Parthenocarpy is the process of forming
seedless fruits without fertilisation.

28. Correct Answer: Eggs in the ovary mature when they

meet sperm
Solution: Egg maturation is hormone-regulated and
occurs prior to ovulation, not upon meeting sperm.
Egg maturation refers to the development and
release of a secondary oocyte during the menstrual
cycle.

29. Correct Answer: Oogenesis

Solution: Oogenesis refers to the formation of egg
cells in the ovaries during fetal development.

30. Correct Answer: 280 days

Solution: Human pregnancy typically lasts around 40
weeks or 280 days from the last menstrual period.

Take a break. Hydrate!

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Section 5: Test 2
1. The yellowish glandular structure formed after the b. Gonorrhea
release of the egg from the follicle is called: c. Syphilis
a. Corpus albicans d. Genital herpes
b. Corpus callosum
c. Corpus Luteum 11. Which STD is characterised by the presence of genital
d. Zona pellucida warts?
D+XPDQLPPXQRGHȴFLHQF\YLUXVHV
2. In honey bees, males are _______ and produce sperm b. Human Papillomavirus
by ________. c. Herpes simplex virus
a. Diploid, meiosis d. Trichomoniasis
b. Haploid, mitosis
c. Haploid, meiosis 12. External fertilisation occurs in which environment?
d. Diploid, mitosis a. Terrestrial
b. Aquatic
3. In male reproductive system, which cells secrete tes- c. Aerial
tosterone? d. Airborne
a. Seminal vesicle
b. Prostate gland 13. Average loss of blood in human female during birth
c. Interstitial cells process is
d. Epididymis a. 500 ml
b. 250ml
4. All of the following are diploid cells except: c. 350ml
a. Oogonia d. 750ml
b. Primary oocyte
c. Secondary oocyte 14. Huge amount of calcium is lost by mother during:
d. Somatic cell a. Formation of fetal skeleton
b. Lactation
5. Testosterone is produced by the: c. Conception
a. Seminiferous tubules d. Birth
b. Germinal epithelium
c. Leydig cells 15. After mating, if sperm and ovum fuse, then the body
d. Sertoli cells prepares itself for pregnancy. This process is called:
a. Lactation
7KHRYDU\XQGHUWKHLQȵXHQFHRI)6+DOVRSURGXFHV b. Conception
a. Progesterone c. Fertilisation
b. Testosterone d. Menopause
c. Lactogen
d. Estrogen 16. With reference to the ovary, the postmenstrual phase
of the menstrual cycle is also called the:
:KDWVWUXFWXUHLVFXWDQGWLHGR΍LQDYDVHFWRP\" a. Ovulatory phase
a. Epididymis b. Follicular phase
b. Urethra c. Luteal phase
c. Seminiferous tubules d. Estrogen phase
d. Vas deferens
17. During pregnancy, the production of ova is prevented
8. Which of the following STDs is caused by a bacterium? by:
a. Gonorrhea a. Estrogen
b. Genital herpes b. Oxytocin
c. HIV AIDS c. Prolactin
d. Hepatitis B d. LH

9. When does an embryo become a fetus? 18. Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction that re-
a. After 4 weeks quires:
b. After 6 weeks a. One gamete
c. After 8 weeks b. Two gametes
d. After 12 weeks c. Two parents
d. No parent
10. A spirochete, treponema pallidum causes:
a. AIDS
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19. Progesterone secretion diminishes and its supporting 28. If the queen bee lays eggs that are not fertilised, they
H΍HFWRQWKHVSRQJ\HQGRPHWULXPLVUHGXFHG7KLVLV will develop into:
related with: a. Worker bees
D)RUPDWLRQRI*UDDȴDQIROOLFOH b. Drones
b. Degeneration of corpus luteum c. Queen bees
c. Rise in level of LH d. Larvae
d. Implantation of zygote
:KDWLVWKHNH\GL΍HUHQFHEHWZHHQVSHUPDWRJHQHVLV
20. Oxytocin performs its function on: and oogenesis:
a. Perimetrium a. Spermatogenesis results in only only 1 sperm, oo
b. Endometrium genesis result in 4 eggs
c. Myometrium b. Spermatogenesis results in 2 sperm, oogenesis
d. All of the above result in 1 eggs
c. Spermatogenesis results in 4 sperm, oogenesis result
7KHSURGXFWLRQRIDVOLJKWO\DFLGLFȵXLGZLWKFLWUDWHDV in 1 eggs
the main nutrient source is the function of: d. Spermatogenesis results in 8 sperm, oogenesis
a. Bulbourethral gland result in 4 eggs
b. Cowper’s gland
c. Seminal vesicle 30. Regarding the structure of female reproductive sys-
d. Prostate gland tem, oviduct opens into:
a. Vagina
22. In the human male reproductive system, which of the b. Ureter
following structures is unpaired? c. Urethra
a. Seminal vesicle d. Uterus
b. Cowper’s gland
c. Prostate gland
d. Vas defrenes

23. Each testes is divided into how many lobules? Your Score: ____ / 30
a. 100-150
b. 150-200
c. 250-300
d. 350-400

24. Genital herpes is caused primarily by Herpes Simplex Answer Key

a. Type I c b d
b. Type II
c. Type III b b c
d. Type IV c a c
c b b
25. Which hormonal pair is responsible for maintaining
the endometrium and making it receptive for the implan-
c b d
tation of the embryo? d b c
a. LH and Progesterone d a a
b. Estrogen and FSH
c. LH and FSH
a a b
d. Progesterone and estrogen c b c
c c d
26. Resumption of normal growth by a dormant embryo
is called:
a. Seed dormancy
b. Fruit set
c. Germination
d. Fruit ripening

ΖQVHTXHQWLDOKHUPDSKURGLWLVPZKHQDQDQLPDOȴUVW
becomes female and later transitions into a male, the
process is called:
a. Protogyny
b. Protandry
c. Parthenogenesis
d. Polygyny
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Section 6: Bubble Sheet (Test 2) Roll No.

A B C D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 NAME
9
FATHER’S NAME
10
11 ROLL NO.
12
ROLL NO. IN WORDS
13
14
15
16 CNIC NO.

17
QUESTION PAPER ID
18
19 EXAMINATION CENTER
20
21 CANDIDATES SIGNATURE

22
DEPUTY SUPT SIGN
23
24 INSTRUCTIONS
25 1.
2.
26
3.
27
28
29 CORRECT EXAMPLE
INCORRECT EXAMPLE
30

4.
5.
6.
7.

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